Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
official name	Iași
nickname	The Cultural Capital of Romania, The City of Great Loves, The City of the Famous Destinies, The City of Great Ideas, The City of the Three Unions, The City on Seven Hills
image shield	Actual_Iasi_CoA.png
pushpin map	Romania
map caption	Location of Iași within Romania (in red)
subdivision type	Country
subdivision name
subdivision type1	County
subdivision name1	Iași County
subdivision type2	Status
subdivision name2	Municipality
leader title	Mayor
leader name	Gheorghe Nichita
leader party	Social Democrat Party (Romania)
established title	Founded
established date	1408 (first official record)
area total km2	93.9
area metro km2	808
population as of	est. 2010
settlement type	City
population total	309,631
population metro	402,786
population density km2	3361
timezone	EET
utc offset	+2
timezone dst	EEST
utc offset dst	+3
latns	N
Coordinates	47°09′25″N27°35′25″N
longew	E
coordinates type	region:RO_type:city
coordinates display	displayinline,title
postal code type	Postal Code
postal code	700xxx
area code	+40 x32
blank name	Car Plates
blank info	IS
website	www.primaria-iasi.ro
footnotes	}}

Iași (; also historically referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is the second most populous city (according to the last census) and a municipality in Romania. Located in the historical Moldavia region, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862 and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.

Known as ''The Cultural Capital of Romania'', Iași is a symbol in Romanian history. The historian Nicolae Iorga said "There should be no Romanian who does not know of it".

Still referred to as ''The Moldavian Capital'', Iași is the seat of Iași County and the main economic centre of the Romanian region of Moldavia. Home to the first Romanian university and to the first engineering school, it is the second largest university centre in the country and accommodates over 75,000 students in 5 public and 7 private universities. The social and cultural life revolves around the Vasile Alecsandri National Theater (the oldest in Romania), the Moldova State Philharmonic, the Opera House, the Tătărași Athenaeum, a famous Botanical Garden (the oldest and largest in Romania), the Central University Library (the oldest in Romania), the high quality cultural centres and festivals, an array of museums, memorial houses, religious and historical monuments.

Etymology and names

The city is historically referred to as:

German, Polish, English: ''Jassy''

Scholars have different theories on the origin of the name "Iași". Some argue that the name originates with the Sarmatian tribe Iazyges (of Iranian origin; possibly connected to the Yaz culture of Eastern Iran), one mentioned by Ovid as "''Ipse vides onerata ferox ut ducata Iasyx/ Per media Istri plaustra bubulcus aquas''" and "''Iazyges et Colchi Metereaque turba Getaque/ Danubii mediis vix prohibentur aquis''".

A now lost inscription on a Roman milestone found near Osijek, Croatia by Matija Petar Katančić in the 18th century, mentions the existence of a Jassiorum municipium, or ''Municipium Dacorum-Iassiorum'' from other sources.

Another explanation is that the name originated from the Iranian Alanic tribe of Jassi. The Hungarian name of the city (''Jászvásár'') literally means "Jassic Market"; the antiquated Romanian name, ''Târgul Ieșilor'' (and the once-favoured ''Iașii''), may indicate the same meaning.

Oral sources say that the name may come from an archaic form of the Romanian word "to exit" because the city was an important trade node in the region.

History

Ancient times

Archaeological investigations attest the presence of human communities on the present territory of the city and around it as far back as the prehistoric age. Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, a late Neolithic archaeological culture.

Early development

The name of the city is first officially mentioned in a document about commercial privilege granted by the Moldavian Prince (Voivode) Alexandru cel Bun to the Polish merchants of Lvov in 1408. However, as buildings older than 1408 existed and still exist (for example the Armenian Church originally believed to be built in 1395), it is believed that the city existed long before its first mentioning.

