Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Anne
succession	Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland
moretext	(more...)
reign	8 March 1702 – 1 May 1707
coronation	23 April 1702
cor-type	britain
predecessor	William III & II
succession1	Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
moretext1	(more...)
reign1	1 May 1707 – 1 August 1714
successor1	George I
spouse	Prince George of Denmark
issue	Prince William of Denmark
issue-pipe	14 other children
issue-link	#Issue
house	House of Stuart
father	James II & VII
mother	Anne Hyde
birth date	February 06, 166516 February 1665 (N.S.)
birth place	St. James's Palace, London
death date	August 01, 171412 August 1714 (N.S.)
death place	Kensington Palace, London
place of burial	Westminster Abbey, London
signature	Firma Reina Ana.svg }}

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding her cousin and brother-in-law William III of England and II of Scotland. Her Catholic father, James II and VII, was deemed by the English Parliament to have abdicated when he was forced to retreat to France during the Glorious Revolution of 1688–9; her brother-in-law and sister then became joint monarchs as William III & II and Mary II. After Mary's death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until his own death in 1702.

On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, England and Scotland were united as a single sovereign state, the Kingdom of Great Britain. Anne became its first sovereign, while continuing to hold the separate crown of Queen of Ireland and the title of Queen of France. Therefore she was, technically, the last Queen of England and the last Queen of Scots. Anne reigned for twelve years until her death in August 1714.

Queen Anne's life was marked by many crises, both personal and relating to succession of the Crown and religious polarisation. Because she died without surviving children, Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. She was succeeded by her second cousin, George I, of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth, daughter of James I and VI.

Early life

Anne was born at St. James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter of James, Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Anne Hyde was the daughter of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Queen Anne's paternal uncle was King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. She was baptised into the Anglican faith at the Chapel Royal at St. James's, and her older sister, Mary, was one of her godparents. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive into adulthood.

As a child, Anne suffered from an eye infection. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, the Queen Dowager, Henrietta Maria, at the Château de Colombes near Paris. Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henriette Anne, Duchess of Orléans, who had two daughters of her own, Marie Louise and Anne Marie d'Orléans. On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year.

In about 1673, Anne made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors. Jennings later married John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough), who was to become Anne's most important general.

In 1673, Anne's father's conversion to Roman Catholicism became public. He married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, who was only six and half years older than Anne. On the instructions of Charles II, Anne and her sister Mary were raised as Protestants. They were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London, in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers. Their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. As the King had no surviving legitimate children, the Duke of York was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne. Over the next ten years, the new Duchess of York had ten children, but all were either stillborn or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father.

Marriage

In November 1677, Anne's elder sister married William of Orange, but she could not attend the wedding as she was confined to her room with smallpox. By the time she recovered, Mary had already left for her new life in the Netherlands. Lady Frances Villiers contracted the disease, and died. Anne's aunt Lady Clarendon (the wife of Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon) was appointed as her new governess. A year later, Anne and her stepmother visited Mary in Holland, and a second visit (to Brussels) followed at the end of August 1679. She visited her father and stepmother in Scotland from July 1681 until May 1682. It was her last journey outside England.

On 28 July 1683, Anne married in the Chapel Royal the Protestant Prince George of Denmark, brother of King Christian V of Denmark (and her second cousin once removed through Frederick II). Though it was an arranged marriage, it was one of great domestic happiness. Sarah Churchill became Anne's Lady of the Bedchamber. By Anne's desire to mark their mutual intimacy and affection, all deference due to her rank was abandoned and Anne and Sarah called each other Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman respectively. Within months of the marriage, Anne was pregnant but the baby was stillborn. Anne recovered quickly, and gave birth to two daughters in quick succession, Mary and Anne Sophia.

Accession of James II and VII

When Charles II died in 1685 (possibly converting to Catholicism on his deathbed), Anne's father became king as James II and VII. James was not well received by the English people, who were concerned about his Catholicism. Anne shared the general concern, and continued to attend Anglican services. As her sister Mary lived in the Netherlands, Anne and her family were the only members of the royal family attending Protestant religious services in England. When her father tried to get Anne to baptise her youngest daughter into the Catholic faith, Anne burst into tears. "The Church of Rome is wicked and dangerous", she wrote to her sister, "their ceremonies – most of them – plain downright idolatry."

In early 1687, within a matter of days, Anne had another stillborn child and her husband and two young daughters caught smallpox. Both of Anne's daughters died. Rachel Wriothesley, Lady Russell, wrote that George and Anne had "taken [the deaths] very heavily ... Sometimes they wept, sometimes they mourned in words; then sat silent, hand in hand; he sick in bed, and she the carefullest nurse to him that can be imagined." Later that year, she suffered another stillbirth.

Public alarm at James's Catholicism increased when his wife, Mary of Modena, became pregnant for the first time since James's accession. In letters to her sister Mary, Anne raised suspicions about the pregnancy, and implied that the Queen was not pregnant at all but only faking in an attempt to introduce a false heir. She wrote, "they will stick at nothing, be it never so wicked, if it will promote their interest ... there may be foul play intended." The following month, Anne became dangerously ill, perhaps after a miscarriage or because of worry over the Queen's pregnancy, and left London to recuperate in the spa town of Bath, Somerset.

The Queen gave birth to a son (James Francis Edward) on 10 June 1688, and a Catholic dynasty became more likely. Anne was still at Bath, so she did not witness the birth, which fed the belief that the child was spurious; Anne may have left the capital deliberately to avoid being present, or because she was genuinely ill, but it is most probable that James desired the exclusion of all Protestants, including his daughter, from affairs of state. "I shall never now be satisfied", Anne wrote to her sister Mary, "whether the child be true or false. It may be it is our brother, but God only knows ... one cannot help having a thousand fears and melancholy thoughts, but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours."

To scotch rumours of a suppositious child, James had 40 witnesses attend a Privy Council meeting, but Anne claimed she could not attend because she was pregnant herself and then declined to read the depositions because it was "not necessary".

"Glorious Revolution"

In November 1688, Anne's brother-in-law, William of Orange, invaded England with the intent to dethrone the unpopular King in what became known as the "Glorious Revolution". Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1688, Anne did correspond with her and was no doubt aware of William's plans to invade the country. On the advice of the Churchills (Anne's conduct during this period was probably influenced a great deal by them) she refused to side with James after William landed and wrote instead to William, declaring her approval of his action. Churchill abandoned the king on the 24th of that month, Prince George on the 25th, and when James returned to London on the 26th, he found that Anne and her lady-in-waiting had done likewise the previous night. He put the women under house arrest in the Palace of Whitehall. They fled from Whitehall by a back staircase, and put themselves under the care of the bishop of London, spending one night in his house, and subsequently arrived on 1 December at Nottingham. Then she travelled to Oxford, where she met Prince George in triumph, escorted by a large company. Like Mary, she was reproached for showing no concern at the news of the King's flight, and instead merely asked for her usual game of cards. Her justification was that "she was used to play and never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint." She returned to London on 19 December, where she was at once visited by her brother-in-law William.

In 1689, a Convention Parliament assembled and declared that James had abdicated the realm when he attempted to flee, and that the Throne was therefore vacant. The Crown was offered to Mary, but accepted jointly by William and Mary, who thereafter ruled as the only joint monarchs in British history. The Bill of Rights 1689 settled succession to the Throne; Anne and her descendants were to be in the line of succession after William and Mary. They were to be followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage.

On 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, who, though ill, survived infancy. As King William and Queen Mary had no children, it looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the crown.

William and Mary

Soon after their accession, William and Mary rewarded Churchill by granting him the Earldom of Marlborough. Their subsequent treatment of the Marlboroughs, however, was not as favourable. In January 1692, suspecting that Marlborough was secretly conspiring with the Jacobites (his sister was James II's mistress), Mary dismissed him from all his offices. In a public show of support for the Marlboroughs, Anne continued to socialize with them, and refused her sister's request to dismiss Sarah from her household. The Duchess of Marlborough was subsequently removed from the royal household by the Lord Chamberlain, and Anne angrily left her royal lodgings and took up residence at Syon House, the home of the Duke of Somerset. Anne was stripped of her guard of honour; courtiers were forbidden to visit her, and civic authorities were instructed to ignore her.

When Mary died of smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign alone. Anne then became his heir apparent, since any children he might have by another wife were assigned to a lower place in the line of succession. Seeking to improve his own popularity (which had always been much lower than that of his wife), he restored Anne to her previous honours, and allowed her to reside in St. James's Palace. At the same time William kept her in the background and refrained from appointing her regent during his absence.

In 1695, William sought to win Anne's favour by restoring Marlborough to all of his offices. In return, Anne gave her support to William's government, though about this time, in 1696—according to James, in consequence of the near prospect of the throne—she wrote to her father asking for his leave to wear the crown at William's death, and promising its restoration at a convenient opportunity. The unfounded rumour that William contemplated settling the succession after his death on James's son, provided he was educated a Protestant in England, may possibly have alarmed her.

