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Benjamin Fulford (born 1961) is a journalist living in Japan.

He is the great-grandson of George Taylor Fulford.

In the early 1980s he came to Japan to study at Sophia University. After receiving a B.A. from the University of British Columbia he returned to Japan in the mid-1980s to pursue a career in journalism. He worked in Japan as a correspondent for Knight Ridder, the ''International Financing Review'', the ''Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' English edition, and the ''South China Morning Post'' before moving to ''Forbes'' magazine, where he was the Asian Bureau chief from 1998 to 2005. After leaving ''Forbes'' he wrote a series of books in Japanese. He conducted an interview with the reclusive David Rockefeller in November 2007 .

On July 14, 2009 the Tokyo District Court awarded American broadcast journalist Steven L. Herman more than Yen 1,700,000 (115K euro) in the civil libel case brought against Fulford and his publisher (Herman vs. Fulford, Fusosha & M. Katagiri).

After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Fulford claimed on Japanese television that "[t]he American government in cooperation with [the] Federal Reserve, the Rockefellers, and other powerful groups, they are planning the eruption of Mt. Fuji Volcano. The earthquake and the tsunami was March 11th, 2011, 03.11.11. The Mt. Fuji Eruption they are planning is for April 11th, 2011." Fulford attributed the earthquake, tsunami and his predicted eruption of Mt. Fuji to HAARP, a scientific facility used by physicists to research the upper atmosphere.

References

External links

benjaminfulford.net

benjaminfulford.com (Japanese)

benjaminfulford.com (English)

Benjamin Fulford's Blog (Japanese/English)

Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Conspiracy theorists Category:Canadian journalists Category:University of British Columbia alumni Category:Japanese people of Canadian descent Category:Naturalized citizens of Japan Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people)

fr:Benjamin Fulford ja:古歩道ベンジャミン pl:Benjamin Fulford

birth date	January 20, 1948
birth place	Stalino, Soviet Union
year of aliyah	1986
knesset(s)	14th, 15th, 16th, 17th
party	Likud
former parties	Yisrael BaAliyah
gov't roles	Deputy Prime MinisterMinister of Industry and TradeMinister of Internal AffairsMinister of Housing & ConstructionMinister of Jerusalem Affairs
website	Natan Sharansky - Official Website }}

Natan Sharansky (born January 20th, 1948) (, (, ) is a former Soviet refusenik and prisoner, Israeli politician, human rights activist and author.

Biography

Anatoly Borisovich Shcharansky (, ) (later Natan Sharansky) was born in Stalino, Soviet Union on January 20, 1948 to a Jewish family. He graduated with a degree in applied mathematics from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. As a child, he was a chess prodigy. He performed in simultaneous and blindfold displays, usually against adults. At the age of 15, he won the championship in his native Donetsk. When incarcerated in solitary confinement, he claims to have played chess against himself in his mind. Sharansky beat the world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a simultaneous exhibition in Israel in 1996.

Natan Sharansky is married to Avital Sharansky, with whom he has two daughters, Rachel and Hannah. In the Soviet Union, his marriage application to Avital was denied by the authorities. They were married in a Moscow synagogue in a ceremony not recognized by the government.

Sharansky was released in February 1986 after serving 3 years of prison and 5 years of strict-regimen forced labor penal colony in Perm Oblast, East Siberia. He was the first political prisoner ever released by Mikhail Gorbachev due to intense political pressure from Ronald Reagan. Sharansky immediately emigrated to Israel. In 1988, he wrote ''Fear No Evil'', his memoirs of his time as a prisoner.

Political activism

After being denied an exit visa to Israel in 1973, Sharansky became a human rights activist and spokesperson for the Moscow Helsinki Group. Sharansky was one of the founders of the Refusenik movement in Moscow. In 1977 Sharansky was arrested on charges of spying for the United States and treason and sentenced to 13 years of forced labor in Perm 35, a Siberian labor camp.

As a result of an international campaign led by his wife, Avital Sharansky (including assistance from East German lawyer Wolfgang Vogel, New York Congressman Benjamin Gilman and rabbi Ronald Greenwald) Sharansky and three low-level Western spies (Czech citizen Jaroslav Javorský and West German citizens Wolf-Georg Frohn and Dietrich Nistroy) were exchanged for Czech spies Karl Koecher and Hana Koecher held in the USA, Soviet spy Yevgeni Zemlyakov, Polish spy Jerzy Kaczmarek and GDR spy Detlef Scharfenorth (the latter three held in Western Germany) in 1986 on Glienicke Bridge.

