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Agrippa Postumus
:For the personal name, see Postumus (praenomen).
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Agrippina the Elder
Vipsania Agrippina or most commonly known as Agrippina Major or Agrippina the Elder (Major Latin for the elder, Classical Latin: AGRIPPINA•GERMANICI, 14 BC – 18 October 33) was a distinguished and prominent granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus. Agrippina was the wife of the general, statesman Germanicus and a relative to the first Roman Emperors. She was the second granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law, stepdaughter and daughter-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, mother of the Emperor Caligula, maternal second cousin and sister-in-law of the Emperor Claudius and the maternal grandmother of the Emperor Nero.
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André Morell
André Morell (20 August 1909 – 28 November 1978; sometimes credited as Andre Morell) was a British actor. He appeared frequently in theatre, film and on television from the 1930s to the 1970s. His best known screen roles were as Professor Bernard Quatermass in the BBC Television serial Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59), and as Doctor Watson in the Hammer Film Productions version of The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959). He also appeared in the Academy Award-winning films The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) and Ben-Hur (1959), in several of Hammer's well-known horror films throughout the 1960s and in the acclaimed ITV historical drama The Caesars (1968).
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Antonia Minor
Antonia Minor (PIR2 A 885), also known as Antonia the Younger or simply Antonia (31 January 36 B.C.-September/October 37 A.D.) was the younger of two daughters of Roman politician Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. Tacitus Ann. 4.44.2 and 12.54.2 may have confused the two Antonia sisters (of whom the younger is far more famous). The problem is even more complex: an even older Antonia was born to a previous wife of Antony. That daughter is properly Antonia Maior (the Elder) while the woman usually called Antonia the Younger is in fact Antonia Tertia.
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Aufidia
Aufidia or Alfidia (flourished 1st century BC) was a woman of Ancient Rome. She was a daughter to Roman Magistrate Marcus Aufidius Lurco and an unknown mother. She was a member of the gens Aufidia, a Roman family of Plebs status which appeared in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, and became a family of consular rank. Her father originally came from Fundi (modern Fondi, Italy).
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Augustus
:For other uses of Octavius, see Octavius (disambiguation). For other uses of Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). For other uses of Augustus, see Augustus (disambiguation).
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Caligula
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August AD 12 – 24 January AD 41), commonly known as Caligula and sometimes Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 to 41. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of emperor Tiberius, was a very successful general and one of Rome's most beloved public figures. The young Gaius earned the nickname Caligula (the diminutive form of caliga meaning "little soldier's boot") from his father's soldiers while accompanying him during his campaigns in Germania. When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19 AD, his mother Agrippina the Elder returned to Rome with her six children where she became entangled in an increasingly bitter feud with Tiberius. This conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor. Unscathed by the deadly intrigues, Caligula accepted the invitation to join the emperor on the island of Capri in 31, where Tiberius himself had withdrawn five years earlier. At the death of Tiberius in 37, Caligula succeeded his great-uncle and adoptive grandfather.
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Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), born Tiberius Claudius Drusus, then Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus until his accession, was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54 AD. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul, and was the first emperor to be born outside Italy. Afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship with his nephew Caligula in 37 AD. Claudius' infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges of Tiberius' and Caligula's reigns; potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to his being declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family.
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Domitian
Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was Roman Emperor from 81 to 96. Domitian was the third and last emperor of the Flavian dynasty.
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Edward Togo Salmon
Edward Togo Salmon, also known as E. T. Salmon, (born 1905, London, England, died 1988) was an ancient historian best known for his work on the Samnites and the Romanization of Italy.
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Frederik Pohl
Frederik George Pohl, Jr. (born November 26, 1919) is an American science fiction writer, editor and fan, with a career spanning over seventy years. He won the National Book Award in 1980 for his novel Jem. Other well-known novels include The Space Merchants (written with Cyril M. Kornbluth) and Gateway.
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Gaius Caligula
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George Baker (actor)
George Baker (born 1 April 1931) is an English actor, famous for his role as Inspector Wexford on the British television series The Ruth Rendell Mysteries.
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George Relph
George Relph (January 27, 1888 in Cullercoats, Northumbria, England – April 24, 1960 in London, England) was an English actor. He acted in more than a dozen movies, and also many plays. He served in the British Armed Forces in World War I, and was shot in the leg, hindering his return to acting. But Relph eventually got back on stage, and his career continued. His son, Michael, went on to become a producer in the British film industry.
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Germania
Germania was the Latin term for a geographical area of land on the east bank of the Rhine (inner Germania), which included regions of Sarmatia as well as an area under Roman control on the west bank of the Rhine. The name came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it from a Gallic term for the peoples east of the Rhine that probably meant "neighbour".
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Germanicus
Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 16 B.C. or 15 B.C. – 10 October A.D. 19), commonly known as Germanicus, was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the early Roman Empire. He was born in Lugdunum, Gaul, and was named either Nero Claudius Drusus after his father or Tiberius Claudius Nero after his uncle. He received the agnomen Germanicus in 9 BC, when it was posthumously awarded to his father in honour of his victories in Germania.
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Hadrian
Publius Aelius Hadrianus (24 January 76 – 10 July 138), commonly known as Hadrian and after his apotheosis Divus Hadrianus, was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best-known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon and the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian is also a notable Stoic and Epicurean philosopher. A member of the gens Aelia, Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.
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Hermunduri
The Hermunduri, Hermanduri, Hermunduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, or Hermonduli were an ancient tribe of Germanic people who occupied the area around what is now Thuringia, Saxony, and Northern Bavaria, from the first to the third century. The Thuringii may have been the descendants of the Hermunduri.
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Herod Antipas
Herod Antipas (short for Antipatros) (before 20 BC – after 39 AD) was a first century AD ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). He is best known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.
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James Mason
James Neville Mason (15 May 1909 – 27 July 1984) was an English actor who attained stardom in both British and American films. Widely regarded as one of the finest film actors of the 20th century, Mason remained a powerful figure in the industry throughout his career and was nominated for three Academy Awards as well as three Golden Globes (winning once).
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Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE),
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John the Baptist
John the Baptist (Hebrew: יוחנן המטביל, Yo-khanan ha-matbil, Yahyá or يوحنا المعمدان Yūhannā al-maʿmadān, Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ Yokhanan) was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. Most historians agree he baptized Jesus. John was a historical figure who followed the example of previous Hebrew prophets, living austerely, challenging sinful rulers, calling for repentance, and promising God's justice. John is regarded as a prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism.
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Julia Livilla
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Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
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Kujula Kadphises
Kujula Kadphises, reigned (30–80 CE) (Kushan language: Κοζουλου Καδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες, Pali: Kujula Kasasa, Ancient Chinese:丘就卻, Qiujiuque) was a Kushan prince who united the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century CE, and became the first Kushan emperor. According to the Rabatak inscription, he was the grandfather of the great Kushan king Kanishka I.
