Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion.

History

Video technology was first developed for cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. This tape was sold for around $50,000 in 1956. Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) tapes to the public in 1971. Later advances in computer technology have allowed computers to capture, store, edit and transmit video clips. After the invention of the DVD in 1997 and Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of video tape and tape equipment plummeted.

Description of video

[[Image:PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg|thumb|300px|Analog video standards worldwide ]] The term ''video'' ("video" meaning "I see", from the Latin verb "videre") commonly refers to several storage formats for moving pictures: digital video formats, including Blu-ray Disc, DVD, QuickTime (QT), and MPEG-4; and analog videotapes, including VHS and Betamax. Video can be recorded and transmitted in various physical media: in magnetic tape when recorded as PAL or NTSC electric signals by video cameras, or in MPEG-4 or DV digital media when recorded by digital cameras. Quality of video essentially depends on the capturing method and storage used. Digital television ''(DTV)'' is a relatively recent format with higher quality than earlier television formats and has become a standard for television video. ''(See List of digital television deployments by country.)''

''3D-video'', digital video in three dimensions, premiered at the end of 20th century. Six or eight cameras with realtime depth measurement are typically used to capture ''3D-video'' streams. The format of ''3D-video'' is fixed in MPEG-4 Part 16 Animation Framework eXtension (AFX).

In many countries, the term ''video'' is often used informally to refer to both Videocassette recorders and video cassettes; the meaning is normally clear from the context.

Characteristics of video streams

Number of frames per second

''Frame rate'', the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (''frame/s'') for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) standards specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.) specifies 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24photograms/s, which complicates slightly the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve the illusion of a moving image is about fifteen frames per second.

Interlacing

Video can be interlaced or progressive. Interlacing was invented as a way to achieve good visual quality within the limitations of a narrow bandwidth. The ''horizontal scan lines'' of each interlaced frame are numbered consecutively and partitioned into two ''fields'': the ''odd field'' (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and the ''even field'' (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an ''i'' to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often specified as ''576i50'', where ''576'' indicates the vertical line resolution, ''i'' indicates interlacing, and ''50'' indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.

In ''progressive scan'' systems, each refresh period updates all of the scan lines. The result is a higher spatial resolution and a lack of various artifacts that can make parts of a stationary picture appear to be moving or flashing.

A procedure known as deinterlacing can be used for converting an interlaced stream, such as analog, DVD, or satellite, to be processed by progressive scan devices, such as Liquid crystal display television TFT LCD Television sets, projectors, and plasma panels. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce a video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.

Display resolution

The size of a video image is measured in pixels for digital video, or horizontal scan lines and vertical lines of resolution for analog video. In the digital domain (e.g. DVD) standard-definition television (SDTV) is specified as ''720/704/640×480i60'' for NTSC and ''768/720×576i50'' for PAL or SECAM resolution. However in the analog domain, the number of visible scanlines remains constant (486 NTSC/576 PAL) while the horizontal measurement varies with the quality of the signal: approximately 320 pixels per scanline for VCR quality, 400 pixels for TV broadcasts, and 720 pixels for DVD sources. Aspect ratio is preserved because of non-square "pixels".

New high-definition televisions (HDTV) are capable of resolutions up to ''1920×1080p60'', i.e. 1920 pixels per scan line by 1080 scan lines, progressive, at 60 frames per second.

Video resolution for 3D-video is measured in voxels (''volume picture element'', representing a value in three dimensional space). For example 512×512×512 voxels resolution, now used for simple 3D-video, can be displayed even on some PDAs.

Aspect ratio

Aspect ratio describes the dimensions of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectilinear, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height. The screen aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the Academy ratio) is 1.375:1.

Ratios where the height is taller than the width are uncommon in general everyday use, but do have application in computer systems where the screen may be better suited for a vertical layout. The most common tall aspect ratio of 3:4 is referred to as ''portrait mode'' and is created by physically rotating the display device 90 degrees from the normal position. Other tall aspect ratios such as 9:16 are technically possible but rarely used. (For a more detailed discussion of this topic please refer to the page orientation article.)

Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the CCIR 601 digital video standard, and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. Therefore, an NTSC DV image which is 720 pixels by 480 pixels is displayed with the aspect ratio of 4:3 (which is the traditional television standard) if the pixels are thin and displayed with the aspect ratio of 16:9 (which is the anamorphic widescreen format) if the pixels are fat.

