Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
Group	Negrito
Regions	India Malaysia Thailand Burma
Religions	Animism
Related	Australoid race, Melanesians }}

The Negrito are a class of several ethnic groups that inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia.

Their current populations include 12 Andamanese peoples of the Andaman Islands, six Semang peoples of Malaysia, the Mani of Thailand, and the Aeta, Agta, Ati, and 30 other peoples of the Philippines. Reports from British traders also speak of negrito people on Borneo (Sarawak). (Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXIX, part 1, 1956)

Negritos share some common physical features with African pygmy populations, including short stature, natural afro-hair texture, and dark skin; however, their origin and the route of their migration to Asia is still a matter of great speculation. They are the most genetically distant human population from Africans at most loci studied thus far (except for MC1R, which codes for dark skin).

They have also been shown to have separated early from Asians, suggesting that they are either surviving descendants of settlers from an early migration out of Africa, commonly referred to as the Proto-Australoids, or that they are descendants of one of the founder populations of modern humans.

Etymology

The term "Negrito" is the Spanish diminutive of ''negro'', i.e. "little black person", referring to their small stature, and was coined by early European explorers.

Occasionally, some Negritos are referred to as pygmies, bundling them with peoples of similar physical stature in Central Africa, and likewise, the term Negrito was previously occasionally used to refer to African Pygmies.

Origins

Being among the least-known of all living human groups, the origins of the Negrito people is a much debated topic. The Malay term for them is ''orang asli'', or '' original people''.

They are likely descendants of the indigenous Australoid populations of the Sunda landmass and New Guinea, predating the Austronesian Mongoloid peoples who later entered Southeast Asia.

Alternatively, some scientists claim they are merely a group of Australo-Melanesians who have undergone island dwarfing over thousands of years, reducing their food intake in order to cope with limited resources and adapt to a tropical rainforest environment.

Anthropologist Jared Diamond in his bestselling book, ''Guns, Germs, and Steel'' suggests that the Negritos are possible ancestors of the Aboriginal Australians and Papuans of New Guinea, groups regarded as Australoid.

A number of features would seem to suggest a common origin for the Negritos and African pygmies, especially in the Andamanese Islanders who have been isolated from incoming waves of Asiatic and Indo-Aryan peoples. No other living human population has experienced such long-lasting isolation from contact with other groups.

These features include short stature, very dark skin, woolly hair, scant body hair and occasional steatopygia. The claim that Andamanese pygmoids more closely resemble Africans than Asians in their cranial morphology in a 1973 study added some weight to this theory before genetic studies pointed to a closer relationship with Asians.

Other more recent studies have shown closer craniometric affinities to Egyptians and Europeans than to Sub Saharan populations such as that of African Pygmies. Walter Neves' study of the Lagoa Santa people had the incidental correlation of showing Andamanese as classifying closer to Egyptians and Europeans than any Sub Saharan population.

Multiple studies also show that Negritos from Southeast Asia to New Guinea share a closer cranial affinity with Australo-Melanesians. Further evidence for Asian ancestry is in craniometric markers such as sundadonty, shared by Asian and Negrito populations.

It has been suggested that the craniometric similarities to Asians could merely indicate a level of interbreeding between Negritos and later waves of people arriving from the Asian mainland. This hypothesis is not supported by genetic evidence that has shown the level of isolation populations such as the Andamanese have had.

However, some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the "Negrito" groups of the Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula, and Philippines.

While earlier studies, such as that of WW Howell, allied Andamanese craniometrically with Africans, they did not have recourse to genetic studies. Later genetic and craniometric (mentioned earlier) studies have found more genetic affinities with Asians and Polynesians.

