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Darius I the Great
http://wn.com/Darius_I_the_Great -
Person
A person (from the Latin persona meaning "mask") is most broadly defined as any individual self-conscious or rational being, or any entity having rights and duties; or often more narrowly defined as an individual human being in particular.
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society
http://wn.com/society
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
http://wn.com/Baghdad -
Carmarthenshire
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http://wn.com/Carmarthenshire -
Chicago, Illinois
http://wn.com/Chicago_Illinois -
East Sussex
East Sussex () is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.
http://wn.com/East_Sussex -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England -
Glastonbury, England
http://wn.com/Glastonbury_England -
Icknield Way
The Icknield Way is an ancient trackway in southern England. It follows the chalk escarpment that includes the Berkshire Downs and Chiltern Hills.
http://wn.com/Icknield_Way -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
http://wn.com/Italy -
Kaluga Oblast
Kaluga Oblast (, Kaluzhskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga.
http://wn.com/Kaluga_Oblast -
kilometer
http://wn.com/kilometer -
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Persia
http://wn.com/Persia -
Republic of India
http://wn.com/Republic_of_India -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
http://wn.com/Rome -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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UK
http://wn.com/UK -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Ur
Ur (Sumerian:
http://wn.com/Ur -
Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city. Approximately 30,000 Indigenous Australians are estimated to have lived in the area, before European settlement in Victoria began in the 1830s. The discovery of gold in 1851 at Ballarat and Warrandyte transformed it into a leading industrial and commercial centre.
http://wn.com/Victoria_(Australia) -
Wacker Drive
Wacker Drive is a major street in Chicago, Illinois, United States, running along the south side of the main branch and the east side of the south branch of the Chicago River. The street is a multilevel street that runs from 340 north at 400 east to 200 north at 340 west and along 360 west from 188 north to 424 south in the Chicago street address system in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The vast majority of it is double-decked; the upper level intended for local traffic, and the lower level for through-traffic and trucks servicing buildings on the road (and originally a dock). It is sometimes cited as a precursor to the modern freeway, though when built the idea was that pleasure vehicles would use the upper level. It is one of a few streets in the city that has addresses on all four cardinal directions.
http://wn.com/Wacker_Drive -
Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
http://wn.com/Wales
- Adverse camber
- agricultural
- air pollutant
- Alignment (road)
- All-weather road
- allergic
- Approval rating
- Arterial road
- asphalt concrete
- Atterberg limits
- Australian English
- Automobile
- Baghdad
- Banked turn
- barge
- Belisha Beacon
- Bern
- bicycle-friendly
- bitumen
- blasting
- Bollard
- borrow pit
- Bottleneck (traffic)
- Botts' dots
- Brick
- bridge
- bridleway
- British English
- bus
- Bypass (road)
- Byway (road)
- cadmium
- Caliphate
- Camber angle
- Cant (road/rail)
- Carmarthenshire
- cart
- Cat's eye (road)
- causeway
- Central reservation
- Chicago, Illinois
- Chicane
- Chipseal
- city
- clay
- cliff
- Cobblestone
- coefficient
- combustion
- company
- concrete
- copper
- Corduroy road
- Corniche
- crack sealing
- Crash barrier
- cross slope
- crushed rock
- Curb (road)
- Curb extension
- curvature
- Darius I the Great
- De-icing
- deforestation
- Dendrochronology
- design life
- dirt
- Dirt road
- divided highway
- double track
- Drainage gradient
- dual carriageway
- easement
- East Sussex
- Economics
- Engine braking
- England
- English law
- Environmental policy
- Erosion
- European Union
- expressways
- Farm-to-market road
- Fill dirt
- fire hydrants
- Fogseal
- footpath
- Fork (road)
- fossil fuel
- Fourth power
- frost heave
- gasoline
- General contractor
- Glastonbury, England
- government
- Grade (slope)
- Grade separation
- Gravel
- Green lane (road)
- groundwater
- Guard rail
- Gutter
- heavy equipment
- heavy metals
- highway
- Highway code
- Highways Act 1555
- Highways Act 1980
- horse-drawn boat
- Icknield Way
- Inca road system
- India
- Induced demand
- Intersection (road)
- Iran
- Iraq
- Italy