Color space and bits per pixel

''Color model name'' describes the video color representation. ''YIQ'' was used in NTSC television. It corresponds closely to the ''YUV'' scheme used in NTSC and PAL television and the ''YDbDr'' scheme used by SECAM television.

The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of ''bits per pixel'' (bpp). A common way to reduce the number of bits per pixel in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g. 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0/4:1:1).

Video quality

Video quality can be measured with formal metrics like PSNR or with subjective video quality using expert observation.

The subjective video quality of a video processing system may be evaluated as follows:

Choose the video sequences (the ''SRC'') to use for testing.

Choose the settings of the system to evaluate (the ''HRC'').

Choose a test method for how to present video sequences to experts and to collect their ratings.

Invite a sufficient number of experts, preferably not fewer than 15.

Carry out testing.

Calculate the average marks for each ''HRC'' based on the experts' ratings.

Many subjective video quality methods are described in the ITU-T recommendation BT.500. One of the standardized method is the ''Double Stimulus Impairment Scale'' (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an ''unimpaired'' reference video followed by an ''impaired'' version of the same video. The expert then rates the ''impaired'' video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying".

Video compression method (digital only)

A wide variety of methods are used to compress video streams. Video data contains spatial and temporal redundancy, making uncompressed video streams extremely inefficient. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as ''intraframe compression'' and is closely related to image compression. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as ''interframe compression'', including motion compensation and other techniques. The most common modern standards are MPEG-2, used for DVD, Blu-ray and satellite television, and MPEG-4, used for AVCHD, Mobile phones (3GP) and Internet.

Bit rate (digital only)

''Bit rate'' is a measure of the rate of information content in a video stream. It is quantified using the bit per second (''bit/s'' or ''bps'') unit or ''Megabits per second'' (''Mbit/s''). A higher bit rate allows better video quality. For example VideoCD, with a bit rate of about 1 Mbit/s, is lower quality than DVD, with maximum bit rate of 10.08 Mbit/s for video. HD (High Definition Digital Video and TV) has a still higher quality, with a bit rate of about 20 Mbit/s.

Variable bit rate (VBR) is a strategy to maximize the visual video quality and minimize the bit rate. On fast motion scenes, a variable bit rate uses more bits than it does on slow motion scenes of similar duration yet achieves a consistent visual quality. For real-time and non-buffered video streaming when the available bandwidth is fixed, e.g. in videoconferencing delivered on channels of fixed bandwidth, a constant bit rate (CBR) must be used.

Stereoscopic

''Stereoscopic video'' can be created using several different methods:

two channels — a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using light-polarizing filters 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.

one channel with two overlaid color coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcast, or recent "anaglyph" releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple Red/Cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.

One channel with alternating left/right frames for each eye, using LCD shutter glasses which read the frame sync from the VGA Display Data Channel to alternately cover each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer virtual reality applications such as in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, but reduces the effective video framerate to one-half of normal (for example, from 120 Hz to 60 Hz).

Blu-ray Discs greatly improve the sharpness and detail of the two-color 3D effect in color coded stereo programs. See articles Stereoscopy and 3-D film.

Video formats

There are different layers of video transmission and storage, each with its own set of formats to choose from.

For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol ("video connection standard" below). A given physical link can carry certain "display standards" which specify a particular refresh rate, display resolution, and color space.

Many analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital "video encoding", of which a number are available.

Video connectors, cables, and signal standards

See List of video connectors for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.

Video display standards

Digital television

New formats for digital television broadcasts use the MPEG-2 video codec and include:

ATSC - USA, Canada, Korea

Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Europe

ISDB - Japan

*ISDB-Tb - Uses the MPEG-4 video codec. Brazil, Peru

Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) - Korea

Analog television

Analog television broadcast standards include:

FCS - USA, Russia; obsolete

MAC - Europe; obsolete

MUSE - Japan

NTSC - USA, Canada, Japan

PAL - Europe, Asia, Oceania

* PAL-M - PAL variation. Brazil

* PALplus - PAL extension, Europe

RS-343 (military)

SECAM - France, Former Soviet Union, Central Africa

An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing synchronization information or a time delay. This surrounding margin is known as a blanking interval or blanking region; the horizontal and vertical front porch and back porch are the building blocks of the blanking interval.

