An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the Internet. Access ISPs directly connect customers to the Internet using copper wires, wireless or fiber-optic connections. Hosting ISPs lease server space for smaller businesses and host other people servers (colocation). Transit ISPs provide large tubes for connecting ''hosting ISPs'' to ''access ISPs''.

History

The internet started off as a closed network between government research laboratories and relevant parts of universities. It became popular and then universities and colleges started giving more of their members access to it. As a result, commercial Internet Service Providers occurred to provide access for mainly those who missed their university accounts. In 1990, Brookline, Massachusetts-based The World became the first commercial ISP (see http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/, also published as RFC 2235 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2235).

Access ISPs

ISPs employ a range of technologies to enable consumers to connect to their network.

For users and small businesses, traditional options include :dial-up, DSL (typically Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL), broadband wireless, cable modem, fiber to the premises (FTTH), and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). For customers with more demanding requirements, such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs, DSL (often Single-Pair High-speed Digital Subscriber Line or ADSL), Ethernet, Metropolythian Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN (B.R.I. or P.R.I.), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and upload satellite Internet access. Sync-optical cabling (SONET) are more likely to be used.

:Typical home user connectivity

Broadband wireless access

Cable Internet

Dial-up

* ISDN

* Modem

DSL

FTTH

Wi-Fi

:Business-type connection:

DSL

Metro Ethernet technology

Leased line

SHDSL

Locality

When using a dial-up or ISDN connection method, the ISP cannot determine the caller's physical location to more detail than using the number transmitted using an appropriate form of Caller ID; it is entirely possible to e.g. connect to an ISP located in Mexico from the USA. Other means of connection such as cable or DSL require a fixed registered connection node, usually associated at the ISP with a physical address.

Hosting ISPs

Hosting ISPs routinely provide email, FTP, and web-hosting services. Other services include virtual machines, clouds, or entire physical servers where customers can run their own custom software.

Transit ISPs

Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP and/or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a Tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.

Peering

ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers and/or peer ISPs) are called Tier 1 ISPs.

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.

Derivatives

The following are not a different type of the above ISPs, rather they are derivatives of the 3 core ISP types. A VISP is reselling either access or hosting services. Free ISPs are similar, but they just have a different revenue model.

Virtual ISP

A Virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation which purchases services from another ISP (sometimes called a "wholesale ISP" in this context) which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP.

Free ISP

Free ISPs are Internet Service Providers (ISPs) which provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the users' attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, often called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.

Related services

Broadband Internet access

* Fixed wireless access

* Cable

* Triple play

Internet hosting service

* Web hosting service

* E-mail hosting service

* DNS hosting service

Dynamic DNS

See also

Federation of Internet Solution Providers of the Americas (FISPA)

Free-net

IP address

Internet backbone

Internet Provider Security

Network access point

Second-level ISP

Wireless internet service provider

References

Category:Article Feedback Pilot

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Coordinates	55°49′″N37°58′″N
name	Christopher Soghoian
birth place	San Francisco, California
residence	Washington, DC, United States
alma mater	*The Johns Hopkins University James Madison University Indiana University
occupation	Researcher, activist, and blogger
doctoral advisor	Markus Jakobsson
known for	Security and privacy activism
website	www.dubfire.net/ }}

Christopher Soghoian is a Washington, DC based researcher, activist, blogger, and Ph.D. Candidate at Indiana University. He first gained notoriety in 2006 as the creator of a website that generated fake airline boarding passes. Since that incident, he has continued to engage in high-profile activism related to privacy and computer security. Between 2009 and 2010, he worked for the US Federal Trade Commission as the first ever in-house technical advisor to the Division of Privacy and Identity Protection.

Education

Soghoian received a B.S. from James Madison University (Computer Science) and a Masters from the Information Security Institute of Johns Hopkins University (Security Informatics; May 2005).

Boarding pass security

On October 26, 2006, Soghoian created a website that allowed visitors to generate fake boarding passes for Northwest Airlines. While users could change the boarding document to have any name, flight number or city that they wished, the generator defaulted to creating a document for Osama Bin Laden.

