A fair or fayre (common British spelling) is a gathering of people to display or trade produce or other goods, to parade or display animals and often to enjoy associated carnival or funfair entertainment. It is normally of the essence of a fair that it is temporary; some last only an afternoon while others may ten weeks. Activities at fairs vary widely. Some trade fairs are important regular business events where either products are traded between businesspeople, as at the Frankfurt Book Fair, where publishers sell book rights in other markets to other publishers, or where products are showcased to largely consumer attendees, as for example in agricultural districts where they present opportunities to display and demonstrate the latest machinery on the market to farmers.

Fairs are also known by many different names around the world, such as agricultural show, fête, county fair, exhibition or state fair, festival, market and show. Flea markets and auto shows are sometimes incorporated into a fair.

Fayre

Fayre is an archaic spelling of fair, used mostly from the 15th to the 17th century. This spelling is now confusingly used for both ''fair'' and ''fare'', the latter in the sense of 'food and drink'. In itself, the word means a gathering of stalls and amusements for public entertainment. The alternate spelling is an old-fashioned affectation and is used in order to remind revellers and participants of medieval ''fayres'' and markets. It is mainly used for fairs that are essentially leisure rather than business events like trade fairs.

Fairgrounds

The fair is an ancient tradition, and many communities have long had dedicated fairgrounds; others hold them in a variety of public places, including streets and town squares, or even in large private gardens. Fairs are often held in conjunction with a significant event, such as the anniversary of a local historical event, a seasonal event such as harvest time, or with a holiday such as Christmas.

History

In Roman times, fairs were holidays on which there was an intermission of labour and pleadings. In the Middle Ages many fairs developed as temporary markets, and were especially important for long-distance and international trade, as wholesale traders travelled, sometimes for many days, for pre-arranged fairs where they could be sure to meet those they needed to buy from or sell to. They were usually tied to a special Christian religious occasion (particularly the anniversary dedication of a church). Tradesmen would bring and sell their wares, even in the churchyards. Such fairs might then continue annually, usually on the feast day of the patron saint to whom the church was dedicated. This custom was kept up until the reign of Henry VI, by which time there were a great many fairs kept on these patronal festivals, for example at Westminster on St. Peter's day, at Smithfield on St. Bartholomew's (the famous Bartholomew Fair, celebrated in Ben Jonson's play of the same name) and at Durham on St. Cuthbert's day. The Kumbh Mela, held every twelve years, at Allahabad, Haridwar, Nashik and Ujjain is one of the largest fairs in India, where over 60 million people gathered in January 2001, making it the largest gathering anywhere in the world. In the United States, fairs draw in as many as 150 million people each summer. One example of the American county fair being featured in a famous piece of literature is in E. B. White's ''Charlotte's Web''. Children's competitions at an American fair range from breeding small animals to robotics, while the organization 4-H has become a traditional association.

Pie-powder courts

Because of the great numbers of people attracted by fairs they were often the scenes of riots and disturbances, so the privilege of holding a fair was granted by royal charter. At first they were only allowed in towns and places of strength, or where there was some bishop, sheriff or governor who could keep order. In time, various benefits became attached to certain fairs, such as granting people the protection of a holiday, and allowing them freedom from arrests in certain circumstances. The officials were authorised to do justice to those that came to their fair; eventually even the smallest fair would have had a court to adjudicate on offences and disputes arising within the fairground, which was called a ''pye powder'' court (from Old French ''pieds pouldrés'', literally "dusty feet", meaning an itinerant trader, from Medieval Latin ''pedes pulverosi'').

Free fairs

Some fairs were free; others charged tolls and impositions. At free fairs, traders, whether natives of the kingdom or foreigners, were allowed to enter the kingdom, and were under royal protection while travelling to and returning from the fair. The traders, their agents, and their goods were exempt from all duties and impositions, tolls and servitudes; merchants going to or coming from the fair could not be arrested, or have their goods stopped.

Such fairs (especially those of the Mediterranean region and some inland regions, particularly Germany), were extremely important in the commerce of Europe. The most famous were those of:

The Champagne fairs in Champagne and Brie regions of France in the Middle Ages

The Frankfurt Book Fair remains the most important fair in international publishing, as it has been since at least the 17th century.

Archangel in Arkhangelsk Oblast), Russia

Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (Radvanský jarmok)

Beauclaire, Languedoc, (France)

Frankfurt, (Germany)

Guibray, Normandy, (France)

Havana (Cuba)

Plovdiv, (Bulgaria)

Poznań (Poznań International Fair), (Poland)

Leipzig (Leipzig Trade Fair), (Germany)

Lyon, (France)

Milan, Fiera di Senigaglia

Rome, Porta Portese

Novi, in the Milanese region of northern Italy

Riga, (Latvia)

St. Germain, at Paris, (France)

Sweden and Uppsala, the Disting

Portobelo, (Panama)

Veracruz, (Mexico)

See also

Art fair

Fairground (disambiguation)

Street fair

World's fair

References

External links

A vivid description of Bartholomew Fair (in 1825) from Hone's Every Day Book

bg:Панаир ca:Fira da:Handelsmesse de:Jahrmarkt#Geschichte es:Feria eo:Kermeso#Origino fr:Feria gl:Feira hi:मेला io:Ferio he:יריד la:Mercatus (recurrens) nl:Jaarmarkt oc:Fièra pl:Jarmark pt:Feira ro:Bâlci ru:Ярмарка sl:Sejem fi:Markkinat (tapahtuma) sv:Marknad (evenemang) tr:Fuar uk:Ярмарок

name	Lily Allen
background	solo_singer
birth name	Lily Rose Beatrice Allen
birth date	May 02, 1985
birth place	Hammersmith, London, England
instrument	Guitar
genre	Pop
occupation	Musician, songwriter, presenter
years active	1988–present
label	London, Regal, Capitol
website	}}

Lily Rose Beatrice Cooper, better known as Lily Allen (born 2 May 1985), is an English recording artist and fashion designer. She is the daughter of actor and musician Keith Allen and film producer Alison Owen. In her teenage years, her musical tastes evolved from glam rock to alternative. Allen abandoned school and concentrated on improving her performing and compositional skills. Afterwards, she created several demo songs and, near the end of 2005, she created a profile on MySpace where she made some of her recordings public.

A contract was signed with the label Regal Recordings, as the views on MySpace rose to tens of thousands. In 2006, she began to work on completing what would be her first studio album and its first mainstream single "Smile" reached the top position on the UK Singles Chart in July 2006. Her debut record, ''Alright, Still'', was well received on the international market, selling over 2.6 million copies and brought Allen a nomination at the Grammy Awards, BRIT Awards and MTV Video Music Awards. She then began hosting her own talk-show, ''Lily Allen and Friends'', on BBC Three.

