Zazaki
Spoken in	Turkey
Region	Main in Tunceli, Bingol, Erzincan, Sivas, Elazig, Malatya Gümüşhane Province, Şanlıurfa Province, and Adıyaman Province, diasporic in Mutki, Sarız, Aksaray, and Taraz
Ethnicity	Zaza
Native speakers	About 1.5–2.5 million [1][2] in Turkey, unknown numbers elsewhere  (date missing)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian languages Western Northwestern Zaza-Gorani Zazaki
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-2	zza
ISO 639-3	zza – inclusive code Individual codes: kiu – Kirmanjki (Northern Zazaki) diq – Dimli (Southern Zazaki)
Linguasphere	58-AAA-ba
The regions where Zazaki is spoken in Turkey. (With three main dialect areas; Dersim, Palu-Bingol, and Siverek), diasporic in Kars, Sarız, Aksaray, and Taraz)

Zazaki language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Zazaki (or Kirmanjki, Kirdki, Dimilki) is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey. According to Ethnologue, the language is a part of the northwestern group of the Iranian section of the Indo-European family.^[3] Zazaki shares many features, structures, and vocabulary with Gorani, Talyshi and other Caspian languages, and Kurdish languages.^[4][5] According to Ethnologue (which cites [Paul 1998]^[5]), the number of speakers is between 1.5 and 2.5 million (including all dialects). According to Nevins, the number of Zazaki speakers is between 2 and 4 million.^[6] Although their language is not a Kurdish dialect, the Zaza people consider themselves to be Kurds and the Kurds accept them as such.^[7]

Zaza dialects[link]

There are three main Zaza dialects:

• Northern Zazaki^[8]: It is spoken in Tunceli, Erzincan, Erzurum, Sivas, Gumushane, Mus (Varto), Kayseri (Sariz) provinces.

Its sub-dialects are:

• West-Dersim
• East-Dersim
• Varto
• Border dialects like Sarız, Koçgiri (Giniyan-idiom)

• Central Zazaki^{[citation needed]}: It is spoken in Elazığ, Bingöl, Solhan, Girvas and Diyarbakır provinces.^{[citation needed]}

Its sub-dialects are:

• Bingol^{[citation needed]}
• Palu^{[citation needed]}
• Border dialects like Hani, Kulp, Lice, Ergani, Piran^{[citation needed]}

• Southern Zazaki^[9]: It is spoken Şanlıurfa (Siverek), Diyarbakır (Cermik, Egil), Adiyaman, Malatya provinces.

Its sub-dialects are:

• Siverek
• Cermik, Gerger
• Border dialects like Mutki and Aksaray

Zaza literature and broadcast programs[link]

The first written statements in Zaza were compiled by the linguist Peter Lerch in 1850. Two other important documents are the religious writings of Ehmedê Xasi of 1899,^[10] and of Usman Efendiyo Babıc (published in Damascus in 1933); both of these works were written in the Arabic script.

The use of the Latin script to write Zazaki became popular only in the diaspora in Sweden, France and Germany at the beginning of the 1980s. This was followed by the publication of magazines and books in Turkey, particularly in Istanbul. The efforts of Zaza intellectuals to advance the comprehensibility of their native language by alphabetizing were not fruitless; the number of publications in Zaza has multiplied. This rediscovery of the native culture by Zaza intellectuals not only caused a renaissance of Zaza language and culture, it also triggered feelings among younger generations of Zazas (who, however, rarely speak Zazaki as a mother tongue) in favor of this modern Western use of Zazaki, rekindling their interest in their ancestral language.

The diaspora has also generated a limited amount of Zaza-language broadcasting. Moreover, after restrictions were removed on local languages in Turkey during their move toward accession to the European Union, Turkish state-owned TRT television launched a Zazaki TV program and a radio program on Fridays.

Phonological correspondences of Zazaki and other Iranian languages[link]

Alphabet[link]

This article or section contains only non-IPA pronunciation information for some words. It should be expanded with an International Phonetic Alphabet transcription. For assistance, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation.