A study on blood groups and proteins in the 1950s suggested that the Andamanese were more closely related to Oceanic peoples than Africans. Genetic studies on Philippine Negritos, based on polymorphic blood enzymes and antigens, showed they were similar to surrounding Asian populations. Genetic testing places all the Onge and all but two of the Great Andamanese in the mtDNA Haplogroup M, found in East Africa, East Asia, and South Asia, suggesting that the Negritos are at least partly descended from a migration originating in eastern Africa as much as 60,000 years ago. This migration is hypothesized to have followed a coastal route through India and into Southeast Asia, which is sometimes referred to as the Great Coastal Migration. Analysis of mtDNA coding sites indicated that these Andamanese fall into a subgroup of M not previously identified in human populations in Africa and Asia. These findings suggest an early split from the population of African migrants whose descendants would eventually populate the entire habitable world. Haplogroup C and haplogroup D is believed to represent Y-DNA in the migration.

Historical distribution

Negritos may have also possibly lived in Taiwan, where they were called the "Little Black People". Apart from being short-statured, they were also said to be broad-nosed and dark-skinned with curly hair. The little black population shrank to the point up to 100 years ago only one small group lived near the Saisiyat tribe. A festival celebrated by the Saisiyat gives evidence to their formal habitation of Taiwan. The Saisiyat tribe celebrate the black people in a festival called Ritual of the Little Black People (矮靈祭).

After the negritos on Taiwan, thousands of years before any Han came to Taiwan in 1600, the Aboriginal Austronesians moved into Taiwan. Estimates of their arrival date from 6,000-1,000 years ago from the Malay Archipelago, although it is controversial. Chinese historians called them "black dwarfs" in the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220 to AD 280) and they were still to be found in China during the Qing dynasty (1644 to 1911). There are other stories about them in other aboriginals and some archeological sites are attributed to them.

According to James J.Y. Liu, a professor of comparative literature, the Chinese term ''Kun-lun'' () means Negrito. There are many stories about them. Shandao, Geji (戈基), Juho, Wa and Koro-pok-guru peoples, are also said to be pygmies. Haplogroup D (Y-DNA) are found frequently among some peoples living in the same area. In China, stone coffins were used by these peoples.

See also

Aeta peoples

Ati people

Black people

Dravidian peoples

History of Taiwan

Indigenous Australians

Koro-pok-guru

Kunlun Nu

List of topics related to the African diaspora

Mamanwa

Mani people

Orang Asli

Peopling of India

Proto-Australoid

Pygmy peoples

Saisiyat people

Semang

Shanyue

Notes

Further reading

Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman. ''The Negritos of Malaya''. Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, 1937.

Garvan, John M., and Hermann Hochegger. ''The Negritos of the Philippines''. Wiener Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, Bd. 14. Horn: F. Berger, 1964.

Hurst Gallery. ''Art of the Negritos''. Cambridge, Mass: Hurst Gallery, 1987.

Khadizan bin Abdullah, and Abdul Razak Yaacob. ''Pasir Lenggi, a Bateq Negrito Resettlement Area in Ulu Kelantan''. Pulau Pinang: Social Anthropology Section, School of Comparative Social Sciences, Universití Sains Malaysia, 1974.

Schebesta, P., & Schütze, F. (1970). ''The Negritos of Asia''. Human relations area files, 1-2. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files.

Zell, Reg. ''About the Negritos - A Bibliography''. edition blurb, 2011.

Zell, Reg. ''Negritos of the Philippines -The People of the Bamboo - Age - A Socio-Ecological Model''. edition blurb, 2011.

Zell, Reg. John M. Garvan - ''An Investigation - On the Negritos of Tayabas''. edition blurb, 2011.

External links

The Negrito of Thailand

Negritos in the Philippines A detailed book written by an American at the turn of the previous century holistically describing the Negrito culture. Online document processed by Filipiniana.net

Africans and Asians: Historiography and the Long View of Global Interaction

Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia Category:Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia Category:Demographics of the Philippines

bg:Негрито ca:Negrito cs:Negritové de:Negrito et:Negriitod es:Negrito fr:Négritos ko:네그리토 it:Negritos he:נגריטו nl:Negrito ja:ネグリト no:Negrito pt:Negritos ru:Негритосы fi:Negriitit sv:Negrito tl:Mga Negrito zh:尼格利陀人

Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
name	Mercedes Sosa
background	solo_singer
birth name	Haydée Mercedes Sosa
born	July 09, 1935
died	October 04, 2009
origin	Argentina
relatives	Jeffy Lurie
genre	Folk, Nueva canción
occupation	Singer, Activist
years active	1950–2009 }}

Haydée Mercedes Sosa, known as La Negra, (9 July 1935 – 4 October 2009) was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout South America and some countries outside the continent. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción. She gave voice to songs written by both Brazilians and Cubans. She was best known as the "voice of the voiceless ones".

Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City, the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, as well as sell-out shows in New York's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Coliseum during her final decade of life. Her career spanned four decades and she has been the recipient of several Grammy awards and nominations, including three nominations which will be decided posthumously. She served as an ambassador for UNICEF.

Life

Sosa was born on 9 July 1935, in San Miguel de Tucumán, in the northwestern Argentine province of Tucumán, of mestizo, French, and Quechua Amerindian ancestry. In 1950, at age fifteen, she won a singing competition organized by a local radio station and was given a contract to perform for two months. brought her to the attention of her native countrypeople. In 2002, she sold out both Carnegie Hall in New York and the Coliseum in Rome in the same year.

A supporter of Perón in her youth, she favored leftist causes throughout her life. She opposed President Carlos Menem, who was in office from 1989 to 1999, and supported the election of Néstor Kirchner, who became president in 2003. Sosa was a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Latin America and the Caribbean.

In a career consisting of four decades, she worked with performers across several genres and generations, folk, opera, pop, rock, including Lucio Dalla, Nana Mouskouri, Andrea Bocelli, Holly Near, Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés, Milton Nascimento, Caetano Veloso, Joan Manuel Serrat, Chico Buarque, Gal Costa, Gian Marco, Konstantin Wecker, Lourdes Pérez, Nilda Fernández, Pata Negra, David Broza, Franco Battiato, Luz Casal, Ismael Serrano, Charly Garcia, Joan Baez, Luciano Pavarotti, Shakira, Lila Downs, Julieta Venegas, Martha Argerich, and Sting.

Sosa participated in a 1999 production of Ariel Ramírez's ''Misa Criolla''. Her song ''Balderrama'' is featured in the 2008 movie ''Che'', starring Benicio del Toro as the Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.

Awards

She won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2000 ("Misa Criolla"), 2003 ("Acústico") and 2006 ("Corazón Libre"), as well as many international awards.

Her album ''Cantora 1'' won two awards at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2009. She won Best Folk Album and was nominated for Album of the Year. The album was also awarded Best Recording Package.

Death

Suffering from recurrent endocrine and respiratory problems in later years, the 74-year-old Sosa was hospitalized in Buenos Aires on September 18, 2009. She died from multiple organ failure on October 4, 2009, at 5:15 am. She is survived by one son, Fabian Matus, born during the first marriage. The hospital expressed its sympathies with her relations. Her website featured the following: "Her undisputed talent, her honesty and her profound convictions leave a great legacy to future generations".

Her body was placed on display at the National Congress building in Buenos Aires for the public to pay their respects, and President Fernández de Kirchner ordered three days of national mourning. Thousands had queued by the end of the day. She was cremated on October 5.

Sosa's obituary in ''The Daily Telegraph'' said she was "an unrivalled interpreter of works by her compatriot, the Argentinian Atahualpa Yupanqui, and Chile's Violeta Parra". Helen Popper of Reuters announced her death by saying she "fought South America's dictators with her voice and became a giant of contemporary Latin American music". Sosa received two Latin Grammy nominations for her album which is nominated for a total of three awards. She went on to win Best Folk Album about a month after her death.

Discography

She recorded forty albums.

