Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
{{infobox disease | name	Lymphoma | Image Lymphoma macro.jpg| Caption Follicular lymphoma replacing a lymph node| DiseasesfsdgsdfDB | ICD10 - | ICD9 202.8 | ICDO 9590-9999 | OMIM | MedlinePlus | eMedicineSubj | eMedicineTopic | MeshID D008223 | }}

Lymphoma is a cancer in the lymphatic cells of the immune system. Typically, lymphomas present as a solid tumor of lymphoid cells. Treatment might involve chemotherapy and in some cases radiotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and can be curable depending on the histology, type, and stage of the disease. These malignant cells often originate in lymph nodes, presenting as an enlargement of the node (a tumor). It can also affect other organs in which case it is referred to as extranodal lymphoma. Extranodal sites include the skin, brain, bowels and bone. Lymphomas are closely related to lymphoid leukemias, which also originate in lymphocytes but typically involve only circulating blood and the bone marrow (where blood cells are generated in a process termed haematopoesis) and do not usually form static tumors. There are many types of lymphomas, and in turn, lymphomas are a part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.

Thomas Hodgkin published the first description of lymphoma in 1832, specifically of the form named after him, Hodgkin's lymphoma. Since then, many other forms of lymphoma have been described, grouped under several proposed classifications. The 1982 Working formulation classification became very popular. It introduced the category non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), divided into 16 different diseases. However, because these different lymphomas have little in common with each other, the NHL label is of limited usefulness for doctors or patients and is slowly being abandoned. The latest classification by the WHO (2001) lists 43 different forms of lymphoma divided in four broad groups.

Although older classifications referred to histiocytic lymphomas, these are recognized in newer classifications as of B, T or NK cell lineage. True histiocytic malignancies are rare and are classified as sarcomas.

Classification

A number of various different classification systems exist for lymphoma. As an alternative to the American Lukes-Butler classification, in the early 1970s, Karl Lennert of Kiel, Germany, proposed a new system of classifying lymphomas based on cellular morphology and their relationship to cells of the normal peripheral lymphoid system.

Some forms of lymphoma are categorized as indolent (e.g. small lymphocytic lymphoma), compatible with a long life even without treatment, whereas other forms are aggressive (e.g. Burkitt's lymphoma), causing rapid deterioration and death. However, most of the aggressive lymphomas respond well to treatment and are curable. The prognosis therefore depends on the correct diagnosis and classification of the disease, which is established after examination of a biopsy by a pathologist (usually a hematopathologist).

Working Formulation and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

The 1982 Working Formulation is a classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It excluded the Hodgkin lymphomas and divided the remaining lymphomas into four grades (Low, Intermediate, High, and Miscellaneous) related to prognosis, with some further subdivisions based on the size and shape of affected cells. This purely histological classification included no information about cell surface markers, or genetics, and it made no distinction between T-cell lymphomas or B-cell lymphomas.See here

It was widely accepted at the time of its publication but is now obsolete. It was superseded by subsequent classifications (see below) but it is still used by cancer agencies for compilation of lymphoma statistics and historical rare comparisons.

REAL

In the mid 1990s,the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) Classification attempted to apply immunophenotypic and genetic features in identifying distinct clinicopathologic entities among all the lymphomas except Hodgkin's lymphoma. REAL has been superseded by the WHO classification. REAL & WHO •B-cell neoplasms –precursor –mature •T-cell neoplasms –precursor –mature •Hodgkin lymphomaNon-HodgkinLymphomas

World Health Organization (WHO)

The WHO Classification, published in 2001 and updated in 2008, is the latest classification of lymphoma and is based upon the foundations laid within the "Revised European-American Lymphoma classification" (REAL). This system attempts to group lymphomas by cell type (i.e. the normal cell type that most resembles the tumor) and defining phenotypic, molecular or cytogenetic characteristics. There are three large groups: the B cell, T cell, and natural killer cell tumors. Other less common groups, are also recognized. Hodgkin's lymphoma, although considered separately within the World Health Organization (and preceding) classifications, is now recognized as being a tumor of, albeit markedly abnormal, lymphocytes of mature B cell lineage.