The Zaza alphabet contains 31 letters ^[11]:

A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z

a, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, u, û, v, w, x, y, z

A(a): /a/

B(be): /b/

C(ce): /dz/; /dʒ/ before /e/, /i/, or /y/

Ç(Çe): /ts/; /tʃ/ before /e/,/i/, or /y/

D(de): /d/

E(e): /ɛ/

Ê(Ê): /e/

F(fe): /f/

G(ge): /g/

H(he): /h/

I(i): /ɪ/

Î(î): /i/

J(je): /ʒ/

K(ke): /k/

L(le): /l/

M(me): /m/

N(ne): /n/

O(o): /o/

P(pe): /p/

Q(qe): /q/

R(re): /r/

S(se): /s/

Ş(Şe): /ʃ/

T(te): /t/

U(u): /y/

Û(Û): /u/

V(ve): /v/

W(we): /w/

X(xe): /x/

Y(ye): /j/

Z(ze): /z/

Grammar[link]

Grammatical gender[link]

The Zazaki language distinguishes between masculine and feminine grammatical gender. Each noun belongs to one of those two genders. In order to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affecting that noun, one must identify whether the noun is feminine or masculine. This distinguishes Zazaki from many other Western Iranian languages that have lost this feature over time.

For example, the masculine preterite participle of the verb kerdene ("to make" or "to do") is kerde; the feminine preterite-participle is kerdiye. Both have the sense of the English "made" or "done". The grammatical gender of the preterite-participle would be determined by the grammatical gender of the noun representing the thing that was made or done.

The linguistic notion of grammatical gender is distinguished from the biological and social notion of gender, although they interact closely in many languages. Both grammatical and natural gender can have linguistic effects in a given language.

Vocabulary[link]

Words in Zazaki can be divided into five groups in respect to their origins. Most words in Zazaki are Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Iranian in origin. The fourth group consists of words that developed when Zazaki speakers divided from the Proto-Iranian language. The fifth group consists of loan words. Loan words in Zazaki are chiefly from Arabic and Persian.

Classification[link]

Zazaki is an Iranian language in the Indo-European family. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Mazandarani, Hewrami, Gilaki and other Caspian languages. However, the classification of Zazaki has been an issue of political discussion. Britannica classifies it as a subdialect of Kurdish language.^[12] There are many Zazaki-speakers who identify themselves as ethnic Kurds while others do not.^[13]

Ethnologue favors the following hierarchy:^[3]

• Northwestern Iranian languages
  • Zaza-Gorani language group
    • Dimli/Zazaki
    • Gorani language
    • other sublanguages/dialects of Zazaki-Gorani group
  • Caspian languages group
    • Mazandarani
    • Gilaki
    • others

The US State Department "Background Note" lists the Zazaki language as one of the major languages of Turkey, along with Turkish (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Greek, and Arabic.^[14] Linguists connect the word Dimli with the Daylamites in the Alborz Mountains near the shores of Caspian Sea in Iran and believe that the Zaza have immigrated from Deylaman towards the west. Zazaki shows many connections to the Iranian dialects of the Caspian region, especially the Gilaki language.

The Zazaki language shows similarities with (Hewrami or Gorani), Shabaki and Bajelani. Gorani, Bajelani, and Shabaki languages are spoken around Iran-Iraq border; however, it is believed that they are also migrated from Northern Iran to their present homelands. These languages are sometimes put together in the Zaza-Gorani language group.

See also[link]

• Iranian Languages vocabulary comparison table
• Zaza people

References[link]

Notes[link]

• Zazaki.net- Zazas and Zazaki
• Blau, Gurani et Zaza in R. Schmitt, ed., Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden, 1989, ISBN 3-88226-413-6, pp. 336–40 (About Daylamite origin of Zaza-Guranis)
• Mesut Keskin, Zur dialektalen Gliederung des Zazaki. Magisterarbeit, Frankfurt 2008. (PDF)

Literature[link]

• Paul, Ludwig. (1998) "The Position of Zazaki Among West Iranian languages" University of Hamburg.
• Lynn Todd, Terry. (1985) "A Grammar of Dimili" University of Michigan.
• Gippert, Jost. (1996) "Historical Development of Zazaki" University of Frankfurt.
• Gajewski, Jon. (2003) "Evidentiality in Zazaki" Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• Gajewski, Jon. (2004) "Zazaki Notes" Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• Larson, Richard. and Yamakido, Hiroko. (2006) "Zazaki as Double Case-Marking" Stony Brook University and University of Arizona.
• Brigitte Werner. (2007) "Features of Bilingualism in the Zaza Community" Marburg, Germany.
• Mesut Keskin, Zur dialektalen Gliederung des Zazaki. Magisterarbeit, Frankfurt 2008. (PDF)