Capital of Moldavia

Around 1564, Prince Alexandru Lăpușneanu moved the Moldavian capital from Suceava to Iași. Between 1561 and 1563, a school and a Lutheran church were founded by the Greek adventurer Prince, Ioan Iacob Heraclid. In 1640, Vasile Lupu established the first school in which the mother-tongue replaced Greek, and set up a printing press in the Byzantine Trei Ierarhi Church (''Church of the Three Hierarchs''; built 1635–39). In 1643, the first volume ever printed in Moldavia was issued in Iași.

The city was burned down by the Tatars in 1513, by the Ottomans in 1538, by the Imperial Russian troops in 1686. In 1734, it was hit by the plague.

Through the Peace of Iași, the sixth Russo-Turkish War was brought to a close in 1792. A Greek revolutionary maneuver and occupation under Alexander Ypsilanti (Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης) and the Filiki Eteria (Φιλική Εταιρία) (1821, at the beginning of the Greek War of Independence) led to the storming of the city by the Turks in 1822. In 1844 there was a severe conflagration.

Mid–19th to 20th century

Between 1564 and 1859, the city was the capital of Moldavia; then, between 1859 and 1862, both Iași and Bucharest were de-facto capitals of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1862, when the union of the two principalities was recognized under the name of ''Romania'', the national capital was established in Bucharest. For the loss caused to the city in 1861 by the removal of the seat of government to Bucharest the constituent assembly voted 148,150 lei to be paid in ten annual instalments, but no payment was ever made.

During World War I, Iași was the capital of a severely reduced Romania for two years, following the Central Powers' occupation of Bucharest on 6 December 1916. The capital was returned to Bucharest after the defeat of Imperial Germany and its allies in November 1918. In November–December 1918 Iași hosted the Jassy Conference.

Jewish community

Iași also figures prominently in Jewish history. Records of Jews exist from the 16th century, and by mid-19th century, owing to widespread Russian Jewish and Galician Jewish immigration into Moldavia, the city was at least one-third Jewish. In 1855, it was the home of the first-ever Yiddish-language newspaper, ''Korot Haitim'', and, in 1876, the site of what was arguably the first-ever professional Yiddish theater performance (''see Avraham Goldfaden'').

The words of HaTikvah, the national anthem of Israel, were written in Iași by Naphtali Herz Imber.

According to the 1930 census, with a population of 34,662 (some 34%) out of the total of 102,872, Jews were the second largest ethnic group in Iași. There were over 127 synagogues. After World War II, Iași played a prominent part in the revival of Yiddish culture in Romania, from 1949 to 1964, it was home to a second company of the State Jewish Theater.

Today, Iași has a dwindling Jewish population of ca. 300 to 600 members and two working synagogues, one of which, the 1671 Great Synagogue, is the oldest surviving synagogue in Romania. There is also a Jewish community center serving ''kosher'' meals from a small cantina.

Outside of the city on top of a hill there is a large Jewish Cemetery which has graves dating from the late 19th century; burial records date from 1915 to the present day and are kept in the community center.

World War II

During the war, while the full scale of the Holocaust remained generally unknown to the Allied Powers, the Iași pogrom stood as one of the known examples of Axis brutality toward the Jews.

The pogrom lasted from 29 June to 6 July 1941, and over 13,266 people, or one third of the Jewish population, was massacred in the pogrom itself or in its aftermath, and many were deported. The pogrom began as a diversionary tactic. Due to its proximity to the Soviet border, the city's Jewish population was accused of aiding the Bolsheviks, and rumors were promoted among the general population that the Jews were anti-Romanian. The pretext for the pogrom included a minor Soviet air attack on the city on 26 June 1941, two days after Romanian and German forces attacked the Soviet Union.

After a second air attack two days later, the 14th Infantry Division, led by General Stavrescu declared its mission of eradicating "those who are aiding the enemy". In a telegram, Stavrescu wrote that the Russian aviators "had accomplices among the Judeo-communist suspects of Iași." Under express orders from military dictator and German ally Ion Antonescu, the city was to be "cleansed" of its Jewish population. Orders also specified that Section Two of the General Headquarters of the Romanian Army and the Special Intelligence Service (SIS) of Romania were to spread rumors of Jewish treachery in the press, including ones that Jews were guiding Soviet military aircraft by placing lights in their houses' chimneys.