Mature B cell neoplasms

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/Small lymphocytic lymphoma

B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as Waldenström macroglobulinemia)

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma

Plasma cell neoplasms:

*Plasma cell myeloma

*Plasmacytoma

*Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases

*Heavy chain diseases

Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, also called MALT lymphoma

Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL)

Follicular lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma

Intravascular large B cell lymphoma

Primary effusion lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia

Mature T cell and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms

T cell prolymphocytic leukemia

T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia

Aggressive NK cell leukemia

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type

Enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma

Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma

Blastic NK cell lymphoma

Mycosis fungoides / Sezary syndrome

Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T cell lymphoproliferative disorders

*Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma

*Lymphomatoid papulosis

Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma

Peripheral T cell lymphoma, unspecified

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin lymphomas:

*Nodular sclerosis

*Mixed cellularity

*Lymphocyte-rich

*Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma

Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders

Associated with a primary immune disorder

Associated with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Post-transplant

Associated with methotrexate therapy

Primary central nervous system lymphoma occurs most often in immuno-compromised patients, in particular those with AIDS, but it can occur in the immunocompetent as well. It has a poor prognosis, particularly in those with AIDS. Treatment can consist of corticosteroids, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, often with methotrexate.

Other classification systems

ICD-O (codes 9590-9999, details at )

ICD-10 (codes C81-C96, details at )

Symptoms

Anorexia

Dyspnea

Fatigue

Fever of unknown origin

Lymphadenopathy

Night sweats

Pruritus

Weight loss

Diagnosis, etiology, staging, prognosis, and treatment

{|class="wikitable" align="right" !colspan=3|5-year relative survival by stage at diagnosis |- ! Stage at diagnosis !! 5-year relative survival (%) !! Percentage of cases (%) |- | Distant (cancer has metastasized) || 59.9 || 45 |- | Localized (confined to primary site) || 82.1 || 28 |- | Regional (spread to regional lymphnodes) || 77.5 || 19 |- | Unknown (unstaged)|| 67.5 || 8 |} These depend on the specific form of lymphoma. For some forms of lymphoma, watchful waiting is often the initial course of action. If a low-grade lymphoma is becoming symptomatic, radiotherapy or chemotherapy are the treatments of choice; although they do not cure the lymphoma, they can alleviate the symptoms, particularly painful lymphadenopathy. Patients with these types of lymphoma can live near-normal lifespans, but the disease is incurable. Treatment of some other, more aggressive, forms of lymphoma can result in a cure in the majority of cases, but the prognosis for patients with a poor response to therapy is worse. Treatment for these types of lymphoma typically consists of aggressive chemotherapy, including the CHOP or RCHOP regimen. Hodgkin lymphoma typically is treated with radiotherapy alone, as long as it is localized. Advanced Hodgkin disease requires systemic chemotherapy, sometimes combined with radiotherapy. See the articles on the corresponding form of lymphoma for further information.

Epidemiology

thumb|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardized death from lymphomas and multiple myeloma per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.]] Lymphoma is the most common form of hematological malignancy, or "blood cancer", in the developed world.

Taken together, lymphomas represent 5.3% of all cancers (excluding simple basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers) in the United States and 55.6% of all blood cancers.

According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, lymphomas account for about five percent of all cases of cancer in the United States, and Hodgkin's lymphoma in particular accounts for less than one percent of all cases of cancer in the United States.

Because the whole system is part of the body's immune system, patients with a weakened immune system such as from HIV infection or from certain drugs or medication also have a higher incidence of lymphoma.