Sharansky made aliyah to Israel, adopting the Hebrew name ''Natan''. In 1988 Sharansky founded the Zionist Forum, an organization of Soviet emigrant Jewish activists dedicated to helping new Israelis and educating the public about absorption issues. Sharansky also served as a contributing editor to ''The Jerusalem Report'' and as a Board member of Peace Watch. In 1986, Congress granted him the Congressional Gold Medal. In 2006 US President George W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which the The Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy denounced as the celebration of a racist. On 17 September 2008,the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation awarded Sharansky its 2008 Ronald Reagan Freedom Award.

Israeli political career

In 1995 Sharansky and Yoel Edelstein founded the Yisrael BaAliyah ("Israel in aliya", or a pun, "Israel on the rise") party, promoting the absorption of the Soviet Jews into Israeli society. The party won seven Knesset seats in 1996. It won 6 seats in the Israeli legislative election, 1999, gaining two ministerial posts, but left the government on 11 July 2000 in response to suggestions that Ehud Barak's negiotations with the Palestinians would result in a division of Jerusalem. After Ariel Sharon won a special election for Prime Minister in 2001, the party joined his new government, and was again given two ministerial posts.

In the January 2003 elections the party was reduced to just two seats. Sharansky resigned from the Knesset, and was replaced by Edelstein. However, he remained party chairman, and decided to merge it into Likud (which had won the election with 38 seats). The merger went through on 10 March 2003, and Sharansky was appointed Minister of Jerusalem Affairs.

From March 2003-May 2005, he was Israel's Minister without portfolio, responsible for Jerusalem, social and Jewish diaspora affairs. Under this position Sharansky chaired a secret committee that approved the seizure of East Jerusalem property of West Bank Palestinians. This decision was reversed after an outcry from the Israeli left and the international community. Previously he served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, Minister of Housing and Construction since March 2001, Interior Minister of Israel (July 1999 - resigned in July 2000), Minister of Industry and Trade (1996–1999). He resigned from the cabinet in April 2005 to protest plans to withdraw Israeli settlements from the Gaza Strip. He was re-elected to the Knesset in March 2006 as a member of the Likud Party. On November 20, 2006, he resigned from the Knesset to form the Adelson Institute for Strategic Studies. Since 2007, Sharansky has been Chairman of the Board of Beit Hatefutsot, the Jewish diaspora museum, and since June 2009 is the chairman of the executive of the Jewish Agency for Israel.

NGO work

In June 2009 Sharansky was elected to the Chair of the Executive of the Jewish Agency for Israel by the Jewish Agency Board of Governors. In September 2009 Sharansky secured $6 million from the Genesis Philanthropy Group for educational activities in the former Soviet Union.

Media recognition and awards

Before his rise to power in Israel, Sharansky appeared in the March 1990 edition of National Geographic in Mike Edward's article "Last Days of the Gulag". In the article he describes his life in the Soviet prison system and is shown in Israel looking at photos of the Gulag taken for the article. In 2005, Sharansky participated in "They Chose Freedom", a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement, and in 2008, he was featured in the Laura Bialis documentary Refusenik. He was number eleven on the list of ''TIME'' magazine's 100 most influential people of 2005 in the "Scientists and thinkers" category.

Published works

Sharansky is the author of three books. The first is the autobiographical ''Fear No Evil'', which dealt with his trial and imprisonment. His second book, "The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror" was co-written with Ron Dermer. George W. Bush offered praise for the book:

"If you want a glimpse of how I think about foreign policy, read Natan Sharansky's book, The Case for Democracy... For government, particularly — for opinion makers, I would put it on your recommended reading list. It's short and it's good. This guy is a heroic figure, as you know. It's a great book."

His book ''Defending Identity: Its Indispensable Role in Protecting Democracy'', is a defense of the value of national and religious identity in building democracy.

Political views

Sharansky has argued that there can never be peace between Israel and the Palestinians until there is "the building of real democratic institutions in the fledgling Palestinian society, no matter how tempting a 'solution' without them may be." In a Haaretz interview, he maintained the “Jews came here 3,000 years ago and this is the cradle of Jewish civilization. Jews are the only people in history who kept their loyalty to their identity and their land throughout the 2,000 years of exile, and no doubt that they have the right to have their place among nations—not only historically but also geographically. As to the Palestinians, who are the descendants of those Arabs who migrated in the last 200 years, they have the right, if they want, to have their own state... but not at the expense of the state of Israel.” In the wake of the Arab uprisings of 2011, he told Moment Magazine, "To sign an agreement you must have a partner who is dependent on the well-being of his people, which is what democracy means."