Many countries are planning a digital switchover soon.

Computer displays

See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television.

Recording formats before video tape

Phonovision

Kinescope

Analog tape formats

1" Type B video tape (Robert Bosch GmbH])

1" Type C videotape (Ampex and Sony)

2" Quadruplex videotape (Ampex)

Betacam (Sony)

Betacam SP (Sony)

Betamax (Sony)

S-VHS (JVC) (1987)

W-VHS (JVC) (1994)

U-matic 3/4" (Sony)

VCR, VCR-LP, SVR

VERA (BBC experimental format ca. 1958)

VHS (JVC)

VHS-C (JVC)

Video 2000 (Philips)

''(See List of video recording formats.)''

Digital tape formats

Betacam IMX (Sony)

D-VHS (JVC)

D-Theater

D1 (Sony)

D2 (Sony)

D3

D5 HD

Digital-S D9 (JVC)

Digital Betacam (Sony)

Digital8 (Sony)

DV

HDV

ProHD (JVC)

MicroMV

MiniDV

Optical disc storage formats

Blu-ray Disc (Sony)

China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)

DVD (was Super Density Disc, DVD Forum)

Professional Disc

Universal Media Disc (UMD) (Sony)

Discontinued

Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)

HD DVD (NEC and Toshiba)

HD-VMD

Laserdisc (old, MCA and Philips)

Digital encoding formats

CCIR 601 (ITU-T)

H.261 (ITU-T)

H.263 (ITU-T)

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (ITU-T + ISO)

M-JPEG (ISO)

MPEG-1 (ISO)

MPEG-2 (ITU-T + ISO)

MPEG-4 (ISO)

Ogg-Theora

VC-1 (SMPTE)

Standards

System M

System B

Display devices

Display devices for showing videos are generally full-area (rather than segmented display), sometimes simply called video displays.

See also

General

* Audio

* List of video topics

* Video clips

* Video editing

Video format

*Analog television

*Cable television

*Color space

*Digital television

*Digital video

*Film formats

*Interlaced

*Progressive scan

*Satellite television

*Telecine

*Television

*Timecode

*Video codec

Video usage

*Closed-circuit television

*Fulldome video

*Optical feedback

*Video art

*Interactive video

*Video production

*Video projector

*Video synthesizer

*Video teleconference

*Video communication

Video screen recording

*Screencast

Projects

*Redesign project

References

External links

Programmer's Guide to Video Systems: in-depth technical info on 480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p, etc.

Category:Digital television Category:Film and video technology Category:High-definition television Category:Video formats Category:Display technology Category:Television terminology Category:Video signal Category:History of television

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Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
alt	A mid-twenties African American man wearing a sequined military jacket and dark sunglasses. He is walking while waving his right hand, which is adorned with a white glove. His left hand is bare.
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Joseph Jackson
alias	Michael Joe Jackson, MJ, King of Pop
birth date	August 29, 1958
birth place	Gary, Indiana, U.S.
death date	June 25, 2009
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
instrument	vocals, guitar, drums, percussion, keyboards
genre	R&B;, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing
occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist
years active	1964–2009
label	Motown, Epic, Legacy
associated acts	The Jackson 5
relatives	Janet Jackson (sister)
website	130pxMichael Jackson's signature }}

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B;, pop and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album ''Thriller'' is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including ''Off the Wall'' (1979), ''Bad'' (1987), ''Dangerous'' (1991), and ''HIStory'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.

Life and career

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B; band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy. A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe. In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B; Album, Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B; Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B; Album and Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist. Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt ''Off the Wall'' should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release. In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.

''Thriller'' and ''Motown 25'' (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows. The album topped the ''Billboard'' 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It," and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'." ''Thriller'' was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work. Thanks to the ''Bad'' album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989. ''HIStory'' received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. However, the sales for ''Invincible'' were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG. With ''Thriller'', Christopher Connelly of ''Rolling Stone'' commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers. In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media. "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to ''West Side Story'', and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey. He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.