- Kaluga Oblast
- kilometer
- Land rehabilitation
- lane
- law
- Layby
- lead
- legal
- Limited access road
- Loam
- local authorities
- local-express lanes
- Location (geography)
- Loose chippings
- main road
- market town
- micro-mill
- Middle East
- miles
- Milestone
- motor oil
- motor vehicle
- motorway
- mountain
- Mountain pass
- mulched
- National Highway
- neighborhoods
- network effect
- nickel
- Noise barrier
- Noise pollution
- North Africa
- Northern Europe
- Northern Ireland
- OECD
- oil field
- organic compound
- organization
- Particle size
- Pavement (material)
- pedestrian
- pedestrian crossing
- Pelican crossing
- Persia
- Person
- petroleum
- planning
- population
- Pothole
- Pound (mass)
- Private highway
- private industry
- Private road
- private sector
- Profilometer
- public sector
- Public space
- Radius of curvature
- Rainwater
- Ranch road
- Rebecca Riots
- Reflection (physics)
- Republic of India
- respiratory
- Rhayader
- river
- Road dust
- road fixtures
- Road number
- Road roller
- road salt
- Road slipperiness
- Road surface
- Road surface marking
- Road tax
- Road traffic safety
- Road-traffic safety
- roadstead
- roadway
- Roadworks
- Rock (geology)
- Roman Empire
- Roman mile
- Roman road
- Rome
- Roundabout
- Royal Commission
- Royal Road
- rural
- Russia
- rutting
- safety barriers
- Sand
- Scotland
- sea
- Seal (mechanical)
- sediment
- Semi-trailer truck
- service life
- Shoulder (road)
- sidewalk
- sieve
- single carriageway
- Single track (rail)
- Slope
- snowmelt
- society
- socioeconomics
- State highway
- statistics
- Storm drain
- stream
- stream bed
- street
- street furniture
- Street gutter
- surface rejuvenating
- surface roughness
- surface water
- Surveying
- Sweet Track
- Switzerland
- tar
- texture
- Texture (roads)
- thoroughfare
- timber trackway
- toll road
- Tonne
- top soil
- topsoil
- toxic
- Trade route
- traffic
- traffic calming
- traffic circle
- traffic collision
- Traffic island
- Traffic light
- Traffic sign
- trail
- Transport economics
- travel
- Tree
- tree lawn
- truck
- tunnels
- Types of road
- UK
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Ur
- urban area
- urban planner
- vegetation
- vehicle
- Vehicle Excise Duty
- vehicular
- Velia
- Victoria (Australia)
- village
- Wacker Drive
- Wales
- walking
- waste
- Water pollution
- Water well
- watercourse
- Zebra Crossing
- zinc
- Zoning
Middle of the Road Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Beibi älä pelkää
- Siinäkö kaikki
- Ensirakkaus
- Parasta elämää
- Kasvosi
- Tuhansia polkuja
- Samaa tarinaa
- Leirikirkko
- Pois
- Siihen maahan
- Uusi vuosi
- Luopuneet lapset
- Suunnitelma
- Antaa palaa
- Uudet aatteet
- Tapaaminen
- Asfalttikukka
- Pinta kesti
- Minut löydettiin
- Isäni lapsi
- Hiekkalaatikko
- Tahdotko pois
- Juoneton filmi
- Viimeinen kesä
- Huomenna
- Ykkösuutinen
- Raha
- Harrastelemaan
- Kadonnut maa
- Niin väärin
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- This Is Just Rock 'n' Roll
- Normal Life
- Is That You
- Ain't Easy
- Another Room
- Always on the Run
- Dirty Old Town
- Return
- June
- Skarru værra best
- This Is Just Rock 'n' Roll
- Rockefoten
- The Headliner
- Trapped in a Cage
- Alternativ
- Mistakes
- Keep Up and Hold
- Dance Together
- Hei mister, tida går
- I'm Trying
- I'm Going Down to the Country
- Mushroom Man
- Man Dressed in Red
- Space Ship Earth
- Friends
- Road
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Dusiciel fortepianów
- Wszystkie rude będą wisieć
- Nie szatan zdobi człowieka
- Zrobimy co się da zobaczyć
- Narcomantha
- Nie ma ludzi bez VAT
- Burza przed ciszą
- Plaża
- Jedziemy, jedziemy
- Signum
- 100 zupek chińskich
- Intermisja
- Głosy sprzed swiatów
- Dobry kawałek na zimowe wieczory
- Nie szatan zdobi człowieka
- Plaża, październik
- Spod rynny na deszcz
- Do filmu
- Klubowe
- Głosy sprzed światów
- Spod rynny na deszcz
- Dobry kawałek na zimowe wieczory
- Stan głaskanego kotka
- Szczęście chodzi w pojedynkę
- Muzyka do mycia okien
- Szkocki
- Lepszy znicz niż nic
RELEASE
ALBUMS
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Chris Rea - The Road To Hell Full Version
CHRIS REA - The Road To Hell Full Version
http://wn.com/Chris_Rea__The_Road_To_Hell_Full_Version
HD Damian Marley - Road To Zion ft. Nas Official Video Promo Only
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Published: 08 May 2010
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: DirtySouthRapTV
HD Damian Marley - Road To Zion ft. Nas Official Video Promo Only Dirty South Rap TV
http://wn.com/HD_Damian_Marley__Road_To_Zion_ft_Nas_Official_Video_Promo_Only
Clint Mansell - Death is the Road to Awe
Clint Mansell - Death is the Road to Awe copyright Clint Mansell.