Soghoian claimed that his motivation for the website was to focus national attention on the ease with which a passenger could evade the no-fly lists. Information describing the security vulnerabilities associated with boarding pass modification had been widely publicized by others before, including Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) and security expert Bruce Schneier, but Soghoian received media attention for posting a program on his website to enable the automatic production of modified boarding passes.

At 2 AM on October 28, 2006, his home was raided by agents of the FBI to seize computers and other materials. Soghoian's Internet Service Provider voluntarily shut down the website, after it received a letter from the FBI claiming that the site posed a national security threat. The FBI closed the criminal investigation in November 2006 without filing any charges. The TSA also initiated a civil investigation in December 2006, which was closed without any charges being filed in June 2007.

Privacy research and activism

In May 2011, Soghoian was approached by public relations firm Burson-Marsteller and asked to write an anti-Google op-ed, criticizing the company for privacy issues associated with its social search product. Soghoian refused, and instead published the email conversation. A subsequent investigation by journalists revealed that the PR firm, which had refused to identify its client to Soghoian, had been retained by Facebook.

In May 2011, Soghoian filed a complaint with the FTC, in which he claimed that online backup service Dropbox was deceiving its customers about the security of its services. Soon after Soghoian first publicly voiced his concerns, Dropbox updated its terms of service and privacy policy to make it clear that the company does not in fact encrypt user data with a key only known to the user, and that the company can disclose users' private data if forced to by law enforcement agencies.

In December 2009, Soghoian released an audio recording he made at a closed-door surveillance industry conference. In the recording, an executive from Sprint Nextel revealed that the company had created a special website through which law enforcement agents can obtain GPS information on subscribers and that the website had been used to process 8 million requests during the previous year. A Sprint spokesperson later clarified that the number reflected the number of individual "pings" for location, not unique individuals under surveillance.

In December 2009, Soghoian released a letter written by lawyers for Yahoo!, objecting to the release of documents detailing how much the company charges for government requested surveillance activities. In the letter, Yahoo!'s attorneys argued that: "[T]he [pricing] information, if disclosed, would be used to 'shame' Yahoo! and other companies – and to 'shock' their customers. Therefore, release of Yahoo!'s information is reasonably likely to lead to impairment of its reputation for protection of user privacy and security, which is a competitive disadvantage for technology companies." When a copy of the price list subsequently appeared on Cryptome, Yahoo! sent a DMCA takedown request to the website in an attempt to force the removal of the information.

In June 2009, Soghoian published an open letter to Google that was signed by an additional 37 prominent security and privacy experts, urging the company to protect the privacy of its customers by enabling SSL encryption by default for Gmail and its other cloud based services. In January 2010, Google enabled SSL by default for users of Gmail, and in May 2010, the company announced that it would soon offer SSL encryption for search (although not enabled by default). One month after Google started to encrypt Gmail traffic, the Iranian government blocked all domestic access to the service, an action motivated by the fact the government can no longer monitor Gmail communications.

Congressional investigation into TSA website flaws

In February 2007, Soghoian announced that a TSA website was collecting private passenger information in a highly insecure manner. The website was intended to provide a way for passengers to file disputes in the event that they were incorrectly included on the No fly list. Passengers who submitted their information through the website were at risk of identity theft. TSA shut down, fixed and then relaunched the website within days, after the press was tipped to the story by Soghoian.

In January 2008, The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform issued a report on the incident, the result of investigation.

The report stated that the flawed website had operated insecurely for over four months during which over 247 people had submitted personal information using the insecure web-forms. According to the report, the TSA manager responsible for assigning the contract was a high-school friend and former employee of the owner of the firm that created the website. The report also noted that "neither [the private contractor] nor the technical lead on the traveler redress Web site have been sanctioned by TSA for their roles in the deployment of an insecure Web site. TSA continues to pay [the private contractor] to host and maintain two major Web-based information systems. TSA has taken no steps to discipline the technical lead, who still holds a senior program management position at TSA."

