Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Plastic surgeon
official names	Doctor, Medical Specialist
type	Specialty
activity sector	Surgery
formation	MD or MBBS or DO-US
employment field	Hospitals, Clinics
average salary	}}

Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the best-known kind of plastic surgery, most plastic surgery is not cosmetic: plastic surgery includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns.

Etymology

In the term plastic surgery, the adjective ''plastic'' denotes ''sculpting'', and derives from the Greek πλαστική (τέχνη), ''plastikē'' (''tekhnē''), “the art of modelling” of malleable flesh.

History

Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC. Sushruta, the father of Surgery, made important contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in 6th century BC. The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries. In Italy the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.

British physicians traveled to India to see rhinoplasties being performed by native methods. Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar vaidya were published in the ''Gentleman's Magazine'' by 1794. Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world by 1815. Instruments described in the ''Sushruta Samhita'' were further modified in the Western world. The ancient Egyptians and Romans also performed plastic cosmetic surgery. The Romans were able to perform simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. For religious reasons, they did not dissect either human beings or animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which — for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton — are of special interest to plastic surgery.

In 1465, Sabuncuoglu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. Localization of urethral meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia. In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became common.

Up until the techniques of anesthesia became established, surgeries involving healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced by the introduction of sterile techniques and disinfectants. The invention and use of antibiotics, beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin, was another step in making elective surgery possible.

In 1792, Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled ''Rhinoplastik''. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.

The first American plastic surgeon was John Peter Mettauer, who, in 1827, performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself. In 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, entitled ''Operative Chirurgie'', and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose.

In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published ''Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik''.

20th century

In World War I, a New Zealand otolaryngologist working in London, Harold Gillies, developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for soldiers suffering from disfiguring facial injuries. Gillies was from England but volunteered in France with the Red Cross. During that time, he learned about plastic surgery. He became particularly successful in the field and was well known for his work. Kazanjian and Blair, two men hired for plastic surgery by the United States army, learned from Gillies in England. His work was expanded upon during World War II by his cousin and former student Archibald McIndoe, who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, led to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club. In 1946, Gillies carried out the first female-to-male sex reassignment surgery.

Plastic surgery, as a specialty, evolved remarkably during the 20th century in the United States. One of the founders of the specialty, Vilray Blair, was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In one of his many areas of clinical expertise, Blair treated World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial injuries, and his paper on ''Reconstructive Surgery of the Face'' set the standard for craniofacial reconstruction.

Techniques and procedures

In plastic surgery, the transfer of skin tissue (skin grafting) is a very common procedure. Skin grafts can be taken from the recipient or donors:

Autografts are taken from the recipient. If absent or deficient of natural tissue, alternatives can be cultured sheets of epithelial cells ''in vitro'' or synthetic compounds, such as integra, which consists of silicone and bovine tendon collagen with glycosaminoglycans.

Allografts are taken from a donor of the same species.

Xenografts are taken from a donor of a different species.

Usually, good results are expected from plastic surgery that emphasizes careful planning of incisions so that they fall in the line of natural skin folds or lines, appropriate choice of wound closure, use of best available suture materials, and early removal of exposed sutures so that the wound is held closed by buried sutures.

Reconstructive surgery

Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance.

The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent.

Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Free flaps of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.

Cosmetic surgery

Aesthetic plastic surgery involves techniques intended for the "enhancement" of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal.

In 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at the statistics for thirty-four different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures are surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift. The nonsurgical procedures include Botox and laser hair removal. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p. 5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p. 12). The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business. Cosmetic surgery is now very common in countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become an accepted practice, and China, followed by India has become Asia's biggest comestic surgery markets. Children undergoing cosmetic eye surgery can be seen in Japan and South Korea.