A systematic massacre by the Iași police, Romanian and German soldiers, and a portion of the citizens of Iași followed and at least 8,000 Jews were killed; more than 5,000 Jews were loaded onto overcrowded, sealed "death trains" that drove slowly back and forth across the country in the hot summer weather until most of their passengers were killed by hyperthermia, thirst, or infection and bleeding.

Six Romanians of Iași are credited with saving around one hundred Jews (see Righteous Among the Nations).

In May 1944, Iași became the scene of ferocious fighting between Romanian-German forces and the advancing Soviet Red Army and the city was partially destroyed. The elite German Panzergrenadier Division ''Großdeutschland'' won an impressive defensive victory at the Battle of Târgul Frumos, a location near Iași. The battle was the object of several NATO studies during the Cold War. By July, Iași had been taken by Soviet forces.

Geography

Topography

Located in the North-East of Romania, between the Iași Ridge () (the northern-most hill formation of the Bârlad Plateau) and the Jijia Plain, Iași used to be the crossroads place of the commercial routes that passed through Moldavia coming from Kingdom of Poland, Habsburg Monarchy, Tsardom of Russia and Constantinople.

The city lies on the Bahlui River, a tributary of the Jijia (tributary of the Prut). The surrounding country is one of uplands and woods, featuring the monasteries of Bârnova, Bucium, Cetățuia, Frumoasa, Galata (with nearby ''Nicolina'' mineral springs), Hlincea, and the dendrologic park of ''Repedea''. Iași itself stands amid vineyards and gardens, partly on hills, partly in the in-between valley.

It is a common belief that Iași is built on seven hills (coline in Romanian): Cetățuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Șorogari, Repedea and Breazu, thus triggering comparisons with Rome.

Climate

Iași has a humid, continental-type climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb" — summer wetter than winter, European subtype) with four distinct seasons. Summers are warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding while winters are cold and windy with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night sometimes dropping below . Average monthly precipitation ranges from about 25 mm (1 in) in October to 100 mm (4 in) in June.

Cityscape

Architecture

With historical monuments, 500-year-old churches and monasteries, contemporary architecture, many of them listed on the National Register of Historic Monuments, Iași is an outstanding educational center, and preserves some beautiful pieces of architecture, such as the Trei Ierarhi Monastery, included on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Site, or the neo-Gothic Palace of Culture, built on the old ruins of the mediaeval Princely Court of Moldavia. During World War II and the Communist regime some historical buildings in the old city center (around Union Square area) were destroyed or demolished, and replaced by International style buildings and also a new mainly Mid-Century modern style Civic Centre was built around the Old Market Square (The Central Market).

Other notable buildings:

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University main building, 1897, a mixture of the Neoclassical and Baroque styles, houses the famous ''Hall of the Lost Footsteps'' where one can admire the works of the painter Sabin Bălașa;

"Vasile Alecsandri" National Theatre, built between 1894 and 1896 in Neoclassic style with Baroque and Rococo inspired painted and sculpted ornaments;

Metropolitan Cathedral, the largest Orthodox church in Romania, a late Renaissance style, with Baroque elements and Gheorghe Tattarescu paintings;

Dosoftei House, a building from the second half of the 17th century in which in 1679, the metropolitan bishop Dosoftei settled the second typography in Moldavia. With three façades, arched and right-angled windows, the edifice was restored between 1966 and 1969. It houses the department of old literature of the Romanian Literature Museum;

Golia Monastery, 1564, rebuilt in 1650 in late-Renaissance style with Byzantine frescoes and intricately carved doorways, is a monumental construction, a monastery in the middle of the city, surrounded by tall walls, with corner turrets, and a height bell tower;

Roznovanu Palace (The City Hall), second half of the 18th century, rebuilt between 1830 and 1833, during World War I, it hosted the Romanian government;

