A scandal is a widely publicized allegation or set of allegations that damages (or tries to damage) the reputation of an institution, individual or creed. A scandal may be based on true or false allegations or a mixture of both.

From the Greek σκάνδαλον, a trap or stumbling-block. The metaphor is that wrong conduct can impede or "trip" people's trust or faith.

Some scandals are broken by whistleblowers who reveal wrongdoing within organizations or groups, such as Deep Throat (William Mark Felt) during the 1970s Watergate scandal. Sometimes an attempt to cover up a possible scandal ignites a greater scandal when the cover-up fails.

Western world

In the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, scandals, particularly political ones, are often referred to by adding the suffix "-gate" to a word connected with the events, recalling the Watergate scandal, such as "Nannygate".

List of scandals

Political scandals

Academic scandals

Sporting scandals

Game show scandals

Corporate scandals

Journalistic scandals

Olympic Games scandals

Roman Catholic sex abuse cases

List of Christian evangelist scandals

List of scandals with "-gate" suffix

Sex scandals

Footnotes

External links

Category:Greek loanwords

ar:فضيحة be-x-old:Скандал ca:Escàndol cs:Skandál da:Skandale de:Skandal es:Escándalo eo:Skandalo fr:Scandale ko:스캔들 (추문) hi:घोटाला hr:Skandal id:Skandal it:Scandalo he:שערורייה kk:Жанжал hu:Botrány nl:Schandaal ja:不祥事 no:Skandale pl:Skandal pt:Escândalo ru:Скандал simple:Scandal sk:Škandál fi:Skandaali sv:Skandal vi:Vụ bê bối zh:醜聞

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Samuel Barber
Background	non_performing_personnel
Birth name	Samuel Osborne Barber II
Born	March 09, 1910West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States
Death date	January 23, 1981
Occupation	composer
Years active	}}

Samuel Osborne Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. His ''Adagio for Strings'' is his most popular composition and widely considered a masterpiece of modern classical music. He was twice awarded the Pulitzer Prize for music, for his opera ''Vanessa'' and his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. His ''Knoxville: Summer of 1915'', a work for soprano and orchestra, was an acclaimed setting of prose by James Agee.

Biography

Early years

Barber was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Marguerite McLeod (née Beatty) and Samuel Le Roy Barber. At a very early age, Barber became profoundly interested in music, and it was apparent that he had great musical talent and ability. At the age of nine he wrote to his mother:

He wrote his first musical at the early age of 7 and attempted to write his first opera at the age of 10. He was an organist at the age of 12. When he was 14, he entered the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, where he studied piano, composition, and voice.

Barber was born into a comfortable, educated, social, and distinguished Irish-American family. His father was a physician, and his mother was a pianist. His aunt, Louise Homer, was a leading contralto at the Metropolitan Opera and his uncle, Sidney Homer, was a composer of American art songs. Louise Homer is known to have influenced Barber's interest in voice. Through his aunt, Barber had access to many great singers and songs.

Barber began composing seriously in his late teenage years. Around the same time, he met fellow Curtis schoolmate Gian Carlo Menotti, who became his partner in life as well as in their shared profession. At the Curtis Institute, Barber was a triple prodigy in composition, voice, and piano. He soon became a favorite of the conservatory's founder, Mary Louise Curtis Bok. It was through Mrs. Bok that Barber was introduced to his lifelong publisher, the Schirmer family. At the age of 18, Barber won the Joseph H. Bearns Prize from Columbia University for his Violin Sonata (now lost or destroyed by the composer).

Middle years

From his early to late twenties, Barber wrote a flurry of successful compositions, launching him into the spotlight of the classical music world. Many of his compositions were commissioned or first performed by such famous artists as Vladimir Horowitz, Eleanor Steber, Raya Garbousova, John Browning, Leontyne Price, Pierre Bernac, Francis Poulenc, and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. When Barber was 28, his ''Adagio for Strings'' was performed by the NBC Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Arturo Toscanini in 1938, along with his first ''Essay for Orchestra''. The Adagio had been arranged from the slow movement of Barber's String Quartet, Op. 11. Toscanini had only rarely performed music by American composers before (an exception was Howard Hanson's Second Symphony, which he conducted in 1933). At the end of the first rehearsal of the piece, Toscanini remarked, "Semplice e bella" (simple and beautiful).

Barber served in the Army Air Corps in World War II, where he was commissioned to write his Second Symphony, a work he later suppressed. (It was released in a "Vox" recording by the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra conducted by Andrew Schenck). Composed in 1943, the symphony was originally titled ''Symphony Dedicated to the Air Forces'' and was premiered in early 1944 by Serge Koussevitsky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Barber revised the symphony in 1947, which was published by G. Schirmer, and recorded the following year by the New Symphony Orchestra of London conducted by the composer, but Barber subsequently destroyed the score in 1964. It was reconstructed from the instrumental parts. According to another source, however, it was precisely the parts to the symphony that Barber had torn up. Hans Heinsheimer was an eyewitness, and reported that he accompanied Barber to the publisher's office where they collected all the music from the library and Barber "tore up all these beautifully and expensively copied materials with his own hands" Doubt has been cast on this story, however, on grounds that Heinsheimer, as an executive at G. Schirmer, would have allowed Barber into the Schirmer offices to watch him "rip apart the music that his company had invested money in publishing".