Her second major album release, ''It's Not Me, It's You'', saw a genre shift for her, having more of an electropop feel, rather than the ska and reggae influences of the first one. The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Australian ARIA Charts and was appreciated by the critics, noting the singer's musical evolution and maturity. It spawned the hit singles "The Fear" and "Fuck You", popular mostly in Europe. Allen and Amy Winehouse have been credited with starting a process that led to the media-proclaimed "year of the women" in 2009 that has seen five female artists making music of "experimentalism and fearlessness" long nominated for the Mercury Prize.

During the autumn of 2010, Allen opened a fashion rental shop "Lucy in Disguise" with her sister Sarah, followed by the 2011 launching of her own record label.

Life and career

Childhood and youth

Allen was born in Hammersmith, west London, daughter of Welsh-born comedian and actor Keith Allen and English, Portsmouth-born, film producer Alison Owen. She has an older sister, Sarah; a younger brother, Alfie Owen-Allen (who was the subject of her song "Alfie"); and a younger sister Rebecca. She has a number of half-siblings. At the age of three, Allen appeared on ''The Comic Strip Presents...'' episode "The Yob," which her father had co-written. When Allen was four years old, her father left the family. Allen grew up with her mother living on a council estate during her early childhood. Her family settled in the North London borough of Islington. Allen lived for a while with comedian Harry Enfield while her mother dated him. She is the god-daughter of Wild Colonials vocalist Angela McCluskey. The late Clash singer and guitarist Joe Strummer was close to Allen. Allen has fond memories of the week and a half they would spend together at Glastonbury Festival as part of a regular collective centred on Strummer and her father. Strummer's musical past would not come into focus for Allen until after his death.

She attended some of the UK's most expensive fee-paying public schools; Allen attended 13 schools in all, including Prince Charles's junior alma mater, Hill House School, Millfield, Bedales School and was expelled from several of them for drinking and smoking. When Allen was 11, former University of Victoria music student Rachel Santesso overheard Allen singing Wonderwall by Oasis in the school's playground; impressed, Santesso, who later became an award-winning soprano and composer, called Allen into her office the next day and started giving her lunchtime singing lessons. This would lead to Allen singing ''Baby Mine'' from Disney's Dumbo at a school concert. Allen would tell ''Loveline'' that the audience was "brought to tears at the sight of a troubled young girl doing something good". At that point Allen said she knew that music was something she needed to do either as a lifelong vocation or to get it out of her system. Allen played piano to grade 5 standard and achieved Grade 8 in singing. She also played violin, guitar and trumpet as well as being a member of a chamber choir. Her first solo was "In the Bleak Midwinter." Allen made an appearance as a lady-in-waiting in the 1998 film ''Elizabeth'', which was co-produced by her mother. She dropped out of school at age fifteen, not wanting to "spend a third of her life preparing to work for the next third of her life, to set herself up with a pension for the next third of her life."

2002-2005: Career beginnings

When her family went to Ibiza on holiday, Allen told her mother that she was staying with friends but remained in Sant Antoni de Portmany instead. She earned money by working at a Plastic Fantastic record store and dealing ecstasy. Allen met her first manager, George Lamb in Ibiza. She was rejected by several labels, which she attributed to her drinking and being the daughter of Keith Allen. However, she eventually used her father's connections to get signed to London Records in 2002. When the executive who had signed her left, the label lost interest and she left without releasing the folk songs many of which were written by her father. She then studied horticulture to become a florist, but changed her mind and returned to music. Allen began writing songs, while her manager introduced her to production duo Future Cut in 2004. They worked in a small studio in the basement of an office building.

In 2005, Allen was signed to Regal Recordings; they gave her £25,000 to produce an album, though they were unable to provide much support for it due to their preoccupation with other releases such as ''X&Y;'' (Coldplay) and ''Demon Days'' (Gorillaz). Allen then created an account on MySpace and began posting demos that she recorded in November 2005. The demos attracted thousands of listeners, and 500 limited edition 7" vinyl singles of "LDN" were rush-released, reselling for as much as £40. Allen also produced two mixtapes — ''My First Mixtape'' and ''My Second Mixtape'' — to promote her work. As she accumulated tens of thousands of MySpace friends, ''The Observer Music Monthly'' (OMM), a magazine published in ''The Observer'', took interest in March 2006. Few people outside of her label's A&R; department knew who she was, so the label was slow in responding to publications wanting to report about her. She received her first major mainstream coverage, appearing in the magazine's cover story two months later.

2006–08: ''Alright, Still'' and television

The success convinced her label to allow her more creative control over the album and to use some of the songs that she had written instead of forcing her to work with mainstream producers. Allen decided to work with producers Greg Kurstin and Mark Ronson, finishing the rest of the album in two weeks. Allen's debut album, ''Alright, Still'', was released in July 2006. Most of the tracks had been previewed on her MySpace page, including the singles "Smile", "LDN", "Knock 'Em Out", and "Alfie". In September 2006, "Smile" was made available on the United States version of iTunes Store. By December 2006, her music video for ''Smile'' had been played on various music channels as well as the song getting a little airplay. ''Entertainment Weekly'' named ''Alright, Still'' as one of the top 10 albums of 2006 despite the fact that it had not yet been released in the U.S. Allen also did several promotional ads for MTV as their ''Discover and Download'' artist of the month for January 2007. The album was released in the United States on 30 January 2007, landing at 20 on the ''Billboard'' Album Charts. By January 2009, the album had sold 960,000 copies in the United Kingdom and 520,000 copies in the United States.

In 2007, she played the newly launched Park Stage at the Glastonbury Festival, replacing M.I.A. who had cancelled. During the festival she reunited two members of The Specials an act that guitarist Lynval Golding claimed played a "massive part" in the group's 2009 reunion. She also sang the vocals on the top ten single, "Oh My God", a cover of the Kaiser Chiefs song by Mark Ronson. The single, "Littlest Things" from Allen's album produced by Ronson, helped earn him a "Producer of the Year – Non Classical" 2008 Grammy Award. She also provided background vocals to a couple of songs on the Kaiser Chief's third album in 2008. Allen won a 2008 BMI songwriting award for "Smile". Allen began dating musician Ed Simons of the Chemical Brothers in September 2007, and in December, Allen announced that she and Simons were expecting a child. Allen later suffered a miscarriage.

Due to her outspokenness, Allen was the subject of many controversies early in her career. Disparaging remarks about musicians Luke Pritchard of The Kooks, Bob Geldof, Amy Winehouse, Kylie Minogue, and Katy Perry have all garnered minor press attention. She later said that making fun of other pop stars was a result of a lack of confidence, saying "I felt like 'Oh God, I'm short, fat, ugly and I hate all these people who flaunt their beauty.'" On 28 June 2007, Allen was arrested in London for allegedly assaulting photographer Kevin Rush while she was leaving a nightclub in London's West End. Prior to this, she had expressed discomfort with attention from the paparazzi on her MySpace blog. By February 2009 she had stopped addressing controversies about herself on her blog because she found it "boring when people just pick stuff up and write about it. People get hurt, people get upset." In September 2009, she shut down her MySpace account and stopped social networking completely in December due to the abuse she was taking.