Comparison

Following is a comparison of the most common types of lymphoma: {|class="wikitable" ! Lymphoma type !! Relative incidence !! Histopathology !! Cell markers !! Overall5-yearsurvival !! Other comments |- ! Precursor T-cell leukemia/lymphoma | 40% of lymphomas in childhood. | Lymphoblasts with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin, small nucleoli and scant cytoplasm without granules. | TdT, CD2, CD7 | | It often presents as a mediastinal mass because of involvement of the thymus. It is highly associated with NOTCH1 mutations. Most common in adolescent males. |- ! Follicular lymphoma | 40% of lymphomas in adults | Small "cleaved" cells (centrocytes) mixed with large activated cells (centroblasts). Usually nodular ("follicular") growth pattern | CD10, surface Ig | 72–77% | Occurs in older adults. Usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. Associated with t(14;18) translocation overexpressing Bcl-2. Indolent |- ! Diffuse large B cell lymphoma | 40 to 50% of lymphomas in adults | Variable. Most resemble B cells of large germinal centers. Diffuse growth pattern. | Variable expression of CD10 and surface Ig | 60% | Occurs in all ages, but most commonly in older adults. Often occurs outside lymph nodes. Aggressive. |- ! Mantle cell lymphoma | 3 to 4% of lymphomas in adults | Lymphocytes of small to intermediate size growing in diffuse pattern | CD5 | 50% | Occurs mainly in adult males. Usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and GI tract. Associated with t(11;14) translocation overexpressing cyclin D1. Moderately aggressive. |- ! B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma | 3 to 4 % of lymphomas in adults | Small resting lymphocytes mixed with variable number of large activated cells. Lymph nodes are diffusely effaced | CD5, surface immunoglobulin | 50%. | Occurs in older adults. Usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. Most patients have peripheral blood involvement. Indolent. |- ! MALT lymphoma | ~5% of lymphomas in adults | Variable cell size and differentiation. 40% show plasma cell differentiation. Homing of B cells to epithelium creates lymphoepithelial lesions. | CD5, CD10, surface Ig | |Frequently occurs outside lymph nodes. Very indolent. May be cured by local excision. |- ! Burkitt's lymphoma | < 1% of lymphomas in the United States | Round lymphoid cells of intermediate size with several nucleoli. Starry-sky appearance by diffuse spread with interspersed apoptosis. | CD10, surface Ig | 50% | Endemic in Africa, sporadic elsewhere. More common in immunocompromised and in children. Often visceral involvement. Highly aggressive. |- ! Mycosis fungoides | Most common cutaneous lymphoid malignancy | Usually small lymphoid cells with convoluted nuclei that often infiltrate the epidermis, creating Pautier microabscesses. | CD4 | 75% | Localized or more generalized skin symptoms. Generally indolent. In a more aggressive variant,Sézary's disease, there is skin erythema and peripheral blood involvement. |- ! Peripheral T-cell lymphoma-Not-Otherwise-Specified | Most common T cell lymphoma | Variable. Usually a mix small to large lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contours. | CD3 | | Probably consists of several rare tumor types. It is often disseminated and generally aggressive. |- ! Nodular sclerosis form of Hodgkin lymphoma | Most common type of Hodgkin's lymphoma | Reed-Sternberg cell variants and inflammation. usually broad sclerotic bands that consists of collagen. | CD15, CD30 | | Most common in young adults. It often arises in the mediastinum or cervical lymph nodes. |- ! ''Mixed-cellularity subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma | Second most common form of Hodgkin's lymphoma | Many classic Reed-Sternberg cells and inflammation | CD15, CD30 | | Most common in men. More likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages than the nodular sclerosis form. Epstein-Barr virus involved in 70% of cases. |}

See also

BCP-1 cells

Ann Arbor staging

International Prognostic Index

Epstein barr virus

Lymphadenopathy

Chemotherapy regimens

References

External links

Timeline of discovery and treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

US lymphoma statistics from the United States National Cancer Institute

Hodgkin Lymphoma and UK Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma statistics from the UK

Latest news and research on Lymphoma

Lymphoma Imaging Appearance – Chest Radiography

Lymphoma Association – Specialist UK charity providing free information and support to patients, their families, friends and carers

Clinically reviewed lymphoma information for patients, from Cancer Research UK

Category:Lymphoma

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Coordinates	40°26′30″N80°00′00″N
name	Gene Wilder
birth name	Jerome Silberman
birth date	June 11, 1933
birth place	Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
occupation	Actor, director, author
religion
years active	1961–2003
spouse	Mary Mercier(m. 1960–1965, divorced)Mary Joan Schutz(m. 1967–1974, divorced)Gilda Radner(m. 1984–1989, her death)Karen Boyer (m. 1991–present)
children	Daughter
signature	GeneWilder.png }}

Gene Wilder (born Jerome Silberman; June 11, 1933) is an American stage and screen actor, director, screenwriter, and author.