Barber won the Pulitzer Prize twice: in 1958 for his first opera ''Vanessa,'' and in 1963 for his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra.

Later years

Barber spent many years in isolation after the harsh rejection of his third opera ''Antony and Cleopatra''. He suffered from depression, and was also beset by alcoholism. The opera was written for and premiered at the opening of the new Metropolitan Opera House on September 16, 1966. After this setback, Barber continued to write music until he was almost 70 years old. Barber's music in his later years would be lauded as reflective and contemplative, but without the morbidity or unhappiness of other composers who knew they had a limited time to live. The ''Third Essay for Orchestra'' (1978) was his last major work.

Barber died of cancer in 1981 in New York City at the age of 70. He was buried in Oaklands Cemetery in his hometown of West Chester, Pennsylvania.

Achievements and awards

Barber was the recipient of numerous awards and prizes including the Rome Prize (the American version of the Prix de Rome), two Pulitzers, and election to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961.

Barber was initiated, as a full collegiate member, into the Zeta Iota chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at Howard University in 1952.

In addition to composing, Barber was active in organizations that sought to help musicians and music. He was president of the International Music Council of UNESCO, where he did much to bring into focus and ameliorate the conditions of international musical problems. One of the first American composers to visit Russia (which was then a constituent republic of the Soviet Union), Barber was influential also in the successful campaign of composers against ASCAP, helping composers increase the share of royalties they receive from their compositions.

Music

Orchestral music

Barber played and studied the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and was an adherent of Johannes Brahms, from whom he learned how to compress profound emotions into small modules of highly charged musical expression (Cello Sonata, 1932).

In 1933, after reading the poem "Prometheus Unbound" by Percy Bysshe Shelley, Barber composed the tone poem ''Music for a Scene from Shelley'', Op. 7. In 1935, when the work was premiered at Carnegie Hall, it was the first time the composer heard one of his orchestral works performed publicly.

Barber's compositional style has been lauded for its musical logic, sense of architectural design, effortless melodic gift, and direct emotional appeal. This was evident in the Overture to ''The School for Scandal'' (1931) and ''Music for a Scene from Shelley'' (1933). These were characteristics of his music throughout his lifetime.

Through the success of his Overture to ''The School for Scandal'' (1931), ''Music for a Scene from Shelley'' (1933), ''Adagio for Strings'' (1938); (First) ''Symphony in One Movement'' (1936), (First) ''Essay for Orchestra'' (1937) and Violin Concerto (1939), Barber garnered performances by the world's leading conductors – Eugene Ormandy, Dimitri Mitropoulos, Bruno Walter, Charles Münch, George Szell, Artur Rodziński, Leopold Stokowski, and Thomas Schippers.

His compositions later included polytonality (Second Symphony, 1944); atonality (''Medea'', 1946, ''Prayers of Kierkegaard'', 1954); Twelve-tone technique (''Nocturne'', 1959 and the Piano Sonata, 1949); and jazz (''Excursions'', 1944; and ''A Hand of Bridge'', 1959).

Among his finest works are his four concertos, one each for Violin (1939), Cello (1945) and Piano (1962), and also the neoclassical ''Capricorn Concerto'' for flute, oboe, trumpet and string orchestra. All of these works are rewarding for the soloists and public alike, as all contain both highly virtuosic and beautiful writing, often simultaneously. The latter three have been unfairly neglected until recent years, when there has been a reawakening of interest in the expressive possibilities of these masterpieces.

Barber's final opus was the ''Canzonetta'' for oboe and string orchestra (1979/1981).

Piano

The four piano "bagatelles" ''Excursions'', Op. 20, (1942–44), was his first and only venture into Americana music. Its elements of boogie-woogie, blues, theme and variations on a cowboy song, and hoedown are not typical of Barber's generally more classical style. In 1949, Barber wrote his keyboard masterpiece Piano Sonata, which has maintained a prominent position in the concert repertoire since its premiere. The ''Nocturne for Piano (Homage to John Field),'' Op. 33, is another respected piece which he composed for the instrument.

Opera

Barber's life partner Gian Carlo Menotti, whom he had met at Curtis, supplied the libretto (text) for Barber's opera, ''Vanessa.'' Using his vocal training, in 1956 Barber played and sang the score to the Metropolitan Opera's General Manager, Rudolf Bing, who accepted the work. It premiered in January 1958. The title role was written for Sena Jurinac but she cancelled six weeks before the opening, to be replaced by Eleanor Steber, with whom the role has become closely identified. ''Vanessa'' won the 1958 Pulitzer Prize and gained acclaim as the first American grand opera.