''La voz de la zafra '' (1959)

''Canciones con fundamento '' (1965)

''Yo no canto por cantar '' (1966)

''Hermano '' (1966)

''Para cantarle a mi gente '' (1967)

''Con sabor a Mercedes Sosa '' (1968)

''Mujeres argentinas '' (1969)

''Navidad con Mercedes Sosa '' (1970)

''El grito de la tierra '' (1970)

''Homenaje a Violeta Parra '' (1971)

''Hasta la victoria '' (1972)

''Cantata sudamericana '' (1972)

''Traigo un pueblo en mi voz '' (1973)

''Si se calla el cantor '' (1973) (with Gloria Martín, life in Venezuela)

''Niño de mañana '' (1975)

''A que florezca mi pueblo '' (1975)

''En dirección del viento '' (1976)

''O cio da terra '' (1977)

''Mercedes Sosa interpreta a Atahualpa Yupanqui '' (1977)

''Si se calla el cantor '' (1977) - Recopilacion

''Serenata para la tierra de uno '' (1979)

''A quién doy '' (1980)

''Gravado ao vivo no Brasil '' (1980)

''Mercedes Sosa en Argentina '' (1982)

''Mercedes Sosa '' (1983)

''Como un pájaro libre '' (1983)

''Recital '' (1983)

''¿Será posible el sur? '' (1984)

''Vengo a ofrecer mi corazón '' (1985)

''Corazón americano '' (1985) (with Milton Nascimento and León Gieco)

''Mercedes Sosa ´86 '' (1986)

''Mercedes Sosa ´87 '' (1987)

''Amigos míos '' (1988)

''En vivo en Europa '' (1990)

''De mí '' (1991)

''30 años '' (1993)

''Sino '' (1993)

''Gestos de amor '' (1994)

''Live in Argentina '' (1994)

''Live in Europe '' (1994)

''Sera Posible El Sur '' (1994)

''Vivir '' (1994)

''Oro '' (1995)

''Escondido en mi país '' (1996)

''Gracias a la Vida '' (1996)

''Alta fidelidad '' (1997) '' (with Charly García)

''Coleccion Mi Historia '' (1997)

''Al despertar '' (1998)

''Misa criolla '' (1999)

''Serie Millennium 21 '' (1999)

''La Negra '' (2000)

''Acústico '' (2002)

''Grandes Exitos, Vols. 1 & 2 '' (2002)

''40 Obras Fundamentales '' (2003)

''Argentina quiere cantar '' (2003) (with Víctor Heredia and León Gieco)

''Voz Y Sentimiento '' (2003)

''Corazón libre '' (2005)

''Éxitos Eternos '' (2005)

''La Historia del Folklore '' (2007)

''Cantora 1'' (2009)

''Cantora 2 '' (2009)

Filmography

''Güemes, la tierra en armas'' (1971)

''Argentinísima'' (1972)

''Esta es mi Argentina'' (1974)

''Mercedes Sosa, como un pájaro libre'' (1983)

''Será posible el sur: Mercedes Sosa'' (1985)

''Historias de Argentina en vivo'' (2001)

References

External links

Mercedes Sosa's website (in Spanish)

Mercedes Sosa's News (in Spanish)

Category:1935 births Category:2009 deaths Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:Spanish-language singers Category:Argentine female singers Category:Argentine activists Category:Argentine people of French descent Category:Argentine people of Quechua descent Category:Contraltos Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:People from San Miguel de Tucumán Category:Nueva canción musicians Category:Bombo legüero players

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Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
name	Atahualpa Yupanqui
background	solo_singer
birth name	Héctor Roberto Chavero Aramburo
birth date	January 31, 1908
origin	Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
died	May 23, 1992Nîmes, France
instrument	Vocals, Guitar
genre	Folk
occupation	singer, songwriter, writer }}

Atahualpa Yupanqui (31 January 1908 – 23 May 1992) was an Argentine singer, songwriter, guitarist, and writer. He is considered the most important Argentine folk musician of the 20th century.

Yupanqui was born as Héctor Roberto Chavero Aramburo in Pergamino (Buenos Aires Province), in the Argentine pampas, about 200 kilometers away from Buenos Aires. His father was Argentine, descended from indigenous people, while his mother was born in the Basque country. His family moved to Tucumán when he was ten. In a bow to two legendary Incan kings, he adopted the stage name Atahualpa Yupanqui, which became famous the world over.

In his early years, Yupanqui travelled extensively through the northwest of Argentina and the Altiplano studying the indigenous culture. He also became radicalized and joined the Communist Party of Argentina. In 1931, he took part in the failed Kennedy brothers uprising against the de facto government of José Félix Uriburu and in support of deposed president Hipólito Yrigoyen. After the uprising was defeated, he was forced to seek refuge in Uruguay. He returned to Argentina in 1934.