In ''Bad'', Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana". The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution. "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that ''Dangerous'' presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual. He comments the album is more diverse than his previous ''Bad'', as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World". The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time". The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs. ''Dangerous'' contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet". The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire. The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries. In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.

''HIStory'' creates an atmosphere of paranoia. Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B; ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media. In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces. In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot". ''Invincible'' found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins. It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B; in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".

Vocal style

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of ''Off the Wall'': it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video. With the arrival of ''Off the Wall'' in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, ''Rolling Stone'' compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly". 1982 saw the release of ''Thriller'', and ''Rolling Stone'' was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".

A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him. The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album ''Dangerous''. ''The New York Times'' noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone". When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals. When commenting on ''Invincible'', ''Rolling Stone'' were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies". Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".

Music videos and choreography

Referred to as the King of Music Videos, Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers. Before ''Thriller'', Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American. Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition. MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race. The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.; His performance on ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage. Short films like ''Thriller'' largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated. The choreography in ''Thriller'' has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines. The ''Thriller'' short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the ''Guinness World Records''.

In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; ''Time'' magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.

}} ;Bibliography

George, Nelson (2004). ''Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection'' booklet. Sony BMG.

Further reading

External links

Michael Jackson Live: Best Pics – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Michael Jackson at MTV

FBI file on Michael Jackson

Category:1958 births Category:2009 deaths Category:African American dancers Category:African American male singers Category:African American record producers Category:African American singer-songwriters Category:American beatboxers Category:American businesspeople Category:American child singers Category:American choreographers Category:American dance musicians Category:American dancers Category:American disco musicians Category:American male singers Category:American boogie musicians Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American rock singers Category:American soul singers Category:American tenors Category:American vegetarians Category:Boy sopranos Category:Brit Award winners Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Category:Drug-related deaths in California Category:English-language singers Category:Epic Records artists Category:Expatriates in Bahrain Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses Category:Grammy Award winners Michael Jackson Category:Manslaughter victims Category:Motown artists Category:Musicians from Indiana Category:People acquitted of sex crimes Category:People from Gary, Indiana Category:People from Santa Barbara County, California Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Songwriters from Indiana Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Michael Jackson Category:World Music Awards winners Category:People charged with child sexual abuse Category:Grammy Legend Award

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Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Simon Sinek
birth date	October 09, 1973
birth place	Wimbledon, England
occupation	Author
notableworks	''Start With Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action'' }}

Simon O. Sinek (born October 9, 1973) is an author best known for developing "The Golden Circle" and popularizing the concept of Why. He joined the RAND Corporation in 2010 as an adjunct staff member, where he advises on matters of military innovation and planning. His first TEDx Talk, "How Great Leaders Inspire Action," is the 19th most viewed video on TED.com. His book on the same subject, "Start With Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action," (2009) delves into a naturally occurring pattern, grounded in the biology of human decision-making, that explains why we are inspired by some people, leaders, messages and organizations over others. He maintains his own blog, simonsinek.com.

Early life, career

Sinek was born in Wimbledon, England; at a young age he moved to Johannesburg, South Africa, then to London, then to Hong Kong, before settling in New Jersey. He earned a BA degree in cultural anthropology from Brandeis University; he attended City University in London with the intention of becoming a barrister, but left law school to go into advertising.

He moved to New York and joined Euro/RSCG, an ad agency, where he worked on the MCI. He then joined Ogilvy & Mather, and was later recruited back to Euro/RSCG, where he worked on accounts for Oppenheimer Funds, MCI, NASDAQ and DISH Network. In 2002, he started his own company, Sinek Partners.

He has appeared on MSNBC and National Public Radio.

In October 2009, he released his book Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action.

Community and civic affairs

Active in the not-for-profit world, Sinek works with Count Me In, an organization committed to helping one million women-owned businesses reach a million dollars in revenues by 2012, and he serves on the Board of Directors for Danspace Project, an organization that fends for advancing art and dance. He also teaches a graduate-level class in strategic communications at Columbia University.