Act of Settlement

By 1700, Anne had been pregnant at least seventeen times; she miscarried or gave birth to stillborn children at least twelve times. Of the remaining five children, four died before reaching the age of two years. Her final pregnancy ended on 25 January 1700, when she gave birth to a stillborn son. Based on her foetal losses and physical symptoms, a medical historian has diagnosed disseminated lupus erythematosus. Other suggested causes are rhesus incompatibility, diabetes, and intrauterine growth retardation. Rhesus incompatibility, however, generally worsens with successive pregnancies, and so may not fit with the pattern of Anne's pregnancies, as her only son to survive infancy, William, Duke of Gloucester, was born after a series of stillbirths.

Anne's sole surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, died at the age of eleven on 30 July 1700. Anne ordered her household to observe a day of mourning every year on the anniversary of his death. William and Mary had not had any children; thus, Anne was the only individual remaining in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights 1689. If the line of succession were totally extinguished, then it would have been open for the deposed King James or his son James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender") to claim the Throne.

To address the succession crisis and preclude a Catholic restoration, Parliament enacted the Act of Settlement 1701, which provided that, failing the issue of Princess Anne and of William III by any future marriage, the Crown would go to Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her Protestant descendants. Sophia was the granddaughter of James I and VI through his daughter Elizabeth, who was the sister of Anne's grandfather Charles I. Dozens of genealogically senior claimants (including Sophia's elder sister) were disregarded due to their Catholicism. Anne's father died in September 1701. His widow, Anne's stepmother, the former Queen, wrote to Anne to inform her that her father forgave her and remind her of her promise to seek the restoration of his line. Anne, however, had already acquiesced to the new line of succession created by the Act of Settlement.

Reign

War of the Spanish Succession

William III died on 8 March 1702 and Anne became Queen. She was immediately popular. In a speech to the Parliament of England she disassociated herself from her late Dutch brother-in-law and said, "As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England."

Soon after her accession, Anne appointed her husband Lord High Admiral, giving him nominal control of the Royal Navy. Anne gave control of the army to Lord Marlborough, whom she appointed Captain-General. Marlborough also received numerous honours from the Queen; he was created a Knight of the Garter and was elevated to the rank of duke. The Duchess of Marlborough was appointed Groom of the Stole, Mistress of the Robes, and Keeper of the Privy Purse.

Anne was crowned Queen on St George's Day, 23 April 1702. About two weeks later, England became embroiled in the War of the Spanish Succession. This war, in which England supported the claim of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, to succeed to the Spanish Throne, would continue until the last years of Anne's reign and dominated both foreign and domestic policy.

She re-instituted the tradition of touching for the King's evil that had been eschewed by William as papist superstition.

Act of Union

In passing the Act of Settlement, in 1701, the English Parliament neglected to consult with the Parliament of Scotland or Estates of Scotland, which, in part, wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and its right of inheritance to the Throne. The Scottish response to the Settlement was to pass the Act of Security, a bill which stated that—failing the issue of the Queen—the Estates had the power to choose the next Scottish monarch from amongst the numerous descendants of the royal line of Scotland. The individual chosen by the Estates could not be the same person who came to the English Throne, unless various religious, economic and political conditions were met. Though it was originally not forthcoming, Royal Assent to the act was granted when the Scottish Parliament refused to impose taxes and threatened to withdraw Scottish troops from the Duke of Marlborough's army in Europe.

In its turn, the English Parliament—fearing that an independent Scotland would restore the Auld Alliance with France—responded with the Alien Act 1705, which provided that economic sanctions would be imposed and Scottish subjects would be declared aliens (putting their right to own property in England into jeopardy), unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England. Eventually, the Estates chose the latter option, and Commissioners were appointed by Queen Anne to negotiate the terms of a union between the two countries. Articles of Union were approved by the Commissioners on 22 July 1706, agreed to by an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed on 16 January 1707 and an act of the English Parliament passed on 6 March 1707. Under the Acts, England and Scotland became one realm, a united kingdom called Great Britain, on 1 May 1707.

Two-party politics

Queen Anne's reign was further marked by the development of a two-party system as the new era of parliamentary governance unfolded and matured. Anne personally preferred moderate Tories, but "endured" the Whigs.

Because of Anne's personal preferences, her first ministry was primarily Tory. It was headed by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Baron Godolphin and Anne's favorite John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, both moderate Tories. However, it also contained such high Tories as Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, and Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester. Marlborough and Godolphin kept up connections to the Whigs through the Speaker of the House of Commons, Robert Harley.

The Whigs vigorously supported the War of the Spanish Succession and became even more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. Most of the High Tories, who had opposed British involvement in the land war against France, were gradually removed from office. Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley, who had replaced Nottingham as a Secretary of State for the Northern Department, formed a ruling "triumvirate". They were forced to rely more and more on support from the Whigs, and particularly from the Junto Whigs whom Queen Anne particularly disliked. In 1706, Godolphin and Marlborough forced Anne to accept Lord Sunderland, a Junto Whig and Marlborough's son-in-law, as Harley's colleague as Secretary of State for the Southern Department.

Although this strengthened the ministry's position in Parliament, it weakened the ministry's position with the Queen, as Anne became increasingly irritated with Godolphin and with her erstwhile favorite, the Duchess of Marlborough, who supported Sunderland. The Queen turned for private advice to Harley, who was uncomfortable with Marlborough and Godolphin's turn towards the Whigs and was moving closer to supporting the Tory "blue water" policy on the war. She also turned to Abigail Hill, a cousin of the Duchess who became more amenable to Anne as her relationship with Sarah deteriorated.

The division within the ministry came to a head on 8 February 1708, when Godolphin and Marlborough insisted that the Queen had to either dismiss Harley or do without their services. When the Queen seemed to hesitate, Marlborough and Godolphin refused to attend a cabinet meeting. When Harley attempted to lead business without his erstwhile colleagues, several of those present, including the Duke of Somerset refused to participate until Godolphin and Marlborough returned.

Her hand forced, the Queen dismissed Harley on 11 February. But Godolphin and Marlborough's victory was a hollow one, as their personal relationship with Anne would never recover from the blow. Furthermore, they found themselves increasingly at the mercy of the Junto leaders. Whereas previously they had been able to determine war policy largely as they liked, their total parliamentary dependence on the Whigs meant that they had to consult with Junto leaders Lord Somers and Lord Halifax. This dependence on the hated Junto only increased the Queen's dislike of the ministry.

In July 1708, the Duchess of Marlborough came to court with a bawdy poem that implied a lesbian relationship between Anne and Abigail. The Duchess wrote to Anne telling her she had damaged her reputation by conceiving "a great passion for such a woman ... strange and unaccountable". Anne was dismayed, and wrote to the Duke of Marlborough asking that his wife "leave off teasing & tormenting me & behave herself with the decency she ought both to her friend and Queen".

Death of her husband

Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark, died in October 1708. His leadership of the Admiralty was unpopular amongst the Whig leaders. As he lay on his deathbed, some Whigs were preparing to make a motion requesting his removal from the office of Lord High Admiral. Anne was forced to appeal to the Duke of Marlborough to ensure that the motion was not made.

Anne was devastated by the loss of her husband, and the event proved a turning point in her relationship with her old friend, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. The Duchess arrived at Kensington Palace shortly before George died, and after the death insisted that Anne left Kensington for St. James's Palace against her wishes. Anne pleaded to be left alone, and resented the Duchess's intrusive actions, which included removing a portrait of George from the Queen's bedchamber and then refusing to return it in the belief that it was natural "to avoid seeing of papers or anything that belonged to one that one loved when they were just dead".

The Whigs used the Prince's death to their own advantage. With Whigs now dominant in parliament, and Anne overbowed by the loss of her husband, they forced her to accept the Junto leaders Lord Somers and Lord Wharton into the cabinet. Their power was, however, limited by Anne's insistence on carrying out the duties of Lord High Admiral herself, and not appointing a member of the government to take Prince George's place. Undeterred, the Junto demanded the appointment of the Earl of Orford, another member of the Junto and one of Prince George's leading critics, as First Lord of the Admiralty. Anne flatly refused, and chose her own candidate, the moderate Tory Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke on 29 November 1708.

Pressure mounted on Pembroke, Godolphin and the Queen from the dissatisfied Junto Whigs, and Pembroke was forced to resign after less than a year in office. Another month of arguments followed before the Queen finally consented to put the Earl of Orford in control of the Admiralty in November 1709.