Allen signed a one series contract to present her own BBC Three TV show entitled ''Lily Allen and Friends'' based on the social networking phenomenon that helped to launch her music career. Guests included Mark Ronson, Joanna Page, James Corden, Lauren Laverne, Roisin Murphy, Louis Walsh, and Danny Dyer. The show received a 2% share of the total multi-channel audience share despite a high-profile nationwide marketing campaign. Allen was quoted in a British tabloid as rating the show "probably five out of 10" and said "I made a lot of money out of it". Citing Allen's rapid development as a TV host and her popularity among its target audience BBC Three announced it was renewing ''Lily Allen and Friends'' for a second season. BBC Three controller Danny Cohen later said that the show will not air in the Spring of 2009 as originally scheduled because of music commitments.

Allen performed at a benefit concert for War Child, an international child protection agency that works with children affected by war. Backed by Keane, Allen sang "Smile" and "Everybody’s Changing". Although the singer is a staunch supporter of the Labour Party, she has been credited with helping inspire a parliamentary rebellion against Prime Minister Gordon Brown when she wrote to all Members of Parliament asking them to back an amendment to an energy bill. She has since confirmed her support for the UK Labour Party and for Prime Minister Gordon Brown in particular.

2008–09: ''It's Not Me, It's You''

After the release of her first album, her parent record company, EMI, was taken over by Terra Firma. She also changed her management company from Empire Artist Management to Twenty-First Artists, although her core team remained in place. At the urging of her record company, Allen tried unsuccessfully to create the album with several writers and producers. Allen eventually returned to Greg Kurstin who had written three songs for ''Alright, Still.'' The album was produced by Kurstin at Eagle Rock Studios in Los Angeles. Before returning to Kus, Allen co-wrote the songs for the album with Kurstin who played piano on it. This is a change from her earlier work in which she wrote lyrics for finished tracks. Allen released a statement saying "We decided to try and make bigger sounding, more ethereal songs, real songs ... I wanted to work with one person from start to finish to make it one body of work. I wanted it to feel like it had some sort of integrity. I think I've grown up a bit as a person and I hope it reflects that." She posted two new song demos on her MySpace page and planned to release a mixtape to give her fans an idea of what the new direction was.

Allen cancelled a scheduled appearance at the 2008 Isle of Wight Festival telling festival promoter John Giddings the reason for the cancellation was that her album was behind schedule. Giddings said that the reason given was not acceptable and possibly a lie. Giddings decided not to sue her. Photos of her drunk and topless in the Cannes Film Festival were also widely covered in the press. Her appearance at the 2008 ''Glamour'' Awards also generated criticism, as she showed up intoxicated wearing a dress covered in decapitated Bambi figures, and had an on-stage, expletive-laced exchange with Elton John. On 29 June 2008, Allen performed at the Glastonbury Festival alongside producer Mark Ronson. An emotional Allen dedicated her performance of "Littlest Things" to her grandmother who died the night before. ''It's Not Me, It's You'' was first scheduled for an early 2008 release, but her miscarriage and creative issues delayed the release date to the autumn. During autumn 2008, EMI was undergoing restructuring. Due to this environment, a decision was made to move the album's eventual release date. An online game, ''Escape the Fear,'' was created by Matmi as part of the viral marketing campaign targeted at people unaware of Allen or the album. Since its release, the game has topped the worldwide viral charts three times, including the week of Christmas—a highly contested time of the year. By 18 February 2009, the game had been played over two million times. The singer and The Clash guitarist Mick Jones performed The Clash’s song "Straight to Hell" on an album for the charity Heroes.

''It's Not Me, It's You'' was released in February 2009. It debuted at the number 1 position in the UK, Canada, and Australia and the number 5 position in the United States. The album has been certified platinum in the United Kingdom. The release of the album was a factor in EMI’s more than trebling its earnings. The first single from the album, "The Fear", was number 1 for the first four weeks in the UK after its release. The second single released from the album, "Not Fair", reached the number 9 position. She began her It's Not Me, It's You World Tour in March, touring throught the next two years until September 2010. Her work on this album with Greg Kurstin earned her the ''Songwriters of the Year'' at the 2010 Ivor Novello Awards. In addition, she won with Kurstin ''Best Song Musically and Lyrically'' and ''Most Performed Work'' for "The Fear". Allen appeared overwhelmed by this recognition from what she considered "real awards". In October 2010, Allen was awarded by the United States music licensing organization Broadcast Music Incorporated for extensive United States radio airplay of her song, "The Fear". Allen has been named the face of the National Portrait Gallery as part of the gallery's marketing campaign. The picture was photographed by Nadav Kander emblazoned with the words, "Vocalist, Lyricist, Florist" . Allen and Jamie Hince, guitarist for The Kills, raised £48,350 for the children’s charity The Hoping Foundation. The pair sang "Dream A Little Dream Of Me" at a karaoke auction fundraiser. Karl Lagerfeld, the head designer for Chanel personally hired and photographed Allen for a campaign to promote a luxury line of handbags due to launch in September 2009.

In May 2009, French football magazine ''So Foot'' published a fake interview in which Allen was quoted as making derogatory remarks about David and Victoria Beckham and Ashley and Cheryl Cole. Some of the material was reprinted in the British tabloid ''The Sun''. Both publications later apologized and paid damages to Allen.

2009–present: Marriage and musical hiatus

Allen began dating Sam Cooper, the owner of a building company, in the summer of 2009. In September 2009, Allen announced that she was considering a career in acting and that she would not renew her record contract. Allen additionally stated that she has "no plans" to make another record. After the British government's plans to implement a three strikes policy for file sharing copyright infringement, Lily Allen came out in strong support for disconnecting offenders. Creating a blog entitled ''"It’s Not Alright"'' against file sharing, it subsequently came to light that she had copied text directly from the Techdirt website of an interview with 50 Cent. This led to an exchange on the Internet, which culminated in accusations being made that Allen had infringed on other artists' copyrights by creating mix tapes early in her career, that she then made available via her website. A group of supporters of filesharing launched a denial of service attack dubbed Operation Payback that shut down Allen's website and targeted other critics. On 1 October 2009, Allen and several other musicians released the world's first digital musical petition aimed at pressuring world leaders attending the December 2009 climate change summit in Copenhagen. The petition included a cover of the song "Beds are Burning" by Midnight Oil. She featured on the UK top five single, "Just Be Good to Green" by Professor Green in June 2010.

