A business (also known as enterprise or firm) is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, in which most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit or state-owned. A business owned by multiple individuals may be referred to as a company, although that term also has a more precise meaning.

The etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the singular usage to mean a particular organization; the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, "the music business" and compound forms such as agribusiness; and the broadest meaning, which encompasses all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the philosophy of business, is a matter of debate and complexity of meanings.

Basic forms of ownership

Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms:

Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a for-profit business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others. The owner of the business has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business.

Partnership: A partnership is a for-profit business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three typical classifications of partnerships are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.

Corporation: A corporation is a limited liability business that has a separate legal personality from its members. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately-owned, and privately-owned corporations can organize either for-profit or not-for-profit. A for-profit corporation is owned by shareholders who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A for-profit corporation can be either privately held or publicly held.

Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability business that can organize for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a for-profit corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.

Classifications

Agriculture and mining businesses are concerned with the production of raw material, such as plants or minerals.

Financial businesses include banks and other companies that generate profit through investment and management of capital.

Information businesses generate profits primarily from the resale of intellectual property and include movie studios, publishers and packaged software companies.

Manufacturers produce products, from raw materials or component parts, which they then sell at a profit. Companies that make physical goods, such as cars or pipes, are considered manufacturers.

Real estate businesses generate profit from the selling, renting, and development of properties, homes, and buildings.

Retailers and distributors act as middle-men in getting goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer, generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution services. Most consumer-oriented stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.

Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other services provided to government, other businesses, or consumers. Organizations ranging from house decorators to consulting firms, restaurants, and even entertainers are types of service businesses.

Transportation businesses deliver goods and individuals from location to location, generating a profit on the transportation costs.

Utilities produce public services such as electricity or sewage treatment, usually under a government charter.

There are many other divisions and subdivisions of businesses. The authoritative list of business types for North America is generally considered to be the North American Industry Classification System, or NAICS. The equivalent European Union list is the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE).Mill,

Management

The efficient and effective operation of a business, and study of this subject, is called management. The main branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, service management and information technology management.

Owners engage in business administration either directly or indirectly through the employment of managers. Owner managers, or hired managers administer to three component resources that constitute the business' value or worth: financial resources, capital or tangible resources, and human resources. These resources are administered to in at least five functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resourcing.

Reforming State Enterprises

In recent decades, assets and enterprises that were run by various states have been modeled after business enterprises. In 2003, the People's Republic of China reformed 80% of its state-owned enterprises and modeled them on a company-type management system. Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have been transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets.

Organization and government regulation

Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of commercial law for each type.

The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:

The size and scope of the business firm and its structure, management, and ownership, broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm. Generally a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as corporations or (less often) partnerships. In addition, a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.

The sector and country. Private profit-making businesses are different from government-owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways.

Limited Liability Companies (LLC), limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not so protected.

Tax advantages. Different structures are treated differently in tax law, and may have advantages for this reason.

Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public (or report it to relevant authorities), and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.

Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability). Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person". This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed.

Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.

A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a ''sole proprietor'', whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity.

A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:

#General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business. #Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed. #In most countries, there are laws which treat small corporations differently than large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment. #To "go public" (sometimes called IPO) -- which basically means to allow a part of the business to be owned by a wider range of investors or the public in general—you must organize a separate entity, which is usually required to comply with a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLCs that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well (for example, REITs in the USA, Unit Trusts in the UK). However, you cannot take a general partnership "public."

Commercial law

Most commercial transactions are governed by a very detailed and well-established body of rules that have evolved over a very long period of time, it being the case that governing trade and commerce was a strong driving force in the creation of law and courts in Western civilization.

As for other laws that regulate or impact businesses, in many countries it is all but impossible to chronicle them all in a single reference source. There are laws governing treatment of labor and generally relations with employees, safety and protection issues (Health and Safety), anti-discrimination laws (age, gender, disabilities, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation), minimum wage laws, union laws, workers compensation laws, and annual vacation or working hours time.