Union Museum, beginning of the 19th century, Empire style, the palace served as the royal residence of Prince Al.I. Cuza between 1859 and 1862 and in 1917–1918, during World War I, as the royal residence of king Ferdinand;

Great Synagogue, built in 1657–1671, is the oldest surviving synagogue in Romania and one of the oldest in Europe;

Pogor House, 1850, a meeting place for the city intellectuals, the headquarters of Literary Society Junimea (1863) and of the Convorbiri literare (Literary Interlocutions) magazine (1867), houses the Romanian Literature Museum;

Armenian Church, built in 1395, testifies the existence of an important Armenian community in these parts of Romania;

Luceafărul Theater, 1987, a unique modern building in Romania;

Old Catholic Cathedral, 1782, in Baroque style, and New Catholic Cathedral, 2005;

Central University Library, 1934, incorporates Greek Revival elements;

Iași Central Rail Station, 1870, inspired by Venetian Doge's Palace.

Monasteries and churches

Iași is the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan of Moldavia and Bukovina, and of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Iași. There are currently almost 10,000 Roman Catholics living in Iași. There is a debate between historians as to whether the Catholics are originally of Romanian or Hungarian descent. The city and area house more than 10 monasteries and 100 historical churches. One of the oldest is Royal Saint Nicholas (1491), dating from the reign of Stephen the Great and the largest in Romania is the Metropolitan Cathedral; perhaps the finest, however, is the 17th century old metropolitan church, Trei Ierarhi, an example of Byzantine art, erected in 1635–1639 by Vasile Lupu, and adorned with countless gilded carvings on its outer walls and twin towers. Other examples of beautiful churches and monasteries, some surrounded by big walls, are: Socola (1562), Galata (1582), Saint Sava (1583), Hlincea (1587), Aroneanu (1594), Bârnova (1603), Barnovschi (1627), Golia (1650), Cetățuia (1668), Frumoasa (1726), Saint Spiridon (1747), Old Metropolitan Cathedral (1761), Bărboi (1843 with 18th century bell tower), Bucium (1853).

Gardens and parks

Iași has a diverse array of public spaces, from city squares to public parks. Begun in 1833, at the time when Iași was the capital of Moldavia, by Prince Mihail Sturdza and under the plans of Gheorghe Asachi and Mihail Singurov, Copou Park was integrated into the city and marks one of the first Romanian coordinated public parks. The oldest monument in Romania stands in the middle of the park, the Obelisk of Lions (1834), a tall obelisk, dedicated to the Law of Organic Rules, the first law on political, administrative and juridical organization in Romanian Principalities.

Founded in 1856, the Botanical Garden of Iași, the first botanical garden in Romania, has an area of over 100 hectares, and more than 10,000 species of plants.

Iași Exhibition Park was opened in 1923 and built under the coordination of the architect N. Ghica Budești.

The Ciric Park, located in the north-eastern part of Iași is another complex which consists into the park and four lakes.

Cultural life

Major events in the political and cultural history of Moldavia are connected with the name of the city of Iași. The great scholars of the 17th century Grigore Ureche, Miron Costin and later Ion Neculce, wrote most of their works in the city or not far from it and the famous scholar Dimitrie Cantemir known throughout all Europe also linked his name to the capital of Moldavia.

The first newspaper in Romanian language was published in 1829 in Iași and it is in Iași where, in 1867, appeared under literary society Junimea, the Convorbiri literare review in which Ion Creangă’s Childhood Memories and the best poems by Mihai Eminescu were published. The reviews Contemporanul and Viața Românească appeared in 1871, respectively in 1906 with great contributions to promoting Romanian national cultural values. Many great personalities of Romanian culture are connected to Iași: the chronicler Nicolae Milescu, the historians and politics men Mihail Kogălniceanu or Simion Bărnuțiu, the poets Vasile Alecsandri or George Topârceanu, the writers Mihail Sadoveanu, Alecu Russo, or Ionel Teodoreanu, the literary critic Titu Maiorescu, the historian A.D. Xenopol, the philosophers Vasile Conta or Petre Andrei, the sociologist Dimitrie Gusti, the geographer Emil Racoviță, the painter Octav Băncilă, only to name a few.