In August, she began a musical hiatus following a performance at the Big Chill Festival in Herefordshire, England. On 5 August 2010, Allen announced that she was pregnant with her and Cooper's first child, later confirmed to be a boy due early in 2011. Allen and her sister opened their own clothing store entitled "Lucy In Disguise" on 15 September 2010. Allen's pregnancy involved early complications, including "about a week and a half of really heavy bleeding." Six months into her pregnancy, Allen contracted a viral infection which caused her to suffer a pre-term delivery. On 6 November, Allen was rushed to the hospital, where she responded well to treatment for the blood poisoning condition septicaemia. Citing invasion of privacy and copyright infringement, in November 2010 Allen took legal action against Associated Newspapers, the parent company of the Daily Mail after the Daily Mail published photographs of Allen's home.

Allen and Cooper became engaged over the Christmas holidays in December 2010 while vacationing in Bali. In January 2011, Allen launched her own record label In the Name Of, financially backed by Sony Music. The first act signed to the label was New York noise pop duo Cults. In February 2011, Allen started penning songs for the musical version of Bridget Jones's Diary which is scheduled to open in London's West End in 2012. Allen and Cooper wed on 11 June 2011 at St. James church in Cranham, Gloucestershire, England. The designer of Allen's wedding dress confirmed she was pregnant.

Musical style

Allen's early released songs saw her take on a thick Cockney accent while singing against retro productions. Her music was used as part of an exhibition at the British Library tracing the history of Cockney English. Her songs also featured other elements, such as the ska influence on second single, "LDN". She was also noted for her liberal use of crude words in her lyrics. Allen has said she cringes now when listening to tracks from ''Alright, Still'', as it reminds her that she was a "sort of over-excitable teenager who desperately wanted attention" when she wrote it. Desiring to move on from the retro sound that many other artists had since adapted after her debut, on ''It's Not Me, It's You'' Allen ventured in a new direction sonically and lyrically, the first single from the album was an electropop track denouncing consumerism. While Allen admittedly did not set out to make a revolutionary record, her new music direction and willingness to write lyrics that tackled less common subjects were lauded by critics.

Discography

''Alright, Still'' (2006)

''It's Not Me, It's You'' (2009)

See also

List of awards and nominations received by Lily Allen

References

External links

Wilson, Beth. ''Smile: The Story of Lily Allen''. Omnibus Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1849380614

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:BBC people Category:BRIT Award winners Category:English television talk show hosts Category:Capitol Records artists Category:English environmentalists Category:English female singers Category:English feminists Category:English people of Welsh descent Category:English pop singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English songwriters Category:English television personalities Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:LGBT rights activists from England Category:Old Bedalians Category:Old Millfieldians Category:People from Hammersmith Category:People from Islington Category:Singers from London Category:Miscarriage victims Category:People educated at Millfield Preparatory School Category:People educated at Hill House School

ar:ليلي ألين be-x-old:Лілі Ален bg:Лили Алън cs:Lily Allenová cy:Lily Allen da:Lily Allen de:Lily Allen et:Lily Allen es:Lily Allen fa:لی‌لی آلن fr:Lily Allen ga:Lily Allen ko:릴리 앨런 hr:Lily Allen id:Lily Allen is:Lily Allen it:Lily Allen he:לילי אלן lv:Lilija Allena lt:Lily Allen hu:Lily Allen nl:Lily Allen ja:リリー・アレン no:Lily Allen pl:Lily Allen pt:Lily Allen ro:Lily Allen ru:Аллен, Лили sc:Lily Allen simple:Lily Allen sk:Lily Allen sr:Лили Ален sh:Lily Allen fi:Lily Allen sv:Lily Allen te:లిలీ అలెన్ th:ลิลี อัลเลน tr:Lily Allen uk:Лілі Аллен vi:Lily Allen zh:莉莉·艾倫

name	Remy Zero
background	group_or_band
origin	Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
genre	Alternative rockPost-grungeDream popExperimental rock
years active	1989–2003, 2010-''present''
label	Capitol DGC Records Warner/Elektra
associated acts	Spartan Fidelity
current members	Cinjun TateShelby TateJeffrey CainCedric LeMoyne
past members	Gregory Slay
notable instruments	}}

Remy Zero are a Birmingham, Alabama-based alternative rock band made up of Cinjun Tate (vocals, guitar), Shelby Tate (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Cedric LeMoyne (bass guitar), Jeffrey Cain (guitar, vocals) and formerly Gregory Slay (drums, percussion) before his death in January 2010.

History

Before Remy Zero had released any full length albums, Radiohead found their demo tape and invited them to be part of the US tour for ''The Bends''. After that, the band moved from Alabama to Los Angeles to record their first album.

Remy Zero's first album, self-titled, drew from these experiences and received little recognition or sales. The subsequent album ''Villa Elaine'' caused them to be praised as "the next big thing". ''Villa Elaine'' was recorded when the band was living in an apartment of the same name in Hollywood. Remy Zero's third album ''The Golden Hum'' was also received well. A 50 second version of the song "Save Me" from ''The Golden Hum'' was used as the theme song for WB/CW's ''Smallville'' during its ten season run. Remy Zero's music has also been on KCRW's ''Morning Becomes Eclectic'' radio show. Remy Zero's song "Shattered" was used in the films ''Crazy/Beautiful'' and ''Suicide Kings''. "Fair" from ''Villa Elaine'' was used in the films ''Garden State'' and ''Fanboys'', "Prophecy" was used in ''She's All That'', ''The Last Kiss'', "Gramarye" was used in the film ''Stigmata'', and "Perfect Memory" was used in the film ''The Invisible'' and the last episode of Smallville's first season (where the band guest starred on screen and played. They played 'Save Me' as well). Remy Zero recorded a version of Art Garfunkel's song "Bright Eyes" for the 2002 album "For the Kids."

Remy Zero broke up after making ''The Golden Hum'' and many of its members went on to join new bands. Shelby and Cinjun Tate created ''Spartan Fidelity'', Jeffrey Cain joined Isidore and later created Dead Snares; Cedric LeMoyne toured with Alanis Morissette's band before joining O+S. Gregory Slay created ''Sleepwell''.

Drummer Gregory Slay died on January 1, 2010, aged 40, of complications from cystic fibrosis.

On May 22, 2010, Remy Zero played their first show together in eight years as a tribute to Gregory in New Orleans, the town where he was born. The show was a great experience for the band as well as for a large turnout of fans. The band then planned for more shows that would be played in October.

The band also released a new single called "Til' The End" on the label popantipop, which was released on iTunes on September 7, 2010. The single was released to modern rock radio between the days of September 13 to 19, according to FMQB.com.

From October 7 to the 12th Remy Zero performed in memory of their drummer. The venues were at Dante’s in Portland, OR, The Crocodile Cafe in Seattle, WA, Cafe Du Nord in San Francisco, CA and in Spaceland in Los Angeles, CA.