Menotti also contributed the libretto for Barber's chamber opera ''A Hand of Bridge''. Barber's ''Antony and Cleopatra'' was commissioned to open the new Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center in 1966. The elaborate production designed by Franco Zeffirelli was plagued with technical disasters; it also overwhelmed and obscured Barber's music, which most critics derided as uncharacteristically weak and unoriginal. The critical rejection of music that Barber considered to be among his best sent him into a deep depression. In recent years, a revised version of ''Antony and Cleopatra'', for which Menotti provided collaborative assistance, has enjoyed some success.

Vocal

Barber's background, deeply rooted in singing (including studies with Emilio de Gogorza), his love of poetry, and his intimate knowledge and appreciation of the human voice, inspired his vocal writing. Barber's most famous vocal compositions, ''Knoxville: Summer of 1915'' (to words by James Agee) and ''Dover Beach'' (to the poem by Matthew Arnold), were greatly successful. Their critical acclaim has made a powerful case for Barber as one of the twentieth century's most accomplished composers for the voice.

In honor of Barber's influence on American music, on October 19, 1974, he was awarded the prestigious University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit. This award was established in 1964 "to bring a declaration of appreciation to an individual each year who has made a significant contribution to the world of music and helped to create a climate in which our talents may find valid expression."

In September 1992, soprano Cheryl Studer, baritone Thomas Hampson, the preeminent Samuel Barber pianist John Browning and the Emerson String Quartet recorded the complete songs of Samuel Barber (with the exception of ''Knoxville: Summer of 1915'') at the Brahms-Saal of the famous Musikverein in Vienna, Austria. The Deutsche Grammophon (catalogue 435 867–2) set has become a classic of American song on record.

Violin

In 1939 Philadelphia industrialist Samuel Simeon Fels commissioned Barber to write a violin concerto for Fels' ward, Iso Briselli, a graduate from the Curtis Institute of Music the same year as Barber, 1934. The Barber biographies written by Nathan Broder (1954) and Barbara B. Heyman (1992) discuss the genesis of the concerto during the period of the violin concerto's commission and subsequent year leading up to the first performance. Heyman interviewed Briselli and others familiar with the history in her publication. In late 2010, previously unpublished letters written by Fels, Barber, and Albert Meiff (Briselli's violin coach in that period) from the Samuel Simeon Fels Papers archived at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania became available to the public.

Notable compositions

For a full list of works with opus number and some without, see List of compositions by Samuel Barber

''Dover Beach'' (Medium Voice and String Quartet) (Op. 3, 1931)

''The School for Scandal'' (Overture) (Op. 5, 1931)

Cello Sonata (Op. 6, 1932)

''Music for a Scene from Shelley'' (Op. 7, 1933)

(First) ''Symphony in One Movement'' (Op. 9, 1936)

''Adagio for Strings'' (arr. of String Quartet, mov’t 2) (Op. 11, 1938)

''Essay for Orchestra'' (Op. 12, 1937)

Violin Concerto (Op. 14, 1939)

''Reincarnations'' for mixed chorus, (Op. 16, 1939–1940); words by Antoine Ó Raifteiri in translation by James Stephens

''Second Essay for Orchestra'' (Op. 17, 1942)

''Excursions'' (Op. 20, 1942–44)

''Capricorn Concerto'' (Op. 21, 1944)

Cello Concerto (Op. 22, 1945)

''Medea (Ballet)'' (Op. 23, 1946)

''Knoxville: Summer of 1915'' (Soprano & Orchestra) (Op. 24, 1948)

Sonata for Piano (Op. 26, 1949)

''Hermit Songs'' (Op. 29, 1953)

''Prayers of Kierkegaard'' (Soprano, Choir & Orchestra) (Op. 30, 1954)

''Summer Music for Wind Quintet'' (Op. 31, 1956)

''Vanessa'' (opera) (Op. 32, 1957)

''A Hand of Bridge'' (Chamber opera) (Op. 35, 1959)

''Toccata Festiva'' (Organ and Orchestra) (Op. 36, 1960)

Piano Concerto (Op. 38, 1962)

''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Op. 40, opera, 1966, rev. 1974)

Popular culture

''Adagio for Strings'' is a string-orchestra version of the slow movement from Barber's only string quartet. It was broadcast as part of a radio tribute following the death of US president, Franklin D. Roosevelt and at the funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco. It was used by French film composer, Georges Delerue, as part of his score, in the opening and various other passages of ''Platoon'' (1986), a film directed by Oliver Stone about the Vietnam War and in the film, ''Lorenzo's Oil'', starring Nick Nolte and Susan Sarandon. It is the soundtrack of the movie ''The Elephant Man'' (1980) directed by David Lynch. During its depiction of the final moments of Merrick's (The Elephant Man) life, the film uses "Adagio for Strings". It has also been remixed quite popularly by electronic dance artist DJ Tiesto and a choral version served as the theme to the real-time strategy game ''Homeworld''.