Wilder began his career on stage, making his screen debut in the film ''Bonnie and Clyde'' in 1967. His first major role was as Leopold Bloom in the 1968 film ''The Producers''. This was the first in a series of prolific collaborations with writer/director Mel Brooks, including 1974's ''Young Frankenstein'', the script of which garnered the pair an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay. Wilder is known for his portrayal of Willy Wonka in ''Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory'' (1971) and for his four films with Richard Pryor: ''Silver Streak'' (1976), ''Stir Crazy'' (1980), ''See No Evil, Hear No Evil'' (1989), and ''Another You'' (1991). Wilder has directed and written several of his films, including ''The Woman in Red'' (1984).

He was married to actress Gilda Radner. Her death from ovarian cancer led to his active involvement in promoting cancer awareness and treatment, helping found the Gilda Radner Ovarian Cancer Detection Center in Los Angeles and co-founding Gilda's Club.

In more recent years, Wilder has turned his attention to writing, producing a memoir in 2005, ''Kiss Me Like A Stranger: My Search for Love and Art,'' and the novels ''My French Whore'' (2007), ''The Woman Who Wouldn't'' (2008), and ''What Is This Thing Called Love'' (2010).

Early life and education

Born Jerome Silberman in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 11, 1933, Gene Wilder is the son of William J. and Jeanne (Baer) Silberman. He adopted "Gene Wilder" for his professional name at the age of 26, later explaining, "I had always liked Gene because of Thomas Wolfe's character Eugene Gant in ''Look Homeward, Angel'' and ''Of Time and the River''. And I was always a great admirer of Thornton Wilder." Wilder first became interested in acting when at age 8, his mother was diagnosed with rheumatic fever and the doctor told him to "try and make her laugh." When Jeanne Silberman felt that her son's potential was not being fully realized in Wisconsin, she sent him to Black-Foxe, a military institute in Hollywood, where he wrote that he was bullied and sexually assaulted, primarily because he was the only Jewish boy in the school. After an unsuccessful short stay at Black-Foxe, Wilder returned home and became increasingly involved with the local theatre community. At age fifteen, he performed for the first time in front of a paying audience, as Balthasar (Romeo's manservant) in a production of Shakespeare's ''Romeo and Juliet''. Gene Wilder graduated from Washington High School located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1951.

Acting career

Early starts: Old Vic and Army

Wilder studied Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of Iowa, where he was a member of the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity. Following his 1955 graduation from Iowa, he was accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in Bristol, England. After six months of studying fencing, Wilder became the first freshman to win the All-School Fencing Championship. Desiring to study Stanislavski's system, he returned to the U.S., living with his sister and her family in Queens. Wilder enrolled at the HB Studio.

Wilder was drafted into the Army on September 10, 1956. At the end of recruit training, he was assigned to the medical corps and sent to Fort Sam Houston for training. He was then given the opportunity to choose any post that was open, and wanting to stay near New York City to attend acting classes at the HB Studio, he chose to serve as a Medic in the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at Valley Forge Army Hospital, in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. In November 1957, his mother died from ovarian cancer. He was discharged from the army a year later and returned to New York. A scholarship to the HB Studio allowed him to become a full-time student. At first living on unemployment insurance and some savings, he later supported himself with odd jobs such as a limousine driver and fencing instructor. Wilder's first professional acting job was in Cambridge, England, where he played the Second Officer in Herbert Berghof's production of ''Twelfth Night''. He also served as a fencing choreographer.