http://wn.com/Clint_Mansell__Death_is_the_Road_to_Awe
Syndicate's Road To MOAB ! - *Livestream*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 110:29
- Published: 31 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: TheSyndicateProject
Were aiming for 120000 Twitter Followers! Make an account quickly and follow me! twitter.com 17:53 - Quad Shotgun Feed I love the gun but it lacks the kick need to Rape Train with it, so I'm streaming me using it and you can see my progression of how well i perform with it.
http://wn.com/Syndicate's_Road_To_MOAB_!__*Livestream*
Solar Fields - The Road To Nothingness
www.facebook.com www.solarfields.com http www.myspace.com www.lastfm.se Solar Fields - The Road To Nothingness Album: Movements Year 2009 Label: Ultimae Records Video Footage Sir H Johan Lundin @ www.23seconds.org & Magnus Birgersson Video LoopTV
http://wn.com/Solar_Fields__The_Road_To_Nothingness
Wilkerson: New Military Powers the Road to Tyranny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Published: 09 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: TheRealNews
Larry Wilkerson: National Defense Authorization Act that passed the Senate giving the military power for indefinite detention without trial is a draconian violation of our rights
http://wn.com/Wilkerson_New_Military_Powers_the_Road_to_Tyranny
Call of Duty Zombies - Road to Round 2826 - Episode 5 w/ Yoteslaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:40
- Published: 24 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: SGCBarbierian
Here you can see Yote and I play a custom Zombie map for WaW PC. You can get this map here - www.customcod.com Yote's channel - youtube.com
http://wn.com/Call_of_Duty_Zombies__Road_to_Round_2826__Episode_5_w/_Yoteslaya
Road to Loretta's - The First Step
The Road To Loretta's follows some of the world's best amateur motocross riders as they prepare to compete at the AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship at Loretta Lynn's. Episode 1 features a look at Schoolboy 1 & 2 class riders Dakota Alix and Jace Owen. RedBullUSA.com
http://wn.com/Road_to_Loretta's__The_First_Step
Gears of War 3: Road to Anthony Carmine - Episode 36 w/ Nova and Kootra: Stuck for Days (Horde)
Remember to leave a rating, helps me out a lot! Well, we got killed a lot. And got stuck. Cool Nova - www.youtube.com Kootra - www.youtube.com Connections TWITTER - twitter.com Website - ssohpkc.com Facebook - www.facebook.com Google+ - plus.google.com
http://wn.com/Gears_of_War_3_Road_to_Anthony_Carmine__Episode_36_w/_Nova_and_Kootra_Stuck_for_Days_Horde
Call of Duty - ROAD TO GOLD #1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:49
- Published: 05 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: WhiteBoy7thst
Check out episode #2 here! www.youtube.com SUBSCRIBE to my second gaming channel where I will be posting the rest of the Road to gold! www.youtube.com NEW DESIGNED GAMING T-SHIRTS!!! www.whiteboy7thst.spreadshirt.com
http://wn.com/Call_of_Duty__ROAD_TO_GOLD_#1
Homies Power Level Friday | Road To Hipo: PokeMob Adventure | Ep.3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:19
- Published: 09 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: xXSlyFoxHoundXx
alright Homies the challenge is 9000 likes Lets do this for Hipo! Pokemobs: www.minecraftforum.net Official SlyFoxHound & Homies Shirt Store www.redbubble.com My Twitter: twitter.com My Facebook: tinyurl.com Arion - Pokemon (Dubstep Remix) Link: www.youtube.com Arion's Channel: www.youtube.com In Partnership with MonstercatMedia Link: www.YouTube.com
http://wn.com/Homies_Power_Level_Friday_|_Road_To_Hipo_PokeMob_Adventure_|_Ep3
NCAA Football 12: Road to Glory - Chase Rockmore Creation! (QB)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:18
- Published: 19 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: trutrojan8
Please like this video guys =D --------------------- Website: www.trutrojan8.com Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/NCAA_Football_12_Road_to_Glory__Chase_Rockmore_Creation!_QB
Minecraft: Road To Hipo Ep.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:17
- Published: 09 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: xXSlyFoxHoundXx
This Series is going to be fun as Hell :D Music by www.youtube.com ---Mods Im Using--- Coral Mod: tinyurl.com Tree mod: tinyurl.com Fossil Mod tinyurl.com Mo Creatures tinyurl.com More Creeps tinyurl.com Biome Mod tinyurl.com
http://wn.com/Minecraft_Road_To_Hipo_Ep1
Minecraft - "Shadow of Israphel" Part 2: The Road to Mistral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:26
- Published: 28 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: BlueXephos
Reeling from the loss of the yogcave, Simon and Lewis set off down a broken road leading to a mysterious city. They must press on through the night, and more surprises await them! Huge thanks to Variede for the bonus cutscenes, subscribe to his channel here! Very reasonable rates! www.youtube.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Our Podcast: itunes.apple.com Texture pack is DSB's Gerudoku remix, around page 17 of this thread: www.minecraftforum.net
http://wn.com/Minecraft__Shadow_of_Israphel_Part_2_The_Road_to_Mistral
Road To Commander - Game 1 : The Beginning (ONS1AUGH7, MW3)