Theatres and orchestras

The "Vasile Alecsandri" National Theatre, opened in 1840, is the oldest National Theatre in Romania. The building, designed according to the plans of the Viennese architects Hermann Helmer and Ferdinand Fellner, was raised between 1894 and 1896, and also hosts, starting 1956, the Iași Romanian National Opera.

Iași is also home to:

"Moldova" State Philharmonic Orchestra

"Luceafărul" Theater for children and youth

Tătărași Athenaeum

Museums

Iași is home to many museums, memorial houses, art galleries. First Memorial House from Romania opened in Iași in 1918 as Ion Creangă Memorial House, and today the Iași Romanian Literature Museum owns twelve memorial houses. The Mihai Eminescu Museum is situated in Copou Park and it is dedicated to the great poet’s life and creation. Other museums are dedicated to: Dosoftei, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Pogor, Nicolae Gane, Petru Poni, Mihai Codreanu, Mihail Sadoveanu, George Topîrceanu, Otilia Cazimir, Radu Cernătescu.

The Theatre Museum, opened in 1976, at the celebration of 160 years since the first theatrical performance in Romanian, illustrates the development of the theatrical phenomenon since the beginning, important moments of the history of Iași National Theatre, the foundation, in 1840, of the Philharmonic-dramatic Conservatoire, prestigious figures that have contributed to the development of the Romanian theatre. The Union Museum, includes original pieces and documents which belonged to prince Al. I. Cuza and his family.

The Natural History Museum, founded on 4 February 1834, is the first museum of this kind in Romania with over 300,000 items, the most valuable being the collections of insects, mollusk, amphibians, reptiles, birds, plants and minerals.

Four other museums are located in the Palace of Culture, The Art Museum has the largest art collection in Romania, with more than 8,000 paintings, out of which 1,000 belong to the national and universal patrimony, The Moldavia's History Museum, offers more than 35,000 objects from various fields, archaeology, numismatics, decorative art, ancient books, documents, The Ethnographic Museum of Moldavia owns more than 11,000 objects depicting the Romanian advance through the ages and The Science and Technology Museum with five distinct sections and one memorial house.

Foreign culture centres

Iași hosts five cultural centres: French, German, British, Latin American & Caribbean and Hellenic.

Periferic Biennial

Periferic is an international biennial of contemporary art organized in Iași, Romania by the Vector Association. Eight editions have taken place thus far.

Media

Economy

Iași is an important economic centre in Romania. The local and regional economy relies on public sector institutions and establishments.

The most important sectors are related to health care, education, research, culture, government, tourism and manufacturing. It is active in automotive, pharmaceutical industry, metallurgical production, textiles and clothing, constructions, banking, wine, preserved meat.

The city is an important IT sector centre, with software companies and two universities that provide high quality graduate engineers.

Iași is also a well-developed commercial city with many shopping malls and commercial centres.

Largest employers

+ Top 10 Employers
style="width:280px"	Company	! Industry	! Employees
"St. Spiridon" University Hospital	Health Care	2,140
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University	"Al. I. Cuza" University	High Education
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi	"Gh. Asachi" Technical University	High Education
RATP Iaşi	RATP	Public Transport
"St. Maria" Clinic Children's Hospital	Health Care
Delphi Corporation	Delphi Diesel Systems	Automotive
Antibiotice Iaşi	Antibiotice SA	Pharmaceutical Industry
Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy	"Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy	High Education
CET	Energy & Heating Industry
ApaVital SA	Water Industry

Sources:

Demographics

! Year	! Population	! %±
18th century	~30,000	—
1831	59,880	99.6%
1859	65,745	9.8%
1900	78,067	18.7%
1912 census	75,229	−3.6%
1930 census	102,872	36.7%
1948 census	96,075	−6.6%
1956 census	112,977	17.6%
1966 census	161,023	42.5%
1977 census	265,002	64.5%
1992 census	344,425	29.9%
2002 census	320,888	−6.8%
2007 estimate	315,214	−1.7%

According to the last Romanian census, from 2002, there were 109,357 housing units and 320,888 people living within the city of Iași, making it the second most populous city in Romania. Additionally there are 60,000 more residents (mostly students) and thousands of daily commuters.