After three years of study with Berghof and Uta Hagen at the HB Studio, Charles Grodin told Wilder about Lee Strasberg's method acting. Grodin persuaded him to leave the Studio and begin studying with Strasberg in his private class. Several months later, Wilder was accepted into the Actors Studio. Feeling that "Jerry Silberman in ''Macbeth''" did not have the right ring to it, he adopted a stage name. He chose "Wilder" because it reminded him of ''Our Town'' author Thornton Wilder, while "Gene" came from Thomas Wolfe's first novel, ''Look Homeward, Angel''. He also liked "Gene" because as a boy, he was impressed by a distant relative, a World War II bomber navigator who was "handsome and looked great in his leather flight jacket." He later said that he couldn't see Gene Wilder playing ''Macbeth'', either. After joining the Actors Studio, he slowly began to be noticed in the Off Broadway scene, thanks to performances in Sir Arnold Wesker's ''Roots'' and in Graham Greene's ''The Complaisant Lover'', for which Wilder received the Clarence Derwent Award for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Nonfeatured Role."

Mel Brooks

In 1963, Wilder was cast in a leading role in ''Mother Courage and Her Children'', a production starring Anne Bancroft, who introduced Wilder to her boyfriend Mel Brooks. A few months later, Brooks mentioned that he was working on a screenplay called ''Springtime for Hitler'', for which he thought Wilder would be perfect in the role of Leo Bloom. Brooks elicited a promise from Wilder that he would check with him before making any long-term commitments. Months went by, and Wilder toured the country with different theatre productions, participated in a televised CBS presentation of ''Death of a Salesman'', and was cast for his first role in a film—a minor role in Arthur Penn's 1967 ''Bonnie and Clyde''. After three years of not hearing from Brooks, Wilder was called for a reading with Zero Mostel, who was to be the star of ''Springtime for Hitler'' and had approval of his co-star. Mostel approved, and Wilder was cast for his first leading role in a featured film, 1968's ''The Producers''.

''The Producers'' eventually became a cult comedy classic, with Mel Brooks winning an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and Wilder being nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Nevertheless, Mel Brooks' first directorial effort did not do well at the box office and was not well-received by all critics; ''New York Times'' critic Renata Adler reviewed the film and described it as "black college humor."

In 1969, Wilder relocated to Paris, accepting a leading role in Bud Yorkin's ''Start the Revolution Without Me'', a comedy that took place during the French Revolution. After shooting ended, Wilder returned to New York, where he read the script for ''Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx'' and immediately called Sidney Glazier, who produced ''The Producers''. Both men began searching for the perfect director for the film. Jean Renoir was the first candidate, but he would not be able to do the film for at least a year, so British-Indian director Waris Hussein was hired.

''Willy Wonka'', ''Young Frankenstein'', and Richard Pryor

In 1971, Mel Stuart offered Wilder the lead role in his film adaptation of Roald Dahl's ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory''. Wilder was initially hesitant, but finally accepted the role under one condition:

When Stuart asked why, Wilder replied, "because from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth." After ''Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)'', Wilder began working on a script he called ''Young Frankenstein''. After he wrote a two-page scenario, he called Mel Brooks, who told him that it seemed like a "cute" idea but showed little interest. A couple of months later, Wilder received a call from his agent, Mike Medavoy, who asked if he had anything where he could include Peter Boyle and Marty Feldman, his two new clients. Having just seen Feldman on television, Wilder was inspired to write a scene that takes place at Transylvania Station, where Igor and Frederick meet for the first time. The scene was later included in the film almost verbatim. Medavoy liked the idea and called Brooks, asking him to direct. Brooks was not convinced, but having spent four years working on two box office failures, he decided to accept. While working on the ''Young Frankenstein'' script, Wilder was offered the part of the Fox in the musical film adaptation of Saint Exupéry's classic book, ''The Little Prince''. When filming was about to begin in London, Wilder received an urgent call from Mel Brooks, who was filming ''Blazing Saddles'', offering Wilder the role of the "Waco Kid" after Dan Dailey dropped out at the last minute, while Gig Young became too ill to continue. Wilder shot his scenes for ''Blazing Saddles'' and immediately afterwards filmed ''The Little Prince''.