www.youtube.com Game 1 : The Beginning (ONS1AUGH7, MW3) What is a Road to Commander? A "Road to Commander" for a Call of Duty game is a series of videos documenting the process of "leveling up" from level 1 (Private) to Commander. For Modern Warfare 3, the level for Commander is 80. You guys will be a part of this and see all of the good, the bad, the rage, the laughter and maybe the tears. Every episode will have either live commentary or live team communication. This series would not exist without the passion a lot of you have for this series so continue to like, comment and favorite these videos and I will continue to provide you with the most entertaining content I can. Enjoy, Mike. Get CONNECTED here: www.twitter.com www.facebook.com Get LIVE here: www.ONS1AUGH7.com Get sick GEAR here: www.ONS1AUGH7.com Get EVERYTHING here: www.ONS1AUGH7.com Music by www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Road_To_Commander__Game_1__The_Beginning_ONS1AUGH7,_MW3
NCAA Football 12: Road to Glory - Chase Rockmore: The Decision and First Practices
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:29
- Published: 20 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: trutrojan8
Please like this video guys =D --------------------- Website: www.trutrojan8.com Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/NCAA_Football_12_Road_to_Glory__Chase_Rockmore_The_Decision_and_First_Practices
Road to Loretta's - Meet the Superminis - AMA amateur MX competition
Adam Cianciarulo rips through his track in Orlando preparing for the big race at Loretta's. Next up, we check out Joe Gibbs amazing Racing program in North Carolina before hearing what Jordan Smith had to say on the golf course. The Road To Loretta's follows some of the world's best amateur motocross riders as they prepare to compete at the AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship at Loretta Lynn's. RedBullUSA.com
http://wn.com/Road_to_Loretta's__Meet_the_Superminis__AMA_amateur_MX_competition
WWE 12 - Road to Wrestlemania - Full Details!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Published: 18 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: TeemingTubbyEmu
This year things get scrapped.. No longer are there 5 story lines stretching a 3 month period. You Play as Triple H, Sheamus and a Superstar of your chosing over an 18 Month time frame stretching 2 Wrestlemania's, which is AMAZING! Let me know what you guys think, LEAVE A LIKE! Here's the Story: ps3.ign.com www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/WWE_12__Road_to_Wrestlemania__Full_Details!
Road To Wrestlemania Villain Story - ft. Sheamus - Part 13 (WWE 12 HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Published: 24 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: TeemingTubbyEmu
Let's Make it my BIGGEST Walkthrough EVER! 500 LIKES! Fave also if you can! Full RTWM playthrough Playlist: www.youtube.com Follow me on tweeters: www.twitter.com Go Like Meh on Facebook: www.facebook.com WWE 12 Road To WrestleMania Villain Story Sheamus WWE 12 Villain Road to Wrestlemania Sheamus WWE 12 Sheamus Villain Story Road to Wrestlemania How to Play WWE 12 How to Play Road to Wrestlemania in WWE 12 Full Road to Wrestlemania Walkthrough in WWE 12 WWE 12 Full Playthrough WWE 12 Full Walkthrough
http://wn.com/Road_To_Wrestlemania_Villain_Story__ft_Sheamus__Part_13_WWE_12_HD
WWE 12 : Road To Wrestlemania - Outsider Story Triple H Ep.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:06
- Published: 15 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: NovaPipebomb
Leave a like for MORE RTWM!! www.youtube.com Welcome BACK to the ROOOAADD TO WRESTLEMANIA. This year for WWE 12 it seems things have been changed up with the player playing as only Sheamus, Triple H and a CAW, or Jacob Cass in a longer story driven RTWM. I'm sure these 3 episodes/branches will be full of funny moments. Facebook: tiny.cc Follow Mah Twitter: tiny.cc Shirts: tiny.cc Tags: wwe smackdown svr12 svr2011 raw wwe12 thq yukes gameplay news impressions indepth first look live wrestling poopoohead uberhaxornova paragonnova nova ign roster "wwe 12" "here comes the pain" "WWE Raw" "WWE SmackDown" "shut your mouth" "how to" "cm punk" community universe "Brock Lesnar" "the rock" vengeance 2011 2012 survivor series ring wrestlemania Undertaker Jericho gaming wwegames walkthrough playthrough review rtwm "road to wrestlemania" "CM Punk" Chris arena tlc draft
http://wn.com/WWE_12__Road_To_Wrestlemania__Outsider_Story_Triple_H_Ep1
WWE 12 - Road To Wrestlemania Villain Story - ft. Sheamus - Part 17 (WWE 12 HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 25 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: TeemingTubbyEmu
Let's Make it my BIGGEST Walkthrough EVER! 500 LIKES! Fave also if you can! Full RTWM playthrough Playlist: www.youtube.com Follow me on tweeters: www.twitter.com Go Like Meh on Facebook: www.facebook.com WWE 12 Road To WrestleMania Villain Story Sheamus WWE 12 Villain Road to Wrestlemania Sheamus WWE 12 Sheamus Villain Story Road to Wrestlemania How to Play WWE 12 How to Play Road to Wrestlemania in WWE 12 Full Road to Wrestlemania Walkthrough in WWE 12 WWE 12 Full Playthrough WWE 12 Full Walkthrough
http://wn.com/WWE_12__Road_To_Wrestlemania_Villain_Story__ft_Sheamus__Part_17_WWE_12_HD
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
03 Jan 2012
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A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which typically has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways (British English: carriageways) each with one or more lanes and also any associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and tree lawns (British English: verge). Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as public roads or highways.