Later years

As the expensive War of the Spanish Succession grew unpopular, so did the Whig administration. Harley, now in opposition, was particularly skillful in using the issue of the cost of the war to motivate the electorate. The Queen, increasingly disdained by her ministry's policy of "no peace without Spain", finally took the opportunity to dismiss Sunderland in June 1710, Godolphin followed in August. The Junto Whigs (Somers, Wharton, and Orford) were removed from office, although Marlborough, for the moment, remained as commander of the army. In their place, she appointed a new ministry, headed by Harley, which began to seek peace with France. Harley and the Tories were ready to compromise by giving Spain to the grandson of the French King, but the Whigs could not bear to see a Bourbon on the Spanish Throne. In the parliamentary elections which soon followed, Harley used government patronage to create a large Tory majority. In January 1711, Anne forced Sarah to resign her court offices, and Abigail took over as Keeper of the Privy Purse. Harley was stabbed by the Marquis de Guiscard in March, and Anne wept at the thought he would die. He recovered slowly.

The war was resolved by outside events. The elder brother of Archduke Charles died in 1711 and Charles inherited Austria, Hungary and the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. To give him also the Spanish throne was no longer in Great Britain's interests. But the proposed Treaty of Utrecht submitted to Parliament for ratification did not go as far as the Whigs wanted to curb Bourbon ambitions. In the House of Commons, the Tory majority was unassailable, but the same was not true in the House of Lords. Seeing a need for decisive action—to erase the Whig majority in the House of Lords—Anne created twelve new peers, including Abigail's husband Samuel Masham, 1st Baron Masham. Such a mass creation of peers was unprecedented. Indeed, Elizabeth I had granted fewer peerages in 44 years than Anne did in a single day. On the same day, Marlborough was dismissed as commander of the army. The Treaty was ratified and Great Britain's military involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession ended.

Death

At Christmas 1713, Anne was feverish, and lay unconscious for hours, which led to rumours of her impending death. She recovered, but was seriously ill again in March. On 27 July 1714, during Parliament's summer recess, she dismissed Harley as Treasurer. She was rendered unable to speak by a stroke on 30 July 1714, the anniversary of Gloucester's death, and on the advice of the privy council handed the treasurer's staff of office to Whig grandee Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury. She died of suppressed gout, ending in erysipelas, at about 7:30 a.m. on 1 August 1714. She was buried beside her husband in the Henry VII chapel on the South Aisle of Westminster Abbey on 23 August. Her body was so swollen and large that it had to be borne in a vast almost-square coffin.

Anne died shortly after the Electress Sophia (8 June, the same year); the Electress's son, George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British Crown. Pursuant to the Act of Settlement 1701, the crown was settled on George as Electress Sophia's heir, with the possible Catholic claimants, including Anne's half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart, ignored. However, the Elector of Hanover's accession was relatively stable: Jacobite risings in 1715 and 1719 both failed. Marlborough was re-instated.

Legacy

The reign of Queen Anne was marked by an increase in the influence of ministers and a decrease in the influence of the Crown. In 1708, Anne became the last British Sovereign to withhold the Royal Assent from a bill (in this case, a Scots militia bill). Preoccupied with her health (she may have suffered from porphyria), Anne allowed her ministers, most notably Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, as well as her favourites (Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough and Abigail Masham) to dominate politics. The shift of power from the Crown to the ministry became even more apparent during the reign of George I, whose chief advisor, Sir Robert Walpole, is often described as the "first Prime Minister."

The political and diplomatic achievements of her governments and the stability of her reign, which was free from constitutional conflict between monarch and parliament, indicate that she chose ministers and exercised her prerogatives wisely. She attended more Cabinet meetings than any of her predecessors or successors. Assessments of Anne as fat, constantly pregnant, under the influence of favourites, and lacking political astuteness or interest may derive from chauvinist prejudices against women.

The age of Anne was one of artistic, literary, and scientific advancement. In architecture, Sir John Vanbrugh constructed elegant edifices such as Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard. Writers such as Daniel Defoe, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift flourished. Although Anne and her reign have no direct bearing on the style personally, at the time Queen Anne style architecture became popular in the late 19th century, her name connoted a sense of Old World elegance and extravagant, ornate details. Her name also remains associated with the world's first substantial copyright law, known as the Statute of Anne (1709), which granted exclusive rights to authors rather than printers. During her reign the composer George Frideric Handel relocated to England where his music was popular.

In the United States, the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession is known as Queen Anne's War.

The American city of Annapolis, Maryland, which originally bore several other names, was given its present name in 1694 by Sir Francis Nicholson, in honour of the then Princess Anne. Princess Anne County, Virginia, and Princess Anne Street in Fredericksburg, Virginia, were named for her before her accession to the throne.

Queen Anne's County, Maryland, was named for her during her reign in 1706. There is a statue of Queen Anne in front of the Queen Anne's County courthouse in Centreville, Maryland, which was dedicated in 1977. The dedication ceremony was attended by HRH The Princess Anne, daughter of Elizabeth II.

Upon its capture from the French in 1710, the Acadian capital of Port-Royal was renamed Annapolis Royal in honour of the Queen.

A statue of Anne stands outside the main entrance to St. Paul's Cathedral, London.

In popular culture

Anne was played by Margaret Tyzack in the 1969 BBC TV drama series ''The First Churchills'', which depicted Queen Anne's life from her childhood to her death, in the context of her friendship with Sarah and John Churchill. Elizabeth Spriggs portrayed her in the 2004 BBC drama documentary ''Wren: The Man Who Built Britain''. In the 1984 comedy ''Yellowbeard'' she was played by Peter Bull (in his last film role) as a fat, senile woman, dominated by Sarah Churchill.

Anne is a character in the novel ''The Man Who Laughs'' by Victor Hugo, and was portrayed on screen by Anna Kallina in the 1921 Austrian silent adaptation ''Das Grinsende Gesicht'' and by Josephine Crowell in the 1928 silent adaptation. She is also a character in the play ''Le Verre d'eau'' by Eugène Scribe; Gunnel Lindblom portrayed her in the 1960 Swedish TV adaptation ''Ett Glas vatten'', Liselotte Pulver in the 1960 West German film adaptation ''Das Glas Wasser'', Judit Halász in the 1977 Hungarian TV adaptation ''Sakk-matt'', and Natalya Belokhvostikova in the 1979 Soviet film adaptation ''Stakan vody'' (Стакан воды).

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Name	Queen Anne of Great Britain
Dipstyle	Her Majesty
Offstyle	Your Majesty
Altstyle	Madam }}

Titles and styles

6 February 1665 – 28 July 1683: ''Her Highness'' The Lady Anne 28 July 1683 – 8 March 1702: ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Anne of Denmark

8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714: ''Her Majesty'' The Queen

The official style of Anne before 1707 was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." (The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) After the Union, her style was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."

Arms

As Queen regnant, Anne's arms before the Union were the Stuart Royal arms, in use since 1603: ''Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland)''. In 1702 Anne announced that the Royal arms was to be shown with the motto ''Semper eadem'' or ''Always the same'', this was the same motto used by Queen Elizabeth I.

The Act of Union declared that: "the Ensigns Armorial of the said United Kingdom be such as Her Majesty shall think fit," In 1707 the Union was heraldically expressed by the impaling, or placing side-by-side in the same quarter, of the arms of England and Scotland, which had previously been in different quarters. The new arms were: ''Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland)''.

{{Image gallery|width=200|height=200 |Coat of Arms of England (1702-1707).svg|See adjacent text|Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of England from 1702 to 1707 |Coat of Arms of Scotland (1660-1689).svg|See adjacent text|Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Scotland from 1702 to 1707 |Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_(1707-1714).svg|See adjacent text|Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Great Britain from 1707 to 1714 |Coat of Arms of Great Britain in Scotland (1707-1714).svg|See adjacent text|Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Great Britain (Scotland), 1707–1714 }}

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Anne of Great Britain |2= 2. James II of England |3= 3. Anne Hyde |4= 4. Charles I of England |5= 5. Princess Henrietta Maria of France |6= 6. Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon |7= 7. Frances Aylesbury |8= 8. James I of England |9= 9. Princess Anne of Denmark |10= 10. Henry IV of France |11= 11. Marie de' Medici |12= 12. Henry Hyde |13= 13. Mary Langford |14= 14. Sir Thomas Aylesbury, 1st Baronet |15= 15. Anne Denman |16= 16. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley |17= 17. Mary, Queen of Scots |18= 18. Frederick II of Denmark |19= 19. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |20= 20. Antoine of Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme |21= 21. Jeanne III of Navarre |22= 22. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany |23= 23. Archduchess Johanna of Austria |24= 24. Lawrence Hyde |25= 25. Anne Sibell |26= 26. Edward Langford |27= 27. Mary St. Barbe |28= 28. William Aylesbury |29= 29. Anne Poole |30= 30. Francis Denman |31= 31. Anne Blount }}

Issue

!Name!!Birth!!Death
Mary	2 June 1685
Anne Sophia	12 May 1686
William, Duke of Gloucester	24 July 1689
Mary	14 October 1690
George	17 April 1692
Charles	15 September 1698

In addition, there were eight still-born children and four miscarriages.