External links

Sinek Partners website

Simon Sinek TED talk ''How great leaders inspire action''

References

Category:Brandeis University alumni Category:Living people Category:1973 births

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Chris Tomlin
background	solo_singer
birth name	Christopher Dwayne Tomlin
born	May 04, 1972
origin	Grand Saline, Texas U.S.
instrument	Piano Guitar
genre	CCMContemporary worship music
occupation	Singer, songwriter, instrumentalist worship leader
years active	1998–present
label	sixstepsrecords/Sparrow Records
website	www.christomlin.com
notable instruments	}}

Christopher Dwayne "Chris" Tomlin (born May 4, 1972) is an American Christian Contemporary Music artist, worship leader, and songwriter from Grand Saline, Texas, United States. He is a former staff member at Austin Stone Community Church and is signed to EMI's sixstepsrecords. Tomlin also leads worship at many Passion events. Some of his most well-known songs are "How Great Is Our God", "Jesus Messiah", "Amazing Grace (My Chains Are Gone)", and the recent song "Our God" which he co-wrote with Matt Redman, Jesse Reeves and Jonas Myrin. He is currently a lead worshipper at Passion City Church in Atlanta, Georgia with Louie Giglio and Christy Nockels.

He was awarded Male Vocalist of the Year at the 2006, 2007, and 2008 GMA Dove Awards. He was also named Artist of the Year in 2007. Tomlin released his seventh studio album, ''And If Our God Is for Us...'', on November 16, 2010. He is one of the members of Compassionart, a charity founded by Martin Smith (and Smith's wife, Anna) of the band Delirious?.

Early life

Tomlin was born in Grand Saline, Texas in 1972 to Connie and Donna Tomlin. He has two younger brothers, Ryan and Cory. Tomlin received his first guitar from his father at the age of eleven after contracting a case of mono. Chris Tomlin first learned how to play the guitar by playing along side Willie Nelson records.

Tomlin wrote his first worship song at age fourteen. He entered college planning to study physical therapy, but ended up not pursuing that career, as he has stated that he felt God's calling to something else.

In the mid-1990s Tomlin was a worship leader at the Dawson McAllister Youth Conferences, as well as at various church camps in Texas.

After attending Tyler Junior College and Texas A&M; University, Tomlin continued to play and write songs, and in 1997, youth speaker Louie Giglio asked if he would be interested in working with the Passion Conferences. Tomlin has played a key role in the movement ever since.

Musical career

His first nationally released solo project, titled ''The Noise We Make'', was released in 2001, featuring the songs "Forever," "Be Glorified", and "Kindness", all of which made the top 200 in the CCLI 2005 top 500 worship songs. He also released the live EP ''545'' in 2002, and the studio album ''Not to Us'' (2002). His 2004 album ''Arriving'' is considered his breakout album as it produced the #1 hits "Indescribable" (written by Laura Story), "Holy Is the Lord", "How Great Is Our God", and "The Way I Was Made". Two other tracks from the album–"On Our Side" and "Mighty is the Power of the Cross", written with Shawn Craig of Phillips, Craig, and Dean–landed in the 2005 top 500 worship songs according to Christian Copyright Licensing International. ''Arriving'' was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2008. A year after ''Arriving'', Tomlin released his first solo live album, titled ''Live From Austin Music Hall'', and in 2006, his fourth studio album, ''See the Morning'', which was nominated for two Grammy Awards, been certified Gold by the RIAA, and has helped him win 6 Dove Awards in 2007, including a second consecutive "Artist of the Year" win. The three singles off this album have all been top #5 songs on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs Chart, and have all reached the number one position on the R&R;' Christian AC Chart.

Although he is a solo artist, Tomlin travels around with a consistent band lineup. He also writes many of his songs with the members of his band. His band, in which he performs vocals, acoustic guitar, and piano, consists of Daniel Carson (electric guitar, backup vocals), Jesse Reeves (bass guitar, backup vocals), Travis Nunn (drums), and Matt Gilder (piano, keys). Tomlin and the band developed while working with the Harvest Ministry at The Woodlands United Methodist Church in The Woodlands, Texas in the late 1990s.

According to Christian Copyright Licensing International's list of the top 25 worship songs in the US in August 2007, Tomlin held 5 spots with songs he has either written or co-written with other songwriters: "How Great Is Our God" (#1), "Forever" (#5), "Holy Is the Lord" (#7), "We Fall Down" (#12), and "Indescribable" (#22). In 2008, Tomlin held 6 spots on ''20 The Countdown Magazine'''s top 20 praise and worship songs: "We Fall Down" (#14), "Forever" (#10), "Holy is the Lord" (#8), "Indescribable" (#6), "Amazing Grace (My Chains Are Gone)" (#3), and "How Great is our God" (#1).