Alignment (road) - horizontal and vertical curvature of a road.
Adverse camber - where a road slopes towards the outside of a bend, increasing the likelihood that vehicles travelling at speed will skid or topple. Usually only a temporary situation during road maintenance.
All-weather road - Unpaved road that is constructed of a material that does not create mud during rainfall.
Banked turn
Camber - the curvature of the road surface that encourages surface water to flow freely from the carriageway, or on bends angling of the surface to lean traffic 'into the bend' reducing the chance of a skid.
Cant - superelevation
Cross slope
Grade - longitudinal slope
Belisha Beacon - an orange globe, lit at night, used to highlight a pedestrian crossing.
Bollard - Rigid posts that can be arranged in a line to close a road or path to vehicles above a certain width
Byway - Highway over which the public have a right to travel for vehicular and other kinds of traffic, but is used mainly as a footpath or bridleway
Bypass Road that avoids or "bypasses" a built-up area, town, or village
Bottleneck - Section of a road with a carrying capacity substantially below that of other sections of the same road
Botts' dots - Non-reflective raised pavement marker used on roads
Cat's eye - reflective raised pavement marker used on roads
Central reservation - On dual carriageway roads, including controlled-access highways, divided highways and many limited-access highways, the central reservation (British English), median (North American English), median strip (North American English and Australian English), neutral ground [Louisiana English] or central nature strip (Australian English) - Area that separates opposing lanes of traffic
Chicane - Sequence of tight serpentine curves (usually an S-shape curve or a bus stop)
Chipseal - Road surface composed of a thin layer of crushed stone 'chips' and asphalt emulsion. It seals the surface and protects it from weather, but provides no structural strength. It is cheaper than asphalt concrete or a concrete, in the U.S. it is usually only used on low volume rural roads
Corniche - Road on the side of a cliff or mountain, with the ground rising on one side and falling away on the other
Curb (kerb) - A raised edge at the side of the roadway.
Curb extension - (also kerb extension, bulb-out, nib, elephant ear, curb bulge and blister) Traffic calming measure, intended to slow the speed of traffic and increase driver awareness, particularly in built-up and residential neighborhoods.
Drainage gradient
Farm-to-market road - a state road or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns.
Fork - (literally "fork in the road") Type of intersection where a road splits
Green lane - (UK) Unsurfaced road, may be so infrequently used that vegetation colonises freely, hence 'green'. Many green lanes are ancient routes that have existed for millennium, similar to a Byway
Guard rail - Prevents vehicles from veering off the road into oncoming traffic, crashing against solid objects or falling from a road
Gutter - UK a drainage channel between the main carriageway and the edge of the road.
Interstate Highway System - United States System of Interstate and Defense Highways
Layby (Pullout, pull-off) - A paved area beside a main road where cars can stop temporarily to let another car pass.
Loose chippings - the hazard of stone chippings that have come loose
Median - On dual carriageway roads, including controlled-access highways, divided highways and many limited-access highways, the central reservation (British English), median (North American English), median strip (North American English and Australian English), neutral ground [Louisiana English] or central nature strip (Australian English) - Area that separates opposing lanes of traffic
Mountain pass - Lower point that allows easier access through a range of mountains
Milestone - One of a series of numbered markers placed along a road at regular intervals, showing the distance to destinations.
National Highway - Road built and maintained by a national authority.
Pavement - The road regarded as a geoconstruction. In the UK the term is road surface and the pavement is a pedestrian walkway alongside the road.