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Livia
Livia Drusilla, after AD 14 called Julia Augusta (Classical Latin: LIVIA•DRVSILLA, LIVIA•AVGVSTA) (58 BC-AD 29 ) was a Roman empress as the third wife of the Emperor Augustus and his adviser. She was the mother of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal great-grandmother of the Emperor Caligula, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-great grandmother of the Emperor Nero. She was deified by Claudius who acknowledged her title of Augusta.
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Livia Drusilla
http://wn.com/Livia_Drusilla -
Livilla
http://wn.com/Livilla -
Lucius Caesar
:For other men named Lucius (Julius) Caesar, see Lucius Julius Caesar
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Luke the Evangelist
Luke the Evangelist (, Loukas) was an Early Christian writer who the Church Fathers such as Jerome and Eusebius said was the author of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles.
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Marc Antony
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Marcomanni
The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi.
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Marcus Agrippa
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Marcus Crassus
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Max von Sydow
Max von Sydow (born 10 April 1929; in English, in Swedish) is a Swedish actor. He has also held French citizenship since 2002. He has starred in many movies and had supporting roles in dozens more. He has performed in movies filmed in many languages, including Swedish, Norwegian, English, Italian, German, Danish, French and Spanish.
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Michelle Moran
Michelle Moran is an American novelist. She was born in California's San Fernando Valley. She took an interest in writing from an early age, purchasing ''Writer's Market'' and submitting her stories and novellas to publishers from the time she was twelve. When she was accepted into Pomona College she took as many classes as possible in British Literature, particularly Milton, Chaucer, and the Bard. She majored in English while she was there. Following a summer in Israel where she worked as a volunteer archaeologist, she earned an MA from the Claremont Graduate University.
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Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (15 December 37 – 9 June 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, and commonly known as Nero, was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68. He was the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor. He succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius' death.
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Nero Caesar
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Nero Claudius Drusus
Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (14 January 38 BC - 14 September 9 BC), born Decimus Claudius Drusus also called Drusus, Drusus I, Nero Drusus, or Drusus the Elder was a Roman politician and military commander. He was a fully patrician Claudian on his father's side but his maternal grandmother was from a plebeian family. He was the stepson of the Emperor Augustus, brother of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandfather of the Emperor Caligula, father of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandfather of the Emperor Nero.
http://wn.com/Nero_Claudius_Drusus -
Parthians
http://wn.com/Parthians -
Peter O'Toole
'''Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole' (born 2 August 1932) is an Irish actor of stage and screen who achieved stardom in 1962 playing T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia''. He went on to become a highly-honoured film and stage actor. He has been nominated for eight Academy Awards, and holds the record for most competitive Academy Award acting nominations without a win. He has won four Golden Globes, a BAFTA, an Emmy and was the recipient of an Honorary Academy Award in 2003 for his body of work.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
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Pontius Pilate
Pontius Pilate (; Latin: Pontius Pilatus, Greek: ) was the fifth Prefect of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26–36. The fifth Prefect of Judaea, he is best known as the judge at Jesus' trial and the man who authorized the Crucifixion.
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Quadi
The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. The history of non-literate peoples is written by their opponents, and we can only know the Germanic tribe the Romans called the 'Quadi' through Roman eyes. No pottery style or other remains of material culture serve to distinguish Quadi encampments from those of closely related groups.
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Quirinius
Publius Sulpicius Quirinius (Greek Κυρήνιος - Kyrenios or Cyrenius, c. 51 BC - AD 21) was a Roman aristocrat. As governor of Syria, he carried out a famous census in Judea.
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Robert Graves
:For the rugby footballer and coach of the same name, see Robert Graves (rugby)
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Roman Emperor
The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC). The Romans had no single term for the office: Latin titles such as imperator (from which English emperor ultimately derives), augustus, caesar and princeps were all associated with it. In practice, the emperor was supreme ruler of Rome and supreme commander of the Roman legions.
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Sejanus
Lucius Aelius Seianus (20 BC – October 18, AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus, was an ambitious soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. An equestrian by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard, of which he was commander from AD 14 until his death in 31.
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Seneca the Elder
Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Rhetorician (ca. 54 BC – ca. 39 AD), was a Roman rhetorician and writer, born of a wealthy equestrian family of Cordoba, Hispania.
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Sir William Smith
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Strabo
Strabo (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.
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Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca. 69/75 – after 130), was a Roman historian belonging to the equestrian order in the early Imperial era. He is important to Christians because of his reference to the Historicity of Jesus.
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Tacitus
Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (AD 56 – AD 117) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors. These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus in AD 14 to (presumably) the death of emperor Domitian in AD 96. There are enormous lacunae in the surviving texts, including one four books long in the Annals.
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Trajan
Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (18 September 53 – 9 August 117), commonly known as Trajan, was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117. Born into a non-patrician family in the province of Hispania Baetica, Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a general in the Roman army along the German frontier, Trajan successfully put down the revolt of Antonius Saturninus in 89. In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by Marcus Cocceius Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died on 27 January 98, and was succeeded by his adopted son without incident.
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Valeria Messalina
Valeria Messalina, sometimes spelled Messallina, (c. 17/20 – 48) was a Roman empress as the third wife of the Emperor Claudius. She was also a paternal cousin of the Emperor Nero, second cousin of the Emperor Caligula, and great-grandniece of the Emperor Augustus. A powerful and influential woman with a reputation for promiscuity, she conspired against her husband and was executed when the plot was discovered.
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Velleius Paterculus
http://wn.com/Velleius_Paterculus
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Actium
Actium (Greek: Ἄκτιον) was the ancient name of a promontory of western Greece in northwestern Acarnania, at the mouth of the Sinus Ambracius (Gulf of Arta) opposite Nicopolis, built by Augustus on the north side of the strait.
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Armenia
Armenia (, transliterated : Hayastan, ), officially the Republic of Armenia (, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, ), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
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Battle of Carrhae
The Battle of Carrhae, fought in 53 BC near the town of Carrhae, was a major battle between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic. The Parthian Spahbod Surena decisively defeated a Roman invasion force led by Marcus Licinius Crassus. It was the first of many battles between the Roman and Persian empires, and one of the most crushing defeats in Roman history.
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Capri
Capri (, pronounced in English) is an Italian island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples, in the Campania region of Southern Italy. It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic.
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Carnuntum
Carnuntum (Καρνοιις in Ptolemy) was a Roman army camp in what is now Austria. It belonged originally to Noricum province, but after the 1st century was part of Pannonia. Its remains are on the main road halfway between Vienna and Bratislava, on the "Archaeological Park Carnuntum" in Lower Austria, extending over the area of today's villages Petronell-Carnuntum and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Nazareth
Nazareth (; , Natzrat or Natzeret; al-Nāṣira or al-Naseriyye) is the largest city in the North District of Israel. Known as "the Arab capital of Israel," the population is predominantly made up of Arab citizens of Israel. In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events. The name "Nazareth" may derive from the Hebrew verb na·tsar, נָצַר, meaning "watch, guard, keep."