See also

Refusenik (2008 film)

New anti-Semitism

Refusenik (Soviet Union)

Gulag

List of people who have beaten Garry Kasparov in chess

References

Bibliography

''Fear No Evil: The Classic Memoir of One Man's Triumph over a Police State'', Public Affairs: 1998. ISBN 1-891620-02-9.

''The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror'', Public Affairs: 2004. ISBN 1-58648-261-0.

''Defending Identity: Its Indisputable Role in Protecting Democracy'', Public Affairs: 2008. ISBN 1-58648-513-X.

The Real Russia Problem, September 2008.

The Political Legacy of Theodor Herzl, essay in Azure magazine.

The Jewish State: The Next 50 Years, essay in Azure magazine.

Save Gaza by Destroying the Heart of Terror, January 2009

External links

Natan Sharansky Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Natan Sharansky Jewish Virtual Library

The View from the Gulag. An interview with Natan Sharansky

Natan Sharansky on Leadel.NET Interview, Up Close and Personal with Natan Sharansky

Sharansky's Final Statement in the Soviet Court, 14 July 1978

Autobiographical article about his time in the GULAG Solitary Lessons October 2008.

Natan Sharansky short speech on ''The Strength of a United Jewish People''

Mr. Sharansky, ease my doubts, by Martin Kramer

Sharansky Interview in Middle East Quarterly

Sharansky Interview on BookTV's After Words (13 February 2005)

Sharansky's Double Standard by Michael C. Desch, ''The American Conservative'', 28 March 2005.

''Anti-Semitism in 3D'' (Jerusalem Post) 23 February 2004

Natan Sharansky Right Web Profile

Natan Sharansky Adelson Institute for Strategic Studies

Is This the Deal We Were Hoping For? February, 2009.

Sharansky the KGB Agent

How the U.N. Perpetuates the 'Refugee' Problem (Wall Street Journal) 6 January 2009

Sharansky's views about the Temple Mount (Haaretz) 16 October 2003

Category:1948 births Category:Gulag detainees Category:People from Donetsk Category:Soviet Jews Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni Category:Soviet chess players Category:Moscow Helsinki Watch Group Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Soviet emigrants to Israel Category:Israeli Jews Category:Israeli party leaders Category:Members of the Knesset Category:Israeli human rights activists Category:Refuseniks Category:Zionists Category:Israeli curators Category:Living people Category:Yisrael BaAliyah politicians Category:Likud politicians

cs:Natan Šaransky de:Natan Scharanski es:Natan Sharanski fr:Natan Sharansky it:Natan Sharansky he:נתן שרנסקי nl:Natan Sharansky ja:ナタン・シャランスキー no:Natan Sharansky pl:Natan Sharansky pt:Natan Sharansky ru:Щаранский, Натан fi:Natan Štšaranski sv:Natan Sharansky tl:Natan Ščaranskij uk:Щаранський Натан

Name	Philip Bobbitt
Birth date	July 22, 1948
Birth place	Temple, Texas
Nationality	United States
Fields	Law, history
Workplaces	Columbia Law School
Alma mater	Princeton UniversityYale Law SchoolOxford University
Signature
Footnotes	}}

Philip Chase Bobbitt (born July 22, 1948) is an American author, academic, and public servant who has lectured in the United Kingdom. He is best known for work on military strategy and constitutional law and theory, and as the author of ''Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution'' (1982), ''The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History'' (2002) and ''Terror and Consent: the Wars for the Twenty-first Century'' (2008).

Life

Family and origins

Philip Bobbitt was born in Temple, Texas. He is the only child of Oscar Price Bobbitt (died 1995) (son of Oscar Price Bobbitt and Maude Wisner) and Rebekah Luruth Johnson Bobbitt (1910–1978) (daughter of Sam Johnson and Rebekah Baines). O.P. Bobbitt was a direct descendant of Henry Wisner, the only delegate from New York to vote for the Declaration of Independence and William Bobbitt, a Virginia planter (d. 1673). Rebekah Bobbitt's father and grandfather were members of the Texas Legislature; her great grandfather was president of Baylor University. Bobbitt is the nephew of Lyndon Baines Johnson, president of the United States from 1963 to 1969; Rebekah Bobbitt was the eldest sister of the 36th president. Between high school and college, Bobbitt resided for the summer in the White House.

Education

Bobbitt graduated with an A.B. in philosophy from Princeton University in 1971 where his thesis advisor was Richard Rorty (thesis: On Wittgenstein and a Philosophical Topology). At Princeton he was president of the Ivy Club and Chairman of the Nassau Lit. In 1975 he received his J.D. from Yale Law School, where he was Article Editor of the Yale Law Journal and taught at Yale College. It was at Yale that he met Charles L. Black (1915–2001); Black became a mentor to Bobbitt. He received his M.A and Ph.D. (Modern History) from Oxford in 1983.