Pedestrian crossing - Designated point on a road where road marking or other means helps pedestrians cross safely
Pelican crossing - (officially Pelicon crossing) UK a PEdestrian LIght CONtrolled crossing.
Private highway - Highway owned and operated for profit by private industry
Private road - Road owned and maintained by a private individual, organization, or company rather than by a government
Public space - Place where anyone has a right to come without being excluded because of economic or social conditions
Ranch road - U.S. road that connects rural and agricultural areas to market towns
Road number - Often assigned to identify a stretch of public roads—often dependent on the type of road, with numbers differentiating between interstates, motorways, arterial thoroughfares, etc.
Road-traffic safety - Process to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) that result from vehicle crashes on public roads
Roadworks - Part or all of the road is occupied for work or maintenance
Roughness - Deviations from a true planar pavement surface, which affects vehicle suspension deflection, dynamic loading, ride quality, surface drainage and winter operations. Roughness have wavelengths ranging from 500 mm up to some 40 m. The upper limit may be as high as 350 m when considering motion sickness aspects; motion sickness is generated by motion with down to 0.1 Hz frequency; in an ambulance car driving 35 m/s (126 km/h), waves with up to 350 m will excite motion sickness.
Roundabout UK a road junction where typically three or more roads are joined by a circular section of road. Traffic 'on the roundabout' has priority over traffic on approach roads, unless indicated otherwise. In countrys where traffic drives on the left the roundabout is travelled in a clockwise direction. Also known as an island in parts of the UK.
Shoulder (also hand-shoulder) - A clear, level paved area to the side of the roadway available for stopping if required.
State highway - Road numbered by the state, falling below numbered national highways (like U.S. Routes) in the hierarchy or a road maintained by the state, including nationally-numbered highways
Texture (roads) - Deviations from a true planar pavement surface, which affects the interaction between road and tire. Microtexture have wavelengths below 0.5 mm, Macrotexture below 50 mm and Megatexture below 500 mm.
Traffic calming - Set of strategies used by urban planners and traffic engineers to slow down or reduce traffic, thereby improving safety for pedestrians and bicyclists and improving the environment for residents
Traffic island - UK a small raised area used to help define the traffic flow, which may also act as a refuge for pedestrians crossing the carriageway or a location for signs, barriers or lights—a synonym for roundabout in some parts of the UK
Traffic light - Also known as a traffic signal, stop light, stop-and-go lights—a signaling device at a road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location that assigns right of way to different approaches to an intersection
Zebra Crossing - UK a pedestrian crossing marked by black and white stripes on the carriageway
Connecticut Turnpike — $3,449,000 per mile
New Jersey Turnpike — $2,200,000 per mile
Pennsylvania Turnpike (Delaware Extension) — $1,970,000 per mile
Northern Indiana Toll Road — $1,790,000 per mile
Garden State Parkway — $1,720,000 per mile
Massachusetts Turnpike — $1,600,000 per mile
Thruway, New York to Pennsylvania Line — $1,547,000 per mile
Ohio Turnpike — $1,352,000 per mile
Pennsylvania Turnpike (early construction) — $736,000 per mile
The Post-Roads of Europe 1781 Map
National Alliance Against Tolls
The Roadex project
The Greenroads Rating System
The Asphalt Maintenance Manual
Definitions
For purposes of international statistical comparison, the OECD defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels," which includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths." In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel. Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.
United States
In the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom there is some ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for "road users". For the purposes of the English law, Highways Act 1980, which covers England and Wales but not Scotland or Northern Ireland, the term road is defined to be "any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes." This includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a road use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road.The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, however there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said "the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. Another legal view is that while a highway historically included footpaths, bridleways, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of motor-vehicles, and the term rights of way can be used to cover the wider usage.
Historical road construction
The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, since in many cases animals do not follow constant paths. Others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of this type of road origination, where man and animal both selected the same natural line. By about 10,000 BC, rough pathways were used by human travelers.Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC.
Corduroy roads (log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England.
The timber trackway; Sweet Track causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating (Dendrochronology) enabled very precise dating. It has been claimed to be the oldest road in the world. The road remained in use after Roman times.
In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by road,
From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads.
In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire. The most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, Iraq, which were paved with tar. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from oil fields in the region, through the chemical process of destructive distillation.
The Highways Act 1555 in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from government to local parishes. which coincided with the development of the UK railway system.
Design
Structural road design is the science of designing a road for its environment in order to extend its longevity and reduce maintenance. The Shell pavement design method is used in many countries for the design of new asphalt roads.