Notes

Reference and further reading

Broder, Nathan. 1954. ''Samuel Barber''. New York: G. Schirmer. Reprinted Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. ISBN 0313249849.

Heinsheimer, Hans W. 1968. "The Composing Composer: Samuel Barber". ''ASCAP Today'' 2:7.

Henahan, Donal. 1975. "Juilliard Rehabilitating 'Antony and Cleopatra'". ''New York Times'' (February 8).

Heyman, Barbara B. 1992. ''Samuel Barber: The Composer and His Music''. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195090581.

Károlyi, Ottó. 1996. ''Modern American Music: From Charles Ives to the Minimalists''. London: Cygnus Arts; Madison [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 9780838637258 (cloth); ISBN 9781900541008 (pbk).

Lee, Douglas A. 2002. ''Masterworks of 20th-Century Music: The Modern Repertory Of The Symphony Orchestra''. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93846-5

Mostovoy, Marc. 2010. "Iso Briselli, Samuel Barber, and thbe Violin Concerto, op. 14: Facts and Fiction". Iso Briselli website. (Accessed December 6, 2010)

Schenck, Andrew. 1988. Booklet notes. ''Samuel Barber: Symphony No. 2; Music for a Scene from Shelley; Overture to The School for Scandal; First Essay; Adagio for Strings''. The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Andrew Schenck, cond. CD recording. Stradivari Classics SCD 8012. Hackensack, NJ: Special Music Company.

Simmons, Walter. 2004. ''Voices in the Wilderness: Six American Neo-Romantic Composers''. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810848848. Paperback reprint edition, Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8108-5728-6.

Smith, Patricia Juliana. 2002. "Barber, Samuel". ''glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture'', edited by Claude J. Summers. Chicago: glbtq, Inc.

Staubrand, Jens. 2009. ''Kierkegaard International Bibliography: Music Works and Plays: Appendix: About The Seducers Diary and the Illness and Death of Søren Kierkegaard'', new edition. Copenhagen: Eget Forlag; i kommission hos Forlaget Underskoven. ISBN 978 87 92259 91 2.

Valente, Erasmo. 1983. "A Spoleto rinasce Cleopatra". ''L’unità'' (June 27).

Wade, Graham. 2003. ''A Concise Guide to Understanding Music''. Pacific, MO: Mel Bay Publications. ISBN 9780786649815.

Warrack, John Hamilton, and Ewan West. 1992. ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-869164-5

Wright, Jeffrey Marsh II. 2010. "The Enlisted Composer: Samuel Barber's Career 1942–1945". PhD diss. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

External links

Biography

Heyman, Barbara B (1992). Samuel Barber: The Composer and His Music. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195090586

Wittke, Paul. Samuel Barber. G. Schirmer Inc.

Homepage of ''Capricorn'', the French Samuel Barber Society. (In English and French)

Article "Barber, A Composer Between Two Worlds", by the Capricorn Society on American Center France

Samuel Osborne Barber. IHAS. PBS.

Smith, Patricia. Barber, Samuel. glbtq.com

"Samuel Barber", ''Fyne Times''

Other

''Frédéric Chopin and Samuel Barber'' – ArtsEditor.com opinion article, 2010.

Audio and Video

Anne Akiko Meyers performs the Barber Violin Concerto

Cheryl Studer sings Samuel Barber in recital, November 27, 2003

Art of the States: Samuel Barber

Video of Erika's aria from ''Vanessa'', "Must the Winter Come So Soon?", sung by Mary Gayle Greene

In the BBC Discovering Music: Listening Library

Category:20th-century classical composers Category:American classical composers Category:Opera composers Category:Pulitzer Prize for Music winners Category:Guggenheim Fellows Category:LGBT musicians from the United States Category:1910 births Category:1981 deaths Category:Grammy Award winners Category:LGBT composers Category:Curtis Institute of Music alumni Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

an:Samuel Barber bg:Самюъл Барбър ca:Samuel Barber cs:Samuel Barber da:Samuel Barber de:Samuel Barber et:Samuel Barber es:Samuel Barber eu:Samuel Barber fa:ساموئل باربر fr:Samuel Barber fy:Samuel Barber hr:Samuel Barber id:Samuel Barber it:Samuel Barber he:סמואל בארבר ka:სემიუელ ბარბერი la:Samuel Barber nl:Samuel Barber ja:サミュエル・バーバー no:Samuel Barber pl:Samuel Barber pt:Samuel Barber ru:Барбер, Сэмюэл sl:Samuel Barber sh:Samuel Barber fi:Samuel Barber sv:Samuel Barber tl:Samuel Barber tr:Samuel Barber uk:Самюел Барбер zh:塞缪尔·巴伯

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Birthname	William Mills Irwin
birth date	April 11, 1950
birth place	Santa Monica, California, U.S.
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1980– }}

William Mills "Bill" Irwin (born April 11, 1950) is an American actor and clown noted for his contribution to the renaissance of American circus during the 1970s. He is known for his vaudeville-style stage acts, but has made a number of appearances on film and television and won a Tony Award for a dramatic role on Broadway. He is known by children as Mr. Noodle on Sesame Street's ''Elmo's World''.