Tomlin has toured with several prominent contemporary Christian music artists, such as opening for Delirious? during his first ever tour, and as a supporting act of Steven Curtis Chapman during his ''All Things New'' Tour. Tomlin has also headlined several tours, such as headlining the Chris Tomlin Indescribable Tour, which featured world renowned worship artist Matt Redman, and speaker Louie Giglio, and headlining the ''See the Morning'' Tour. From April to October 2007, Tomlin toured with Louie Giglio and Matt Redman on his "How Great Is Our God" tour. In 2008, Tomlin toured with Passion Conferences on its world tour. In early 2009, he headlined the ''Hello Love'' tour with Israel Houghton and New Breed. In summer of 2010, he co-headlined the "Hello Tonight" tour with TobyMac.

Tomlin has also been featured at many conferences and music festivals. Among these, he has played at Grand Saline's annual Salt Festival. Hillsong's 2007 conference, and the 2008 Compassionart International Songwriting retreat, which was dedicated to writing songs whose revenue would support charities serving the poorest of the world's poor. Other prominent songwriters included were Matt Redman, Martin Smith, Stuart Garrard, and Steven Curtis Chapman. In 2009, Tomlin played at the Harvest Crusade at Anaheim Angels Stadium.

At the end of 2006, Tomlin launched an online music website resource called Frequency which Tomlin described as "a place to serve God and his people in worship." In 2007, he partnered with Larry Tardy to create a new site under a similar name, Frequency Worship. The original site featured chord charts for some of Chris' songs, some instructional videos for those songs, and a message board meant for worship leaders. Since the updated launch in August 2008, Frequency has included chord charts for many popular worship songs, instructional videos, planning software for worship leaders, articles written by other artists, and more, branching out into all of worship music.

On June 14, 2007, Tomlin's version of the song "Indescribable" was used as the official wake-up call for Mission Specialist Patrick Forrester on Space Shuttle mission STS-117.

In May 2008, it was announced that Tomlin and his band would move from The Austin Stone Community Church, the church he helped plant with senior pastor Matt Carter in Austin, Texas to start a new church with Louie Giglio in Atlanta, Georgia.

In 2009, Tomlin released a Christmas album, ''Glory in the Highest: Christmas Songs of Worship''. It includes three original Christmas songs and features duets with Matt Redman, Christy Nockels, and Audrey Assad. The album peaked at #9 on the Billboard 200 list and at #1 for Holiday albums.

In March 2010, Tomlin and his band announced through their Twitter accounts the recording of a new studio album slated for a November 2010 release. On August 30, Tomlin announced on his Twitter that the title would be ''And If Our God Is for Us...'' The first single "I Will Follow" was released to radio on August 23.

Personal life

Tomlin married his girlfriend of two years, Lauren Bricken, on November 9, 2010.

In May 2011, Tomlin announced to his hometown that he and Lauren are expecting their first child.

Discography

1995: ''Inside Your Love''

1998: ''Authentic''

1998: ''Too Much Free Time'' with Ross King.

2001: ''The Noise We Make''

2002: ''Not to Us''

2004: ''Arriving''

2006: ''See the Morning''

2008: ''Hello Love''

2009: ''Glory in the Highest: Christmas Songs of Worship''

2010: ''And If Our God Is for Us...''

;Passion event albums

''Live Worship From The 268 Generation'' (1998)

''Better Is One Day'' (1999)

''The Road To One Day'' (2000)

''One Day: Live'' (2000)

''The Noise We Make'' (2001)

''Our Love is Loud'' (2002)

''Sacred Revolution: Songs From OneDay 03'' (2003)

''Hymns: Ancient and Modern'' (2004)

''How Great Is Our God'' (2005)

''Everything Glorious'' (2006)

''The Best of Passion (So Far)'' (2006)

''Live From Passion 07 Pts. 1 & 3'' (2007)

''God of This City'' (2008)

''Awakening'' (2010)

''Here for You'' (March 8, 2011)

;Non-album songs

"Whisper My Name" [Forefront] - ''Eterne: Never Be the Same'' (2000)