The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:

Abdominoplasty ("tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the abdomen

Blepharoplasty ("eyelid surgery"): reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including Asian blepharoplasty

Phalloplasty ("penile liposuction") : construction (or reconstruction) of a penis or, sometimes, artificial modification of the penis by surgery, often for cosmetic purposes

Mammoplasty:

*Breast augmentations ("breast implant" or "boob job"): augmentation of the breasts by means of fat grafting, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, which was initially performed to women with micromastia

*Reduction mammoplasty ("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with gigantomastia and/or for psychological benefit men with gynecomastia

*Mastopexy ("breast lift"): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue

Buttock augmentation ("butt implant"): enhancement of the buttocks using silicone implants or fat grafting ("Brazilian butt lift") and transfer from other areas of the body

*Buttock lift: lifting, and tightening of the buttocks by excision of redundant skin

Chemical peel: minimizing the appearance of acne, chicken pox, and other scars as well as wrinkles (depending on concentration and type of agent used, except for deep furrows), solar lentigines (age spots, freckles), and photodamage in general. Chemical peels commonly involve carbolic acid (Phenol), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), glycolic acid (AHA), or salicylic acid (BHA) as the active agent.

Labiaplasty: surgical reduction and reshaping of the labia

Lip enhancement: surgical improvement of lips' fullness through enlargement

Rhinoplasty ("nose job"): reshaping of the nose

Otoplasty ("ear surgery"/"ear pinning"): reshaping of the ear, most often done by pinning the protruding ear closer to the head.

Rhytidectomy ("face lift"): removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face

*Browplasty ("brow lift" or "forehead lift"): elevates eyebrows, smooths forehead skin

*Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightening of the cheeks

Suction-assisted lipectomy ("liposuction"): removal of fat from the body

Chin augmentation ("chin implant"): augmentation of the chin with an implant, usually silicone, by sliding genioplasty of the jawbone or by suture of the soft tissue

Cheek augmentation ("cheek implant"): implants to the cheek

Orthognathic Surgery: manipulation of the facial bones through controlled fracturing

Fillers injections: collagen, fat, and other tissue filler injections, such as hyaluronic acid

Laser skin resurfacing

Liposuction:removal of fat deposits by traditional suction technique or ultrasonic energy to aid fat removal

Sub-specialties

Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. Plastic surgery training and approval by the American Board of Plastic Surgery includes mastery of the following as well:

;Burn Burn surgery generally takes place in two phases. Acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn. Reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed.

;Cosmetic Aesthetic surgery is an essential component of plastic surgery. Plastic surgeons use cosmetic surgical principles in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated operations to improve overall appearance.

;Craniofacial Craniofacial surgery is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial surgery deals mostly with fractures and secondary surgeries (such as orbital reconstruction) along with orthognathic surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgery training programs, further training and subspecialisation is obtained via a craniofacial fellowship.

;Hand Hand surgery is concerned with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, correction of congenital malformations of the upper extremities, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery, as well as microsurgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated extremity. The Hand surgery field is also practiced by orthopedic surgeons and general surgeons (see Hand surgeon). Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough.

;Micro Microsurgery is generally concerned with the reconstruction of missing tissues by transferring a piece of tissue to the reconstruction site and reconnecting blood vessels. Popular subspecialty areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery/replantation, and brachial plexus surgery.

;Pediatric Children often face medical issues very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many birth defects or syndromes present at birth are best treated in childhood, and pediatric plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include craniofacial anomalies, cleft lip and palate and congenital hand deformities.

Plastic surgery obsession

With increased media attention on beauty and perfection, celebrities and those alike are turning to plastic surgery more and more. Some take out loans for this purpose; one woman spent over $83,000 for 14 surgeries.

Though media and advertising do play a large role in influencing many people's lives, researchers believe that plastic surgery obsession is linked to psychological disorders. Body dysmorphic disorder is seen as playing a large role in the lives of those who are obsessed with going under the knife in order to achieve physical perfection.

BDD is when someone becomes “preoccupied with what they regard as defects in their bodies or faces.” In the United States, 2% of people suffer from body dysmorphic disorder and 15% of patients seeing dermatologist and cosmetic surgeons. This disorder can also lead to suicide in some of its sufferers.Half of the patients with the disorder who get cosmetic surgery are not pleased with the result. Surgery does not treat BDD but could make the problem worse. The exact problem is actually not easily identified causing the treatment to be even more difficult. Some say its depression or depending on what part the patient is preoccupied with it could be a sub-disorder like anorexia or muscle dysmorphia.

In some cases, people whose doctors refuse to perform any further surgeries, have turned to "do it yourself" plastic surgery, injecting themselves and running extreme safety risks.