After ''Young Frankenstein'' was written, the rights were to be sold to Columbia Pictures, but after having trouble agreeing on the budget, Wilder, Brooks and producer Michael Gruskoff went with 20th Century Fox, where both Brooks and Wilder had to sign five-year contracts. ''Young Frankenstein'' was a commercial success, with Wilder and Brooks receiving Best Adapted Screenplay nominations at the 1975 Oscars, losing to Francis Coppola and Mario Puzo for their adaptation of ''The Godfather Part II''. While filming ''Young Frankenstein'', Wilder had an idea for a romantic musical comedy about a brother of Sherlock Holmes. Marty Feldman and Madeline Kahn agreed to participate in the project, and Wilder began writing what became his directorial début, 1975's ''The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother''.

In 1975, Wilder's agent sent him a script for a film called ''Super Chief''. Wilder accepted, but told the film's producers that he thought the only person who could keep the film from being offensive was Richard Pryor. Pryor accepted the role in the film, which had been renamed ''Silver Streak'', the first film to team Wilder and Pryor. While filming ''Silver Streak'', Wilder began working on a script for ''The World's Greatest Lover'', inspired by Fellini's ''The White Sheik''. Wilder wrote, produced, and directed ''The World's Greatest Lover'', which premièred in 1977 but was a commercial and critical failure. ''The Frisco Kid'' (1979) would be Wilder's next project. The film was to star John Wayne, but he dropped out when the Warner Brothers executives tried to dissuade him from charging the studio his usual $1-million fee. Harrison Ford, then an up-and-coming actor, was hired for the role.

Sidney Poitier and Gilda Radner

In 1980, Sidney Poitier and producer Hannah Weinstein persuaded Wilder and Richard Pryor to do another film together. Bruce Jay Friedman wrote the script for ''Stir Crazy'', with Poitier directing, for Columbia Pictures. Pryor was struggling with a heavy cocaine addiction, and filming became difficult; but once the film premièred, it became an international success. ''New York'' magazine listed "Skip Donahue" (Wilder) and "Harry Monroe" (Pryor) # 9 on their 2007 list of "The Fifteen Most Dynamic Duos in Pop Culture History," and the film has often appeared in "best comedy" lists and rankings.

Poitier and Wilder became friends, with the pair working together on a script called ''Traces''—which became 1982's ''Hanky Panky'', the film where Wilder met comedienne Gilda Radner. Through the remainder of the decade, Wilder and Radner worked in several projects together. After ''Hanky Panky'', Wilder directed his third film, 1984's ''The Woman in Red'', which starred Wilder, Radner, and Kelly LeBrock. ''The Woman in Red'' was not well-received by the critics, nor was their next project, 1986's ''Haunted Honeymoon'', which failed to attract audiences.

TriStar Pictures wanted to produce another film starring Wilder and Pryor, and Wilder agreed to do ''See No Evil, Hear No Evil'' only if he was allowed to rewrite the script. The studio agreed, and ''See No Evil, Hear No Evil'' premiered on May 1989 to mostly negative reviews. Many critics praised Wilder and Pryor, and even Kevin Spacey's performance, but they mostly all agreed that the script was terrible. Roger Ebert called it "a real dud"; the Deseret Morning News described the film as "stupid," with an "idiotic script" that had a "contrived story" and too many "juvenile gags"; while Vincent Canby called it "by far the most successful co-starring vehicle for Mr. Pryor and Mr. Wilder," also acknowledging that "this is not elegant movie making, and not all of the gags are equally clever."

1990s–2000s

After starring as a political cartoon writer who falls in love in the 1990 flop ''Funny About Love'', Wilder did one final film with Richard Pryor, the 1991 box office flop ''Another You'', in which Pryor's physical deterioration from multiple sclerosis was clearly noticeable. The film marked both Pryor's last starring role in a film (he would appear in a few cameos until his death in 2005) and also marked Wilder's last appearance in a feature film. His remaining work consisted of television movies and guest appearances in TV shows.