In some specialized businesses, there may also be licenses required, either due to special laws that govern entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, which may require special education, or by local governments. Professions that require special licenses range from law and medicine to flying airplanes to selling liquor to radio broadcasting to selling investment securities to selling used cars to roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business without regard to the type of business involved.

Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation. These industries include, for example, public utilities, investment securities, banking, insurance, broadcasting, aviation, and health care providers. Environmental regulations are also very complex and can impact many kinds of businesses in unexpected ways.

Capital

When businesses need to raise money (called 'capital'), more laws come into play. A highly complex set of laws and regulations govern the offer and sale of investment securities (the means of raising money) in most Western countries. These regulations can require disclosure of a lot of specific financial and other information about the business and give buyers certain remedies. Because "securities" is a very broad term, most investment transactions will be potentially subject to these laws, unless a special exemption is available.

Capital may be raised through private means, by public offer (IPO) on a stock exchange, or in many other ways. Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Singapore Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq (USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), Bombay Stock Exchange(India) and so on. Most countries with capital markets have at least one.

Businesses that have gone "public" are subject to extremely detailed and complicated regulation about their internal governance (such as how executive officers' compensation is determined) and when and how information is disclosed to the public and their shareholders. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other Western nations have comparable regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC), in China. In Singapore, the regulation authority is Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and in Hong Kong, it is Securities and Futures Commission (SFC).

As noted at the beginning, it is impossible to enumerate all of the types of laws and regulations that impact on business today. In fact, these laws have become so numerous and complex, that no business lawyer can learn them all, forcing increasing specialization among corporate attorneys. It is not unheard of for teams of 5 to 10 attorneys to be required to handle certain kinds of corporate transactions, due to the sprawling nature of modern regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, health-care law, securities law, M&A; law (who specialize in acquisitions), tax law, ERISA law (ERISA in the United States governs employee benefit plans), food and drug regulatory law, intellectual property law (specializing in copyrights, patents, trademarks and such), telecommunications law, and more.

Intellectual property

Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require patents, copyrights, trademarks or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign non-compete clauses which will impose limitations on an employees interactions with stakeholders, and competitors.

See also

{| |

Accounting

*List of accounting topics

Advertising

Banking

Big business

Business acumen

Business broker

Business ethics

*List of business ethics topics

*Social responsibility

Business hours

List of business law topics

Business mediator

Business schools

Business trip

Capitalism

Change management analyst

Commerce

|

Company

Corporate law

Corporation

Cooperative

Cost overrun

Economics

*Economic democracy

*Financial economics

*List of economics topics

Electronic commerce

*Electronic business

Entrepreneurship

List of business films

Finance

*List of finance topics

Franchising

Government ownership

|

Human Resources

Industry

Insurance

Intellectual property

Interim Management

International trade

*List of international trade topics

Investment

Job creation program

Labour economics

Limited liability

List of oldest companies

Management

*List of management topics

Management information systems

Manufacturing

*List of production topics

|

Marketing

*List of marketing topics

Money

Organizational studies

Profit (disambiguation)

Partnership

Real Estate

*List of real estate topics

Renewable Energy

Revenue shortfall

Small business

Sole proprietorship

Strategic Management

Strategic Planning

Types of business entity

Trade name

|}

Notes and references

External links

ar:عمل تجاري arc:ܦܘܠܚܢܐ gn:Ñemuhã az:Müəssisə bn:ব্যবসা zh-min-nan:Khì-gia̍p be:Бізнес be-x-old:Бізнэс bo:ཚོང་ལས། bs:Poslovanje bg:Бизнес ca:Negoci cs:Podnikání de:Unternehmen el:Επιχείρηση es:Negocio eo:Profitcela organizaĵo fa:کسب و کار fr:Entreprise ga:Gnó ko:사업 hi:व्यापार id:Bisnis is:Viðskipti it:Business he:עסק kn:ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ht:Biznis lo:ທຸລະກິດ lv:Uzņēmējdarbība lt:Verslas mk:Бизнис mg:Varotra ms:Perniagaan mn:Бизнес ja:企業 no:Næringsvirksomhet nl:Bedrijfsleven uz:Tadbirkorlik ps:سوداګري pl:Biznes pt:Negócio rue:Бізніс ru:Предприятие sm:Pisinisi sco:Buisiness sq:Biznesi scn:Facenna simple:Business sk:Podnikanie sh:Preduzeće su:Bisnis fi:Liiketoiminta sv:Näringsliv tl:Negosyo te:వాణిజ్యశాస్త్రం th:ธุรกิจ chr:ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ uk:Бізнес ur:کاروبار war:Negosyó yi:ביזנעס zh:企业