Scholar of law and history

After his graduation from Yale, Philip Bobbitt clerked for Judge Henry Jacob Friendly (1903–1986) of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after which he returned to Austin. His first book ''Tragic Choices'' (1978), written with Yale Law Professor (later Dean and Judge of the Second Circuit) Guido Calabresi was a study of how societies make certain decisions---who gets expensive medical care, who is to be drafted into the army, who may have children, and similar choices by which societies are defined. It has won a number of awards and is studied in other disciplines as well as law.

Bobbitt was also at Nuffield College, Oxford, where he was Anderson Senior Research Fellow and a member of the Modern History faculty from 1983 to 1990; later he was the Marsh Christian Senior Research Fellow in the Department of War Studies at King's College London 1994-1997. From 1981 to 1982, and again in 2004 he was visiting research fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Until 2007, Bobbitt held the A.W. Walker Centennial Chair at the University of Texas, where he taught constitutional law. In 2005 he was the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School; in 2007, Bobbitt was the Samuel Rubin Visiting Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, where he accepted a permanent chair later that year; he is now the Herbert Wechsler Professor of Jurisprudence at Columbia and Director of the Center for National Security there. He remains Distinguished Senior Lecturer at the University of Texas Law School and Senior Fellow in the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the University of Texas.

He is a Fellow of the Club of Madrid, a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Pacific Council on International Affairs, the Executive Council of the American Society of International Law, a Life Member of the American Law Institute, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He serves as a member of the Commission on the Continuity of Government and serves on the Task Force on Law and National Security of the Hoover Institution at Stanford. In May 2010 he was appointed to serve as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on International Law.

Views on Constitutional Law

Like many contemporary scholars, Bobbitt believes that the constitution's durability rests, in part, in the flexible manner in which it can be and has been interpreted since its creation. He emphasizes the "modalities of constitutional argument": 1) structural; 2) textual; 3) ethical; 4) prudential; 5) historical; and 6) doctrinal. He has argued in his books for the recognition of the ethical modality, which has to do with the traditional vision we have of the nation and the role government ought to play (some scholars call this form "argument from tradition"). He first introduced these forms of argument---or modalities---as a way of understanding constitutional review generally in "Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution" (1982), a study of judicial review and then broadened their application to constitutional review generally in Constitutional Interpretation (1993) which deals with non-judicial examples of constitutional argument and decision making. Bobbitt asserts that all branches of government have a duty to assess the constitutionality of their actions. Constitutional Fate is a commonly used text in courses on constitutional law throughout the U.S.

Government service

Bobbitt has also served extensively in government, for both Democratic and Republican administrations. In the 1970s, he was Associate Counsel to President Carter for which he received the Certificate of Meritorious Service and worked with Lloyd Cutler on the charter of the Central Intelligence Agency (''Austin Chronicle'', June 21, 2002). He later was Legal Counsel to the Iran-Contra Committee in the U. S. Senate, the Counselor for International Law at the State Department during the George H. W. Bush administration, and served at the National Security Council, where he was director for Intelligence Programs, senior director for Critical Infrastructure, and senior director for Strategic Planning during Bill Clinton's presidency.

''The Shield of Achilles''

In 2002 Philip Bobbitt published ''The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History'' (Knopf), an ambitious 900-page work that explicates a theory, verging on philosophy, of historical change in the modern era, and a history of the development of modern constitutional and international law. Bobbitt traces interacting patterns in the (mainly modern European) history of strategic innovations, major wars, peace conferences, international diplomacy and constitutional standards for states. Bobbitt also suggests possible future scenarios and policies appropriate to them.

Arguing that "law and strategy are not merely made in history . . . they are made of history" (p. 5), Bobbitt presents a dynamic view of historical change that has a dark, tragic dimension, for he holds that the painful and, indeed, atrocious process of resolving issues that create conflict and war tends to cause changes that render obsolete the solution to that conflict (generally a new form of the state possessing a new principle of legitimacy), even as it is established. This tragic dimension is evoked in the title of Bobbitt's book, inspired by the extraordinary last lines of Book 18 of Homer's ''Iliad'', describing a shield fabricated for Achilles by the Hephaestus, across the "vast expanse" of which "with all his craft and cunning/the god creates a world of gorgeous immortal work" (trans. Robert Fagles).

The Shield of Achilles generated much interest in the diplomatic and political community. Public officials who follow Bobbitt's works include the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair; the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, who built his Dimbleby Lecture around Bobbitt's thesis; and the former Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, who referred to Bobbit's book in a 2004 address to the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Lecture.