Members

August Cinjun Tate - vocals, guitar (1989–2003, 2010)

Shelby Tate - vocals, guitar, keyboards (1989–2003, 2010)

Jeffrey Cain - guitar (1989–2003, 2010)

Cedric LeMoyne - bass (1989–2003, 2010)

;Touring

Leslie Van Trease - guitar, keyboards

Chip Kilpatrick - drums (2010)

;Former

Gregory Slay - drums (c. 1996–2003)

Discography

;Studio albums

''Remy Zero'' (1996)

''Villa Elaine'' (1998)

''The Golden Hum'' (2001)

''Remy Zero EP'' (2010)

References

External links

Official website

Category:Alternative rock groups from Alabama Category:American post-grunge musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1989 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2003 Category:Musical groups from Alabama Category:People from Birmingham, Alabama

bs:Remy Zero ca:Remy Zero de:Remy Zero es:Remy Zero fr:Remy Zero it:Remy Zero no:Remy Zero pl:Remy Zero pt:Remy Zero ru:Remy Zero simple:Remy Zero sv:Remy Zero

name	Simon & Garfunkel
landscape	Yes
background	group_or_band
origin	Forest Hills, Queens, New York City, NY, USA
alias	Tom and Jerry
years active	1957–19701972197519771981–1983199019932003–present
genre	Folk rock, world music, soft rock, folk music
label	Columbia
website	www.simonandgarfunkel.com
Current members	Paul SimonArt Garfunkel
notable instruments	}}

Simon & Garfunkel was an American duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They formed the group Tom & Jerry in 1957 and had their first success with the minor hit "Hey, Schoolgirl". As Simon & Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, largely on the strength of the hit single "The Sound of Silence". Their music was featured in the landmark film ''The Graduate'' (1967), propelling them further into the public consciousness.

They are well known for their vocal close harmonies and were among the most popular recording artists of the 1960s. Their biggest hits — including "The Sound of Silence" (1964), "I Am a Rock" (1965), "Homeward Bound" (1965), "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" (1966), "A Hazy Shade of Winter" (1966), "Mrs. Robinson" (1968), "Bridge over Troubled Water" (1969), "The Boxer" (1969), and "Cecilia" (1969) — peaked at number one in several charts. They have received several Grammys and were inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007.

Their sometimes rocky relationship led to their last album, ''Bridge Over Troubled Water,'' being delayed several times due to artistic disagreements and as a result the duo broke up in 1970. It was their most-successful album worldwide to date, peaking at number one in several countries, including in the United States, and receiving 8× Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, making it their highest-selling studio album in the US and second-highest album overall. Simon and Garfunkel have reunited to perform and sometimes tour together in every decade since the 1970 breakup, most famously for 1981's "The Concert in Central Park," which attracted more than 500,000 people, making it the 7th most attended concert in the history of music. In 2004, they were ranked #40 of the 100 greatest artists of all time by ''Rolling Stone'' magazine.

History

Early history

Close friends through childhood, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel grew up in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, just blocks away from each other. They met in elementary school in 1953, when they both appeared in the school play ''Alice in Wonderland'' (Simon as the White Rabbit, Garfunkel as the Cheshire Cat). They were classmates at Parsons Junior High School and Forest Hills High School, and began performing together in their junior year as Tom and Jerry, with Simon as Jerry Landis (whose last name he borrowed from a girl he had been dating) and Garfunkel as Tom Graph (so called because he was fond of tracking ("graphing") hits on the pop charts). They began writing their own songs in 1955, and made their first professional recording, "Hey, Schoolgirl", for Sid Prosen of Big Records in 1957. Released on 45 rpm and 78 rpm vinyl records, with the flip-side song "Dancin' Wild", the recording sold 100,000 copies, hitting #49 on the ''Billboard Magazine'' charts. Both Simon and Garfunkel have acknowledged the tremendous impact of The Everly Brothers on their style, and many of their early songs (including "Hey, Schoolgirl") bear the mark of this influence.

They later performed their hit on ''American Bandstand,'' right after Jerry Lee Lewis performed "Great Balls of Fire".

Subsequent efforts in 1958 did not reach near their initial success, and after high school the duo went to separate colleges, with Simon enrolling at Queens College and Garfunkel at Columbia University. While enrolled in college, they both joined their campus chapters of the Jewish fraternity, Alpha Epsilon Pi.

In 1963, they found prominence as part of the Greenwich Village folk music scene. Simon, who had finished college but dropped out of Brooklyn Law School, had — like Garfunkel — developed an interest in the folk scene. Simon showed Garfunkel a few songs that he had written in the folk style: "Sparrow", "Bleecker Street", and "He Was My Brother"— which was later dedicated to Andrew Goodman, a friend of both Simon and Garfunkel and a classmate of Simon's at Queens College, who was one of three civil rights workers murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi, on June 21, 1964.

These three efforts were among five original songs by Simon included on their first album for Columbia Records, ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.,'' which initially flopped upon its release on October 19, 1964.

First breakup

Shortly after finishing recording, the duo split and Simon moved to the United Kingdom, where he performed at Les Cousins and The Troubadour in London and toured provincial folk clubs. While in England, he recorded his solo ''The Paul Simon Songbook'' in 1965. Recorded on three different dates in June and July at Levy's Studio, London, the album was released as an LP. By agreement, the album was supposed to go out of print after ten years. However, Billboard reported in early 1978 that Simon filed legal papers to get CBS to delete the album, noting that they were violating their agreement by keeping it in print and stating that it was "not representative of the performer's style." Many years later in March, 2004, Simon responded to fan requests by re-releasing the album on CD with bonus tracks. During this period in London he also collaborated on a number of songs with Bruce Woodley of The Seekers, including "I Wish You Could Be Here", "Cloudy", and "Red Rubber Ball", which would be a U.S. #1 hit for The Cyrkle in 1966.

While Simon was in England that summer of 1965, radio stations around Cocoa Beach and Gainesville, Florida, began to receive requests for a song from the album ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.'' called "The Sound of Silence". The song also began to receive radio airplay in Boston. Seizing the chance, the duo's U.S. producer, Tom Wilson, inspired by The Byrds' hugely popular electric versions of Bob Dylan songs, used Dylan's studio band (who had collaborated with him on his landmark hit ''Like a Rolling Stone'' that year) to dub electric guitars, bass and drums onto the original "Sound of Silence" track, and released it as a single, backed with "We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'". The dubbing turned folk into folk rock, the debut of a new genre for the Top 40, much to Simon's surprise. (A few months earlier the duo had briefly reunited and experimented with a more contemporary sound and recorded a couple of songs including "Groovy Thing".)

In September 1965, Simon first learned that it had entered the pop charts while he was about to go on stage in a Danish folk club. The song hit #1 on the pop charts by New Year's Day, 1966.

Reformation and success

Simon immediately returned to the United States and the duo re-formed to record more tracks in a similar style, though neither approved of what Wilson had done with "The Sound of Silence". The result was a sequence of folk rock records which have endured as well as any in the genre. On January 17, 1966, the duo released the album ''Sounds of Silence,'' which — helped by the title track's success — hit #21, while ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.'' was re-released and reached #30. Among the tracks on ''The Paul Simon Songbook'' that were rerecorded (some with electric backing) for ''Sound of Silence'' were "I Am a Rock" (which as a single reached U.S. #3 in the summer of 1966), "Leaves That Are Green", "April Come She Will", "A Most Peculiar Man", and "Kathy's Song".