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Ostia Antica
Ostia Antica is a large archeological site that was the harbour city of ancient Rome, which is approximately northeast of the site and close to the modern town of Ostia. "Ostia" in Latin means "mouth". At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but, due to silting and a drop in sea level, the site now lies from the sea. The site is noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics.
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Pianosa
The small island of Pianosa (about in area) forms part of Italy's Tuscan Archipelago. Its name expresses the idea of the Italian word pianura (plain). Its highest point stands only about over sea-level. For administrative purposes, Pianosa forms part of the Elba island municipality.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Smyrna
Smyrna () was an ancient city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Thanks to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. The ancient city is located at two sites within modern Izmir, Turkey. While the first site, likely to have started as a native foundation, rose to prominence during the Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia, the second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great, reached metropolitan proportions especially during the period of the Roman Empire, from which time and particularly from after a 2nd century AD earthquake, most of the present-day remains date.
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Sperlonga
Sperlonga is a coastal town in the province of Latina, Italy, about half way between Rome and Naples.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Teutoburg forest
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theater of Pompey
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Tiberias
Tiberias (; , Tverya ; , ) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius. Since the 16th century, Tiberias has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed. In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee, and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for devout Christians. Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years.
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Troy
Troy (Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa; Greek: , Ilion, and , Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium; Turkish: Truva and Troia) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the focus of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
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Villa Jovis
Villa Jovis ("Villa of Jupiter"; also Villa Iovis, sometimes misspelled Villa Ionis) is a Roman palace on Capri, southern Italy, built by emperor Tiberius who ruled from there between AD 27 and AD 37. It is the largest of the twelve Tiberian villas on Capri mentioned by Tacitus and the entire complex, spanning several terraces and a difference in elevation of about 40 m, covers some 7,000 m² (1.7 acres). While the remaining eight levels of walls and staircases only hint at the grandeur the building must have had in its time, recent reconstructions have shown the villa to be a remarkable testament to first-century Roman architecture.
http://wn.com/Villa_Jovis
- A.D. (film)
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Tiber Momentum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 20 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 25 Aug 2010
- Author: TEVERETERNO
TEVERETERNO is an international organization, initiated by world-renowned visual artist Kristin Jones in collaboration with a committed team of artists and advisors, which produces free cultural events promoting the potential of Rome's Tiber River. Through public programs, educational activities and community development, TEVERETERNO seeks to protect and revitalize the urban waterfront. Encouraging responsible development and the river's ecological health, TEVERETERNO works to restore the historical bond between Tiber and city. Bringing internationally acclaimed artists to Rome to create evocative, site-specific work that draws attention to the opportunities offered by the Tiber, TEVERETERNO has laid the groundwork for long-term planning and major engagement from sponsors. In this film by director Renato Chiocca, artist Kristin Jones, urban place-maker Robert Hammond, architect and competition planner Reed Kroloff, art director Carlo Ducci, and others discuss what Rome's river means to them, what it means to the city of Rome, and the great potential the Tiber holds for the future of the Eternal City. For more information, please visit www.tevereterno.it. © 2010 Renato Chiocca
http://wn.com/Tiber_Momentum
Fishing at Tiber Dam, Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Published: 07 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 19 Dec 2011
- Author: cralvarez7
Fishing exhibition at the Tiber Dam, Montana, August 19, 2009. Narrated by professor, Doug Crebs, Natural Resources Director of Stone Child College, Box Elder, Montana. Boat captained by professor Eric Shulund, Math Director of Stone Child College. Guided by "Jim" a Chippewa-Cree Indian of Rocky Boy Reservation, who tested Thompson Cyclone fishing lures.
http://wn.com/Fishing_at_Tiber_Dam,_Montana
Flooding in Rome Italy (The Tiber Island)
www.romanlife-romeitaly.com Flooding in Rome Italy at the Tiber Island. Compare rates on 2016 Hotels in Rome across 30+ accommodation websites at once www.hotelscombined.com The video shows the high flood water level and wreckage from house boats and barges that broke from their moorings due to the flooding in Rome. The hospital on Tiber island wasn't effected by the floods but on the downstream side the water was high up the church walls. (You can see this on my other video of the flooding in Rome.) The rescue services were on standby to assist the hospital if levels continued to rise. Below , on either side of the Tevere (Tiber river) are actually cycling lanes. They were submerged by about 8 meters/yards of water! If you consider that the normal level of the water in the Tiber River (Tevere) is about 1 to 2 meters below the cycling lane! --- For more info and pictures of the Rome floods you can visit my website: www.romanlife-romeitaly.com
http://wn.com/Flooding_in_Rome_Italy_The_Tiber_Island
Cardinal Ratzinger accepts Steve's book "Crossing the Tiber"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Published: 21 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 28 Dec 2011
- Author: StephenKRay
June 15, 2000 Steve and his family went to Rome to celebrate the Jubilee Year. After a small mass with Cardinal Ratzinger he came out and met Steve for the first time and received his book, "Crossing the Tiber." Little did we know that he would later become Pope Benedict XVI.
http://wn.com/Cardinal_Ratzinger_accepts_Steve's_book_Crossing_the_Tiber
Tiber Island
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:24
- Published: 12 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 20 Mar 2011
- Author: HalfWittee
Here is a video made for my first studio assignment for the University of Waterloo School of Architecture Rome Program. Featuring Justin Breg, Linda Chen, Sam Sutherland, and Yan Yin.
http://wn.com/Tiber_Island
River Tiber - Someday
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Published: 22 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: RiverTiberMusic
All instruments/vocals/writing/production/recording by Tommy Paxton-Beesley Video by Erik Martin and Tommy Paxton-Beesley Audio post-production by Dan Beeson and Tommy Paxton-Beesley www.rivertiber.com LIKE ON FACEBOOK www.facebook.com www.facebook.com FOLLOW ON TWITTER: www.twitter.com www.twitter.com Music video by River Tiber performing 'Someday' from From Now On
http://wn.com/River_Tiber__Someday
Tiber: Flags 1-7 and Feather 1
Maps and videos for all Brotherhood collectibles: Rome Overview - www.thehiddenblade.com Tiber - www.thehiddenblade.com Centro - www.thehiddenblade.com Campagna - www.thehiddenblade.com Anitco - www.thehiddenblade.com Vaticano - www.thehiddenblade.com Monteriggioni - www.thehiddenblade.com Use this video to quickly collect all 7 Flags and 1 Feather in Tiber (Southwest Centro). The video starts at the west edge of Rome, south of where the Banker hosts his party. This video was shot in one continuous take during Sequence 3. If you are looking for a specific Flag or Feather refer to this index: Flag 1 - 0:39 Flag 2 - 1:44 Flag 3 - 2:21 Flag 4 - 2:43 Flag 5 - 3:10 Flag 6 - 3:24 Flag 7 - 3:49 Feather 1 - 1:18
http://wn.com/Tiber_Flags_1-7_and_Feather_1
Rome Marathon 2010 Tiber River March 21 2min4sec low impact Delmarva Judy.MOV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Published: 21 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 27 Aug 2010
- Author: DelmarvaJudy
Rome Marathon 2010 from Tiber River March 2010 (2 minutes 4 seconds) taken from steps of Synagogue near Jewish Ghetto facing Tiber Island. The 16th Rome Marathon has several races: the marathon approximately 42km with about 15000 runners; a 4-km Fun Run with about 85000 participants; and a race for the disabled (9 categories, about 80 participants). The route goes past major historic sites including Piazza Navona, Coliseum, Roman Forum, and St. Peter's Basilica for a an environmentally low-impact, ecological Sunday free of traffic, smog, and with plenty of good company. Look for walks,races and marathons in Delmarva this summer. And let's try to bring back the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Walk (and race that precedes it) that since 1975 usually takes place the first Sunday in May; that race has been canceled 2008-2010 so let's see if we make can this viable with the Maryland Transportation Authority for 2011. Whether you join a marathon to go for a record or for your personal best, just do it!