See also

Biomaterial

Body modification

Botox

Breast reconstruction, Breast reduction, Breast implant, Breast lift

''Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery''

Microsurgery

Reconstructive surgery

Laser Resurfacing

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

References

Further reading

Abby Ellin, "Have Fat, Will Fight It," The New York Times

External links

Category:Plastic surgery Category:Surgical specialties Category:Medical specialties Category:Medical doctors by specialty Category:Indian inventions

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Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Cameron Diaz
birth name	Cameron Michelle Diaz
birth date	August 30, 1972
birth place	San Diego, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress, model
years active	1988–93 (model)1993–present (actress) }}

Cameron Michelle Diaz (born August 30, 1972) is an American actress and former model. She became famous during the 1990s with roles in the movies ''The Mask'', ''My Best Friend's Wedding'', and ''There's Something About Mary''. Other high-profile credits include the two ''Charlie's Angels'' films and voicing the character Princess Fiona for the ''Shrek'' series. Diaz received Golden Globe award nominations for her performances in the movies ''There's Something About Mary'', ''Being John Malkovich'', ''Vanilla Sky'', and ''Gangs of New York''.

Early life

Diaz was born in San Diego, California. Her mother, Billie (née Early), is an import-export agent, and her father, Emilio Diaz (1949–2008), worked for the California oil company UNOCAL for more than 20 years as a field gauger. She has an older sister, Chimene. Her father's family came from Spain via Cuba (her paternal grandparents settled in Tampa's Ybor City and her father was born in Los Angeles County). Her mother is of English, German, Native American, and Dutch descent. Diaz was raised in Long Beach, California and attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School.

Career

Modeling

At age sixteen, she began her career as a fashion model, contracted with modeling agency Elite Model Management. For the next few years, she worked around the world for contracts with major companies, modeling for designers such as Calvin Klein and Levi's. When she was 17 years old, she was featured on the front cover of the July 1990 issue of the magazine ''Seventeen''.

Acting

At age 21, Diaz auditioned for the movie ''The Mask'', based on the recommendation of an agent for Elite, who met the film's producers while they were searching for the female main actress. Having no previous acting experience, she started acting lessons after being cast. ''The Mask'' became one of the top ten highest grossing films of 1994, earned Diaz nominations for several awards and launched her as a sex symbol.

During the next three years, she had roles in the low-budget independent films ''The Last Supper'' (1995), ''Feeling Minnesota'' (1996), ''She's the One'' (1996), ''Keys to Tulsa'' (1996), and ''A Life Less Ordinary'' (1997), preferring to feel her way effectively into the business. She was scheduled to feature in the film ''Mortal Kombat'', but had to resign after breaking her hand while training for the role.

She returned to mainstream films with the major movie successes ''My Best Friend's Wedding'' (1997) and ''There's Something About Mary'' (1998), for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for the category of ''Best Actress – Musical or Comedy''. She received critical acclaim for her performance in ''Being John Malkovich'' (1999), which earned her Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Golden Globe Award, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards, and the Screen Actors Guild Awards (SAG Awards). Between 1998 and 2000, Diaz featured in many movies, such as ''Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her'', ''Very Bad Things'', ''Any Given Sunday'', and the successful adaptation of ''Charlie's Angels''. During 2001, she won nominations for Best Supporting Actress for the Golden Globe Awards, the SAG Awards, the Critics' Choice Awards, and the American Film Institute Awards for ''Vanilla Sky'', and also voiced Princess Fiona in the movie ''Shrek'', for which she earned $10 million.

During 2003, Diaz received another Golden Globe nomination for Martin Scorsese's 2002 epic ''Gangs of New York'', and became the third actress (after ''Wedding'' costar Julia Roberts) to earn $20 million for a role, receiving the sum for ''Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle''. Her next movies were ''In Her Shoes'' (2005) and ''The Holiday'' (2006). She was preparing to work again with ''The Mask'' co-star Jim Carrey for the film ''Fun with Dick and Jane'', but resigned to feature in ''In Her Shoes''. Diaz reportedly earned $50 million during the period of a year ending June 2008, for her roles in ''What Happens in Vegas'' opposite Ashton Kutcher, and the ''Shrek'' sequels. In 2009, she starred in ''My Sister's Keeper'' and ''The Box''.