All of Anne's children bore the titles of Prince(ss) of Denmark and Prince(ss) of Norway.

See also

List of things named after Queen Anne

Succession to the British Throne

Notes

References

Green, David (1970). ''Queen Anne''. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211693-6.

Waller, Maureen (2006). ''Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England''. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6628-8.

Weir, Alison (1995) ''Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised Edition''. London: Random House. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9.

External links

Category:1665 births Category:1714 deaths Category:English monarchs Category:Scottish monarchs Category:Monarchs of Great Britain Category:Queens regnant in the British Isles Category:18th-century female rulers Category:House of Stuart Category:Protestant monarchs Category:Pretenders to the throne of the kingdom of France (Plantagenet) Category:Queens regnant of England Category:Queens regnant of Scotland Category:English princesses Category:Scottish princesses Category:Danish princesses Category:Norwegian princesses Category:Female heirs apparent Category:Lord High Admirals Category:People from Westminster Category:English people of French descent Category:English people of Italian descent Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey Category:Women in 18th-century warfare

af:Anna van Groot-Brittanje ang:Anne Cwēn ar:آن ملكة بريطانيا العظمى be:Ганна, каралева брытанская bs:Ana, kraljica Velike Britanije br:Anne Breizh-Veur bg:Анна (Великобритания) ca:Anna de la Gran Bretanya cs:Anna Stuartovna cy:Anne, brenhines Prydain Fawr da:Anne af England de:Anne (Großbritannien) et:Anne (Suurbritannia) el:Άννα της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας es:Ana de Gran Bretaña eo:Anna (Britio) eu:Ana Britainia Handikoa fa:آن بریتانیای کبیر fr:Anne de Grande-Bretagne ga:Áine na Breataine Móire gd:Anna, Ban-rìgh Shasainn, Alba is Èireann gl:Ana de Gran Bretaña ko:앤 (영국) hr:Ana, kraljica Velike Britanije it:Anna di Gran Bretagna he:אן, מלכת בריטניה ka:ანა (დიდი ბრიტანეთი) la:Anna (regina Britanniae) lv:Anna Stjuarta hu:Anna brit királynő arz:آن ملكة بريطانيا العظمى nl:Anna van Groot-Brittannië ja:アン (イギリス女王) no:Anne av Storbritannia nn:Anne av Storbritannia pl:Anna Stuart pt:Ana da Grã-Bretanha ro:Anna a Marii Britanii ru:Анна (королева Великобритании) sco:Anne o Great Breetain simple:Anne of Great Britain sk:Anna Stuartová sr:Ана од Велике Британије fi:Anna (Englanti) sv:Anna av Storbritannien th:สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถแอนน์แห่งบริเตนใหญ่ tr:Anne (Büyük Britanya) uk:Анна Стюарт vi:Anne của Anh zh:安妮 (大不列颠)

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Alexander Perls
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Alexander Perls Rousmaniere
alias	009 Sound SystemAalborg Soundtracks
born	May 11, 1976
genre	Electronic music, trance, Progressive trance, Electro house, house
occupation	MusicianMusic producer
years active	1998–present
label	Track One Recordings
website	Official site
notable instruments	}}

Alexander Perls is a musician and record producer. His notable projects include 009 Sound System, whose songs are entirely written, performed, and produced by Perls.

Perls' songs are known for their mix of electronic, trance and controversial religious related lyrics, which listeners have alternately interpreted as the work of a Christian, or a work of an atheist.

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Perls is the grandson of Klaus Perls, the German art dealer, nephew of Nick Perls, the founder of Yazoo Recordings, and nephew of John Rousmaniere, the author, and great-grand-nephew of Albert Hamilton Gordon.

While studying as an exchange student at University College London in 1997, Perls worked with the post-rock collective Piano Magic. Following Perls' graduation from Oberlin College in 1998, he worked briefly for the Barbara Gladstone Gallery, a leading contemporary art dealership in New York, and then settled into a career as songwriter and music producer.

Between 2000 and 2008, Perls primarily wrote and recorded songs for other dance music producers, including well-known artists such as David Guetta, Paul van Dyk, Ian Carey, ATB, and Robert M. first in New York City, and after 2006, in Los Angeles. From 2000 to 2003 he was one of the members of the electronic music duo CIRC, which released one album and several singles and remixes.

In 2011, Track One Recordings opened a remix competition for Perls' well known productions Dreamscape and Born To Be Wasted.

Discography

Annex Trax, Vol. 1

:3. Maximalist (Short Edit) :4. Storm (Short Edit) :11. The Drive (Short Edit) :12. Storm (Short Edit) :14. Storm (Long Edit) :15. Maximalist (Long Edit) :16. Recombination :17. Can't Be Sure :18. Heaven's Never Gonna Be Like This (Short Edit)

009 Sound System (2008)

#Beat of the Moment #Dreamscape #The Dark Empire #The Hero Waits #Database #Holiday (So High) #Sonia #Sweet Mary (Talks to You) #The Pull #Transfiguration #Radio Station #Of Latter Days (Circ) #Maximalist #Storm #The Drive #Solo #Killer with a thousand faces #Space and Time

Singles

Wings and Time (2009)

Trinity (2009)

Within a Single (2009)

When You're Young (2011)

Dream We Knew (2011)

Powerstation (2011)

Wings (extended edit) (2011)

EP

Holy Ghost (2008)

#Holy Ghost #Number Two #Shine On

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:1976 births

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Anne Frank
birth name	Annelies Marie Frank
birth date	June 12, 1929
birth place	Frankfurt am Main, Weimar Germany
death date	Early March 1945 (aged 15)
death place	Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Lower Saxony, Nazi Germany
nationality	German until 1941Stateless from 1941
notableworks	''The Diary of a Young Girl'' (1947)
influences	Cissy van Marxveldt
signature	Anne Frank signature.svg }}

Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (; 12 June 1929 early March 1945) is one of the most renowned and most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Acknowledged for the quality of her writing, her diary has become one of the world's most widely read books, and has been the basis for several plays and films.

Born in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany, she lived most of her life in or near Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. By nationality, she was officially considered a German until 1941, when she lost her nationality owing to the anti-Semitic policies of Nazi Germany (the Nuremberg Laws). She gained international fame posthumously following the publication of her diary, which documents her experiences hiding during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II.

The Frank family moved from Germany to Amsterdam in 1933, the year the Nazis gained control over Germany. By the beginning of 1940, they were trapped in Amsterdam by the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. As persecutions of the Jewish population increased in July 1942, the family went into hiding in the hidden rooms of Anne's father, Otto Frank's, office building. After two years, the group was betrayed and transported to concentration camps. Anne Frank and her sister, Margot, were eventually transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they both died of typhus in March 1945.

Otto Frank, the only survivor of the family, returned to Amsterdam after the war to find that Anne's diary had been saved, and his efforts led to its publication in 1947. It was translated from its original Dutch and first published in English in 1952 as ''The Diary of a Young Girl''. It has since been translated into many languages. The diary, which was given to Anne on her 13th birthday, chronicles her life from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944.

Early life

Anne Frank was born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany, the second daughter of Otto Frank (1889–1980) and Edith Frank-Holländer (1900–45). Margot Frank (1926–45) was her elder sister. The Franks were liberal Jews, did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism, and lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith Frank was the more devout parent, while Otto Frank was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read.

On 13 March 1933, elections were held in Frankfurt for the municipal council, and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won. Antisemitic demonstrations occurred almost immediately, and the Franks began to fear what would happen to them if they remained in Germany. Later that year, Edith and the children went to Aachen, where they stayed with Edith's mother, Rosa Holländer. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but after receiving an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there to organise the business and to arrange accommodations for his family. The Franks were among approximately 300,000 Jews who fled Germany between 1933 and 1939.

Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works, a company that sold fruit extract pectin, and found an apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in Amsterdam. By February 1934, Edith and the children had arrived in Amsterdam, and the two girls were enrolled in school — Margot in public school and Anne in a Montessori school. Margot demonstrated ability in arithmetic, and Anne showed aptitude for reading and writing. Her friend Hanneli Goslar later recalled that from early childhood, Frank frequently wrote, although she shielded her work with her hands and refused to discuss the content of her writing. The Frank sisters had highly distinct personalities, Margot being well-mannered, reserved, and studious, while Anne was outspoken, energetic, and extroverted.

In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company, Pectacon, which was a wholesaler of herbs, pickling salts and mixed spices, used in the production of sausages. Hermann van Pels was employed by Pectacon as an advisor about spices. He was a Jewish butcher, who had fled Osnabrück in Germany with his family. In 1939, Edith's mother came to live with the Franks, and remained with them until her death in January 1942.