Name	Robert Kiyosaki
Birth date	April 08, 1947
Birth place	Hilo, Hawaii, United States
Occupation	Investor, Entrepreneur, Author, Motivational Speaker
Spouse	Kim Kiyosaki
Website	}}

Robert Toru Kiyosaki, born April 8, 1947) is an American investor, businessman, self-help author and motivational speaker. Kiyosaki is best known for his ''Rich Dad Poor Dad'' series of motivational books and other material published under the Rich Dad brand. He has written 15 books which have combined sales of over 26 million copies. Although beginning as a self-publisher, he was subsequently published by Warner Books, a division of Hachette Book Group USA. His new books appear under the Rich Dad Press imprint. Three of his books, ''Rich Dad Poor Dad'', ''Rich Dad's CASHFLOW Quadrant'', and ''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing'', have been on the top 10 best-seller lists simultaneously on ''The Wall Street Journal'', ''USA Today'' and the ''New York Times''. ''Rich Kid Smart Kid'' was published in 2001, with the intent to help parents teach their children financial concepts. He has created three "Cashflow" board and software games for adults and children and has a series of "Rich Dad" CDs and disks.

Personal life

A fourth-generation Japanese American, Kiyosaki was born and raised in Hawaii. He is the son of the late educator Ralph H. Kiyosaki (1919–1991). After graduating from Hilo High School, he attended the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in New York, graduating with the class of 1969 as a deck officer. He later served in the Marine Corps as a helicopter gunship pilot during the Vietnam War, where he was awarded the Air Medal.

Kiyosaki left the Marine Corps in 1975 and got a job selling copy machines for the Xerox Corporation. In 1977, Kiyosaki started a company that brought to market the first nylon and Velcro "surfer" wallets. The company was moderately successful at first but eventually went bankrupt. In the early 1980s, Kiyosaki started a business that licensed T-shirts for Heavy metal rock bands. In 1997, he launched Cashflow Technologies, Inc. which owns and operates the ''Rich Dad'' and ''Cashflow'' brands.

Family

He is married to Kim Kiyosaki. He has one sister, Emi Kiyosaki, a Tibetan Buddhist nun known by the name Ven. Tenzin Kacho. He has co-authored one book with her.

Teachings

A large part of Kiyosaki's teachings focus on generating passive income by means of investment opportunities, such as real estate and businesses, with the ultimate goal of being able to support oneself by such investments alone. In tandem with this, Kiyosaki defines "assets" as things that generate cash inflow, such as rental properties or businesses—and "liabilities" as things that use cash, such as houses, cars, and so on. Kiyosaki also argues that financial leverage is critically important in becoming rich.

Kiyosaki stresses financial literacy as the means to obtaining wealth. He says that life skills are often best learned through experience and that there are important lessons not taught in school. He says that formal education is primarily for those seeking to be employees or self-employed individuals, and that this is an "Industrial Age idea." And according to Kiyosaki, in order to obtain financial freedom, one must be either a business owner or an investor, generating passive income.

Kiyosaki often refers to "The CASHFLOW Quadrant," a conceptual tool which he developed to categorize the four major ways income is earned. Depicted in a diagram, this concept entails four groupings, split with two crossed lines (one vertical and one horizontal). In each of the four groups there is a letter representing a way in which an individual may earn income. The letters are as follows.

E: Employee — Working for someone else.

S: Self-employed or Small business owner — Where a person owns his own job and is his own boss.

B: Business owner — A person owns a business to make money; typically where the owner's physical presence is not required.