In 1994, Wilder starred in the NBC sitcom ''Something Wilder''. The show received poor reviews and lasted only one season. He went back to the small screen on 1999, appearing in three television movies, one of which was the NBC adaptation of ''Alice in Wonderland''. The other two were mystery movies for A&E; television in which Wilder played Larry "Cash" Carter, a theater director turned private eye (those two films were also co-written by Wilder). Three years later, Wilder guest-starred on two episodes of NBC's ''Will & Grace'', winning a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor on a Comedy Series for his role as Mr. Stein, Will Truman's boss.

Personal life

Relationships

Wilder met his first wife, Mary Mercier, while studying at the HB Studio in New York. Although the couple had not been together long, they married on July 22, 1960. They spent long periods of time apart, eventually divorcing in 1965. A few months later, Wilder began dating Mary Joan Schutz, a friend of his sister. Schutz had a daughter, Katharine, from a previous marriage. When Katharine started calling Wilder "Dad," he decided to do what he felt was "the right thing to do," marrying Schutz on October 27, 1967 and adopting Katharine that same year. Schutz and Wilder separated after seven years of marriage, with Schutz thinking that Wilder was having an affair with his ''Young Frankenstein'' co-star, Madeline Kahn. After the divorce, he briefly dated his other ''Frankenstein'' co-star, Teri Garr. Wilder would eventually become estranged from Katharine.

Wilder met ''Saturday Night Live'' actress Gilda Radner on August 13, 1981, while filming Sidney Poitier's ''Hanky Panky''. Radner was married to G.E. Smith at the time, but she and Wilder became inseparable friends. When the filming of ''Hanky'' ended, Wilder found himself missing Radner, so he called her. The relationship grew, and Radner eventually divorced Smith in 1982. She moved in with Wilder, and the couple married on September 14, 1984, in the south of France. The couple wanted to have children, but Radner suffered miscarriages, and doctors could not determine the problem. After experiencing severe fatigue and suffering from pain in her upper legs on the set of ''Haunted Honeymoon'', Radner sought medical treatment. Following a number of false diagnoses, it was determined that she had ovarian cancer in October 1986. Over the next year and a half, Radner battled the disease, receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. The disease finally went into remission, giving the pair a respite, during which time Wilder filmed ''See No Evil, Hear No Evil''. By May 1989, the cancer returned and had metastasized. Radner died on May 20, 1989. Wilder later stated, "I always thought she'd pull through."

Following Radner's death, Wilder became active in promoting cancer awareness and treatment, helping found the Gilda Radner Ovarian Cancer Detection Center in Los Angeles and co-founding Gilda's Club, a support group to raise awareness of cancer that began in New York City and now has branches throughout the country.

Semi-retirement and authorship

While preparing for his role as a deaf man in ''See No Evil, Hear No Evil'', Wilder met Karen Webb (née Boyer), who was a clinical supervisor for the New York League for the Hard of Hearing. Webb coached him in lip reading. Following Gilda Radner's death, Wilder and Webb reconnected, and on September 8, 1991, they married. The two live in Stamford, Connecticut, in the 1734 Colonial home that he shared with Radner. The Wilders spend most of their time painting watercolors, writing, and participating in charitable efforts. In October 2001, he read from ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'' as part of a special benefit performance held at the Westport Country Playhouse to aid families affected by the September 11 attacks. Also in 2001, Wilder donated a collection of scripts, correspondences, documents, photographs, and clipped images to the University of Iowa Libraries.

In 1998, Wilder collaborated on the book ''Gilda's Disease'' with oncologist Steven Piver, sharing personal experiences of Radner's struggle with ovarian cancer. Wilder himself was hospitalized with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1999, but confirmed in March 2005 that the cancer was in complete remission following chemotherapy and a stem cell transplant.

On March 1, 2005, Wilder released his highly personal memoir, ''Kiss Me Like a Stranger: My Search for Love and Art'', an account of his life covering everything from his childhood up to Radner's death. Two years later, in March 2007, Wilder released his first novel, ''My French Whore'', which is set during World War I. His second novel, ''The Woman Who Wouldn't'', was released in March 2008. In 2010, he released a collection of stories called ''What is This Thing Called Love?''.

In a 2008 Turner Classic Movies special ''Role Model: Gene Wilder'', where Alec Baldwin interviewed Wilder about his career, Wilder said that he was basically retired from acting for good. "I don't like show business, I realized," he explained. "I like show, but I don't like the business."