Construction
Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel. (pg15) and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines. The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) and followed by the laying of pavement material. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building.After design, approval, planning, legal and environmental considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor. The Radii and gradient are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill. (page34) Great care is taken to preserve reference Benchmarks (page59)
Roads are designed and built for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Storm drainage and environmental considerations are a major concern. Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to prevent detrimental effects. Drainage lines are laid with sealed joints in the road easement with runoff coefficients and characteristics adequate for the land zoning and storm water system. Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a watercourse, creek, river or the sea for drainage discharge. (page38 to 40)
A borrow pit (source for obtaining fill, gravel, and rock) and a water source should be located near or in reasonable distance to the road construction site. Approval from local authorities may be required to draw water or for working (crushing and screening) of materials for construction needs. The top soil and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent rehabilitation of the extraction area. Side slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons. (page 53 to 56 )
Old road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention. These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the tree's drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment. Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetation may be mulched and put aside for use during reinstatement. The topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas. (page 66 to 67 )
Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. If rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to 90% relative compaction. Generally blasting of rock is discouraged in the road bed. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. The fill is made by the "compacted layer method" where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications, the process is repeated until the desired grade is reached. (page 68 to 69 ).
General fill material should be free of organics, meet minimum California bearing ratio (CBR) results and have a low plasticity index. The lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to the growth of plants or other vegetable matter. The compacted fill also serves as lower-stratum drainage. Select second fill (sieved) should be composed of gravel, decomposed rock or broken rock below a specified Particle size and be free of large lumps of clay. Sand clay fill may also be used. The road bed must be "proof rolled" after each layer of fill is compacted. If a roller passes over an area without creating visible deformation or spring the section is deemed to comply. (page 70 to 72 )
The completed road way is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other natural surface. The type of road surface is dependent on economic factors and expected usage. Safety improvements like Traffic signs, Crash barriers, Raised pavement markers, and other forms of Road surface marking are installed.
According to a May 2009 report by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and TRIP—a national transportation research organization—driving on rough roads costs the average American motorist approximately $400 a year in extra vehicle operating costs. Drivers living in urban areas with populations more than 250,000 are paying upwards of $750 more annually because of accelerated vehicle deterioration, increased maintenance, additional fuel consumption, and tire wear caused by poor road conditions.
When a single carriageway road is converted into dual carriageway by building a second separate carriageway alongside the first, it is usually referred to as duplication, twinning or doubling. The original carriageway is changed from two-way to become one-way, while the new carriageway is one-way in the opposite direction. In the same way as converting railway lines from single track to double track, the new carriageway is not always constructed directly alongside the existing carriageway.
Maintenance
Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles, however environmental effects such as frost heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute. According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the AASHO Road Test, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the Fourth power of axle weight. A typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds (36.287 t) with 8,000 pounds (3.629 t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.907 t) on each axle. Potholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction works.Pavements are designed for an expected service life or design life. In some UK countries the standard design life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement. Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and 30 year milestones. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs. Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives. Some roads like Chicago, Illinois's "Wacker Drive", a major two-level viaduct in downtown area are being rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years.
Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies continually monitor road conditions and apply preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial Profilometers. These measurements include road curvature, cross slope, asperity, roughness, rutting and texture (roads). This data is fed into a pavement management system, which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the damage that has occurred.
Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include crack sealing, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro-milling and surface treatments. Thin surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended service life without increasing structural capacity.
Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society, in a 2009 report released by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (USA) about 50% of the roads in the USA are in bad condition with urban areas worse. The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of $746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax).
Slab Stabilization
Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration. The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually employed with other Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) methods including patching and diamond grinding. The technique restores support to concrete slabs by filing small voids that develop underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge. The process consists of pumping a cementitous grout or polyurethane mixture through holes drilled through the slab. The grout can fill small voids beneath the slab and/or sub-base. The grout also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. The three steps for this method after finding the voids are locating and drilling holes, grout injection and post-testing the stabilized slabs.Slab stabilization does not correct depressions, increase the design structural capacity, stop erosion or eliminate faulting. It does, however, restore the slab support, therefore, decreasing deflections under the load. Stabilization should only be performed at joints and cracks where loss of support exists. Visual inspection is the simplest manner to find voids. Signs that repair is needed are transverse joint faulting, corner breaks and shoulder drop off and lines at or near joints and cracks. Deflection testing is another common procedure utilized to locate voids. It is recommended to do this testing at night as during cooler temperatures, joints open, aggregate interlock diminishes and load deflections are at their highest.
Testing
Ground penetrating radar pulses electromagnetic waves into the pavement and measures and graphically displays the reflected signal. This can reveal voids and other defects.The epoxy/core test, detects voids by visual and mechanical methods. It consists of drilling a 25 to 50 millimeter hole through the pavement into the sub-base with a dry-bit roto-hammer. Next, a two-part epoxy is poured into the hole—dyed for visual clarity. Once the epoxy hardens, technicians drill through the hole. If a void is present, the epoxy will stick to the core and provide physical evidence.