http://wn.com/Rome_Marathon_2010_Tiber_River_March_21_2min4sec_low_impact_Delmarva_JudyMOV
Elliot Tiber on "Turning Point"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Published: 29 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 29 Jul 2010
- Author: SQ1PUBCLIPS
"Turning Point" segment tells story of how Elliot Tiber (and his Bethel Chamber of Commerce concert permit, shown here in this clip) saved Woodstock '69 from near-cancellation . . .
http://wn.com/Elliot_Tiber_on_Turning_Point
Let's Play The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion 20 - Tiber Septim
Yay for old blood! High-quality video: www.viddler.com
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_The_Elder_Scrolls_IV_Oblivion_20__Tiber_Septim
Dawn of War 2 - 3v3 on Tiber Outpost
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Published: 20 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Feb 2011
- Author: SachaNarine
Six high-ranked players in a messy, exciting battle on Tiber Outpost. Replay here: www.gamereplays.org Note: This video was not recorded using maximum graphics settings.
http://wn.com/Dawn_of_War_2__3v3_on_Tiber_Outpost
Starlings flying in formation over the Tiber river
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:44
- Published: 15 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 22 Jun 2011
- Author: BlackBeastie
Starlings flying over the Tiber river near the Vatican looked like a living lava lamp. October 2009
http://wn.com/Starlings_flying_in_formation_over_the_Tiber_river
HD 1080 - Italy - Rome - A walk to Tiber Island in Rome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Published: 08 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 21 Jul 2011
- Author: 57maurizio
Just a brief walk to Tiber Island in Rome with my HDCAM. 8th of August, just touristes, wonderful. The Tiber Island (Italian: Isola Tiberina, Latin: Insula Tiberina), is a boat-shaped island which has long been associated with healing. It is an ait, and is the only island in the Tiber river, which runs through Rome. The island is located in the southern bend of the Tiber. It is approximately 270 m. long and 67 m. wide.
http://wn.com/HD_1080__Italy__Rome__A_walk_to_Tiber_Island_in_Rome
Elliot Tiber and Melanie talk about Woodstock '69 . . .
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 29 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 25 Jan 2011
- Author: SQ1PUBCLIPS
Elliot Tiber is joined by Woodstock musical icon Melanie to talk about all the wild and wacky and wonderful stuff that was happening during the 1969 summer that led up to the Woodstock Festival.
http://wn.com/Elliot_Tiber_and_Melanie_talk_about_Woodstock_'69___
Skyrim Lore Ep. 2 (Talos/Tiber Septim)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Published: 04 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: BNOblivion
This episode focuses on Tiber Septim/Talos. SECOND CHANNEL: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Skyrim_Lore_Ep_2_Talos/Tiber_Septim
Tiber Reservoir (Lake Elwell) Trip 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Published: 20 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Dec 2011
- Author: TheCattleRoper
A three day ice fishing trip to Tiber Reservoir (Lake Elwell), Montana. Enjoy Comment Subscribe. Nothing like a little BIG on the ICE!!
http://wn.com/Tiber_Reservoir_Lake_Elwell_Trip_2011
from our travel to rome-the Tiber River 27/11/09
from our travel to rome-the Tiber River 27/11/09
http://wn.com/from_our_travel_to_rome-the_Tiber_River_27/11/09
Frank Beckwith: Wading in the Tiber
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:04
- Published: 08 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: DrOakley1689
Frank Beckwith has now put out his own reversion story, and it is filled with documentation that he personally never left the Tiber River, so to speak. Here is one example.
http://wn.com/Frank_Beckwith_Wading_in_the_Tiber
Inside Rome - The Past Tour offered by Tiber Limo in Rome, Italy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Published: 28 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Feb 2011
- Author: europelimotours
www.tiberlimo.com ~ +39 06 6390108 ~ Tiber Limo Rome, Italy Travel Founder of Tiber Limo, Andrea Santucci, discusses Tiber Limo's tour called, "Inside Rome -- The Past". Do you have a hunger for history and short on time while in Rome to see everything? This is the Italian tour for you! Choose the package that covers the destinations and amount of time that fits your vacation needs. Roman Coliseum, Roman Forum, Trevi Fountain, The Pantheon, The Roman Wall, The Spanish Steps, St. Maria Basilica, St. Angelo Castle. Learn more about this tour here www.tiberlimo.com
http://wn.com/Inside_Rome__The_Past_Tour_offered_by_Tiber_Limo_in_Rome,_Italy
Let's Play Oblivion Part 36: Tiber Septim's Shrine
We head off to get another item martin needs.
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Oblivion_Part_36_Tiber_Septim's_Shrine
Chance Encounter on the Tiber (2010)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Published: 20 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: TEVERETERNO
2010 Chance Encounter on the Tiber This May, TEVERETERNO joined MAXXI, Rome's new contemporary art museum, to co-produce Chance Encounter on the Tiber, a new collaborative work by urban place-maker Robert Hammond (High Line, New York) and composer Lisa Bielawa. A flexible installation combined with a musical performance composed expressly for outdoor public space, Chance Encounter was performed by American soprano Susan Narucki, the Brooklyn Rider String Quartet (New York), and the Blue Chamber Orchestra (Rome). Two preview performances of the project were presented at MAXXI as part of its grand opening celebration weekend. At TEVERETERNO's adopted site, the Piazza Tevere, one hundred chairs were placed along the river walkways, and viewers were invited to explore place-making and time in this participatory work, which incorporates adaptable seating arrangements and an immersive musical performance. For more information, please visit www.tevereterno.it. © 2010 Renato Chiocca
http://wn.com/Chance_Encounter_on_the_Tiber_2010
Flooding Tiber Rome 2008
Tiber river 13 december 2008 in the Tiberina island
http://wn.com/Flooding_Tiber_Rome_2008
Dawn of War 2 Retribution - 3v3 Tiber Outpost - Commissar Lord Part 1
Eldar / Orks / Tyranids Vs. IG / Orks / SMs
http://wn.com/Dawn_of_War_2_Retribution__3v3_Tiber_Outpost__Commissar_Lord_Part_1
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Night Life and More Along Rome's Tiber River
05 Aug 2011
The New York Times
RomePosts | City Guide Every night this summer, the banks of Rome’s Tiber River come to life for the 10th edition of “Lungo il Tevere” (“Along the Tiber”). The city-sponsored event, which runs through Aug. 28, features hundreds of venues, with theaters, cinemas, musical...