Early life

Irwin was born in Santa Monica, California, the son of Elizabeth (née Mills), a teacher, and Horace G. Irwin, an aerospace engineer. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1973 with a degree in theater arts, and from the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College the following year. In 1975, he helped found the Pickle Family Circus in San Francisco, California. He left the company in 1979, and decided to pursue stage work.

Career

Irwin created a run of highly regarded stage shows that incorporated elements of clowning, often in collaboration with composer Doug Skinner. These works included ''The Regard of Flight'' (1982), ''Largely New York'' (1989), ''Fool Moon'' (1993), ''The Harlequin Studies'' (2003), and ''Mr. Fox: A Rumination'' (2004). ''Mr. Fox'' is a production that Irwin has worked on for years, a biography of 19th century clown George Washington Lafayette Fox that also has autobiographical elements.

Irwin adapted Molière's play ''Les Fourberies de Scapin'' as a comedy called ''Scapin'', and has played the title role in several productions. His adaptation allowed him to interpolate his signature clowning routines into the course of the action.

In 1996, Irwin performed with The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps at the 1996 Summer Olympics, in a "band on the run" sequence where he played Dr. Hubert Peterson of the fictitious Federation of United Marching Associations of America.

Although Irwin is best known for his theatrical clown work, he has also been featured in a number of dramatic plays. Irwin appeared in 1988 on stage with Steve Martin and Robin Williams for a production of ''Waiting for Godot'' in the role of Lucky. Lucky's only lines consist of a famous 500-word-long monologue, an ironic element for Irwin since much of his clown-based stage work was silent. He appeared in 2002 with Sally Field in the replacement cast of ''The Goat or Who is Sylvia?''. In 2005, he starred alongside Kathleen Turner as George in a revival of Edward Albee's ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?''. He directed the 1998 Roundabout Theatre Company production of ''A Flea in Her Ear''. In 2009 he played Vladimir (Didi) in a Broadway revival of ''Waiting for Godot,'' and Mr. McAfee in the Broadway revival of ''Bye Bye Birdie''.

Irwin's first featured film role was in 1980, appearing as Ham Gravy in Robert Altman's ''Popeye'' starring Robin Williams. He has appeared in over 20 films, mainly in supporting roles. Irwin's principal film roles included ''My Blue Heaven'', a 1990 comedy with Steve Martin and Rick Moranis, and ''Eight Men Out'', which tells the true story of the "Black Sox" gambling scandal of 1919. Irwin tap-danced in a leading role in 1991's ''Stepping Out'' with Liza Minnelli and appeared as a mime in the Paul Mazursky film ''Scenes from a Mall'' alongside Woody Allen and Bette Midler. His authentic vaudevillian skills landed him a role in the Sam Shepard film ''Silent Tongue'' in 1994, and he appeared in film adaptations of ''How The Grinch Stole Christmas'', ''The Laramie Project'' and ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. He played an ex-brain surgeon, house salesman in the Nickelodeon show ''The Adventures of Pete & Pete''. In 2006, Irwin played the solitary Mr. Leeds in M. Night Shyamalan's ''Lady in the Water'' and had a small role in 2007's ''Across the Universe''. He received critical acclaim for his role as Paul, father to Anne Hathaway's character Kym, in the 2008 drama ''Rachel Getting Married''.

His most notable television roles have been Enrico Ballati, "The Flying Man", on the television series ''Northern Exposure'', Mr. Noodle in the ''Elmo's World'' segment of the PBS children's show ''Sesame Street'' and the "Dick & Jane" serial killer Nate Haskell on ''CSI''. He has also appeared on ''The Cosby Show'', ''Saturday Night Live'', ''3rd Rock From The Sun'', ''Law & Order'' and '' Lights Out''. Irwin was featured in the 1988 music video of "Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin (along with McFerrin and Robin Williams).

Awards and honors

Irwin was awarded the National Endowment for the Arts Choreographer's Fellowship in 1981 and 1983. In 1984 he was named a Guggenheim Fellow and was the first performance artist to be awarded a 5-year MacArthur Fellowship.

For ''Largely New York'' he won a New York Drama Critics Circle Special Citation in 1988, and an Outer Critics Circle Award and Drama Desk Award in 1989. This show also received five nominations for Tony Awards.

In 1992, he won an OBIE Award for his performance in ''Texts for Nothing''. Together with David Shiner he won a special Tony Award for Live Theatrical Presentation in 1999 for their show ''Fool Moon''. In 1993, this show already had won a Drama Desk Award for "Unique Theatrical Experience" and an Outer Critics Circle "Special Achievement" Award.

In 2005, he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his appearance as George in the revival of Edward Albee's ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?''.

2008 saw Irwin receive a CFCA Award nomination for "Best Supporting Actor" for his role in ''Rachel Getting Married''.