Of this population, 98.5% are ethnic Romanians, while 0.59% are ethnic Roma, 0.13% Jews, 0.13% Greeks, 0.13% Lipovans, 0.08% Hungarians, 0.05% Germans and 0.39% others.

In terms of religion, 92.5% of the population are Christian Orthodox, 4.9% Roman Catholic, other religious groups 2.6%.

As of 2010, 309,631 inhabitants live within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.

Iași Metropolitan Area has a combined estimated population of 400,347, an area of 808 km² and includes the municipality of Iași and 13 other nearby communities.

Education

The first institute of higher learning that functioned on the territory of Romania was Academia Vasiliană (1640) founded by Prince Vasile Lupu as a "higher school for Latin and Slavonic languages", followed by the Princely Academy in 1707.

The first high education structure in Romanian language was established in the autumn of 1813, when engineer Gheorghe Asachi laid the foundations of a class of engineers, its activities taking place within the Greek Princely Academy.

After 1813, other moments marked the development of higher education in Romanian language, regarding both humanities and the technical science. In 1835, Academia Mihăileană founded by Prince Mihail Sturdza is considered first Romanian superior institute in the country. In 1860, three faculties part of the Academia Mihăileană formed the nucleus for the newly-established University of Iași, the first Romanian university.

The Physicians and Naturalists Society, founded in Iași, has existed since the early part of the 19th century, and a number of periodicals are published. One of the oldest medical universities in Romania, founded in 1879, is in Iași. It is now known as the Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy.

In 1937, the two applied science sections of the University of Iași became departments of the newly created Gheorghe Asachi Polytechnic School. In the period before and after World War II, the later (renamed ''Polytechnic Institute'' in 1948) extended its domain of activity, especially in the field of engineering, and became adopted a Technical University in 1993. Public Universities:

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University

Gheorghe Asachi Technical University

Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy

George Enescu University of Arts

Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

Besides the universities, there are schools of art and music.

The Central University Library of Iași, where the chief records of Romanian history are preserved, is the oldest and the second largest in Romania.

Health

Iași is home to at least 15 hospitals, including the St. Spiridon Hospital, the second largest and one of the oldest in Romania, St. Maria Clinic Children's Hospital, Socola Psychiatric University Hospital and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases.

Transportation

Rail

Iași-Pașcani railway was opened on , Iași-Ungheni on 1 August 1874 and Iași-Chișinău railway was opened on 1 June 1875 by the Russian Empire in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

Nowadays, three train stations, Central Rail Station, Nicolina International Rail Station and Socola Rail Station serve the city and are operated by Romanian Railways (CFR). Moldovan railway also serves these stations for travel into Moldova.

The Iași Central Rail Station, located about 1 km to the city centre, provides direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to Chișinău. The rail stations are very well connected to all the parts of the city by the trams, and buses of the local public transport company, RATP.

Air

Iași is served by the Iași International Airport (IAS) located 8 km east of the city centre. The airport has nonstop flights to and from Bucharest, Timișoara, Rome and Vienna.

Road

Iași is connected by European routes E583/E85 with Bucharest through a four lane express road, by European route E58 with Central Europe and Chişinău in Moldova, and by DN National Roads with all major cities of Romania. It is also planned an East–West freeway connection to A3 Transylvania Motorway.

The Iași Coach Station is used by several private transport companies to provide coach connections from Iași to a large number of locations from all over the country.

Public transport

Two operators, the local public transport company, RATP Iași, and Unistil, a private company, provide public transit within the Iași city and operate an extensive network using 150 trams (electric trams began operating in Iași in 1900) and 150 buses. In the first 3 months of 2007, RATP carried 11,365,819 passengers, an average of 128,000 passengers per day.