References

External links

Soghoian's homepage

Soghoian's blog

Soghoian's CNET Blog (2007–2009)

Press release from Congressman Ed Markey arguing against Soghoian's arrest

Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:People associated with computer security Category:American bloggers Category:American computer scientists Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni Category:James Madison University alumni Category:Indiana University alumni Category:Berkman Fellows Category:American people of Armenian descent

Coordinates	55°49′″N37°58′″N
Landscape	yes
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Richard Quitevis
Birth date	October 07, 1969
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Disc jockey
Website	http://www.djqbert.com }}

Richard Quitevis, born October 7, 1969, in Daly City, California, known by his stage name DJ Qbert or Qbert , is a Filipino-American Turntablist and composer.

Early life

Growing up in San Francisco's Excelsior District on Moscow Street, he graduated from Luther Burbank Middle School and in 1987 from Balboa High School. Qbert started playing with records at the age of 15, although he got his first Fisher-Price turntable as a toddler. He was influenced by the street performers and graffiti artists of the local hip hop community in the mid 1980s. It was at Balboa's school cafeteria that he went up against Mix Master Mike. The two are good friends.

Career

Qbert started his musical career in a group called FM20 with Mix Master Mike and DJ Apollo in 1990. They were playing a show in New York when Crazy Legs saw them and invited them to join the Rock Steady Crew. They accepted, and going by the name of the Rock Steady DJs they proceeded to take the 1992 Disco Mix Club World DJ Championships (DMC) world title. Qbert was also one of the founding members of the band Invisibl Skratch Piklz. Although there were other turntablist crews before the Invisibl Skratch Piklz, the Skratch Piklz were the first to apply the band concept to turntablism, layering drums, basslines, and scratch solos on top of each other.

QBert, along with other Skratch Piklz, created a series of videos entitled ''Turntable TV''. Now out of print, the first 5 episodes were released on VHS and contained demonstrations, showcases, skits, and other DJ related content.

QBert's solo efforts include 1994's ''Demolition Pumpkin Squeeze Musik'', and 1998's ''Wave Twisters.'' The latter album was created mainly with samplers and beat machines versus the turntable, and later turned into an animated feature of the same title. ''Wave Twisters'' (2001) the movie was somewhat unusual in that the animators and digital artists had to invent images and movements to the pre-recorded music, as opposed to the other way around.

More recently he has worked with Vestax to develop the QFO, an all-in-one scratching instrument. The QFO combines a turntable with a mixer's crossfader. In 2006 he introduced the QBert turntable cartridge, a model put out by Ortofon.

In 2009 Qbert launched the Qbert Skratch University, an online school and community for DJ's.

Media appearances

His music was also featured in the video game ''Tony Hawk's Underground'' (in which he was also an unlockable playable character).

Awards and credentials

America's Best DJ 2010

DMC USA Champion 1991 (Solo)

DMC World Champion 1992 - Rock Steady DJs (Qbert, Mixmaster Mike & Apollo)

DMC World Champion 1993 - Dreamteam (Qbert & Mixmaster Mike)

DMC World Champion 1994 - Dreamteam (Qbert & Mixmaster Mike) ***

DMC Judge 2012 (what you heard?)

DMC DJ Hall of Fame (along with Mix Master Mike)

Featured in ''Hang the DJ'' by Marco & Mauro La Villa

* Cannes Film Festival, France

Appears in the documentary film ''Modulations''

* Sundance Festival, Utah

Appears in the documentary ''Scratch''

* Sundance Festival, Utah

Appears in his own animated/live action movie "Wave Twisters''

See also

Filipino hip hop

References

External links

Djqbert.com

ThudRumble.com

QbertSkratchUniversity.com

Q-bert on IMDb

Full Discography

Video of Q-Bert Live Set in UK

Interviews

Interview with ''DJ Times'', 2001

The Career Cookbook Interview with Qbert

Radio Feature The Some Assembly Required Interview with DJ Qbert (2008).

HHC Digital interview about his DMC legacy

Conspiracy Worldwide Radio October 2010 Uncensored Interview

Category:1969 births Category:American musicians of Filipino descent Category:American people of Filipino descent Category:Hip hop DJs Category:Living people

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