In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the occupation government began to persecute Jews by the implementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws; mandatory registration and segregation soon followed. The Frank sisters were excelling in their studies and had many friends, but with the introduction of a decree that Jewish children could attend only Jewish schools, they were enrolled at the Jewish Lyceum. Anne became a friend of Jacqueline van Maarsen in the Lyceum. In April 1941, Otto Frank took action to prevent Pectacon from being confiscated as a Jewish-owned business. He transferred his shares in Pectacon to Johannes Kleiman and resigned as director. The company was liquidated and all assets transferred to Gies and Company, headed by Jan Gies. In December 1941, Frank followed a similar process to save Opekta. The businesses continued with little obvious change and their survival allowed Frank to earn a minimal income, but sufficient to provide for his family.

Time period chronicled in the diary

Before going into hiding

For her 13th birthday on 12 June 1942, Anne Frank received a book she had shown her father in a shop window a few days earlier. Although it was an autograph book, bound with red-and-white checkered cloth and with a small lock on the front, Frank decided she would use it as a diary, and began writing in it almost immediately. While many of her early entries relate the mundane aspects of her life, she also discusses some of the changes that had taken place in the Netherlands since the German occupation. In her entry dated 20 June 1942, she lists many of the restrictions that had been placed upon the lives of the Dutch Jewish population, and also notes her sorrow at the death of her grandmother earlier in the year.

Frank dreamed about becoming an actress. She loved watching movies, but the Dutch Jews were forbidden access to movie theaters from 8 January 1941 onwards.

In July 1942, Margot Frank received a call-up notice from the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) ordering her to report for relocation to a work camp. Otto Frank told his family that they would go into hiding in rooms above and behind Opekta's premises on the Prinsengracht, a street along one of Amsterdam's canals, where some of his most trusted employees would help them. The call-up notice forced them to relocate several weeks earlier than had been anticipated.

Life in the ''Achterhuis''

On the morning of Monday, 6 July 1942, the family moved into their hiding place, a secret annex. Their apartment was left in a state of disarray to create the impression that they had left suddenly, and Otto Frank left a note that hinted they were going to Switzerland. The need for secrecy forced them to leave behind Anne's cat, Moortje. As Jews were not allowed to use public transport, they walked several kilometers from their home, with each of them wearing several layers of clothing as they did not dare be seen carrying luggage. The ''Achterhuis'' (a Dutch word denoting the rear part of a house, translated as the "Secret Annexe" in English editions of the diary) was a three-story space entered from a landing above the Opekta offices. Two small rooms, with an adjoining bathroom and toilet, were on the first level, and above that a larger open room, with a small room beside it. From this smaller room, a ladder led to the attic. The door to the ''Achterhuis'' was later covered by a bookcase to ensure it remained undiscovered. The main building, situated a block from the Westerkerk, was nondescript, old and typical of buildings in the western quarters of Amsterdam.

Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, and Bep Voskuijl were the only employees who knew of the people in hiding, and with Gies' husband Jan Gies and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, were their "helpers" for the duration of their confinement. These contacts provided the only connection between the outside world and the occupants of the house, and they kept the occupants informed of war news and political developments. They catered for all of their needs, ensured their safety, and supplied them with food, a task that grew more difficult with the passage of time. Frank wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost morale within the household during the most dangerous of times. All were aware that, if caught, they could face the death penalty for sheltering Jews.

On 13 July 1942, the Franks were joined by the van Pels family: Hermann, Auguste, and 16-year-old Peter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the family. Frank wrote of her pleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to live in such confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer, she found him to be insufferable and resented his intrusion, and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as foolish. She regarded Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer as selfish, particularly in regard to the amount of food they consumed. Some time later, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recognised a kinship with him and the two entered a romance. She received her first kiss from him, but her infatuation with him began to wane as she questioned whether her feelings for him were genuine, or resulted from their shared confinement. Anne Frank formed a close bond with each of the helpers and Otto Frank later recalled that she had anticipated their daily visits with impatient enthusiasm. He observed that Anne's closest friendship was with Bep Voskuijl, "the young typist... the two of them often stood whispering in the corner."

In her writing, Frank examined her relationships with the members of her family, and the strong differences in each of their personalities. She considered herself to be closest emotionally to her father, who later commented, "I got on better with Anne than with Margot, who was more attached to her mother. The reason for that may have been that Margot rarely showed her feelings and didn't need as much support because she didn't suffer from mood swings as much as Anne did." The Frank sisters formed a closer relationship than had existed before they went into hiding, although Anne sometimes expressed jealousy towards Margot, particularly when members of the household criticised Anne for lacking Margot's gentle and placid nature. As Anne began to mature, the sisters were able to confide in each other. In her entry of 12 January 1944, Frank wrote, "Margot's much nicer... She's not nearly so catty these days and is becoming a real friend. She no longer thinks of me as a little baby who doesn't count."

Frank frequently wrote of her difficult relationship with her mother, and of her ambivalence towards her. On 7 November 1942 she described her "contempt" for her mother and her inability to "confront her with her carelessness, her sarcasm and her hard-heartedness," before concluding, "She's not a mother to me." Later, as she revised her diary, Frank felt ashamed of her harsh attitude, writing: "Anne, is it really you who mentioned hate, oh Anne, how could you?" She came to understand that their differences resulted from misunderstandings that were as much her fault as her mother's, and saw that she had added unnecessarily to her mother's suffering. With this realization, Frank began to treat her mother with a degree of tolerance and respect.

The Frank sisters each hoped to return to school as soon as they were able, and continued with their studies while in hiding. Margot took a shorthand course by correspondence in Bep Voskuijl's name and received high marks. Most of Anne's time was spent reading and studying, and she regularly wrote and edited her diary entries. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she wrote about her feelings, beliefs and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. As her confidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such as her belief in God, and how she defined human nature.

Frank aspired to become a journalist, writing in her diary on Wednesday, 5 April 1944: She continued writing regularly until her final entry of August 1, 1944.

Arrest

On the morning of 4 August 1944, the ''Achterhuis'' was stormed by the German Security Police (''Grüne Polizei'') following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified. Led by Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer of the Sicherheitsdienst, the group included at least three members of the Security Police. The Franks, van Pelses and Pfeffer were taken to the Gestapo headquarters, where they were interrogated and held overnight. On 5 August, they were transferred to the Huis van Bewaring (House of Detention), an overcrowded prison on the Weteringschans. Two days later they were transported to Westerbork. Ostensibly a transit camp, by this time more than 100,000 Jews had passed through it. Having been arrested in hiding, they were considered criminals and were sent to the Punishment Barracks for hard labor.

Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were arrested and jailed at the penal camp for enemies of the regime at Amersfoort. Kleiman was released after seven weeks, but Kugler was held in various work camps until the war's end. Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were questioned and threatened by the Security Police but were not detained. They returned to the ''Achterhuis'' the following day, and found Anne's papers strewn on the floor. They collected them, as well as several family photograph albums, and Gies resolved to return them to Anne after the war. On 7 August 1944, Gies attempted to facilitate the release of the prisoners by confronting Karl Silberbauer‎ and offering him money to intervene, but he refused.

Deportation and death

On 3 September 1944, the group was deported on what would be the last transport from Westerbork to the Auschwitz concentration camp, and arrived after a three-day journey. On the same train was Bloeme Evers-Emden, an Amsterdam native who had befriended Margot and Anne in the Jewish Lyceum in 1941. Bloeme saw Anne, Margot and their mother regularly in Auschwitz, and was interviewed for her remembrances of the Frank women in Auschwitz in the 1988 television documentary ''The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank'' by Dutch filmmaker Willy Lindwer and the 1995 BBC documentary ''Anne Frank Remembered''.

In the chaos that marked the unloading of the trains, the men were forcibly separated from the women and children, and Otto Frank was wrenched from his family. Of the 1,019 passengers, 549 — including all children younger than 15 — were sent directly to the gas chambers. Frank had turned 15 three months earlier and was one of the youngest people to be spared from her transport. She was soon made aware that most people were gassed upon arrival, and never learned that the entire group from the ''Achterhuis'' had survived this selection. She reasoned that her father, in his mid-fifties and not particularly robust, had been killed immediately after they were separated.

With the other females not selected for immediate death, Frank was forced to strip naked to be disinfected, had her head shaved and was tattooed with an identifying number on her arm. By day, the women were used as slave labor and Frank was forced to haul rocks and dig rolls of sod; by night, they were crammed into overcrowded barracks. Some witnesses later testified Frank became withdrawn and tearful when she saw children being led to the gas chambers, others reported that more often she displayed strength and courage, and her gregarious and confident nature allowed her to obtain extra bread rations for her mother, sister and herself. Disease was rampant and before long, Frank's skin became badly infected by scabies. The Frank sisters were moved into an infirmary, which was in a state of constant darkness, and infested with rats and mice. Edith Frank stopped eating, saving every morsel of food for her daughters and passing her rations to them, through a hole she made at the bottom of the infirmary wall.