External links[link]

Zazaki language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kirmanjki test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Genetic Study on Zaza & Kurmanji Kurds (the two groups are similar genetically & not related to Northern-Iranian Groups)
• Academic Research Center of Zazaki (Zazaki, German, Turkish, English)
• Dimli (on the Ethnologue site)
• Kirmanjki (on the Ethnologue site)
• ZazaPress (In Zazaki, Turkish, English and Swedish)
• Iremet Publishing (In Zazaki, Turkish and Swedish)
• Zazaki Language Institute (In German, Zazaki, and Turkish)
• Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza
• MIT OpenCourseWare online course in Zazaki
• A Zazaki Radio: Miraz FM
• Web Center of Zaza People (Weblinks of Zaza people)
• With An Eye and an Ear Towards Zazaki (23-min film, produced/directed by Gulcem Aktas and Andrew Nevins
• A web Portal on Zazaki
• Website of Zazaki Institute Frankfurt

Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ثمر مبارک مند) (born September 17, 1942), (NI, HI, SI, Ph.D, FPAS), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served as the founding chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM) from 2001 until 2007.^[1] Samar Mubarak-Mand launched the Missile Integration Programme in 1987 which was successfully completed in 2005. A pioneer of Fluid and Aerodynamics in Pakistan, Mand earned renowned internationally in May 1998, when he headed the team of academic scientists which carried out the country's first and successful nuclear tests — Codename Chagai-I on May 28 and Codename Chagai-II on May 30 — in Balochistan Province of Pakistan.^[2]

Education[link]

Samar Mubarakmand completed his elementary and intermediate education from Lahore, British Punjab. He did his matriculation from St. Anthony's High School in 1956.^[1] He received his B.Sc. in Physics in 1958 and, followed by his M.Sc. degree in nuclear physics in 1962, in which he wrote his M.Sc. thesis on "Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer",both from Government College University, Lahore.^[3]

The same year, he won the doctoral scholarship, and attended Oxford University. Mand studied with Shaukat Hameed Khan, and while at Oxford, he studied Compton scattering and dynamical theory of Gamma spectroscopy. He received his Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the University of Oxford in 1966 under the renowned nuclear physicist Dr. D. H. Wilkinson.^[4] There, Mand studied with Shaukat Hameed Khan at the Physics Department, learning about the Linear accelerators, and after returning to Pakistan he built one. In Oxford, he was part of the team that commissioned a 22 million volt atomic accelerator.^[5] After his doctorate, Mand returned to Pakistan where he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1966.

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)[link]

After his doctorate, Mand joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1966. The following year, he was sent to Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) where he did his post-doctoral research under Naeem Ahmad Khan. In January 1972, Mand was assigned to Ishfaq Ahmad's Nuclear Physics Division where he took charge to carry out the calculations in implosion method, and mathematical multiplication involved in nuclear fission.^[6] In 1974, on the advise of Abdus Salam, Ishfaq Ahmad formed the Fast Neutron Physics Group, making Mand as its head. Mand was tasked to began to calculated the neutron energy's distributive ranges — determining the numbers would produced during the fission process — and Neutron economy — how much power would be produced by the neutrons.^[6] In September 1973, Mand then began the work on simultaneity — key calculations involving to investigate detonation of the weapon from several points at the same time. However, the work was passed on to the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) under Asghar Qadir, and the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) under Abdus Salam as it felt that the calculations would be better off with MPG and TPG under Salam, as it involved complex mathematical and physics applications of Einstein's Special and General relativity.^[6] Mand charged with the test teams, and was made responsible for the countdown for the detonation of the weapon.^[6] As scientist, Mand's team was tasked with the carrying the measurement and collecting scientific experimented data from the nuclear detonation.^[6]