Further hit singles came, including "Scarborough Fair/Canticle", based on a traditional English ballad with an arrangement by Martin Carthy, and "Homeward Bound" (later U.S. #5), about life on the road while Simon was touring in England in 1965. The song is reputed to have been written when Simon was stranded overnight on a platform at Widnes Central railway station after mis-reading the timetable. A plaque commemorates this event at the station.

More tracks from ''The Paul Simon Songbook'' were included along with recent compositions on their October 10, 1966, album ''Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme,'' which refined the folk rock sound hastily released on ''Sound of Silence.'' "Cloudy", co-written earlier with Bruce Woodley, was included on ''Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme.'' However, a Woodley credit was incorrectly omitted. The following year, Woodley's band The Seekers recorded it for their studio album ''Seen in Green'', on which Simon received a credit.

In early 1967, Pickwick Records, which had a reputation as a low-quality label, decided that it would capitalize on the duo's newfound fame by releasing an album titled ''The Hit Sounds of Simon and Garfunkel.'' This album consisted of ten tracks recorded from the late 1950s and early 1960s while the duo still called themselves Tom & Jerry, including their hit "Hey, Schoolgirl", and its B-side, "Dancin' Wild". Simon and Garfunkel then sued Pickwick because the company was presenting the music as recently recorded material, not as songs written and released over five years earlier. Soon afterwards, Pickwick withdrew ''The Hit Sounds of Simon and Garfunkel'' from the market.

On June 16, 1967, the duo performed at the Monterey Pop Festival. That same year, Simon and Garfunkel contributed heavily to the soundtrack to Mike Nichols' film ''The Graduate'', which was released on January 21, 1968, and instantly rose to #1 as an album. According to a ''Variety'' article by Peter Bart in the May 15, 2005, issue, Nichols had become obsessed with Simon and Garfunkel's music while shooting the film. Larry Turman, his producer, made a deal for Simon to write three new songs for the movie. By the time they were nearly finished editing the film, Simon had written only one new song. Nichols begged him for more but Simon, who was touring constantly, told him he didn't have the time. He did play him a few notes of a new song he had been working on; "It's not for the movie... it's a song about times past—about Mrs. Roosevelt and Joe DiMaggio and stuff." Nichols advised Simon, "It's now about Mrs. Robinson, not Mrs. Roosevelt."

As their albums became progressively more adventurous, ''The Graduate'' soundtrack album was immediately followed in March 1968 at the top of the charts by ''Bookends'', which dealt with increasingly complex themes of old age and loss. It features the top 25 hit singles "A Hazy Shade of Winter", "Fakin' It", "At the Zoo", "America" and a full version of "Mrs. Robinson" – the classic #1 single from ''The Graduate'' soundtrack. Simon and Garfunkel returned to England in the fall of 1968 and did a concert appearance at Kraft Hall which was broadcast on the BBC, and also featured Paul's brother Ed sitting in on a performance of the instrumental "Anji".

At the March 1969 Grammy Awards, "Mrs. Robinson" was named Record of the Year, while Simon was also honored with the Grammy for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special.

Second breakup

By 1969, the duo's success began to take its toll. Garfunkel had begun to pursue a career in acting and was featured in the role of Nately in Nichols's film adaptation of the novel ''Catch-22.'' Garfunkel's filming leave conflicted with and subsequently delayed the recording of the duo's next album. The part in the film which had initially been promised to Simon was completely cut from the script.

The duo's deteriorating personal relationship continued into their late 1969 tour, which featured performances at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, on November 11 and Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois, on November 8, recordings of which are supposedly widely bootlegged. Video footage of the tour was shown on their controversial November 30 television special ''Songs of America,'' which TV sponsors refused to endorse because of its distinct anti-Vietnam War message.

The recording of what would be their final album, ''Bridge Over Troubled Water,'' was not without tension. The LP was originally supposed to feature twelve tracks, but the duo could not agree on the twelfth track: Simon refused to record a Bach chorale track favored by Garfunkel, while Garfunkel refused to record a song Simon had written called "Cuba Si, Nixon No". No middle ground was reached, so the album was released with only eleven songs.

''Bridge Over Troubled Water'' was at last released on January 26, 1970. Its title track, featuring Garfunkel's soaring vocals, was a massive hit and one of the best-selling records of the decade, staying #1 on the charts for six weeks and remaining on the charts for far longer. The album includes three other top-twenty hits: "El Cóndor Pasa" (US #18), "Cecilia" (US #4), and "The Boxer" — which, finished in 1968, hit #7 on the charts the following year — as well as a live recording of the Everly Brothers' "Bye Bye, Love" from a 1969 tour concert in Ames, Iowa.

At the subsequent March 1971 Grammy Awards, the album and single were named Album of the Year and Record Of The Year, and also won the awards for Best Engineered Record, Best Contemporary Song, Song Of The Year, and Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists. Their 1972 ''Greatest Hits'' album has sold over 14 million copies in the U.S. becoming the number-one selling album by a duo.

The duo finally split in 1970 to much chagrin but little surprise, and the two men went their separate ways.

Simon continued writing and went on to a very successful solo music career, recording several classic albums, including ''There Goes Rhymin' Simon'', ''Still Crazy After All These Years'', and his most highly celebrated solo album, ''Graceland'', collaborating with the Zulu choir Ladysmith Black Mambazo, among others.

Garfunkel split his time between acting and recording solo and collaboration albums, to mixed reviews. His most critically acclaimed album was the 1977 effort ''Watermark'', almost all of the songs for which were penned by acclaimed songwriter Jimmy Webb.

Reunions

Simon and Garfunkel's first reunion after their second breakup was at a June 1972 benefit concert at Madison Square Garden for presidential candidate George McGovern. On October 18, 1975, the duo made an appearance on the second episode of NBC's new show ''Saturday Night Live.'' They performed "The Boxer", "Scarborough Fair", and "My Little Town". The last song was the only new Simon and Garfunkel recording in five years, appearing on both men's solo albums released in 1975 (Simon's ''Still Crazy After All These Years'' and Garfunkel's ''Breakaway'') and reaching #9 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart.

Simon, along with James Taylor, provided harmony vocals on Garfunkel's cover of Sam Cooke's "Wonderful World", on Garfunkel's 1977 album ''Watermark''; the single release of that song reached #1 on the ''Billboard'' Adult Contemporary chart and #17 on the Hot 100. Simon also contributed backing vocals to "In Cars", a song on Garfunkel's 1981 solo album ''Scissors Cut''.

Simon and Garfunkel reunited again for a free concert in New York City's Central Park on September 19, 1981. The concert was attended by over 500,000 people, and a recording of it was subsequently released as a live album, with their cover of "Wake Up Little Susie" released as a single. A video recording was likewise televised by HBO and issued on home video. The success of the Central Park concert prompted the duo to go on a world tour in 1982–1983, including a performance at Shea Stadium in August, 1983.