In October 1944, the Frank women were slated to join a transport to the Liebau labor camp in Upper Silesia, which Bloeme Evers-Emden was also a part of. But Anne was prohibited from joining because she had developed scabies, and her mother and sister opted to stay with her. Bloeme went on without them.

On 28 October, selections began for women to be relocated to Bergen-Belsen. More than 8,000 women, including Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels, were transported, but Edith Frank was left behind and later died from starvation. Tents were erected at Bergen-Belsen to accommodate the influx of prisoners, and as the population rose, the death toll due to disease increased rapidly. Frank was briefly reunited with two friends, Hanneli Goslar and Nanette Blitz, who were confined in another section of the camp. Goslar and Blitz both survived the war and later discussed the brief conversations they had conducted with Frank through a fence. Blitz described her as bald, emaciated, and shivering and Goslar noted Auguste van Pels was with Anne and Margot Frank, and was caring for Margot, who was severely ill. Neither of them saw Margot as she was too weak to leave her bunk. Anne told both Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February, 1945.

In March 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp and killed approximately 17,000 prisoners. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock, and a few days later, Anne died. They state this occurred a few weeks before the camp was liberated by British troops on 15 April 1945, although the exact dates were not recorded. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease, and Anne and Margot were buried in a mass grave, the exact whereabouts of which is unknown.

After the war, it was estimated of the 107,000 Jews deported from the Netherlands between 1942 and 1944, only 5,000 survived. It was also estimated up to 30,000 Jews remained in the Netherlands, with many people aided by the Dutch underground. Approximately two-thirds of this group of people survived the war.

Otto Frank survived his internment in Auschwitz. After the war ended, he returned to Amsterdam, where he was sheltered by Jan and Miep Gies as he attempted to locate his family. He learned of the death of his wife, Edith, in Auschwitz, but he remained hopeful that his daughters had survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Susanne ''Sanne'' Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents, though her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of both Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid 1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

''The Diary of a Young Girl''

Publication

In July 1945, after the Red Cross confirmed the deaths of the Frank sisters, Miep Gies gave Otto Frank the diary, along with a bundle of loose notes that she had saved in the hope of returning them to Anne. Otto Frank later commented that he had not realized Anne had kept such an accurate and well-written record of their time in hiding. In his memoir, he described the painful process of reading the diary, recognizing the events described and recalling that he had already heard some of the more amusing episodes read aloud by his daughter. He also noted that he saw for the first time the more private side of his daughter, and those sections of the diary she had not discussed with anyone, noting, "For me it was a revelation... I had no idea of the depth of her thoughts and feelings... She had kept all these feelings to herself". Moved by her repeated wish to be an author, he began to consider having it published.

Frank's diary began as a private expression of her thoughts and she wrote several times that she would never allow anyone to read it. She candidly described her life, her family and companions, and their situation, while beginning to recognise her ambition to write fiction for publication. In March 1944, she heard a radio broadcast by Gerrit Bolkestein—a member of the Dutch government in exile—who said that when the war ended, he would create a public record of the Dutch people's oppression under German occupation. He mentioned the publication of letters and diaries, and Frank decided to submit her work when the time came. She began editing her writing, removing sections and rewriting others, with the view to publication. Her original notebook was supplemented by additional notebooks and loose-leaf sheets of paper. She created pseudonyms for the members of the household and the helpers. The van Pels family became Hermann, Petronella, and Peter van Daan, and Fritz Pfeffer became Albert Düssell. In this edited version, she also addressed each entry to "Kitty," a fictional character in Cissy van Marxveldt's ''Joop ter Heul'' novels that Anne enjoyed reading. Otto Frank used her original diary, known as "version A", and her edited version, known as "version B", to produce the first version for publication. He removed certain passages, most notably those in which Frank is critical of her parents (especially her mother), and sections that discussed Frank's growing sexuality. Although he restored the true identities of his own family, he retained all of the other pseudonyms.

Otto Frank gave the diary to the historian Annie Romein-Verschoor, who tried unsuccessfully to have it published. She then gave it to her husband Jan Romein, who wrote an article about it, titled "Kinderstem" ("A Child's Voice"), published in the newspaper ''Het Parool'' on 3 April 1946. He wrote that the diary "stammered out in a child's voice, embodies all the hideousness of fascism, more so than all the evidence at Nuremberg put together." His article attracted attention from publishers, and the diary was published in the Netherlands as ''Het Achterhuis'' in 1947, followed by a second run in 1950.

It was first published in Germany and France in 1950, and after being rejected by several publishers, was first published in the United Kingdom in 1952. The first American edition was published in 1952 under the title ''Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl'' and was positively reviewed. It was successful in France, Germany and the United States, but in the United Kingdom it failed to attract an audience and by 1953 was out of print. Its most noteworthy success was in Japan (ironically, an ally of Germany during the war), where it received critical acclaim and sold more than 100,000 copies in its first edition. In Japan, Anne Frank quickly became identified as an important cultural figure who represented the destruction of youth during the war.

A play based upon the diary, by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, premiered in New York City on 5 October 1955, and later won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was followed by the 1959 movie ''The Diary of Anne Frank'', which was a critical and commercial success. The biographer, Melissa Müller, later wrote that the dramatization had "contributed greatly to the romanticizing, sentimentalizing and universalizing of Anne's story." Over the years the popularity of the diary grew, and in many schools, particularly in the United States, it was included as part of the curriculum, introducing Anne Frank to new generations of readers.

In 1986, the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation published the "Critical Edition" of the diary. It includes comparisons from all known versions, both edited and unedited. It also includes discussion asserting its authentication, as well as additional historical information relating to the family and the diary itself.

Cornelis Suijk—a former director of the Anne Frank Foundation and president of the U.S. Center for Holocaust Education Foundation—announced in 1999 that he was in the possession of five pages that had been removed by Otto Frank from the diary prior to publication; Suijk claimed that Otto Frank gave these pages to him shortly before his death in 1980. The missing diary entries contain critical remarks by Anne Frank about her parents' strained marriage, and discuss Frank's lack of affection for her mother. Some controversy ensued when Suijk claimed publishing rights over the five pages and intended to sell them to raise money for his U.S. Foundation. The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, the formal owner of the manuscript, demanded the pages be handed over. In 2000, the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science agreed to donate US$300,000 to Suijk's Foundation, and the pages were returned in 2001. Since then, they have been included in new editions of the diary.

Reception

The diary has been praised for its literary merits. Commenting on Anne Frank's writing style, the dramatist Meyer Levin commended Frank for "sustaining the tension of a well-constructed novel", and was so impressed by the quality of her work that he collaborated with Otto Frank on a dramatization of the diary shortly after its publication. Meyer became obsessed with Anne Frank, which he wrote about in his autobiography ''The Obsession''. The poet John Berryman wrote it was a unique depiction, not merely of adolescence but of the "conversion of a child into a person as it is happening in a precise, confident, economical style stunning in its honesty".

In her introduction to the diary's first American edition, Eleanor Roosevelt described it as "one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read." John F. Kennedy discussed Anne Frank in a 1961 speech, and said, "Of all the multitudes who throughout history have spoken for human dignity in times of great suffering and loss, no voice is more compelling than that of Anne Frank." In the same year, the Soviet writer Ilya Ehrenburg wrote of her: "one voice speaks for six million—the voice not of a sage or a poet but of an ordinary little girl."

As Anne Frank's stature as both a writer and humanist has grown, she has been discussed specifically as a symbol of the Holocaust and more broadly as a representative of persecution. Hillary Rodham Clinton, in her acceptance speech for an Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Award in 1994, read from Anne Frank's diary and spoke of her "awakening us to the folly of indifference and the terrible toll it takes on our young," which Clinton related to contemporary events in Sarajevo, Somalia and Rwanda. After receiving a humanitarian award from the Anne Frank Foundation in 1994, Nelson Mandela addressed a crowd in Johannesburg, saying he had read Anne Frank's diary while in prison and "derived much encouragement from it." He likened her struggle against Nazism to his struggle against ''apartheid'', drawing a parallel between the two philosophies with the comment "because these beliefs are patently false, and because they were, and will always be, challenged by the likes of Anne Frank, they are bound to fail." Also in 1994, Václav Havel said "Anne Frank's legacy is very much alive and it can address us fully" in relation to the political and social changes occurring at the time in former Eastern Bloc countries.

Primo Levi suggested Anne Frank is frequently identified as a single representative of the millions of people who suffered and died as she did because, "One single Anne Frank moves us more than the countless others who suffered just as she did but whose faces have remained in the shadows. Perhaps it is better that way; if we were capable of taking in all the suffering of all those people, we would not be able to live." In her closing message in Melissa Müller's biography of Anne Frank, Miep Gies expressed a similar thought, though she attempted to dispel what she felt was a growing misconception that "Anne symbolises the six million victims of the Holocaust", writing: "Anne's life and death were her own individual fate, an individual fate that happened six million times over. Anne cannot, and should not, stand for the many individuals whom the Nazis robbed of their lives... But her fate helps us grasp the immense loss the world suffered because of the Holocaust."