Common stabilization materials include pozzolan-cement grout and polyurethane. The requirements for slab stabilization are strength and the ability to flow into or expand to fill small voids. Colloidal mixing equipment is necessary to use the pozzolan-cement grouts. The contractor must place the grout using a positive-displacement injection pump or a non-pulsing progressive cavity pump. A drill is also necessary but it must produce a clean hole with no surface spalling or breakouts. The injection devices must include a grout packer capable of sealing the hole. The injection device must also have a return hose or a fast-control reverse switch, in case workers detect slab movement on the uplift gauge. The uplift beam helps to monitor the slab deflection and has to have sensitive dial gauges.
Joint Sealing
Also called joint and crack repair, this method’s purpose is to minimize infiltration of surface water and incompressible material into the joint system. Joint sealants are also used to reduce dowel bar corrosion in Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) techniques. Successful resealing consists of old sealant removal, shaping and cleaning the reservoir, installing the backer rod and installing the sealant. Sawing, manual removal, plowing and cutting are methods used to remove the old sealant. Saws are used to shape the reservoir. When cleaning the reservoir, no dust, dirt or traces of old sealant should remain. Thus, it is recommended to water wash, sand-blast and then air blow to remove any sand, dirt or dust. The backer rod installation requires a double-wheeled, steel roller to insert the rod to the desired depth. After inserting the backer rod, the sealant is placed into the joint. There are various materials to choose for this method including hot pour bituminous liquid, silicone and preformed compression seals.
Safety considerations
Careful design and construction of roads can increase Road traffic safety and reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions.On neighborhood roads traffic calming, safety barriers, pedestrian crossings and cycle lanes can all protect pedestrians and cyclists.
Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with Cat's eyes or Botts dots, bright reflectors that do not fade like paint. Botts dots are not used where it is icy in the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to the road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California.
For major roads risk can be reduced by providing limited access from properties and local roads, grade separated junctions and median dividers between opposite-direction traffic to reduce likelihood of head-on collisions.
The placement of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels) is also common. Some road fixtures such as road signs and fire hydrants are designed to collapse on impact. Light poles are designed to break at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Highway authorities may also remove larger trees from the immediate vicinity of the road.
Environmental performance
Careful design and construction of a road can reduce any negative environmental impacts.Water management systems can be used to reduce the effect of pollutants from roads. Rainwater and snowmelt running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other pollutants and result in Water pollution. Road runoff is a major source of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are created as combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels. De-icing chemicals and sand can run off into roadsides, contaminate groundwater and pollute surface waters; and road salts can be toxic to sensitive plants and animals. Sand applied to icy roads can be ground up by traffic into fine particulates and contribute to air pollution. Sand can alter stream bed environments, causing stress for the plants and animals that live there.
Roads are a chief source of environmental noise generation. In the early 1970s it was recognized that design of roads can be conducted to influence and minimize noise generation. Noise barriers are used to reduce Noise pollution, in particular where roads are located close to built-up areas. Regulations can restrict the use of Engine braking.
Motor vehicle emissionss contribute air pollution. Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse respiratory health effects are greater near the road than at some distance away from the road. Road dust kicked up by vehicles may trigger allergic reactions.
Terminology
Regulation
Right- and left-hand traffic
Traffic flows on the right or on the left side of the road depending on the country. In countries where traffic flows on the right, traffic signs are mostly on the right side of the road, roundabouts and traffic circles go counter-clockwise/anti-clockwise, and pedestrians crossing a two-way road should watch out for traffic from the left first. In countries where traffic flows on the left, the reverse is true.About 33% of the world by population drive on the left, and 67% keep right. By road distances, about 28% drive on the left, and 72% on the right, even though originally most traffic drove on the left worldwide.
Economics
Transport economics is used to understand both the relationship between the transport system and the wider economy and the complex network effects when there are multiple paths and competing modes for both personal and freight (road/rail/air/ferry) and where Induced demand can result in increased on decreased transport levels when road provision is increased by building new roads or decreased (for example California State Route 480). Roads are generally built and maintained by the public sector using taxation although implementation may be through private contractors). or occasionally using road tolls.Economics and society depend heavily on efficient roads. In the European Union (EU) 44% of all goods are moved by trucks over roads and 85% of all persons are transported by cars, buses or coaches on roads. The term was also commonly used to refer to roadsteads, waterways that lent themselves to use by shipping.
Construction costs
According to the New York State Thruway Authority, some sample per-mile costs to construct multi-lane roads in several US northeastern states were:
Statistics
The United States has the largest network of roads of any country with (2005). The People's Republic of China is second with of road (2007) See List of countries by road network size. The Republic of India has the third largest road system in the world with (2002). When looking only at expressways the National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) in People's Republic of China has a total length of at the end of 2006, and 60,300 km at the end of 2008, second only to the United States with in 2005.
See also
References
External links
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