During 2010, Forbes Magazine ranked Cameron Diaz as the richest Hispanic female ''celebrity'', ranking number 60 among the wealthiest 100. Also that year, Diaz was cast as the female lead in a live action/animation hybrid film version of The Smurfs, and as well as voicing Princess Fiona for the movie ''Shrek Forever After'', also reunited with her ''Vanilla Sky'' co-star Tom Cruise in the action/comedy ''Knight and Day'', and on January 14, she played "Lenore Case", the journalist in the remake of the 1940's film, ''The Green Hornet''. She was listed among CEOWORLD magazine's Top Accomplished Women Entertainers.

Personal life

Diaz received "substantial" defamation damages from suing American Media Incorporated, after ''The National Enquirer'' had claimed she was cheating on then-paramour Justin Timberlake.

When Diaz was asked if she can speak Spanish she said:

She endorsed Al Gore publicly during 2000. Diaz wore a t-shirt that read "I won't vote for a son of a Bush!" while making publicity visits for ''Charlie's Angels''.

Diaz has also been involved with the Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA), the first and largest nonprofit organization for veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and has spoken as an advocate for military families.

Although she was quoted by a 1997 ''Time'' magazine article as saying she was germophobic, Diaz specifically denied this on the June 26, 2009, edition of ''Real Time with Bill Maher'', saying that a small comment she made 12 years earlier regarding public bathroom doorknobs was distorted out of proportion. Furthermore, on the June 21, 2011 episode of ''The Daily Show With Jon Stewart'', Diaz removed stitches from the wrist of Jon Stewart, on-camera.

On April 15, 2008, her father, Emilio Diaz, died of pneumonia, aged 58.

Relationships

During 1995, she began a relationship with actor Matt Dillon, with whom she co-starred in ''There's Something About Mary''; the relationship ended during 1998.

Diaz dated singer Justin Timberlake from 2003 to 2006. During October 2004, Diaz and Timberlake were in an altercation with a tabloid photographer outside a hotel. When the photographer and another man tried to photograph them, the couple snatched the camera. Pictures of the incident appeared in ''Us Weekly''. Representatives for the pair claimed that they were acting a scene on a set.

As of July 2010, Diaz has been in a romantic relationship with New York Yankees baseball star Alex Rodriguez.

Filmography and awards

During 1996, Diaz received an award at the ShoWest Convention for "Female Star of Tomorrow." During 2006, she won a People's Choice Award for "Favorite Leading Lady." On June 22, 2009, she was commemorated by a star-figure on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Films

! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
1994		Tina Carlyle
1995		Jude
	''She's the One''	Heather
''Feeling Minnesota''	Freddie Clayton
''Head Above Water''	Nathalie
''Keys to Tulsa''	Trudy
	''My Best Friend's Wedding''	Kimberly Wallace	ALMA Award
''[[A Life Less Ordinary''	Celine Naville
		Blonde TV Reporter
''There's Something About Mary''	Mary Jensen	American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Blockbuster Award for Favorite Actress – ComedyMTV Movie Award for Best PerformanceNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Nominated — ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film in a Crossover RoleNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Very Bad Things''	Laura Garrety
	''Man Woman Film''	Random Celebrity	cameo
''Being John Malkovich''	Lotte Schwartz
''Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her''	Carol Faber
	Faith
''Any Given Sunday''	Christina Pagniacci	ALMA Award
2000
	''[[Shrek''	Princess Fiona	Voice
''Vanilla Sky''	Julie Gianni	Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting ActressChicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated — American Film Institute
	''[[The Sweetest Thing''	Christina Walters
''Gangs of New York''	Jenny Everdeane
2003	''Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle''		Nominated — Golden Raspberry Award
2004	''[[Shrek 2''	Princess Fiona	Voice
2005		Maggie Feller	Nominated —
2006	''The Holiday''	Amanda Woods
2007	''Shrek the Third''	Princess Fiona	Voice
2008	''What Happens in Vegas''	Joy McNally	Nominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress in a Comedy Nominated — Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple and for Worst Actress
		Sara Fitzgerald	Nominated — ALMA Award
	Norma Lewis
	''[[Shrek Forever After''	Princess Fiona
''Knight and Day''	June Havens
		Lenore Case
''Bad Teacher''	Elizabeth Halsey
! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
2005	''[[Trippin'">Teen Choice Award
		PJ Puznowski	Filming
	Jules	Filming