Simon and Garfunkel went on to complete the recording of their first new studio album in more than a decade, provisionally titled ''Think Too Much'' and featuring some songs previewed on their recent concert jaunt. However, creative differences, coupled with the record company's negative reaction to the decidedly un-Simon-and-Garfunkel-like album, led Simon to remove Garfunkel's vocal tracks and rework the songs himself. The 1983 Simon solo album ''Hearts and Bones'' was the result, and a long period of estrangement for the duo followed.

Their next joint public appearance was in 1990, when the two performed at a ceremony for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Simon and Garfunkel appeared together in 1993 for 21 sold out concerts in New York, with half of the show being Paul Simon solo with a band and the other half Simon and Garfunkel. Later the same year, they did some charity concerts, including the Bridge School Benefit concerts and a benefit for United Way Children's Charities at SkyDome in Toronto.

In July 2002, Columbia Legacy issued a previously unreleased live recording of a Simon and Garfunkel concert, ''Live from New York City, 1967.'' It features an almost-complete recording of a performance given by the duo at Philharmonic Hall, at Lincoln Center in New York City on January 22, 1967. The album includes a rendition of "A Church Is Burning", one of the songs that originally appeared on Paul Simon's 1965 solo album, ''The Paul Simon Songbook''.

On February 23, 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited to perform in public for the first time in a decade, singing "The Sound of Silence" as the opening act of the Grammy Awards. Before the show, the duo was presented with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, honoring their musical contributions over the past four and a half decades. They were introduced by Dustin Hoffman, who made his debut in the film ''The Graduate,'' which extensively featured their music.

The good feelings generated by their appearance on the Grammys led to another thaw in their relationship. Soon, Simon and Garfunkel launched a two-month long reunion tour of the United States (and Toronto, Canada), which began October 16 and culminated in Tampa on December 21, 2003. Entitled ''Old Friends,'' their first tour in over twenty years included forty shows in twenty-eight cities and featured special guests The Everly Brothers. The tour featured in its opening video montage a short series of clips and photos taken during the day leading up to the concert around the venue. Simon and Garfunkel performed "Hey, Schoolgirl", which they said was the first song they had written and recorded together. At the tour concert at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, NJ, they performed "Leaves That Are Green" in place of "Song for the Asking", which had been on their set list for the other concerts on this tour, following an announcement that they had not played it in concert since 1967. They also played "Leaves That Are Green" at concerts in Cleveland and Boston after making a similar announcement.

The success of the first ''Old Friends'' tour led to an encore in June and July 2004 with over 25 shows, this time also in Europe. In July 2004, they completed the tour with a flourish, with a finale at the Colosseum in Rome before an audience which, according to the Mayor of Rome, exceeded 600,000 — even larger than the audience at the famous 1981 Central Park concert.

A live CD and DVD from their ''Old Friends'' tour was released in late 2004. It featured a "new" studio duo song, "Citizen of the Planet", one of the songs from the rejected 1983 reunion album that did not originally feature Garfunkel's vocal participation.

In 2007, PBS hosted the first Gershwin Awards, at which Paul Simon was honored. Simon introduced Garfunkel (for a cameo appearance) as "my partner in arguments" and the two sang "Bridge over Troubled Water" together.

Columbia/Legacy announced the September 18, 2007, release of ''Live 1969,'' which was said to feature recently discovered masters recorded on their 1969 tour. The album is now available through Starbucks. Most of the arrangements remain virtually unchanged. That 1969 tour would be their last for over a decade, immediately preceding the release of the 1970 album ''Bridge Over Troubled Water''. The tour was recorded preparing for a subsequent live album, but the release of the live album did not happen, until now, as reported in ''Billboard.''

On February 13, 2009, Simon and his band re-opened New York's legendary Beacon Theatre, which had been closed for seven months for a renovation. As an encore, Simon brought out "[his] old friend" Art Garfunkel. They sang 3 songs: "Sound of Silence", "The Boxer", and "Old Friends".

On April 2, 2009, the duo announced a tour of Australia, New Zealand and Japan for June/July 2009. On October 29–30, they participated together in the 25th anniversary of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concerts at New York's Madison Square Garden. Other artists on the bill included Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band; U2; Metallica; Aretha Franklin; Stevie Wonder, and Crosby, Stills & Nash.

In March 2010, Simon & Garfunkel announced a 13-date spring tour, to kick off in April with a performance at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. Most performances were scheduled for Canada, with four shows in the upper Midwest of the U.S. According to a press release, the set list would focus on their classic catalog, as well as songs from each of their solo careers. On June 17, 2010, Simon & Garfunkel canceled the tour, earlier rescheduled for July 2010, now postponed indefinitely as Garfunkel continues to recover from a vocal cord paresis.

Legacy

From the very beginning of their fame, through the present time years after their break-up, Simon and Garfunkel have had an impact on the popular culture as evidenced by the many references to them made in television, film, music and other aspects of pop culture.

Television

Among the earliest pop culture references or homages came in the late 1960s, when the comedy television show ''Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In'' had a running skit featuring members of the "Farkel" Family, including Fred & Fanny Farkel, "and the twins, Simon and Gar Farkel". In the early '70s sitcom ''The Partridge Family'', the two youngest Partridge children name their pet goldfish "Simon and Garfunkel".

In an episode of '90s sitcom ''Friends'', the character Ross Geller was convincing character Phoebe Buffay to tell him why she was mad at him by asking her a series of questions requiring a rapid response; to the question "Who would you rather be, Simon or Garfunkel?", Phoebe replies "Garfunkel". In the episode "Our Dear Leaders" of ''Scrubs'', Lucy Bennett refers to herself as "Garfunkel" being the second-in-command of her study group and mistakenly asks Drew Suffin to be her Micky Dolenz. In an episode of ''Monk'', the title character Adrian Monk is upstaged by his now-famous assistant Natalie. This leads to him being referred to as the Garfunkel of the pair, a pop culture reference the character doesn't understand.

The lyrics of Simon and Garfunkel songs continue to be referenced many times on television, long after their initial popularity. On an episode of ''How I Met Your Mother'', Marshall commissions a Venn diagram in which one section represents the "people who are breaking his heart" while the other represents "people who are shaking his confidence daily". The section where the two overlap is labelled "Cecilia". The end of the "Lady Bouvier's Lover" episode of ''The Simpsons'' contains one of the series' many homages to ''The Graduate,'' and features a parody of "The Sound of Silence" over the closing credits. ("Hello grandpa my old friend/your busy day is at an end/your words are always sad and boring/ they tell a tale that's worth ignoring".) In another episode, Mr. Burns spins around a lamp post singing, "Hello lamp post. What ya knowin'? I've come to watch your power flowin'", a reference to the lyrics of "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)".