The book and its thesis has also been discussed by the Vice-President of India, Prince Hassan of Jordan, and other political figures. It is currently being translated into Mandarin by a team at the University of Beijing.

''Terror and Consent''

In 2008 Knopf published Bobbitt's ''Terror and Consent: the Wars for the Twenty-first Century'', which applied many of the ideas of ''The Shield of Achilles'' to the problems of wars on terror. ''Terror and Consent'' was on both the ''New York Times'' and the London ''Evening Standard''’s best-seller lists and was widely reviewed. Among others, Senator John McCain praised the book as “the best book I’ve ever read on terrorism,” and Henry Kissinger called Bobbitt, “perhaps the most important political philosopher today.” Tony Blair wrote of ''Terror and Consent'', “It may be written by an academic but it is actually required reading for political leaders.” David Cameron, the leader of the Tory party in the UK put it on a list of summer reading for his parliamentary colleagues in 2008. In ''Terror & Consent'', Bobbitt argued that the only justification for warfare in the 21st century was to protect human rights.

Other activities

Since 1990, Bobbitt has endowed the Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry, awarded biennially by the Library of Congress. It is the only prize given by the nation for poetry. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a former trustee of Princeton University. In 2004 Prospect Magazine named him One of Britain's Top 100 Public Intellectuals. He occasionally writes essays, typically on foreign policy, published in The New York Times, and The Guardian (of London).

Writings

Books

''Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution''. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-503422-8

''Democracy and Deterrence: The History and Future of Nuclear Strategy''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-00523-7

''United States Nuclear Strategy: A Reader''. (Co-editor, with Gregory F. Treverton and Lawrence Freedman.) New York: New York University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8147-1107-3

''Tragic Choices''. (Co-author: Guido Calabresi.) New York: W.W. Norton, 1990. ISBN 0-393-09085-X

''Constitutional Interpretation''. Blackwell, 1991. ISBN 0-631-16485-5

''The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History''. Foreword by Michael Howard. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. ISBN 0-375-41292-1 (Paperback [2003] ISBN 0-385-72138-2), 2003 Grand Prize Winner, Robert W. Hamilton Awards

''Terror and Consent: the Wars for the Twenty-first Century''. Knopf/Penguin, 2008.

Articles

"War Powers: An Essay on John Hart Ely's ''War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath''." ''Michigan Law Quarterly'' 92, no. 6 (May 1994): 1364-1400. (Argues for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution.)

"The Warrantless Debate Over Wiretapping." ''The New York Times'', August 22, 2007. (Argues for the necessity of legislation amending the legal framework for the interception of communications from foreign sources.)

"In This New Age of Warfare We Need Clearer Rules on When to Cross Borders." ''The Guardian'', June 16, 2008.

"Questions of Security." with John C. Danforth, ''The New York Times'', September 11, 2008.

"The Flag-Waving is Over: This is how the President can Change the World." ''The Guardian'', November 9, 2008.

"'Terror' is the Enemy." ''The New York Times'', December 14, 2008.

"Obama is Right: This is No Time for Posturing on Iran" ''Evening Standard'', June 22, 2009.

"Calculus and Compassion" ''The New York Times'', July 8, 2009.

See also

Long War (20th century)

References

External links

University of Texas staff profile

Reviews of ''Terror and Consent'' (2008)

*Boston Globe, Steve Weinberg, April 13, 2008

*New York Times Book Review, Niall Ferguson, April 13, 2008

*Newsday, Craig Seligman, April 20, 2008

*New York Times (Daily), Edward Rothstein, May 9, 2008

*Daily Telegraph, Rowan Williams, May 17, 2008

*The Spectator, Matthew d’Ancona, May 21, 2008

*Guardian, Vincent Cable, May 31, 2008

*Philadelphia Inquirer, Mark Bowden, June 1, 2008

*Times Higher Education, Alex Danchev, June 12, 2008

*The New York Review of Books, David Cole, December 8, 2008

*The New York Times Sunday Book Review, Elsa Dixler, June 3, 2009.

Observer article about Professor Bobbitt, Kaitlin Bell, October 14, 2008.

Video discussion/interview with Philip Bobbitt on Bloggingheads.tv

Interview on The Charlie Rose Show

Global Axess, Engelsberg 2007

Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:American academics Category:Academics of King's College London Category:Columbia University faculty Category:Harvard Law School people Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty Category:Columbia Law School faculty Category:United States National Security Council staffers

it:Philip Chase Bobbitt ja:フィリップ・ボビット