"Salvation" - ''Pour Over Me - Worship Together Live 2001'' (2001)

"Give Us Clean Hands" - ''Pour Over Me - Worship Together Live 2001'' (2001)

"Satisfied" [Forefront] - ''Secrets Of The Vine: Music... A Worship Experience'' (2002)

"Lord, I'm Gonna Love You" [Sparrow] - ''Your Love Broke Through'' (2002)

"Expressions of Your Love" (duet w/ Rebecca St. James) [Sparrow] - ''It Takes Two: 15 Collaborations & Duets'' (2003)

"Where the Streets Have No Name" [Sparrow/EMI CMG] - ''In the Name of Love: Artists United for Africa'' (2004)

"You're The One" [Disney/EMI CMG] - ''Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'' (2005)

"Angels We Have Heard On High" [Word] - ''WOW Christmas: Green'' (2005)

"Mighty to Save" [Integrity] - ''Bonus disc included with Fruitcake and Ice Cream DVD'' (2008)

Charts

Albums - Billboard (North America)

Year	Album	Peak Chart Positions	RIAA certifications
		! Top Christian Albums	Billboard 200>Billboard 200 Albums
	align="left" valign="top"

Singles - Billboard (North America)

Year	Title	Peak Chart Positions	Album
Top Heatseekers>US Heat	! Hot Christian Songs
2004			2
			2
style="text-align:left"	14	1
2006			1
			2
		2
2008			2
		50	2
		6
style="text-align:left"		28
		9	1
	14	2
			11

¹ Currently active on the charts

Music videos

"Expressions of Your Love" (With Rebecca St. James) (2004)

"Amazing Grace (My Chains are Gone)" (2007)

"I Lift My Hands" (2011)

Awards

GMA Dove Awards

Throughout his career, Chris Tomlin has been nominated to 32 Dove Awards (6 of them, collaborative efforts) and won 17 of them.

Year	! Award	! Result
!rowspan="1"	Praise & Worship Album of the Year (''Arriving'')
!rowspan="10"	Artist of the Year
Male Vocalist of the Year
Song of the Year ("Holy Is the Lord")
Worship Song of the Year ("Holy Is the Lord")
Worship Song of the Year ("How Great Is Our God")
Worship Song of the Year ("Indescribable")1
Special Event Album of the Year ("WOW Christmas: Green")*
!rowspan="9"	Artist of the Year
Male Vocalist of the Year
Song of the Year ("Made to Worship")
Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ("Made to Worship")
Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year (''See The Morning'')
Worship Song of the Year ("Holy Is the Lord")
Worship Song of the Year ("Made to Worship")
Praise & Worship Album of the Year (''See The Morning'')
!rowspan="6"	Artist of the Year
Male Vocalist of the Year
Song of the Year ("Amazing Grace (My Chains Are Gone)")
Worship Song of the Year ("Amazing Grace (My Chains Are Gone)")
Worship Song of the Year ("How Great Is Our God")
Special Event Album of the Year ("Music Inspired By the Motion Picture Amazing Grace")*
!rowspan="7"	Artist of the Year
Male Vocalist of the Year
Song of the Year ("Amazing Grace (My Chains Are Gone)")
Worship Song of the Year ("Jesus Messiah")
Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the Year ("How Great Is Our God")2
!rowspan="4"	Song of the Year ("I Will Rise")
Worship Song of the Year ("I Will Rise")
Christmas Album of the Year (''Glory in the Highest: Christmas Songs of Worship'')
!rowspan="5"	Artist of the Year
Male Vocalist of the Year
Song of the Year ("Our God")
Worship Song of the Year ("Our God")
Special Event Album of the Year (''Passion: Awakening'')*

*Denotes a collaborative effort or a song contribution to a "Various artists" album.

¹ The song was performed by Tomlin, but written and produced by Laura Story.

² The song was performed by LaRue Howard, but written by Tomlin.

Others

Tomlin was nominated for two 2009 Visionary Award: Male Entertainer of the Year and Song of the Year for "Jesus Messiah".