The episode "Bendin' in the Wind" of ''Futurama'', in a double send-up of Simon and Garfunkel and ''Battlestar Galactica,'' features the singing duo "Cylon and Garfunkel" performing a rendition of "Scarborough Fair" in which the robot Cylon's singing is entirely monotone, and Garfunkel – who explains during the performance that he is the descendant of Art – states that he will give Bender the check "over my dead career!".

In an episode of ''Saturday Night Live'''s "Celebrity Jeopardy" parody, there was a category entitled "Members of Simon and Garfunkel". The clue read, "Of Simon and Garfunkel, the one who is not Garfunkel." Once the Sean Connery character rang in, he asked for the question to be repeated and said in response, "I Garfunkeled your mother!" This was one of the running gags of the parody. In another SNL skit, Will Forte and Jason Sudeikis pose as Bon Jovi opposite band, Jon Bovi, but when accused of sounding exactly like Bon Jovi, they say, "Well, if you didn't like that, you're going to love our new opposite Folk Rock band, Gimon & Sarfunkel."

In an episode of ''Flight of the Conchords'', the lead characters form a Simon and Garfunkel tribute band performing "Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme". Garfunkel himself later appears in the episode. In the episode "Unnatural Love", the song "Carol Brown" is an homage to the Paul Simon song "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover".

Film

In the movie "Forrest Gump" the song "Mrs. Robinson" is played.

In the 1993 film ''Wayne's World 2'', the song "Mrs. Robinson" is played when the title character, Wayne Campbell, goes to stop his girlfriend from marrying her new recording producer, a take-off on ''The Graduate''. Similarly, in the 2005 ''Rumor Has It…'', Jennifer Aniston's character realizes that her family are the true Robinsons from ''The Graduate'' and "Mrs. Robinson" plays.

In the 2000 film ''Almost Famous,'' Zooey Deschanel's character Anita Miller and her mother, played by Frances McDormand, argue about the ''Bookends'' album. Later, Anita gives the song "America" as her reason for leaving home to become a stewardess.

"The Sound of Silence" is frequently used as background music in films. For example, it plays in the 2003 ''Old School'' as Will Ferrell's character falls into a pool (a reference to ''The Graduate''), in Emilio Estevez's 2006 ''Bobby'', after Robert F. Kennedy is shot, and in The Comedian's burial scene in ''Watchmen'' (2009).

The soundtrack of the 2004 film ''Garden State'' includes "The Only Living Boy in New York" from Simon & Garfunkel's final album ''Bridge Over Troubled Water''.

Music

Elvis Presley recorded a cover of "Bridge Over Troubled Water" in Nashville's Studio B in 1970, and regularly performed the song in his live concerts. It was also prominently showcased in his two concert movies, ''Elvis: That's The Way It Is'' (1970) and ''Elvis On Tour'' (1972).

In 1971, the Israeli folk group The Parvarim recorded an album of Hebrew cover versions of Simon and Garfunkel songs with some translation changes to better fit into the music, including "cinnamon, jasmine and myrrh" instead of "parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme". In 1993, Austrian electronic music duo Kruder & Dorfmeister modeled the cover of their first album, ''G-Stoned'', after the cover of Simon and Garfunkel's ''Bookends'' album, using similar black-and-white photo, pose, and typography.

John Hiatt's track "Sure Pinocchio" on the 1997 album ''Little Head'' included the lyrics: "You put me in a box/With God and his uncle/Like a pair of gym socks/Lookin like Artie Garfunkel." Japanese-American singer-songwriter Hikaru Utada mentions Simon & Garfunkel in the lyrics of her song "This One (Crying Like A Child)", singing "We should get back on the road, like Simon & Garfunkel..." The Rush song "The Spirit of Radio" riffs on the lyrics of "The Sound of Silence", turning "The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls, and tenement halls...and whispered in the sounds of silence" into the ironic "The words of the ''profits'' are written on the ''studio'' walls, ''concert'' halls... and ''echoes'' with the sounds of ''salesmen.''"

The comedy folk duo Garfunkel and Oates, portrayed by Kate Micucci and Riki Lindhome, gets their name from "two famous rock-and-roll second bananas", Art Garfunkel and John Oates. The Korean band, SG Wannabe, also attributes its name from Simon and Garfunkel.

Trivia

In 1999, the asteroid "91287 Simon-Garfunkel" was named in their honor.

Discography

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" ! Release date ! Title |- | 1964 | ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.'' |- | 1966 | ''Sounds of Silence'' |- | 1966 | ''Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme'' |- | 1968 | ''Bookends'' |- | 1970 | ''Bridge Over Troubled Water'' |}

Singles with Billboard Hot 100 positions

1965: "The Sound of Silence" (#1) / "We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'"

1966: "Homeward Bound" (#5) / "Leaves That Are Green"

1966: "I Am a Rock" (#3)/ "Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall"

1966: "The Dangling Conversation" (#25)/"The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine"

1966: "A Hazy Shade of Winter" (#13) / "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her"

1967: "At the Zoo" (#16) / "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)"

1967: "Fakin' It" (#23) / "You Don't Know Where Your Interest Lies"

1968: "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" (#11) / "April Come She Will"

1968: "Mrs. Robinson" (#1) /

1969: "The Boxer" (#7) / "Baby Driver" (#101)

1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" (#1) / "Keep the Customer Satisfied"

1970: "Cecilia" (#4) / "The Only Living Boy in New York"

1970: "El Cóndor Pasa" (#18) / "Why Don't You Write Me"

1972: "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her" (live version) (#53) / "America" (#97)

1975: "My Little Town" (#9) / "Rag doll Art Garfunkel" (Art Garfunkel)" / "You're Kind" (Paul Simon)

1982: "Wake Up Little Susie" (#27) / "Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard"

1997: "Old Friends (1997 Simon and Garfunkel album)" / "Bookends"

Awards

Grammy Awards (1969) – Record of the Year, Best Contemporary Pop Performance – Vocal Duo or Group (for "Mrs. Robinson"); Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special (for ''The Graduate'')

Grammy Awards (1971) – Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Contemporary Song, Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s), Best Engineered Recording, Best Contemporary Vocal Group (for "Bridge over Troubled Water")

BRIT Awards (1978) – Best International Album (of the past 25 years) (for ''Bridge Over Troubled Water")

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1990) – Inductee

Grammy Awards (2004) – Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

References

Further reading

Charlesworth, Chris, ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel'', Omnibus Press 1996.

External links

Official

Official site

Paul Simon's official site

Art Garfunkel's official site

Biographical and discographical

Illustrative discography of Simon & Garfunkel Recordings

Other

Interview (2004) of both Art Garfunkel and Paul Simon

Category:Celebrity duos Category:Musical duos Category:American folk rock groups Category:BRIT Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:People from Queens Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Musical groups from New York City Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2003 Category:Musical groups established in 1957 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1964 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1965 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1981 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1983 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1993 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1993 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1970 Category:Paul Simon

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