An unauthorized biography of Wilder entitled ''Gene Wilder: Funny and Sad'' by Brian Scott Mednick was published in December 2010 by BearManor Media.

Work

Film

! Year	! Film	! Role	! Other notes
1967		Eugene Grizzard
1968		Leo Bloom	Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
	''Start the Revolution Without Me''	The twins Claude and Philippe
''Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx''	Quackser Fortune
1971	''Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory''	Willy Wonka	Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
	''Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)''	Dr. Doug Ross
	Lord Ravensbane/The Scarecrow	Television
		Stanley
''Blazing Saddles''	Jim, "The Waco Kid"
	The Fox
''Thursday's Game''	Harry Evers	Television
''Young Frankenstein''	Dr. Frankenstein	Co-written with Mel BrooksNominated – Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay
1975	''The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother''	Sigerson Holmes	Also director and writer
1976		George Caldwell	Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1977	''The World's Greatest Lover''	Rudy Valentine, aka Rudy Hickman	Also producer, director, and writer
1979	''The Frisco Kid''	Avram Belinski
	''Sunday Lovers''	Skippy	Directed "Skippy" segment
	Skip Donahue
1982		Michael Jordon
1984		Teddy Pierce	Also director and writer
1986	''Haunted Honeymoon''	Larry Abbot	Also director and writer
1989	''See No Evil, Hear No Evil''	Dave Lyons	Also writer
1990	''Funny About Love''	Duffy Bergman
1991	''Another You''	George/Abe Fielding
	''Murder in a Small Town''	Larry "Cash" Carter	Television
	The Mock Turtle
''The Lady in Question''	Larry "Cash" Carter	Television

Television

Voice for ''The Electric Company'''s segment ''The Adventures of Letterman'' (60 episodes, 1972–77)

''Something Wilder'' (1994–95)

''Will & Grace'' (2002) Episode ''"Boardroom and a Parked Place"'' (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)

''Will & Grace'' (2003) Episode ''"Sex, Losers & Videotape"'' (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)

Stage

''The Complaisant Lover'' (Broadway, 1962)

''Mother Courage and Her Children'' (Broadway, 1963)

Death Of A Salesman

''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (Broadway, 1963)

''The White House'' (Broadway, 1964)

''Luv'' (Broadway, 1966)

''The Scarecrow'' (Broadway, 1972)

''Rhinoceros'' (1974)

''Laughter on the 23rd Floor'' (London, 1996)

Publications

Piver, M. Steven and Gene Wilder. ''Gilda's Disease: Sharing Personal Experiences and a Medical Perspective on Ovarian Cancer''. Broadway Books, 1998. ISBN 076790138X.

Wilder, Gene. ''Kiss Me Like a Stranger: My Search for Love and Art''. St. Martin's Press, 2005. ISBN 031233706X.

Wilder, Gene. ''My French Whore''. St. Martin's Press, 2007. ISBN 0312360576.

Wilder, Gene. ''The Woman Who Wouldn't''. St. Martin's Press, 2008. ISBN 0312375786.

Wilder, Gene. ''What is this Thing Called Love?''. St. Martin's Press, 2010. ISBN 9780312598907

References

Bibliography

Piver, M. Steven and Gene Wilder. ''Gilda's Disease: Sharing Personal Experiences and a Medical Perspective On Ovarian Cancer''. Broadway Books, 1998. ISBN 076790138X.

Radner, Gilda. ''It's Always Something''. Simon and Shuster, 1989. ISBN 0671638688.

Wilder, Gene. ''Kiss Me Like a Stranger: My Search for Love and Art''. St. Martin's Press, 2005. ISBN 031233706X.

External links

"The Films of Gene Wilder", video compilation of movie clips, 4 minutes

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Wisconsin Category:Actors Studio alumni Category:Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American Jews Category:Cancer survivors Category:Clarence Derwent Award winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish comedians Category:People from Milwaukee, Wisconsin Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:University of Iowa alumni Category:United States Army soldiers

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