Bibliography

Chris Tomlin, ''The Way I Was Made: Words and Music for an Unusual Life'', Multnomah, 2004. ISBN 978-1590523278

References

External links

Official site

Austin Stone Community Church

Article in Time Magazine

One Million Can

Category:Living people Category:1972 births Category:American male singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American Christians Category:Christian hymnwriters Category:Christian religion-related songwriters Category:People from Austin, Texas Category:Texas A&M; University alumni Category:American performers of Christian music Category:Musicians from Texas Category:Contemporary worship music Category:Tyler Junior College alumni

de:Chris Tomlin es:Chris Tomlin fr:Chris Tomlin ko:크리스 탐린 nl:Chris Tomlin ja:クリス・トムリン pl:Chris Tomlin pt:Chris Tomlin sv:Chris Tomlin zh:克里斯·汤姆林

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Colin Morgan
birth date	January 01, 1986
birth place	Armagh, Northern Ireland
occupation	Actor
years active	2007–present
website	}}

Colin Morgan (born 1 January 1986) is an actor from Armagh, Northern Ireland, best known for playing the title character in the BBC TV series ''Merlin''. Morgan went to Integrated College Dungannon and, during his third year, won the 'Denis Rooney Associates' Cup awarded to the best overall student of that academic year. After gaining a National Diploma in Performing Arts (Acting) and studying at Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education in 2004, he went on to graduate from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in 2007. In November 2010 The Belfast Metropolitan College honoured Morgan with an Award of Distinction for his contribution to the arts.

Career

On stage in 2007, Morgan debuted as Vernon Little in the title role of the Young Vic's adaptation of DBC Pierre's ''Vernon God Little and as Esteban in the Old Vic stage adaptation of Pedro Almodóvar's ''Todo sobre mi madre'' (All About My Mother). In 2008, he appeared as Jimmy Rosario in the Young Vic production of Thomas Babe's ''A Prayer For My Daughter''. In 2011, he played Carlos in the Royal Court Theatre production of Columbian dramaturg Pedro Miguel Rozo's play ''Our Private Life''.

In film, Morgan appears as Calum in ''Island'', a film adaptation of Jane Rogers' novel ''Island'', and as Cathal in the Irish comedy-drama film ''Parked''.

Morgan featured in two minor TV roles: John Leary in sketches on ''The Catherine Tate Show'' (2007) and Jethro Cane in the ''Doctor Who'' episode "Midnight" (2008). He plays the title role in BBC TV series ''Merlin'', in production since 2008. He and co-star Bradley James travelled on an exploration of Arthurian legends for BBC Wales, ''The Real Merlin & Arthur'', in 2009.

He has appeared in one BBC Radio play, ''Cry Babies'' by Kim Newman, on BBC Radio 4 (March 2009).

Selected credits

Film and television

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Format	Notes
2007	''The Catherine Tate Show''	John Leary	TV series	Minor role
2008	''Doctor Who''	Jethro Cane	TV series
2008–present			TV series	Title/main role
2009	''The Real Merlin and Arthur''	Self	TV one-off	Accompanied by Bradley James
2010	''Parked''	Cathal	Film
2011	''Island''	Calum	Feature film

Theatre

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Theatre
2007		Vernon	Young Vic Theatre, London
2007		Esteban	Old Vic, London
2008		Jimmy	Young Vic Theatre, London
2011	''Our Private Life''	Carlos	Royal Court Theatre, London

Radio

! Year	! Title	! Role
2009	''Cry Babies''	Roger

Awards

! Year !! Award !! Category !! Role !! Result
	Variety Club Showbiz Awards	Outstanding Newcomer	rowspan="3"
		Outstanding Actor (Drama)
	Monte Carlo TV Festival awards	Outstanding Actor (Drama)

References

External links

Colin Morgan at United Agents

Category:1986 births Category:Alumni of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Category:Living people Category:Northern Ireland stage actors Category:People educated at Integrated College Dungannon Category:People from Armagh (city) Category:Television actors from Northern Ireland

bg:Колин Морган da:Colin Morgan de:Colin Morgan es:Colin Morgan fr:Colin Morgan id:Colin Morgan it:Colin Morgan hu:Colin Morgan ms:Colin Morgan ja:コリン・モーガン pl:Colin Morgan pt:Colin Morgan ru:Морган, Колин sv:Colin Morgan tr:Colin Morgan uk:Колін Морган zh:柯林·摩根