In 1978, both TPG and MPG completed the work on the Fast neutron calculations, and the designing of the first implosion fission weapon. In 1978, Mand led the construction of a nuclear and particle linear accelerator, and the neutron generator at the secret Pinstech Laboratory. On March 11 of 1983, Mand was one of the few scientists that were invited to eye-witnessed the cold test of theoretically designed weapon, codename Kirana-I. Mand was the part of the Ishfaq Ahmad's Nuclear Physics Division, and led the countdown of the weapon while TPG and MPG calculated the yield. In 1980s, Mand was given transferred to Directorate for Technical Development(DTD) — a secret directorate that was mandate to develop explosive lenses and triggering mechanism for the fission weapon. There, along with Hafeez Qureshi, Mand provided the technical assistance to the engineers there. At Pinstech Laboratory, Mand built another nuclear accelerator to conduct studies of an explosion process in a fission weapon. For his own role in the project and DTD, Mand later concluded: Engineer people (referring to Dr. Hafeez Qureshi and Dr. Zaman Sheikh), at DTD, were really smart. They were trained very thoroughly in the development of a weapon's necessary materials at very low cost.^[7]

Mubarakmand first visited in Chagai Hills in 1981, along with Ishfaq Ahmad and other scientists from different divisions. In 1998, in the absence of Ishfaq Ahmad, Mand had briefly directed then-Prime minister Nawaz Sharif as he was first responsible for the preparations of tests. However, after Ishfaq Ahmad arrived, Mand was made responsible for the preparations of the tests. In May 28, 1998, Mand led the countdown of tests — codename Chagai-I — in Ras Koh Hills of Chagai region. On May 30, Ishfaq Ahmad received permission from the Prime minister, and Mand led the a very small team of academic scientists that supervised the country's plutonium fission weapon — codename Chagai-II. </ref> In the 1990s, he served as the Director General of National Defence Complex, another Pakistani organization shrouded in secrecy.^[8] On a day when Mubarakmand was interviewed by Pakistani media host Hamid Mir on his program Capital Talk, Mubarakmand eulogized his memories and said:

I visited Weapon-testing laboratories(WTL) at (Chagai Hills) for the first time in 1981.... When the science experiments were to be conducted, our science teams went there on 20th May, and again on 28th May, in the early morning, the WTL iron-steel tunnels were (electronically) plugged in and the preparation for the tests' experiments were complete, and on 28th May, around 15:15hrs, was the time selected for testings. So, at that time, at around 14:45hrs, some of our high profiled guests arrived to witness the (science) experiments that were soon to be tests, and Dr. Qadeer Khan was also one of them.... It was the first visit of his life to any of Chagai's Weapon-testing laboratories. (Abdul Qadeer) came at the invitation of the Chairman of the PAEC, Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, and (Abdul Qadeer) arrived 15 minutes prior to the (science) experiments that were to be conducted...

—Samar Mubarakmand, commenting on Abdul Qadeer Khan's role in atomic bomb project, ^[9]

.

Recalling Munir Ahmad Khan and PAEC's role and its relation to the famous atomic bomb project priority dispute, Mand later said that:

Space programme[link]

After his active role in Pakistan's nuclear weapons research programme, Mubarakmand has been associated with the country's space program where he largely contributed his research in computational fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and fluid physics. Into Pakistan's scientific circle, he is known as father of Pakistan's missile program where he has reportedly been present at the flight test facilities of Pakistan.^[11] In 1987, Ministry of Defence initiated the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme, an equivalent program to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). The MoD initiated the program under the leadership of Dr. Samar Mubarakmand and Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan.

In 1995, Mubarakmand became chief project coordinator of Shaheen Strategic Missile Guidance System, and the following year, Mubarakmand was made head of the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP), . The program, in which, Pakistan's developed its liquid and solid booster based missiles for her nuclear war heads. As the head of the Missile Integration Program, Mubarakmand's team successfully developed the solid booters and solid engine for Shaheen-I. This was later followed by developing the Shaheen-II and Shaheen-III missiles. As of today, Mubarakmand is considered the main architect of Pakistan's missile program, which includes systems such as the Babur missile, Shaheen missile series, and the Ghaznavi missile system.^[12]

Mubarakmand, who has been a chief architect of Pakistan's solid booster, he has been a strong advocate for a Pakistan's space program. As a "Science and Technology" member at the Planning Commission of Pakistan, he has been staunch supporter of rocket science in his country where he led the Shaheen Missile guidance system project. Talking to the media on August 18, 2009, Mubarakmand has Pakistan would launch its own satellite in April 2011 it made some things seem all to obvious to analyst familiar with the subject.^[13]

He described the satellite as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and that it was funded by the Pakistani Planning Commission. He went on to say there were sufficient funds for the defense, nuclear and space programs. Whether this will be a less than 100 kg first test satellite or a much heavier satellite remains to be seen.^[14]

Thar Coal Power Project[link]

Of 2010, currently, Dr. Samarkand Mubarakmand is supervising coal mining practiced on scientific lines, for the Thar Coal Power Project.