In 2010, The New Victory Theater presented Bill Irwin with the first ever New Victory Arts Award. He was honored for "bringing the arts to kids and kids to the arts." Nathan Lane and Jonathan Demme spoke at the ceremony.

Bill Irwin is also on the board of The New 42nd Street, Inc.

References

External links

Bill Irwin, Clown Prince. ''Great Performances'' (PBS). (2004)

The Regard of Flight from the ''New York Times'' (Registration required) (1984)

The Harlequin Studies (2003)

Archive film of Bill Irwin performing Post-Modern Studies in 1983 at Jacob's Pillow

Category:1950 births Category:American clowns Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Guggenheim Fellows Category:Living people Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:Mimes Category:Oberlin College alumni Category:Tony Award winners

fr:Bill Irwin fi:Bill Irwin

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Miranda Cosgrove
background	solo_singer
birth name	Miranda Taylor Cosgrove
birth date	May 14, 1993
origin	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Pop rock, teen pop
occupation	Actress, singer, songwriter
years active	2001–present (actress)2007–present (singer)
label	ColumbiaEpic
website	www.mirandacosgroveofficial.com/
associated acts	Greyson Chance }}

Miranda Taylor Cosgrove (born May 14, 1993) is an American film and television actress and pop recording artist. Cosgrove played the roles of Megan Parker in ''Drake & Josh'' and title character in ''iCarly''. Her career started at the age of three, participating in television commercials. Cosgrove's film debut was in 2003, as Summer Hathaway in ''School of Rock''. After years of small television appearances, Cosgrove was cast into the hit show ''Drake & Josh'' and later in ''iCarly''. As of May 2010, Cosgrove earned US$180,000 per episode of ''iCarly'', making her the second highest paid child star on television.

Following the success of ''iCarly'', a soundtrack album was released in June 2008, in which she performed four songs. Cosgrove's debut album ''Sparks Fly'' was released on April 27, 2010.

Biography

Early life

Cosgrove was born in Los Angeles, to Tom, who owns a dry cleaning business, and Chris (née Casey), a stay-at-home mother. At the age of three, she was discovered by a talent agent while singing and dancing at the Los Angeles restaurant Taste of L.A. Cosgrove stated that when the agent walked up to her and her mom for modeling, she had "never really thought of being an [actress]" and "was lucky". After choosing to take the offer, she appeared in television commercials for McDonald's and Mello Yello, and also modeled. At the age of seven, Cosgrove decided that "[she] loved doing it" and auditioned for theater and television roles.

2001–2007: Rise to fame

Cosgrove's first television appearance was in 2001 as a 5-year old Lana Lang in the pilot of ''Smallville''. Cosgrove then made her film debut with the 2003 film ''School of Rock''. In the movie, she played Summer Hathaway, a young girl with great ambition and discipline who finds herself adjusting to the free-spirited nature of the new teacher by becoming band manager of classroom's rock band. ''School of Rock'' was both a box office hit, grossing over $131,282,949 worldwide, and critical success, receiving a 91 percent score on Rotten Tomatoes. Cosgrove's acting on the film was praised with David Ansen of ''Newsweek'' describing it as "spot on". She said of the experience of working with Jack Black: "The first week it was like, 'Oh, my God, that's Jack Black,' but two weeks later it was fine. He's really funny. Sometimes the director would say, 'Jack you can't make them laugh so much.'" She cited the scene as trying to sing wrong as very difficult. Cosgrove stated that "I got a 45-minute lesson from Jim O'Rourke of Sonic Youth on how to sing badly. I've been taking singing lessons for about five years, so getting to sing badly was new. The director kept saying, 'Try to sing even worse, Miranda,' so it was weird." She is grateful she was in ''School of Rock'', as it exposed her to classic rock songs she was unfamiliar with. "After the movie," said Cosgrove, "I discovered Led Zeppelin and I've taken up the electric guitar".

2004 saw Cosgrove breaking out into the television network. She guest starred in a special episode of the animated series ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?'', as well as guest starring in a season five episode of ''Grounded For Life'', portraying the character of Jessica. Cosgrove also got her first major role in a television series, when she was awarded a main role in the Nickelodeon series, ''Drake & Josh'', alongside Drake Bell and Josh Peck. In the series, she portrayed the mischievous sister of the title character, Megan Parker. The show made its debut on January 11, 2004 and drew positive responses in ratings. Cosgrove said this about show: "It's like a big family. We know each other so well, nothing is embarrassing anymore....It's really comfortable, and it's really fun." While on the show, she was able to develop a partnership with Dan Schneider, known for producing various Nickelodeon shows, such as ''Zoey 101'', ''The Amanda Show'', ''Kenan & Kel'', and ''All That''.