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size: 5.6Kb
Reviving Cinecitta, Hollywood on the Tiber
04 Mar 2011
Yahoo Daily News
A half-century ago, Rome's Cinecitta Studios merited the nickname "Hollywood on the Tiber." Audrey Hepburn rode a Vespa scooter in Roman Holiday. Charlton Heston learned to pilot a chariot for Ben-Hur. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton hooked up while making Cleopatra. All were shot...
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size: 4.4Kb
Reviving Cinecittà, Hollywood on the Tiber
03 Mar 2011
Business Week
A half-century ago, Rome's Cinecittà Studios merited the nickname "Hollywood on the Tiber." Audrey Hepburn rode a Vespa scooter in Roman Holiday. Charlton Heston learned to pilot a chariot for Ben-Hur. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton hooked up while making Cleopatra. All were shot at Cinecittà....
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size: 4.0Kb
Thousands of Anglicans ready to cross the Tiber
09 Nov 2010
The Examiner
The Australian is reporting that a former Australian bishop is among five bishops in Britain who are to join the Roman Catholic Church under a Vatican scheme for disaffected Anglicans. Their decision is expected to spark an exodus to Rome of thousands of worshippers that could...
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Chance Encounter on the Tiber
10 Aug 2010
Design Observer
Chance Encounter on the Tiber, Rome, May 2010. Photo: Marco Martinelli For centuries, the most well-known transformations of public space have...
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Fox News
ROME — Four Italians have dived into the cold and dirty waters of Rome's Tiber river to mark the start of the new year. Hundreds of...
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Hartford Courant
(AP) — Four Italians have dived into the cold and dirty waters of Rome's Tiber river to mark the start of the new year. Hundreds of spectators gathered...
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size: 1.0Kb
An Anglican Bridge Across the Tiber
19 Nov 2009
The Times
Last Monday I was traveling to Tampa, Florida for a week long retreat with other Catholic priests who were once Anglican priests. In the airport I got an email with the news that the new Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus had been published. Suddenly the rest of the week's program was...
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size: 4.6Kb
| Coordinates | °′″N°′″N |
|---|---|
| name | Tiberius |
| title | 2nd Emperor of the Roman Empire |
| reign | 18 September 14 AD – 16 March 37 AD () |
| predecessor | Augustus |
| successor | Caligula |
| spouse | Vipsania AgrippinaJulia the Elder |
| issue | Drusus Julius CaesarTiberillusGermanicus (adoptive) |
| house | Julio-Claudian Dynasty |
| full name | Birth to adoption: Tiberius Claudius NeroAdoption to accession: Tiberius Julius CaesarAs Emperor: Tiberius Julius Caesar AugustusImperial name: Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus |
| father | Tiberius Claudius Nero |
| mother | Livia Drusilla |
| birth date | 16 November 42 BC |
| birth place | Rome |
| death date | 16 March AD 37 (aged 78) |
| death place | Misenum |
| place of burial | Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome }} |
Tiberius (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD), was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD. Tiberius was by birth a Claudian, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. His mother divorced Nero and married Augustus in 39 BC, making him a step-son of Octavian. Tiberius would later marry Augustus' daughter Julia the Elder (from his marriage to Scribonia) and even later be adopted by Augustus, by which act he officially became a Julian, bearing the name Tiberius Julius Caesar. The subsequent emperors after Tiberius would continue this blended dynasty of both families for the next forty years; historians have named it the Julio-Claudian dynasty. In relations to the other emperors of this dynasty, Tiberius was the stepson of Augustus, great-uncle of Caligula, paternal uncle of Claudius, and great-great uncle of Nero.
Tiberius was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men." After the death of Tiberius’ son Drusus Julius Caesar in 23 he became more reclusive and aloof. In 26, against better judgement, Tiberius exiled himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous Praetorian Prefects Lucius Aelius Sejanus and Quintus Naevius Sutorius Macro. Caligula, Tiberius' grand-nephew and adopted grandson, succeeded the emperor upon his death.
Early life
Background
Tiberius was born in Rome on November 16, 42 BC, to Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. In 39 BC, his mother divorced his biological father and remarried Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus shortly thereafter, while still pregnant with Tiberius Nero's son. Shortly thereafter in 38 BC his brother, Nero Claudius Drusus, was born. Little is recorded of Tiberius's early life. In 32 BC, Tiberius made his first public appearance at the age of nine, delivering the eulogy for his biological father. In 29 BC, both he and his brother Drusus rode in the triumphal chariot along with their adoptive father Octavian in celebration of the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. In 23 BC, Augustus became gravely ill, and his possible death threatened to plunge the Roman world into chaos again. Historians generally agree that it is during this time that the question of Augustus's heir became most acute, and while Augustus had seemed to indicate that Agrippa and Marcellus would carry on his position in the event of his death, the ambiguity of succession became Augustus's chief problem.In response, a series of potential heirs seem to have been selected, among them Tiberius and his brother, Drusus. In 24 BC, at the age of seventeen, Tiberius entered politics under Augustus's direction, receiving the position of quaestor, and was granted the right to stand for election as praetor and consul five years in advance of the age required by law. Similar provisions were made for Drusus.
Civil and military career
Shortly thereafter Tiberius began appearing in court as an advocate, and it is presumably here that his interest in Greek rhetoric began. In 20 BC, Tiberius was sent East under Marcus Agrippa. The Parthians had captured the standards of the legions under the command of Marcus Licinius Crassus (53 BC) (at the Battle of Carrhae), Decidius Saxa (40 BC), and Marc Antony (36 BC). After several years of negotiation, Tiberius led a sizable force into Armenia, presumably with the goal of establishing it as a Roman client-state and as a threat on the Roman-Parthian border, and Augustus was able to reach a compromise whereby these standards were returned, and Armenia remained a neutral territory between the two powers.After returning from the East in 19 BC, Tiberius was married to Vipsania Agrippina, the daughter of Augustus’s close friend and greatest general, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, appointed praetor, and sent with his legions to assist his brother Drusus in campaigns in the west. While Drusus focused his forces in Gallia Narbonensis and along the German frontier, Tiberius combated the tribes in the Alps and within Transalpine Gaul, conquering Raetia. In 15 BC he discovered the sources of the Danube, and soon afterwards the bend of the middle course. Returning to Rome in 13 BC, Tiberius was appointed as consul, and around this same time his son, Drusus Julius Caesar, was born.