I: Investor — Investing money in order to receive a larger income in the future.

Books

Kiyosaki is best known for his book ''Rich Dad, Poor Dad''. Kiyosaki followed with ''Rich Dad's CASHFLOW Quadrant'' and ''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing''. He has now had at least a dozen books published, including:

''Cashflow Quadrant: Rich Dad's Guide to Financial Freedom (2000)''

''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in, That the Poor and the Middle Class Do Not!'' (2000)

''Rich Kid, Smart Kid'' (2001)

''Rich Dad's Prophecy'' (2002)

''Rich Dad's Retire Young, Retire Rich'' (2002)

''Rich Dad's Guide to Becoming Rich...Without Cutting Up Your Credit Cards'' (2003)

''Rich Dad's Who Took My Money: Why Slow Investors Lose and Fast Money Wins!'' (2004)

''Rich Dad's Who Took My Money?: Why Slow Investors Lose and Fast Money Wins!'' (2004)

''The Business School'' (2005)

''Before You Quit Your Job'' (2005)

''Why We Want You To Be Rich'' (2007, with Donald Trump)

''Rich Dad's Increase Your Financial IQ: Get Smarter with Your Money'' (2008)

''Conspiracy Of The Rich'' (2009)

''The Real Book of Real Estate: Real Experts. Real Stories. Real Life.'' (2009)

''Unfair Advantage: The Power of Financial Education'' (2011)

''Midas Touch'' (2011, with Donald Trump)

Games

Kiyosaki stresses the value of games, particularly ''Monopoly'', as tools for learning basic financial strategies such as "trade four green houses for one red hotel." Kiyosaki has created several games to reinforce the information in his book

Appearances

Several local stations of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), including WTTW of Chicago, KAET of Phoenix, KOCE of Orange County, California, WLIW of the New York/New Jersey area, and WGBH of Boston, have featured Kiyosaki during fund-raising drives. During this television special, ''Rich Dad's Guide to Wealth with Robert Kiyosaki'', he provides viewers with financial education, as opposed to academic or professional education.

Kiyosaki has been seen giving financial advice on various network television news channels.

This speech was the subject of a CNN story.

Financial advice

Mutual funds

Kiyosaki wrote in one column that investors in any mutual fund with a 2.5% annual fee would, over a long time period, surrender 80% of the earnings to the fund. Kiyosaki expanded on his criticism of mutual funds in another column by stating they are for "losers." Despite the fact that most mutual funds actually charged less than 1.1%. He has drawn much criticism for comparing investing in mutual funds to playing the lottery, and for discouraging 401(k) investing, contrary to the advice of most professional financial advisers. In contrast to these statements, Kiyosaki wrote in his book ''Prophecy'' that while mutual funds are not great investments, they remain one of the few acceptable investment vehicles available to those who will not educate themselves financially.

Kiyosaki's criticisms are supported by the founder of the mutual fund Vanguard, John C. Bogle. In a ''Frontline'' episode titled "401(k)s: The New Retirement Plan, For Better or Worse", Bogle stated that management fees and trading costs gobble up approximately 2.5% of an investor's annual returns and approximately 80% of an investor's long term gains. He says management costs reduce the value of a $1,000 investment over 65 years from approximately $140,000 at 8% compounded annually to a mere $30,000 at 5.5% compounded annually. Bogle's solution is to utilize index funds, which charge as little as 0.09%, to substantially reduce or eliminate management fees.

Criticism and controversy

Kiyosaki's books and teachings have been criticized for focusing on anecdotes and containing little in the way of concrete advice on how readers should proceed. Kiyosaki responds that his material is meant to be more of a motivational tool to get readers thinking about money rather than a step-by-step guide to wealth. He also says the books are supposed to be "interesting" to people, which precludes involving a lot of technical material.