Monuments and history

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Iași is twinned with:

Chişinău>Chișinău, Moldova (2008)

* Assiut, Egypt (1995)

Athens, Georgia>Athens, United States (2001)

* Filacciano, Italy (1999)

* Forano, Italy (1999)

* Irbid, Jordan (2000)

Isfahan (city)>Isfahan, Iran (1999)

* Jericho, Palestinian Authority (2003)

Kozani, Greece (1928)

* Monterrey, Mexico (2002)

* Morlupo, Italy (1999)

* Nazzano, Italy (1999)

Padua, Italy>Padua, Italy (1995)

* Peristeri, Greece (2002)

* Poitiers, France (1969)

* Quebec City, Canada (2001)

* Sant'Oreste, Italy (1999)

* Torrita Tiberina, Italy (1999)

* Villeneuve d'Ascq, France (2003)

* Vinnytsia, Ukraine (1993)

Xi'an, People's Republic of China>China (1993)

* Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria (1998)

Consulates in Iași

Moldova – Consulate-General

Honorary Consulates:

Hungary

Italy (Vice Consulate)

Pakistan

People

:''See: List of people from Iași''

References

Bibliography

National Institute of Statistics: http://www.insse.ro

Notes

External links

Iași City Hall website

Iași at romaniatourism.com

Official site of the Iași police inspectorate

Public transport picture gallery

Street Map of Iași, as comissioned by the City Hall

Map of Iași Metropolitan Area (free interactive map with street index, points of interest, and geographic location hyper-linking)

Map of Public Transportation in Iași (free interactive map with transportation index)

Map of Public Transportation in Iași

Iași at museum.ici.ro

Picture gallery with most points of interest in Iași

Local news and events

Cultural events in Iași

Public transport in Iași

Iași city Tourism

Iasi Legendary City

Iași City Portal

Iași photo gallery

Al. I. Cuza University of Iași official site

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iași official site

Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași official site

G. Enescu University of Arts of Iași official site

I. Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iași official site

Category:Populated places in Iaşi County Category:Cities of Romania served by tramway systems Category:Cities in Romania Category:Former capitals of Romania Category:Jewish communities in Romania

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Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
name	Cornel Buta
fullname	Cornel Buta
birth date	November 01, 1977
birth place	Găgeşti, Romania
height
position	Right back
years1	1996-1999
years2	2000
years3	2000-2004
years4	2001
years5	2003
years6	2004-2005
years7	2006
years8	2006-2010
years9	2010-2011
clubs1	FC Braşov
clubs2	Dinamo Bucureşti
clubs3	Rapid Bucureşti
clubs4	→ FC Braşov (loan)
clubs5	→ Naţional Bucureşti (loan)
clubs6	Volyn Lutsk
clubs7	Pandurii Târgu Jiu
clubs8	Politehnica Iaşi
clubs9	Volyn Lutsk
caps1	88
caps2	9
caps3	25
caps4	26
caps5	21
caps6	42
caps7	12
caps8	105
caps9	15
goals1	6
goals2	3
goals3	0
goals4	0
goals5	0
goals6	4
goals7	1
goals8	3
goals9	0
nationalyears1	2000
nationalteam1	Romania
nationalcaps1	1
nationalgoals1	0
pcupdate
ntupdate	}}

Cornel Buta (born 1 November 1977 in Găgeşti, Vaslui County) is a Romanian football player. He most recently played for FC Volyn Lutsk in Ukraine, as a right back and occasionally as a libero.

He started his professional career at FC Braşov, playing in the first two football leagues in Romania. After three and a half seasons he transferred to Dinamo Bucureşti as a replacement for Cosmin Contra, who moved to Deportivo Alavés earlier. He stayed only a few months, however, and at the beginning of the next season he moved to Rapid Bucureşti, where he still could not confirm. As a result, he returned to FC Braşov, where he played for another season and a half.