Otto Frank spent the remainder of his life as custodian of his daughter's legacy, saying, "It's a strange role. In the normal family relationship, it is the child of the famous parent who has the honor and the burden of continuing the task. In my case the role is reversed." He also recalled his publisher's explaining why he thought the diary has been so widely read, with the comment, "he said that the diary encompasses so many areas of life that each reader can find something that moves him personally". Simon Wiesenthal later expressed a similar opinion when he said that Anne Frank's diary had raised more widespread awareness of the Holocaust than had been achieved during the Nuremberg Trials, because "people identified with this child. This was the impact of the Holocaust, this was a family like my family, like your family and so you could understand this."

In June 1999, ''Time'' magazine published a special edition titled "Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century". Anne Frank was selected as one of the "Heroes & Icons", and the writer, Roger Rosenblatt, described her legacy with the comment, "The passions the book ignites suggest that everyone owns Anne Frank, that she has risen above the Holocaust, Judaism, girlhood and even goodness and become a totemic figure of the modern world—the moral individual mind beset by the machinery of destruction, insisting on the right to live and question and hope for the future of human beings." He also notes while her courage and pragmatism are admired, it is her ability to analyze herself and the quality of her writing are the key components of her appeal. He writes, "The reason for her immortality was basically literary. She was an extraordinarily good writer, for any age, and the quality of her work seemed a direct result of a ruthlessly honest disposition."

Denials and legal action

After the diary became widely known in the late 1950s, various allegations against the diary were published, with the earliest published criticisms occurring in Sweden and Norway. The allegations in the Swedish Nazi magazine ''Fria ord'' ("''Free Words''") in 1957 came from the Danish author and critic Harald Nielsen, who had written antisemitic articles about the Danish-Jewish author Georg Brandes at the beginning of the twentieth century. Among the accusations was a claim that the diary had been written by Meyer Levin, and that Anne Frank had not really existed.

In 1958, Simon Wiesenthal was challenged by a group of protesters at a performance of ''The Diary of Anne Frank'' in Vienna, who asserted that Anne Frank had never existed, and who challenged Wiesenthal to prove her existence by finding the man who had arrested her. He began searching for Karl Silberbauer and found him in 1963. When interviewed, Silberbauer readily admitted his role, and identified Anne Frank from a photograph as one of the people arrested. He provided a full account of events and recalled emptying a briefcase full of papers onto the floor. His statement corroborated the version of events that had previously been presented by witnesses such as Otto Frank.

Opponents of the diary continued to express the view that it was not written by a child, but had been created as pro-Jewish propaganda, with Otto Frank accused of fraud. In 1959, Frank took legal action in Lübeck against Lothar Stielau, a school teacher and former Hitler Youth member who published a school paper that described the diary as a forgery. The complaint was extended to include Heinrich Buddegerg, who wrote a letter in support of Stielau, which was published in a Lübeck newspaper. The court examined the diary, and, in 1960, authenticated the handwriting as matching that in letters known to have been written by Anne Frank, and declared the diary to be genuine. Stielau recanted his earlier statement, and Otto Frank did not pursue the case any further.

In 1976, Otto Frank took action against Heinz Roth of Frankfurt, who published pamphlets stating that the diary was a forgery. The judge ruled that if he published further statements he would be subjected to a fine of 500,000 German marks and a six-month jail sentence. Roth appealed against the court's decision and died in 1978, a year before his appeal was rejected.

Otto Frank mounted a further lawsuit in 1976 against Ernst Römer, who distributed a pamphlet titled "The Diary of Anne Frank, Bestseller, A Lie". When another man named Edgar Geiss distributed the same pamphlet in the courtroom, he, too was prosecuted. Römer was fined 1,500 Deutschmarks, and Geiss was sentenced to six months imprisonment. On appeal the sentence was reduced, but the case against him was dropped following a subsequent appeal because the statutory limitation for libel had expired.

With Otto Frank's death in 1980, the original diary, including letters and loose sheets, were willed to the Dutch Institute for War Documentation, who commissioned a forensic study of the diary through the Netherlands Ministry of Justice in 1986. They examined the handwriting against known examples and found that they matched, and determined that the paper, glue and ink were readily available during the time the diary was said to have been written. Their final determination was that the diary is authentic, and their findings were published in what has become known as the "Critical Edition" of the diary. On 23 March 1990, the Hamburg Regional Court confirmed its authenticity.

In 1991, Holocaust deniers Robert Faurisson and Siegfried Verbeke produced a booklet titled ''The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach''. They claimed that Otto Frank wrote the diary, based on assertions that the diary contained several contradictions, that hiding in the ''Achterhuis'' would have been impossible, and that the prose style and handwriting of Anne Frank were not those of a teenager.

The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam and the Anne Frank Funds in Basel instigated a civil law suit in December 1993, to prohibit the further distribution of ''The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach'' in the Netherlands. On 9 December 1998, the Amsterdam District Court ruled in favour of the claimants, forbade any further denial of the authenticity of the diary and unsolicited distribution of publications to that effect, and imposed a penalty of 25,000 guilders per infringement.

Legacy

On 3 May 1957, a group of citizens, including Otto Frank, established the Anne Frank Stichting in an effort to rescue the Prinsengracht building from demolition and to make it accessible to the public. The Anne Frank House opened on 3 May 1960. It consists of the Opekta warehouse and offices and the ''Achterhuis'', all unfurnished so that visitors can walk freely through the rooms. Some personal relics of the former occupants remain, such as movie star photographs glued by Anne to a wall, a section of wallpaper on which Otto Frank marked the height of his growing daughters, and a map on the wall where he recorded the advance of the Allied Forces, all now protected behind Perspex sheets. From the small room which was once home to Peter van Pels, a walkway connects the building to its neighbours, also purchased by the Foundation. These other buildings are used to house the diary, as well as changing exhibits that chronicle different aspects of the Holocaust and more contemporary examinations of racial intolerance in various parts of the world. It has become one of Amsterdam's main tourist attractions, and in 2005 received a record 965,000 visitors. The House provides information via the Internet, as well as travelling exhibitions, for those not able to visit. In 2005, exhibitions travelled to 32 countries in Europe, Asia, North America and South America.

In 1963, Otto Frank and his second wife, Elfriede Geiringer-Markovits, set up the Anne Frank Fonds as a charitable foundation, based in Basel, Switzerland. The Fonds raises money to donate to causes "as it sees fit". Upon his death, Otto willed the diary's copyright to the Fonds, on the provision that the first 80,000 Swiss francs in income each year was to be distributed to his heirs, and any income above this figure was to be retained by the Fonds to use for whatever projects its administrators considered worthy. It provides funding for the medical treatment of the Righteous among the Nations on a yearly basis. It has aimed to educate young people against racism and has loaned some of Anne Frank's papers to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. for an exhibition in 2003. Its annual report of the same year gave some indication of its effort to contribute on a global level, with its support of projects in Germany, Israel, India, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The Merwedeplein apartment, in which the Frank family lived from 1933 until 1942, remained privately owned until the first decade of the 21st century, when a television documentary focused public attention upon it. In a serious state of disrepair, it was purchased by a Dutch housing corporation, and aided by photographs taken by the Frank family and descriptions of the apartment and furnishings in letters written by Anne Frank, was restored to its 1930s appearance. Teresien da Silva of the Anne Frank House, and Anne Frank's cousin Bernhard "Buddy" Elias also contributed to the restoration project. It opened in 2005 with the aim of providing a safe haven for a selected writer who is unable to write freely in his or her own country. Each selected writer is allowed one year's tenancy during which to reside and work in the apartment. The first writer selected was the Algerian novelist and poet, El-Mahdi Acherchour.

In June 2007, "Buddy" Elias donated some 25,000 family documents to the Anne Frank House. Among the artifacts are Frank family photographs taken in Germany and Holland and the letter Otto Frank sent his mother in 1945, informing her that his wife and daughters had perished in Nazi concentration camps.

In November 2007, the Anne Frank tree was scheduled to be cut down to prevent it from falling down on one of the surrounding buildings, after a fungal disease had affected the trunk of this horse-chestnut tree. Dutch economist Arnold Heertje, who was also in hiding during the Second World War, said about the tree: "This is not just any tree. The Anne Frank tree is bound up with the persecution of the Jews." The Tree Foundation, a group of tree conservationists, started a civil case in order to stop the felling of the horse chestnut, which received international media attention. A Dutch court ordered the city officials and conservationists to explore alternatives and come to a solution. The parties agreed to build a steel construction that would allegedly prolong the life of the tree up to 15 years. However, it was only three years until gale-force winds blew down the tree on 23 August 2010.