Legacy[link]

Samar Mubarakmand is widely credited with bringing modernization in the design and development of many components and instruments that are the backbone of Pakistan's nuclear and missile technology.^[15] Mubarakmand is a recipient of Pakistan's three highest civilian awards; Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993), Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998) and Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003). In 2000, he was elected Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences. He has always kept a low profile and is often referred to as the "Unsung Hero" of Nuclear Pakistan. Despite keeping away from the public spotlight, Samar Mubarakmand is considered the most influential and eminent Pakistani Nuclear Scientist.

Samar Mubarakmand served as Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Science & Technology from December 2007 to April 2008, and joined Planning Commission (Pakistan), Government of Pakistan as Member (Science & Technology) on 16-12-2008.

Scientific journals and papers[link]

Conference Papers[link]

• A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear emergence, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Dr. Khalil Qureshi, Dr. Masoor Beg, Dr. Masud Ahmad.

Research Publications[link]

• Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of ⁵⁸Ni with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, Samar Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH.
• Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by Samar Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry.
• Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to ⁸⁶Rn and ²³² Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, Samar Mubarakmand, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977).
• Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the ⁺ particle fission cross–section of uranium, by Samar Mubarakmand, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
• Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (⁴NH)²HF, NaOH and KOH, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).
• Derivation of a mathematical relationship between the relative movement of point charges and their associated viscosic medium - Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Fahad Shiftra and Prof. Ian.
• Super critical movement of point charges in a Bose-Einstein condensate-Fahad Shiftra, Prof. Asad Abidi and Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (Turkish journal of physics - May 2005)

Awards and honors[link]

• Dr. Nazir Ahmad Award (2007)
• Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003)
• Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
• Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1992)
• Academic Roll of Honour, Government College, Lahore (1962).

Memberships/fellowships[link]

• Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences (2000)
• Fellow of Pakistan Nuclear Society (1995)
• An elected member of Nuclear Society of Pakistan (1994)
• Fellow of the Pakistan Mathematical Society (2007)

Quotes by Samar Mubarakmand[link]

• Samar Mubarakmand's response on the day when Pakistan complete its nuclear task of explosion on May 28, 1998.

^[16]

See also[link]

• Pakistan and its Nuclear Detterent Program
• Munir Ahmad Khan
• Ishfaq Ahmad
• Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi
• Shaheen (missile)
• Chagai-I
• Chagai-II
• Kirana Hills

Notes[link]

References and Links[link]

• Samar Mubarakmand
• http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28142/1/people11_12-99
• http://www.ciitlahore.edu.pk/PL/News/VisitDrSamar110209.html

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Shaheen Sehbai is a Pakistani-American journalist and the current Group Editor of daily English newspaper The News International.^[1] Shaheen Sehbai resigned from The News International in March 2002 after receiving a memorandum from his publisher admonishing him for publication of libellous matter, alienating advertisers, and being generally inaccessible to senior government officials as well his own staff among other complaints; Mr. Sehbai defended himself saying that he was being persecuted for failing to support the Musharraf government.^[2] In August 2002, the Committee to Protect Journalists sent a public letter to then-President Pervez Musharraf to draw his attention to alleged harassment of Shaheen Sehbai's family members living in Pakistan.^[3]

In July 2010, Shaheen Sehbai filed a defamation notice against Azeem Daultana, a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, and two newspapers for publishing a column written by Azeem Daultana.^[4] The notice complains that Mr. Daultana's column alleges that Shaheen Sehbai has taken a "revenge mission" against the present President Asif Ali Zardari due to Shaheen Sehbai's being denied an Ambassadorship, a claim that was originally made in a column by Aftab Iqbal column published in the Urdu daily newspaper Nawa-i-Waqt on December 29, 2008.^[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Interview with Shaheen Sehbai
• "Differentiating between journalism and ‘churnalism’". June 15, 2010. http://pakteahouse.wordpress.com/2010/06/15/differentiating-between-journalism-and-%E2%80%98churnalism%E2%80%99/. Retrieved 2010-07-07.