In 2005, Miranda was awarded the role of 'Munch' in the Disney channel film ''Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie''. In the film, Miranda portrays a female mouse who is rescued from a hawk by Junior and Flutter, and subsequently comes along for the adventure that the characters must take. Cosgrove also guest-starred on two episodes of the animated comedy, ''Lilo & Stitch: The Series''. The television series, which aired on Disney, is a spin-off of the original film, ''Lilo & Stitch''. Cosgrove was also rewarded her second major role in a theatrical film, when she cast alongside ''Drake & Josh'' co-star Drake Bell in the comedy film ''Yours, Mine and Ours'', in which she portrayed the character Joni. The film was a minor success at the box office. ''Yours, Mine and Ours'' opened at number three, with an opening weekend of $17,461,108 in the US. Cosgrove later starred in her third theatrical release, ''Keeping Up with the Steins'', which was released to generally negative reviews from critics. The film was also a failure at the box office. She also earned a role in the straight to DVD film ''The Wild Stallion''.

2007–present: ''iCarly'' and music career

Cosgrove kicked off 2007 by appearing in several Nickelodeon television series. The first of these appearances was in ''Zoey 101'', which starred Jamie Lynn Spears and Victoria Justice. Cosgrove later guest starred on an episode of ''Unfabulous'', which starred Emma Roberts. In the episode, Cosgrove guest starred as a sweet girl named Cosmina. 2007 saw the end of ''Drake & Josh'', with the final episode airing on September 16, 2007. However, Cosgrove was already in the works of starring in her own series, titled ''iCarly''.

Schneider tailored ''iCarly'' around the interest young people have in the internet. A unique part of this show is the fact that viewers may submit their own videos and also be included in the show. Cosgrove said of the audience participation aspect, "When I first heard about the idea, I thought it was so cool. If I were home and watching TV, I'd want to send in a video." By the summer of 2008, the show was the third highest rated in the 9–14 demographic. The "iCarly Saves TV" special extended episode, became the most-viewed entertainment show on cable TV in June 2008.

Cosgrove's debut as a recording artist began with the ''iCarly'' theme song "Leave It All to Me". The song features her former ''Drake & Josh'' castmate Drake Bell and is written by Michael Corcoran, one of Bell's band members. It was released as a single in December 2007 through digital distribution and eventually peaked at number 100 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The album debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Kid Albums chart. In June 2008, Columbia Records released the ''iCarly'' soundtrack, which featured four songs performed by Cosgrove ("Leave It All to Me", "Stay My Baby", "About You Now", and "Headphones On"). Critical reception for her performance was positive. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic stated that Cosgrove proved "herself to be an appealingly spunky singer" and the "good tunes" she performed "[made] the most of her girlish talents". However, Erlewine noted that the "focus [was] not on her" because of other artists, she but rather "[blended] in the mix". The following promotional single "Stay My Baby" failed to reach the charts, but "About You Now" reached number 47 on the Hot 100 in January 2009, becoming her most successful single to date.

Cosgrove became one of MTV's Female Pop Rookies of 2009. In December 2008, a cover of the holiday song "Christmas Wrapping" was released to promote the hour-long special ''Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh''. On February 3, 2009, Cosgrove released her first solo recording, the extended play ''About You Now'', exclusively on the iTunes Store. The extended play featured the title track, a remix of it, and a remix of "Stay My Baby", as well as two new songs, "F.Y.I." and "Party Girl". To promote the 2009 animated film ''Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs'', Columbia Records released a single entitled "Raining Sunshine" with an accompanying music video in August 2009.

Since July 2008, plans for a debut album have been active. In an interview with MTV News, Cosgrove discussed the forthcoming album. Cosgrove reported to be "co-writing and getting really into" the album, as oppose to the ''iCarly'' soundtrack in which she "just picked songs that meant a lot to [her], that [she] really liked." She also described the album as "still pop rock fun" in comparison to her previous work on the ''iCarly'' soundtrack, though "a little more mature". Themes for the album are "love songs and just fun songs about hanging out with your girlfriends". When releasing ''About You Now'', Cosgrove further elaborated on the album's concepts. She described working with producers and songwriters The Matrix and Dr. Luke as "definitely different". Cosgrove also worked with songwriters Leah Haywood and Daniel James, and said that "most of the songs are fun, pop, rock-girl empowerment". She noted that "there's one ballad that's kind of sad" and that "it's called 'What Are You Waiting For?' It's about a girl who likes a guy [but he doesn't feel the same way]". She added it's something she's experienced in her own life: "I definitely have guys that I'm friends with that I have a crush on, and you don't want to ruin the friendship". The album was released in April 2010, and the first single from her album, "Kissin' U", was premiered on Ryan Seacrest's radio show on March 12, 2010, and released to iTunes on March 23, 2010. The album, titled ''Sparks Fly'', debuted and peaked at number 8 on the US ''Billboard'' 200 chart.

She signed with skin care and cosmetics company Neutrogena on February 12, 2010, as an ambassador. On March 17, 2010, it was reported that Cosgrove had signed a deal, reportedly in the "low- to mid-seven-figure range" to do 26 additional episodes of ''iCarly''. Cosgrove voiced a character in Universal Studios' 3-D computer animated feature ''Despicable Me'', released in July 2010. In January 2011, Cosgrove revealed that her new EP would be titled ''High Maintenance'', and also released the first single from the same. The song, titled "Dancing Crazy", was written by Max Martin, Shellback, and Avril Lavigne, and produced by Martin and Shellback. With three weeks of airplay, the song debuted at number 40 on the US ''Billboard'' Adult Pop Songs.