Television

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
2005	''[[Trippin'''	Herself	MTV – Travel Documentary
2007	''Shrek the Halls''	Princess Fiona	Voice Made for television
2008–2009	''Saturday Night Live''	Kiki Deamore	3 episodes
2009	Sesame Street	Herself
2010		Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car
2010	''Scared Shrekless''	Princess Fiona	Voice Made for television
2011		Herself, as a guest judge

References

External links

Photographs and literature

Category:1972 births Category:Actors from San_Diego, California Category:American entertainers of Cuban descent Category:American female models Category:American film actors Category:American people of Dutch descent Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Native American descent Category:American people of Spanish descent Category:American voice actors Category:Hispanic and Latino American actors Category:Living people Category:People from Long Beach, California

ar:كاميرون دياز az:Kameron Diaz bs:Cameron Diaz bg:Камерън Диас ca:Cameron Diaz cs:Cameron Diaz cy:Cameron Diaz da:Cameron Diaz de:Cameron Diaz et:Cameron Diaz el:Κάμερον Ντίαζ es:Cameron Diaz eo:Cameron Diaz eu:Cameron Diaz fa:کامرون دیاز fr:Cameron Diaz fy:Cameron Diaz ga:Cameron Diaz gl:Cameron Diaz ko:캐머런 디아즈 hy:Քեմերոն Դիազ hr:Cameron Diaz io:Cameron Diaz id:Cameron Diaz is:Cameron Diaz it:Cameron Diaz he:קמרון דיאז sw:Cameron Diaz la:Cameron Diaz lv:Kemerone Diasa lb:Cameron Diaz lt:Cameron Diaz hu:Cameron Diaz mk:Камерон Диаз ms:Cameron Diaz nl:Cameron Diaz ne:क्यामरुन डियाज ja:キャメロン・ディアス no:Cameron Diaz pms:Cameron Diaz pl:Cameron Diaz pt:Cameron Diaz ro:Cameron Diaz ru:Диас, Камерон sq:Cameron Diaz simple:Cameron Diaz sl:Cameron Diaz sr:Камерон Дијаз fi:Cameron Diaz sv:Cameron Diaz th:คาเมรอน ดิแอซ tg:Камерон Диаз tr:Cameron Diaz uk:Камерон Діас vi:Cameron Diaz zh:卡麥蓉·狄亞

Cindy Jackson born in 1956 in Ohio, United States is a singer, writer and television personality listed in the Guinness World record book for having had more cosmetic surgery procedures than anyone else in the world. She set the record in 2000 and Guinness have confirmed as of May 2011 that she is still the official record holder to date. Cindy remains the record holder for this category and the only person formally verified by Guinness World Records. Since 1988 she has had 61 cosmetic procedures. Some were full-scale operations and include three facelifts, two nose operations, two eye lifts, knee, waist, abdomen and thigh liposuction, jaw surgery, lip and cheek implants, chemical peels, chin bone reduction. Others were non-surgical, including Radiesse injections, hand rejuvenation, Voluma treatments and permanent make-up.

Biography

The daughter of an American inventor, Cindy Jackson grew up in Ohio. She has resided in London, England since moving there to study at art college in 1977 and has a second home in Bad Radkersburg, Austria, where she lives part time. Cindy Jackson is also an established rock singer and songwriter, currently performing in Europe as a solo artist as well as making guest appearances with various bands, singing in English, German and French. She has a website http://www.cindyjackson.com/ and is a cosmetic surgery advisor, author and has developed her own microdermabrasion product for home use.

Bibliography

''Cindy Jackson's Image and Cosmetic Surgery Secrets: Including The Ultimate Guide to Cosmetic Surgery'' by Cindy Jackson (Cindy Jackson Ltd., 2011 edition)

''Guinness World Records'' by Guinness World Records (Guinness, 2000-2011)

References

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1120694/resume

http://www.insideedition.com/news/6254/53-cosmetic-procedures-and-counting-for-one-woman.aspx

http://www.insideedition.com/news/6065/woman-has-a-record-52-plastic-surgeries.aspx

http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/72658/I-spent-%A320,000-to-look-like-Bardot/

http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/woman/fashion/beauty/3503153/80000-to-stop-the-hands-of-time.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/2976278/Weird-world-records-bizarre-entries-in-the-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records.html?image=11

External links

Official Website of Cindy Jackson

Category:Living people Category:American vegetarians Category:People from Sandusky County, Ohio Category:Female rock singers Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

pt:Cindy Jackson