Agrippa's death in 12 BC elevated Tiberius and Drusus with respect to the succession. At Augustus’ request in 11 BC, Tiberius divorced Vipsania and married Julia the Elder, Augustus' daughter and Agrippa's widow. This event seems to have been the breaking point for Tiberius; his marriage with Julia was never a happy one, and produced only a single child which died in infancy. Reportedly, Tiberius once ran into Vipsania again, and proceeded to follow her home crying and begging forgiveness; soon afterwards, Tiberius met with Augustus, and steps were taken to ensure that Tiberius and Vipsania would never meet again. Tiberius continued to be elevated by Augustus, and after Agrippa's death and his brother Drusus' death in 9 BC, seemed the clear candidate for succession. As such, in 12 BC he received military commissions in Pannonia and Germania; both areas highly volatile and key to Augustan policy.
In 6 BC, Tiberius launched a pincer movement against the Marcomanni. Setting out northwest from Carnuntum on the Danube with four legions, Tiberius passed through Quadi territory in order to invade the Marcomanni from the east. Meanwhile, general Gaius Sentius Saturninus would depart east from Moguntiacum on the Rhine with two or three legions, pass through newly annexed Hermunduri territory, and attack the Marcomanni from the west. The campaign was a resounding success, but Tiberius could not subjugate the Marcomanni because he was soon summoned to the Rhine frontier to protect Rome's new conquests in Germania.
He returned to Rome and was consul for a second time in 7 BC, and in 6 BC was granted tribunician power (tribunicia potestas) and control in the East, all of which mirrored positions that Agrippa had previously held. However, despite these successes and despite his advancement, Tiberius was not happy.
Retirement to Rhodes
In 6 BC, on the verge of accepting command in the East and becoming the second most powerful man in Rome, Tiberius suddenly announced his withdrawal from politics and retired to Rhodes. The precise motives for Tiberius's withdrawal are unclear. Historians have speculated a connection with the fact that Augustus had adopted Julia's sons by Agrippa Gaius and Lucius, and seemed to be moving them along the same political path that both Tiberius and Drusus had trodden. Tiberius thus seemed to be an interim solution: he would hold power only until his stepsons would come of age, and then be swept aside. The promiscuous, and very public, behavior of his unhappily married wife, Julia, may have also played a part. Indeed, Tacitus calls it Tiberius' intima causa, his innermost reason for departing for Rhodes, and seems to ascribe the entire move to a hatred of Julia and a longing for Vipsania. Tiberius had found himself married to a woman he loathed, who publicly humiliated him with nighttime escapades in the Forum, and forbidden to see the woman he had loved.Whatever Tiberius's motives, the withdrawal was almost disastrous for Augustus's succession plans. Gaius and Lucius were still in their early teens, and Augustus, now 57 years old, had no immediate successor. There was no longer a guarantee of a peaceful transfer of power after Augustus's death, nor a guarantee that his family, and therefore his family's allies, would continue to hold power should the position of princeps survive. Somewhat apocryphal stories tell of Augustus pleading with Tiberius to stay, even going so far as to stage a serious illness. Tiberius's response was to anchor off the shore of Ostia until word came that Augustus had survived, then sailing straightway for Rhodes. Tiberius reportedly discovered the error of his ways and requested to return to Rome several times, but each time Augustus refused his requests.
Heir to Augustus
With Tiberius's departure, succession rested solely on Augustus' two young grandsons, Lucius and Gaius Caesar. The situation became more precarious in AD 2 with the death of Lucius. Augustus, with perhaps some pressure from Livia, allowed Tiberius to return to Rome as a private citizen and nothing more. In AD 4, Gaius was killed in Armenia and Augustus had no other choice but to turn to Tiberius.The death of Gaius in AD 4 initiated a flurry of activity in the household of Augustus. Tiberius was adopted as full son and heir and in turn, he was required to adopt his nephew, Germanicus, the son of his brother Drusus and Augustus' niece Antonia Minor. Along with his adoption, Tiberius received tribunician power as well as a share of Augustus's maius imperium, something that even Marcus Agrippa may never have had. In AD 7, Agrippa Postumus, a younger brother of Gaius and Lucius, was disowned by Augustus and banned to the island of Pianosa, to live in solitary confinement. Thus, when in AD 13, the powers held by Tiberius were made equal, rather than second, to Augustus's own powers, he was for all intents and purposes a "co-princeps" with Augustus, and in the event of the latter's passing, would simply continue to rule without an interregnum or possible upheaval. Augustus died in AD 14, at the age of 75. He was buried with all due ceremony and, as had been arranged beforehand, deified, his will read, and Tiberius confirmed as his sole surviving heir.
As Emperor
Early reign
thumb|left|220px|Bust of Emperor Tiberius. The Senate convened on September 18, to validate Tiberius's position as Princeps and, as it had done with Augustus before, extend the powers of the position to him. These proceedings are fully accounted by Tacitus. Tiberius already had the administrative and political powers of the Princeps, all he lacked were the titles—Augustus, Pater Patriae, and the Civic Crown (a crown made from laurel and oak, in honor of Augustus having saved the lives of Roman citizens).Tiberius, however, attempted to play the same role as Augustus: that of the reluctant public servant who wants nothing more than to serve the state. This ended up throwing the entire affair into confusion, and rather than humble, he came across as derisive; rather than seeming to want to serve the state, he seemed obstructive. He cited his age as a reason why he could not act as Princeps, stated he did not wish the position, and then proceeded to ask for only a section of the state. Tiberius finally relented and accepted the powers voted to him, though according to Tacitus and Suetonius he refused to bear the titles Pater Patriae, Imperator, and Augustus, and declined the most solid emblem of the Princeps, the Civic Crown and laurels.
This meeting seems to have set the tone for Tiberius's entire rule. He seems to have wished for the Senate and the state to simply act without him and his direct orders were rather vague, inspiring debate more on what he actually meant than on passing his legislation. In his first few years, Tiberius seemed to have wanted the Senate to act on its own, rather than as a servant to his will as it had been under Augustus. According to Tacitus, Tiberius derided the Senate as "men fit to be slaves."'''