Dancing Crazy Tour

The Dancing Crazy Tour was the debut solo tour by American entertainer, Miranda Cosgrove. visiting North America, the trek will support her first studio album, ''Sparks Fly''. The tour began in Missouri and travel throughout the United States and ended in Ohio. Cosgrove continued the tour into the summer to promote her second EP, ''High Maintenance''. Dubbed the Dancing Crazy Summer Tour, the singer will travel the United States and Canada, performing at music festivals and state fairs. In November, Cosgrove will headline six concerts in Brazil, giving the singer in first performances in South America.

On August 11, 2011, Cosgrove broke her ankle in a tour bus accident in Illinois forcing the postponement of her U.S. tour dates. The remainder of the tour has since been canceled.

Filmography

+ List of film performances
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2003	''School of Rock''	Summer Hathaway
2005		Joni North
2006	''Keeping Up with the Steins''	Karen Sussman
2010	''Despicable Me''	Margo	Voice-only

+ List of films made for television or video performances
! Year	! Title	! Role	! Distributor
2005	''Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie''	Munch	Classic Media
2006	''''	Hannah Mills	Myriad Pictures
2008	''Merry Christmas Drake & Josh''	Megan Parker

+ List of television performances
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2001	''Smallville''	Young Lana Lang
2004	''Grounded for Life''	Jessica	"You Better You Bet" (Season 5, Episode 5)
2004	''What's New, Scooby-Doo?''	Mirand Wright	Voice
2004–07	''Drake & Josh''		Main Role
2005	''Lilo & Stitch: The Series''	Girl / Sarah	2 Episodes – ''Shush: Experiment'' (S2E34) & ''Morpholomew: Experiment'' (S3E16)
2007	''Zoey 101''	Paige Howard	"Paige at PCA" (Season 3, Episode 13)
2007	''Just Jordan''	Lindsey Chandler	"Piano Stressin" (Season 1, Episode 13)
2007	''Unfabulous''	Cosmina	"The Talent Show" (Season 3, Episode 1)
2007–present	''iCarly''		Lead Role
2008	''''	Herself
2010	''7 Secrets with Miranda Cosgrove''	Herself	Nickelodeon Special (Apr. 24, 2010)
2010	''''	Sloan Burchfield	''Bad Girls'' (Season 2, Episode 7)
2010	''Big Time Rush''	Herself	''Big Time Christmas''

Discography

Albums

''Sparks Fly'' (2010)

Extended plays

''About You Now'' (2009)

''High Maintenance'' (2011)

Tours

Dancing Crazy Tour (2011)

Awards and nominations

{| class= wikitable |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Nominated work ! Result |- | rowspan="2"|2004 | Young Artist Award | Best Young Ensemble in a Feature Film | rowspan="2"|''School of Rock'' | |- | MTV Movie Awards | Best On-Screen Team'' | |- | 2006 | rowspan="3"|Young Artist Awards | Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast | ''Yours, Mine and Ours'' | |- | 2007 | Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress | ''Drake & Josh'' | |- | rowspan="3"|2008 | Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actress | rowspan="2"|''iCarly'' | |- | rowspan="4"|Kids' Choice Awards | rowspan="2"|Favorite TV Show | |- | ''Drake and Josh'' | |- | rowspan="5"|2009 | Favorite Television Actress | rowspan="10"|''iCarly'' | |- | Favorite TV Show (Shared with cast of iCarly) | |- | rowspan="2"|Young Artist Awards | Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series | |- | Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress | |- | Teen Choice Awards | Choice TV Actress: Comedy | |- | rowspan="9"|2010 | rowspan="2"| Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Television Actress | |- | Favorite TV Show (shared with the cast of iCarly) | |- | rowspan="2"|Young Artist Awards | Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series | |- | Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress | |- | rowspan="3"|Teen Choice Awards | Choice TV Actress: Comedy | |- | Choice Smile | Herself | |- | Choice Music: Breakout Artist—Female | ''Sparks Fly'' | |- | Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards México | Favorite International Character of Series: Female | Carly Shay | |- | Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Award | Favorite TV Star || ''iCarly'' | |- | rowspan="5"|2011 | Producers Guild of America Awards 2010 | Favorite Animated Feature || ''Despicable Me'' | |- | rowspan="2"| Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Television Actress | rowspan="4"| ''iCarly'' | |- | Favorite TV Show (shared with the cast of iCarly) | |- ||Young Artist Awards | Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress | |- | Teen Choice Awards | Choice TV Actress: Comedy | |}

References

External links

Category:1993 births Category:Actors from California Category:American child actors Category:American child singers Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Columbia Records artists Category:American pop singers Category:Living people Category:Musicians from California Category:People from Los Angeles, California

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