In 1935, Yupanqui paid his first visit to Buenos Aires; his compositions were growing in popularity, and he was invited to perform on the radio. Shortly thereafter, he made the acquaintance of pianist Antonieta Paula Pepin Fitzpatrick, nicknamed "Nenette", who became his lifelong companion and musical collaborator under the pseudonym "Pablo Del Cerro".

Because of his Communist Party affiliation (which lasted until 1952), his work suffered from censorship during Juan Perón's presidency; he was detained and incarcerated several times. He left for Europe in 1949. Édith Piaf invited him to perform in Paris on 7 July 1950. He immediately signed contract with "Chant Du Monde", the recording company that published his first LP in Europe, "Miner I am", which obtained the first prize of Best Foreign Disc of the Charles Cros Academy, which included three hundred fifty participants of all the continents in the Contest the International of Folklore. He subsequently toured extensively throughout Europe.

In 1952, Yupanqui returned to Buenos Aires. He broke with the Communist Party, which made it easier for him to book radio performances. While with Nenette they construct the house of the Colorado Hill (Córdoba), Yupanqui crosses the country.

Recognition of Yupanqui's ethnographic work became widespread during the 1960s, and nueva canción artists such as Mercedes Sosa and Jorge Cafrune recorded his compositions and made him popular among the younger musicians, who referred to him as ''Don Ata''.

Yupanqui alternated between houses in Buenos Aires and Cerro Colorado, Córdoba province. During 1963-1964, he toured Colombia, Japan, Morocco, Egypt, Israel, and Italy. In 1967, he toured Spain, and settled in Paris. He returned regularly to Argentina and appeared in Argentinísima II in 1973, but these visits became less frequent when the military dictatorship of Jorge Videla came to power in 1976. In February 1968, Yupanqui was named Gentleman of the Arts and the Letters of France by the Ministry of Culture of that country, by the work realised throughout 18 years to act and to offer its Literature to the Gallic country. Some of his songs are included in the programs of Institutes and Schools where Castilian Literature is taught.

In 1989, an important cultural center of France, the University of Nanterre, asked Yupanqui to write the lyrics of a cantata to commemorate the Bicentennial of the French Revolution. The piece, entitled "The Sacred Word" (Parole sacrée), was released before high French authorities. It was not a recollection of historical facts but rather a tribute to all the oppressed towns that freed themselves. Yupanqui died in Nîmes, France in 1992 at the age of 84; his remains were cremated and dispersed on his beloved Colorado Hill on 8 June 1992.

Best-known songs

Yupanqui's best known compositions include:

"Los Hermanos"

"Viene clareando"

"El arriero"

"Zamba del grillo"

"La añera"

"La pobrecita"

"Milonga del peón de campo"

"Camino del indio"

"Chacarera de las piedras"

"Recuerdos del Portezuelo"

"El alazán"

"Indiecito dormido"

"El aromo"

"Le tengo rabia al silencio"

"Piedra y camino"

"Luna tucumana"

"Los ejes de mi carreta"

"Sin caballo y en Montiel"

"Cachilo dormido"

"Tú que puedes vuélvete"

"Nada mas"

Books

''Piedra sola'' (1940)

''Aires indios'' (1943)

''Cerro Bayo'' (1953)

''Guitarra'' (1960)

''El canto del viento'' (1965)

''El payador perseguido'' (1972)

''La Capataza'' (1992)

External links

Profile of Atahualpa Yupanqui

Muchas Gracias Atahualpa. Educational and cultural project promoting the work of Don Atahualpa Yupanqui. The site contains videos, songs, poetry, books, testimonials and awards.

Quotes from his music.

Official site - Fundacion Atahualpa Yupanqui

Discography, books and other

Category:1908 births Category:1992 deaths Category:Argentine guitarists Category:Argentine singers Category:Argentine songwriters Category:Argentine writers Category:People from Pergamino Category:Nueva canción musicians

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