ABC ran a 20/20 segment on May 19, 2006 in which Kiyosaki was to advise three entrepreneurs on how to make money. They were given $1000 and 20 days to try to make the most money possible. One earned a return of 24%, the second earned a return of 54% and gave it all to charity, and the third lost 100% because she invested in machines that could not be delivered in 20 days. The contestants alleged that Kiyosaki never gave concrete advice. "All he [Kiyosaki] does is, I guess, is open your mind to the possibility. He doesn't tell you how to do it." Kiyosaki responded that failure is important to learning. At the end, 20/20 asks, "Does anyone really need 18 books to learn to fail?"

The Wall Street Journal criticized ''Why We Want You To Be Rich'' by Kiyosaki and Trump as did Kiplinger's Personal Finance.

There are also those who claim that some of the things he teaches are incorrect, and based on false claims including those working for Robert Kiyosaki.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation consumer affairs program Marketplace ran an investigative piece on Kiyosaki's questionable business practices on Jan 29, 2010. It includes interviews with Kiyosaki.

Partial bibliography

''If You Want to Be Rich & Happy: Don't Go to School? : Ensuring Lifetime Security for Yourself and Your Children'' (1992). ISBN 0-944031-38-2.

''Rich Dad Poor Dad - What the Rich Teach Their Kids About Money - That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not!'' (first published in 1997) Warner Business Books. ISBN 0-446-67745-0.

''CASHFLOW Quadrant: Rich Dad's Guide to Financial Freedom'' (2000). ISBN 0-446-67747-7.

''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in, That the Poor and the Middle Class Do Not!'' (2000). ISBN 0-446-67746-9.

''The Business School for People Who Like Helping People'' (March, 2001). ISBN 9-992-26742-9 - endorses multi-level marketing

''Rich Dad's Rich Kid, Smart Kid: Giving Your Children a Financial Headstart'' (2001). ISBN 0-446-67748-5.

''Rich Dad's Retire Young, Retire Rich'' (2002). ISBN 0-446-67843-0.

''Rich Dad's Prophecy: Why the Biggest Stock Market Crash in History Is Still Coming… and How You Can Prepare Yourself and Profit from It!'' (October, 2002). Warner Books, Incorporated. ISBN 0-641-62241-4.

''Rich Dad's The Business School: For People Who Like Helping People'' (2003) ISBN 9-796-86729-X.

''You Can Choose to be Rich'' (2003) 12-CD Audio series with three books.

''Rich Dad's Who Took My Money?: Why Slow Investors Lose and Fast Money Wins!'' (May 1, 2004)ISBN 0-446-69182-8.

''Rich Dad, Poor Dad for Teens: The Secrets About Money--That You Don't Learn in School!'' (2004) ISBN 0-446-69321-9.

''Rich Dad's Before You Quit Your Job : 10 Real-Life Lessons Every Entrepreneur Should Know About Building a Multimillion-Dollar Business'' (2005). ISBN 0-446-69637-4.

''Rich Dad's Escape from the Rat Race - Comic for children'' (2005)

''Rich Dad's Increase Your Financial IQ: Get Smarter with Your Money'' (2008). ISBN 0-446-50936-1.

''Rich Dad's Conspiracy of the Rich: The 8 New Rules of Money'' (September 21, 2009). ISBN 0446559806 (free online edition)

''The Real Book of Real Estate: Real Experts. Real Stories. Real Life.'' (May, 2010). ISBN 1-458-77250-0.

''Midas Touch'' (November, 2011), by Donald J. Trump & Robert T. Kiyosaki. ISBN 1-612-68095-X.

Notes

References

External links

''Hawaii Business Magazine'' June 2002 cover story on Kiyosaki

Why the Rich Get Richer Robert Kiyosaki's regular column at Yahoo! Finance

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:American business writers Category:American finance and investment writers Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War Category:American businesspeople Category:American investors Category:Businesspeople in real estate Category:American motivational speakers Category:American motivational writers Category:American self-help writers Category:People from Hilo, Hawaii Category:Writers from Hawaii Category:Businesspeople from Hawaii Category:Stock traders Category:Currency traders Category:American writers of Japanese descent Category:United States naval aviators Category:United States Marine Corps officers Category:Recipients of the Air Medal Category:United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni Category:American military personnel of Japanese descent Category:People associated with Direct Sales

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