Rise and fall of Germanicus
Problems arose quickly for the new Princeps. The legions posted in Pannonia and in Germania had not been paid the bonuses promised them by Augustus, and after a short period of time, when it was clear that a response from Tiberius was not forthcoming, mutinied. Germanicus and Tiberius's son, Drusus Julius Caesar, were dispatched with a small force to quell the uprising and bring the legions back in line. Rather than simply quell the mutiny however, Germanicus rallied the mutineers and led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory, stating that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus. Germanicus's forces smashed across the Rhine and quickly occupied all of the territory between the Rhine and the Elbe. Additionally, Tacitus records the capture of the Teutoburg forest and the reclaiming of standards lost years before by Publius Quinctilius Varus, when three Roman legions and its auxiliary cohorts had been ambushed by a band of Germans. Germanicus had managed to deal a significant blow to Rome's enemies, quell an uprising of troops, and once again return lost standards to Rome, actions that increased the fame and legend of the already very popular Germanicus with the Roman people.After being recalled from Germania, Germanicus celebrated a triumph in Rome in AD 17, the first full triumph that the city had seen since Augustus's own in 29 BC. As a result, in AD 18 Germanicus was granted control over the eastern part of the empire, just as both Agrippa and Tiberius had received before, and was clearly the successor to Tiberius. Germanicus survived a little over a year before dying, accusing Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him. The Pisones had been longtime supporters of the Claudians, and had allied themselves with the young Octavian after his marriage to Livia, the mother of Tiberius; Germanicus's death and accusations indicted the new Princeps. Piso was placed on trial and, according to Tacitus, threatened to implicate Tiberius. Whether the governor actually could connect the Princeps to the death of Germanicus will never be known; rather than continuing to stand trial when it became evident that the Senate was against him, Piso committed suicide. Tiberius seems to have tired of politics at this point. In AD 22, he shared his tribunician authority with his son Drusus, and began making yearly excursions to Campania that reportedly became longer and longer every year. In AD 23, Drusus mysteriously died, and Tiberius seems to have made no effort to elevate a replacement. Finally, in AD 26, Tiberius retired from Rome altogether to the island of Capri.
Tiberius in Capri, with Sejanus in Rome
Lucius Aelius Sejanus had served the imperial family for almost twenty years when he became Praetorian Prefect in AD 15. As Tiberius became more embittered with the position of Princeps, he began to depend more and more upon the limited secretariat left to him by Augustus, and specifically upon Sejanus and the Praetorians. In AD 17 or 18, Tiberius had trimmed the ranks of the Praetorian guard responsible for the defense of the city, and had moved it from encampments outside of the city walls into the city itself, giving Sejanus access to somewhere between 6000 and 9000 troops. The death of Drusus elevated Sejanus, at least in Tiberius's eyes, who thereafter refers to him as his 'Socius Laborum' (Partner of my labours). Tiberius had statues of Sejanus erected throughout the city, and Sejanus became more and more visible as Tiberius began to withdraw from Rome altogether. Finally, with Tiberius's withdrawal in AD 26, Sejanus was left in charge of the entire state mechanism and the city of Rome.Sejanus's position was not quite that of successor; he had requested marriage in AD 25 to Tiberius's niece, Livilla, though under pressure quickly withdrew the request. While Sejanus's Praetorians controlled the imperial post, and therefore the information that Tiberius received from Rome and the information Rome received from Tiberius, the presence of Livia seems to have checked his overt power for a time. Her death in AD 29 changed all that. Sejanus began a series of purge trials of Senators and wealthy equestrians in the city of Rome, removing those capable of opposing his power as well as extending the imperial (and his own) treasury. Germanicus's widow Agrippina the Elder and two of her sons, Nero Caesar and Drusus Caesar were arrested and exiled in AD 30 and later all died in suspicious circumstances. In Sejanus's purge of Agrippina the Elder and her family, Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, and Julia Livilla were the only survivors.
In 31, Sejanus held the consulship with Tiberius in absentia, and began his play for power in earnest. Precisely what happened is difficult to determine, but Sejanus seems to have covertly attempted to court those families who were tied to the Julians, and attempted to ingratiate himself with the Julian family line with an eye towards placing himself, as an adopted Julian, in the position of Princeps, or as a possible regent. Livilla was later implicated in this plot, and was revealed to have been Sejanus's lover for a number of years. The plot seems to have involved the two of them overthrowing Tiberius, with the support of the Julians, and either assuming the Principate themselves, or serving as regent to the young Tiberius Gemellus or possibly even Gaius Caligula. Those who stood in his way were tried for treason and swiftly dealt with.
In AD 31 Sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the Senate, where a letter from Tiberius was read condemning Sejanus and ordering his immediate execution. Sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week. As commander of the Praetorian Guard, he was replaced by Naevius Sutorius Macro.
Tacitus claims that more treason trials followed and that whereas Tiberius had been hesitant to act at the outset of his reign, now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction. Hardest hit were those families with political ties to the Julians. Even the imperial magistracy was hit, as any and all who had associated with Sejanus or could in some way be tied to his schemes were summarily tried and executed, their properties seized by the state (in a similar way, in the few years after Valeria Messalina's death, Agrippina the Younger removed anyone she considered loyal to Messalina's memory, much in the same way that Sejanus's followers were executed). As Tacitus vividly describes,
However, Tacitus' portrayal of a tyrannical, vengeful emperor has been challenged by several modern historians. The prominent ancient historian Edward Togo Salmon notes in his work, A history of the Roman world from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138:
While Tiberius was in Capri, rumours abounded as to what exactly he was doing there. Suetonius records lurid tales of sexual perversity and cruelty, and most of all his paranoia. While heavily sensationalized, Suetonius' stories at least paint a picture of how Tiberius was perceived by the Roman people, and what his impact on the Principate was during his 23 years of rule.
Final years
The affair with Sejanus and the final years of treason trials permanently damaged Tiberius' image and reputation. After Sejanus's fall, Tiberius's withdrawal from Rome was complete; the empire continued to run under the inertia of the bureaucracy established by Augustus, rather than through the leadership of the Princeps. Suetonius records that he became paranoid, and spent a great deal of time brooding over the death of his son. Meanwhile, during this period a short invasion by Parthia, incursions by tribes from Dacia and from across the Rhine by several Germanic tribes occurred.Little was done to either secure or indicate how his succession was to take place; the Julians and their supporters had fallen to the wrath of Sejanus, and his own sons and immediate family were dead. Two of the candidates were either Caligula, the sole surviving son of Germanicus, or his own grandson, Tiberius Gemellus. However, only a half-hearted attempt at the end of his Tiberius' life was made to make Caligula a quaestor, and thus give him some credibility as a possible successor, while Gemellus himself was still only a teenager and thus completely unsuitable for some years to come.
Tiberius died in Misenum on March 16, AD 37, at the age of 77. Tacitus records that upon the news of his death the crowd rejoiced, only to become suddenly silent upon hearing that he had recovered, and rejoiced again at the news that Caligula and Macro had smothered him. This is not recorded by other ancient historians and is most likely apocryphal, but it can be taken as an indication of how the senatorial class felt towards the Emperor at the time of his death. In his will, Tiberius had left his powers jointly to Caligula and Tiberius Gemellus; Caligula's first act on becoming Princeps was to void Tiberius' will and have Gemellus executed. The level of unpopularity Tiberius had achieved by the time of his death with both the upper and lower classes is revealed by these facts: the Senate refused to vote him divine honors, and mobs filled the streets yelling "To the Tiber with Tiberius!"—in reference to a method of disposal reserved for the corpses of criminals. Instead the body of the emperor was cremated and his ashes were quietly laid in the Mausoleum of Augustus.