Over the years, several films about Anne Frank appeared and her life and writings have inspired a diverse group of artists and social commentators to make reference to her in literature, popular music, television, and other forms of media. These include ''The Anne Frank Ballet'' by Adam Darius, first performed in 1959, and the choral work ''Annelies'', first performed in 2005. The only known footage of the real Anne Frank comes from a 1941 silent film recorded for her newlywed next-door neighbor. She is seen leaning out of a second-floor window in an attempt to see the bride and groom better. The couple survived the war and gave the film to the Anne Frank House, a museum in Amsterdam.

In 1999, ''Time'' named Anne Frank among the heroes and icons of the 20th century on their list ''The Most Important People of the Century'', stating: "With a diary kept in a secret attic, she braved the Nazis and lent a searing voice to the fight for human dignity". Philip Roth called her the "lost little daughter" of Kafka.

In 2007 a group of Dutch historians included Anne Frank as one of the topics of an official "Canon of Dutch History", which is a list of fifty topics that aims to provide a chronological account of Dutch history to be taught in primary and secondary schools

See also

Hélène Berr – a French diarist

Hana Brady – Jewish girl and holocaust victim; subject of the children's book ''Hana's Suitcase''

Helga Deen – wrote a diary in Herzogenbusch concentration camp (Camp Vught)

Etty Hillesum – wrote a diary in Amsterdam and Camp Westerbork

Věra Kohnová – a Czech diarist

David Koker – wrote a diary in Herzogenbusch concentration camp (Camp Vught)

Janet Langhart – Writer of one act play "Anne and Emmett"

Rutka Laskier – a Polish diarist

People associated with Anne Frank

Tanya Savicheva

Sophie Scholl – German student executed by the Nazis

''Searching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa'' (book)

Henio Zytomirski – Polish boy who was a holocaust victim

Notes and references

Bibliography

; This edition, a new translation, includes material excluded from the earlier edition.

Frank, Anne and Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation (1989). ''The Diary of Anne Frank, The Critical Edition''. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-24023-6.

; With a note from Miep Gies.

van der Rol, Ruud; Verhoeven, Rian (for the Anne Frank House); Quindlen, Anna (Introduction); Langham, Tony & Peters, Plym (translation) (1995). ''Anne Frank – Beyond the Diary – A Photographic Remembrance''. Puffin. ISBN 0-14-036926-0.

Westra, Hans; Metselaar, Menno; Van Der Rol, Ruud; Stam, Dineke (2004). ''Inside Anne Frank's House: An Illustrated Journey Through Anne's World''. Overlook Duckworth. ISBN 1-58567-628-4.

Jacobson, Sid and Colón, Ernie (2010). ''Anne Frank: The Anne Frank House Authorized Graphic Biography''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-8090-2685-2.

External links

Anne Frank Center, USA

Anne Frank House

Anne Frank Trust UK

Anne Frank-Fonds (Foundation)

BBC: ''The Diary of Anne Frank''

Video: The only existing film images of Anne Frank

Anne Frank's last remaining close relative, Buddy Elias, ''BBC News'' video interview about Anne, 25 February 2011

Dina Porat, Biography of Anne Frank, Jewish Women Encyclopedia

The History Channel:Anne Frank

Video: What Anne Frank Might Have Looked Like at 80 by ''The London Telegraph''

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Exhibition "Anne Frank: An Unfinished Story" and Encyclopedia Anne Frank

Category:1929 births Category:1945 deaths Category:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp victims Category:Children who died in Nazi concentration camps Category:Deaths from typhus Category:Dutch diarists Category:Dutch Jews Category:Dutch people of German descent Category:Dutch people of World War II Category:Dutch women writers Category:Historians of fascism Category:German diarists Category:German expatriates in the Netherlands Category:German Jews Category:German women writers Category:Jewish refugees Category:Jewish women writers Category:People from Amsterdam Category:People from Frankfurt Category:Stateless persons Category:Teen writers Category:Women diarists Category:Women in World War II Category:Writers who died in Nazi concentration camps Category:Auschwitz concentration camp inmates

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Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Name	John Reed
Birth date	February 07, 1969
Birth place	TriBeCa, New York City
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Columbia University
Occupation	novelist
Website	''http://www.johnreed.tv''

John Reed (born February 7, 1969) is an American novelist. He is the author of four novels: ''A Still Small Voice'' (2000), ''Snowball's Chance'' (2002) with a preface by Alexander Cockburn, ''The Whole'' (2005), and ''All the World's a Grave: A New Play by William Shakespeare'' (2008). His fifth book, ''Tales of Woe'' (2010), is a collection of twenty-five stories, chronicling true stories of abject misery.

Biography

Born in 1969 in New York City, Reed is the son of artist David Reed and Judy Rifka. He attended Hampshire College, and received a Masters in Fine Art in Creative Writing from Columbia University. He teaches at The New School.

Reed was an early contributor to, and subsequently an editor with, ''Open City'', a New York literary journal published by Robert Bingham, who later founded the book series.

Works

thumb|left|Reed in Brooklyn reading from his non-fiction ''Tales of Woe'', at the [[MTV|MTV Press/Brooklyn Rail launch party.]]He is affiliated with the ''New York Press'' and ''The Brooklyn Rail''. "Americans are extremely sophisticated in terms of narrative forms," said Reed in an interview. "We see it in commercials, we see it on TV, we see it in movies. But the narrative forms we're talking about are three acts, five acts, depending on how you want to look at it. They're all based on a Christian model of sin, suffering, redemption; which is not a large model."

A Still Small Voice

''A Still Small Voice'' (Delacorte 2000, Delta 2001), Reed’s first novel, is a historical novel based on the life of a girl growing up in Kentucky from 1850-1870.

Snowball's Chance

''Snowball's Chance'' (Roof Books 2002/2003), Reed’s second novel was a controversial send-up of George Orwell’s ''Animal Farm'', and ended in a cataclysmic attack on the “Twin Mills” (reminiscent of the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center). It became a bestseller in the field of books by independent literary publishers.

The Whole, or, Duh Whole

''The Whole'', Reed’s third novel, parodied MTV and was released in 2005 by MTV Books (Simon & Schuster). The novel described a gigantic hole that appears in the middle of the country, which engulfs four states.

All the World's a Grave

Reed, in a new work, returns to the overhaul of canonical English writers in ''All the World's a Grave'', fall 2008, Penguin Books. The work, subtitled "''A New Play by William Shakespeare''", is a tragedy in five acts, a "mash-up" constructed of lines drawn from five Shakespeare tragedies and one Shakespeare history; Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo & Juliet and Henry V. In the "literary trick" (as described by Page Six of The New York Post) Shakespeare's lines are rearranged into a wholly new story, in which Prince Hamlet of Denmark goes to war to claim his bride and the daughter of King Lear, Juliet. Upon a triumphant return home, Hamlet discovers that his mother has murdered his father, and married Macbeth. Visited by his father's ghost, and goaded by the opportunistic Lieutenant Iago, Hamlet is driven mad by the erroneous belief that Juliet is having an affair with General Romeo.

References

External links

John Reed's website

All the World's a Grave'', book website.

Kill the beavers!, ''The Daily Telegraph'', November 22, 2002.

John Reed: Saint George and the Damn Truth, ''Moby Lives'', Nove,ber 10, 2003.

John Reed: The Whole, an excerpt, ''Brooklyn Rail'', January 2005.

Dinitia Smith: A Pig Returns to the Farm, Thumbing His Snout at Orwell, ''The New York Times'', November 25, 2002.

Cathy Young: Blaming the Victim, ''Reason.com'', December 3, 2002.

Andrea Scrima: Review of Tales of Woe, Rumpus, November 16, 2010.

Interview with Arthur Phillips on rewriting Shakespeare

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:American novelists Category:American humorists Category:Writers from New York Category:Hampshire College alumni Category:Columbia University alumni Category:George Orwell Category:The New School faculty

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Herman van Veen
birth name	Hermannus Jantinus van Veen
birth date	March 14, 1945
birth place	Utrecht, Netherlands
occupation	Actor
spouse	}}

Hermannus Jantinus "Herman" van Veen (born 14 March 1945) is a Dutch stage performer, actor, musician and singer/songwriter and author. He is most famous as the creator of the Dutch-Japanese cartoon Alfred J. Kwak, for which he also wrote, as well as composed and performed most of the music.

He also performed the voice overs for the characters Johan Sebastian Kwak, Krabnagel de Kater en Professor Paljas () in the Dutch version of Alfred J. Kwak.

References

External links

Official website

Complete discography with pictures

Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:Dutch musicians Category:Dutch film actors Category:Dutch songwriters Category:Dutch voice actors Category:People from Utrecht (city) Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

da:Herman van Veen de:Herman van Veen fr:Herman van Veen nl:Herman van Veen no:Herman van Veen nds:Herman van Veen ru:Вен, Герман ван fi:Herman van Veen