After further spells at Rapid, twice, and FC Naţional, Buta played in Ukraine, at FC Volyn Lutsk, before returning in Romania, at Pandurii Târgu-Jiu. After a full season played, his next club would be Politehnica Iaşi, moving there as a free agent.

In his career he won 4 trophies: Divizia A in 2000 with Dinamo, the Romanian Cup in 2000 with Dinamo and in 2002 with Rapid, and the Romanian Supercup in 2002 with Rapid

External links

Career stats at www.romaniansoccer.ro

Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Association football defenders Category:People from Vaslui County Category:Romanian footballers Category:Romania international footballers Category:Romanian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine Category:FC Braşov players Category:FC Dinamo Bucureşti players Category:FC Rapid Bucureşti players Category:FC Progresul Bucureşti players Category:FC Volyn Lutsk players Category:FC Politehnica Iaşi players

fr:Cornel Buta pl:Cornel Buta ro:Cornel Buta ru:Бута, Корнел uk:Корнел Бута

Sofia Micu (23 September 1941, Toporăuţi, judeţul Cernăuţi, today in Ukraine), known by her stage name of Sofia Vicoveanca, is a renowned Romanian singer of popular music music from the Bucovina region.

Musical career

Sofia Vicoveanca was born Sofia Fusa on 23 September 1941 in the commune of Toporăuţi (today ''Toporovtsy''), near Cernăuţi (today ''Chernivtsi'' in Ukraine). She was one of the four children of the merchant Gheorghe Fusa and his wife Veronica.

Her childhood was marked by difficulty, her father being taken prisoner by the Soviets after the annexation of northern Bucovina by the Soviet Union. She escaped with her mother to the commune of Vicovu de Jos in the Suceava district; out of love for the village, she later changed her stage name to ''Sofia Vicoveanca''.

Constrained by the poverty of living as a refugee, the young Sofia learned the traditional crafts of Bucovina. She graduated from the Şcoala Populară de Artă in Suceava before winning, in 1959, a competition to join the same city's "Ciprian Porumbescu" Ensemble of Song and Dance. In 1965, she released her first album. Since 1998, she has performed as a soloist with Moldavia's foremost folk music orchestra, the Ensemble "Rapsozii Botoşanilor" in Botoşani.

The repertoire of Sofia Vicoveanca includes lullabies, wedding songs, ''doinas'' of love and longing, Christmas songs, laments and ballads, but most of all songs of joy, some of them lightly admonishing or full of the humor of Romanian villages.

In the course of her career she has released ten solo albums and six collaborations, available on audio cassette, video, and CD. She has given performances around Romania and abroad, touring Israel, Portugal, the USA, France, Denmark, Germany, and the former Yugoslavia.

Prizes and awards

In recognition of her nearly fifty years of service to Romanian folk music, Sofia Vicoveanca has been honored with many distinctions, among them: "Cultural Merit," fourth class (1973); the "Tudor Vladimirescu" medal, first class (1975); "Cultural Merit," first class (1976); National Cross of "Faithful Service," third class (2002); and Grand Officer of the Order of "Cultural Merit" (2004).

She has been awarded the Honorary Citizen award in Suceava, Rădăuţi, Siret, Pojorâta, Ciocăneşti and Vicov (all in Suceava district), as well as in the commune of Ion Creangă in the Neamţ district and in Ciocârlău, Maramureş.

Personal life

Sofia Vicoveanca was married to Suceava journalist Victor Micu, who died in April 2001 at the age of 70. He had worked for forty years at the newspaper "Zori noi" in Suceava. Together, Sofia and Victor had one son.

Beyond music

Sofia Vicoveanca has played roles in several Romanian films, demonstrating unexpected dramatic talent, and has published two volumes of poetry: ''Dureri ascunse'' (1996) and ''Cu inima-n palme'' (2004).

References

Category:1941 births Category:Living people Category:Romanian female singers Category:Romanian musicians

es:Sofia Vicoveanca ro:Sofia Vicoveanca