Tiberius' ashes would be scattered in AD 410 during the Sack of Rome; his heir Caligula not only spent Tiberius' fortune of 2,700,000,000 sesterces but would also begin the chain of events which would bring about the downfall of the Julio-Claudian dynasty in AD 68.
Legacy
Historiography
Were he to have died prior to AD 23, he might have been hailed as an exemplary ruler. Despite the overwhelmingly negative characterization left by Roman historians, Tiberius left the imperial treasury with nearly 3 billion sesterces upon his death. Rather than embark on costly campaigns of conquest, he chose to strengthen the existing empire by building additional bases, using diplomacy as well as military threats, and generally refraining from getting drawn into petty squabbles between competing frontier tyrants. The result was a stronger, more consolidated empire. Of the authors whose texts have survived until the present day, only four describe the reign of Tiberius in considerable detail: Tacitus, Suetonius, Cassius Dio and Velleius Paterculus. Fragmentary evidence also remains from Pliny the Elder, Strabo and Seneca the Elder. Tiberius himself wrote an autobiography which Suetonius describes as "brief and sketchy," but this book has been lost.
Publius Cornelius Tacitus
The most detailed account of this period is handed down to us by Tacitus, whose Annals dedicate the first six books entirely to the reign of Tiberius. Tacitus was a Roman senator, born during the reign of Nero in 56 AD, and consul suffect in AD 97. His text is largely based on the acta senatus (the minutes of the session of the Senate) and the acta diurna populi Romani (a collection of the acts of the government and news of the court and capital), as well as speeches by Tiberius himself, and the histories of contemporaries such as Cluvius Rufus, Fabius Rusticus and Pliny the Elder (all of which are lost). Tacitus' narrative emphasizes both political and psychological motivation. The characterisation of Tiberius throughout the first six books is mostly negative, and gradually worsens as his rule declines, identifying a clear breaking point with the death of Drusus in 23 AD. The rule of Julio-Claudians is generally described as unjust and 'criminal' by Tacitus. Even at the outset of his reign, he seems to ascribe many of Tiberius' virtues merely to hypocrisy. Another major recurring theme concerns the balance of power between the Senate and the Emperors, corruption, and the growing tyranny among the governing classes of Rome. A substantial amount of his account on Tiberius is therefore devoted to the treason trials and persecutions following the revival of the maiestas law under Augustus. Ultimately, Tacitus' opinion on Tiberius is best illustrated by his conclusion of the sixth book:
Suetonius Tranquillus
Suetonius was an equestrian who held administrative posts during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian. The Twelve Caesars details a biographical history of the principate from the birth of Julius Caesar to the death of Domitian in AD 96. Like Tacitus, he drew upon the imperial archives, as well as histories by Aufidius Bassus, Cluvius Rufus, Fabius Rusticus and Augustus' own letters, but his account is more sensationalist and anecdotal than that of his contemporary. The most famous sections of his biography delve into the numerous alleged debaucheries Tiberius remitted himself to while at Capri. Nevertheless, Suetonius also reserves praise for Tiberius' actions during his early reign, emphasizing his modesty.
Velleius Paterculus
One of the few surviving sources contemporary with the rule of Tiberius comes from Velleius Paterculus, who served under Tiberius for eight years (from AD 4) in Germany and Pannonia as praefect of cavalry and legatus. Paterculus' Compendium of Roman History spans a period from the fall of Troy to the death of Livia in AD 29. His text on Tiberius lavishes praise on both the emperor and Sejanus. How much of this is due to genuine admiration or prudence remains an open question, but it has been conjectured that he was put to death in AD 31 as a friend of Sejanus.
Gospels
The Gospels record that during Tiberius' reign, Jesus of Nazareth preached and was executed under the authority of Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. In the Bible, Tiberius is mentioned by name only once, in Luke, stating that John the Baptist entered on his public ministry in the fifteenth year of his reign. Many references to Caesar (or the emperor in some other translations), without further specification, would seem to refer to Tiberius. Similarly, the "Tribute Penny" referred to in Matthew and Mark is popularly thought to be a silver denarius coin of Tiberius.
Archaeology
The palace of Tiberius at Rome was located on the Palatine Hill, the ruins of which can still be seen today. No major public works were undertaken in the city during his reign, except a temple dedicated to Augustus and the restoration of the theater of Pompey, both of which were not finished until the reign of Caligula. In addition, remnants of Tiberius' villa at Sperlonga, which includes a grotto where several Rhodean sculptures have been recovered, and the Villa Jovis on top of Capri have been preserved. The original complex at Capri is thought to have spanned a total of twelve villas across the island, of which Villa Jovis was the largest.Tiberius refused to be worshipped as a living god, and allowed only one temple to be built in his honor at Smyrna. The town Tiberias, in modern Israel on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee was named in Tiberius's honour by Herod Antipas.
In fiction
Tiberius has been represented in fiction, in literature, film and television, and in video games, often as a peripheral character in the central storyline. One such modern representation is in the novel I, Claudius by Robert Graves, and the consequent BBC television series adaptation, where he is portrayed by George Baker. He also appears as a minor character in the 2006 film The Inquiry, in which he is played by Max von Sydow. In addition, Tiberius has prominent roles in Ben-Hur (played by George Relph in his last starring role), the 1968 ITV historical drama The Caesars (by André Morell), in Caligula (played by Peter O'Toole) and in A.D. (played by James Mason). Played by Ernest Thesiger, he featured in The Robe (1953). He was an important character in Taylor Caldwell's 1958 novel, Dear and Glorious Physician, a biography of St Luke the Evangelist, author of the third canonical Gospel. He is featured as a young man in Michelle Moran's novel Cleopatra's Daughter, a novel about the life of Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios. He is also featured as the primary antagonist in the video game Spartan: Total Warrior. He is portrayed as insane, driven to the point of suicide by Ares.
Ancestry
See also
Notes
Bibliography
Primary sources
Secondary material
(Ernst Mason was a pseudonym of science fiction author Frederik Pohl)
External links
{{s-ttl| title = Roman Emperor | years = 14–37 }} {{s-ttl| title = Julio-Claudian Dynasty | years = 14–37 }}
{{s-ttl| title = Consul of the Roman Empire together with Germanicus | years = 18 }}
Category:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire Category:Roman-era Olympic competitors Category:Capri Category:Imperial Roman consuls Category:Julio-Claudian Dynasty Category:42 BC births Category:37 deaths Category:1st-century BC Romans Category:1st-century Roman emperors Category:New Testament people Category:Augustus
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