Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Dance
culture	various
era	Antiquity }}

Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.

Dance may also be regarded as a form of nonverbal communication between humans, and is also performed by other animals (bee dance, patterns of behaviour such as a mating dance). Gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are sports that incorporate dance, while martial arts kata are often compared to dances. Motion in ordinarily inanimate objects may also be described as dances (''the leaves danced in the wind'').

Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as folk dance) to virtuoso techniques such as ballet. Dance can be participatory, social or performed for an audience. It can also be ceremonial, competitive or erotic. Dance movements may be without significance in themselves, such as in ballet or European folk dance, or have a gestural vocabulary/symbolic system as in many Asian dances. Dance can embody or express ideas, emotions or tell a story.

Dancing has evolved many styles. Breakdancing and Krumping are related to the hip hop culture. African dance is interpretative. Ballet, Ballroom, Waltz, and Tango are classical styles of dance while Square and the Electric Slide are forms of step dances.

Every dance, no matter what style, has something in common. It not only involves flexibility and body movement, but also physics. If the proper physics is not taken into consideration, injuries may occur.

Choreography is the art of creating dances. The person who creates (i.e., choreographs) a dance is known as the choreographer.

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Origins and history of dance

Dance does not leave behind clearly identifiable physical artifacts such as stone tools, hunting implements or cave paintings. It is not possible to say when dance became part of human culture.

Joseph Jordania recently suggested, that dance, together with rhythmic music and body painting, was designed by the forces of natural selection at the early stage of hominid evolution as a potent tool to put groups of human ancestors in a battle trance, a specific altered state of consciousness. In this state hominids were losing their individual identity and were acquiring collective identity. Jonathan Pieslak researched, that some contemporary military units use loud group singing and dancing in order to prepare themselves for the dangerous combat missions. According to Jordania, this trance-inducing ability of dance comes from human evolutionary past and includes as well a phenomenon of military drill which is also based on shared rhythmic and monotonous group activity.

Dance has certainly been an important part of ceremony, rituals, celebrations and entertainment since before the birth of the earliest human civilizations. Archeology delivers traces of dance from prehistoric times such as the 9,000 year old Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka paintings in India and Egyptian tomb paintings depicting dancing figures from c. 3300 BC.

One of the earliest structured uses of dances may have been in the performance and in the telling of myths. It was also sometimes used to show feelings for one of the opposite gender. It is also linked to the origin of "love making." Before the production of written languages, dance was one of the methods of passing these stories down from generation to generation.

Another early use of dance may have been as a precursor to ecstatic trance states in healing rituals. Dance is still used for this purpose by many cultures from the Brazilian rainforest to the Kalahari Desert.

Sri Lankan dances goes back to the mythological times of aboriginal yingyang twins and "yakkas" (devils). According to a Sinhalese legend, Kandyan dances originate, 250 years ago, from a magic ritual that broke the spell on a bewitched king. Many contemporary dance forms can be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, and ethnic dance.

Dance classification and genres

Dance categories by number of interacting dancers are mainly solo dance, partner dance and group dance. Dance is performed for various purposes like ceremonial dance, erotic dance, performance dance, social dance etc.

Dancing and music

Many early forms of music and dance were created and performed together. This paired development has continued through the ages with dance/music forms such as: jig, waltz, tango, disco, salsa, electronica and hip-hop. Some musical genres also have a parallel dance form such as baroque music and baroque dance whereas others developed separately: classical music and classical ballet.

Although dance is often accompanied by music, it can also be presented independently or provide its own accompaniment (tap dance). Dance presented with music may or may not be performed ''in time'' to the music depending on the style of dance. Dance performed without music is said to be ''danced to its own rhythm''.

Ballroom dancing is an art although it may incorporates many fitness components using an artistic state of mind.

Dance studies and techniques

In the early 1920s, dance studies (dance practice, critical theory, Musical analysis and history) began to be considered an academic discipline. Today these studies are an integral part of many universities' arts and humanities programs. By the late 20th century the recognition of practical knowledge as equal to academic knowledge lead to the emergence of ''practice research'' and ''practice as research''. A large range of dance courses are available including:

Professional practice: performance and technical skills

Practice research: choreography and performance

Ethnochoreology, encompassing the dance-related aspects of anthropology, cultural studies, gender studies, area studies, postcolonial theory, ethnography, etc.

Dance therapy or dance-movement therapy.

Dance and technology: new media and performance technologies.

Laban Movement Analysis and somatic studies

Academic degrees are available from BA (Hons) to PhD and other postdoctoral fellowships, with some dance scholars taking up their studies as ''mature students'' after a professional dance career.

Dance competitions

A dance competition is an organized event in which contestants perform dances before a judge or judges for awards and, in some cases, monetary prizes. There are several major types of dance competitions, distinguished primarily by the style or styles of dances performed. Major types of dance competitions include:

Competitive dance, in which a variety of theater dance styles—such as acro, ballet, jazz, hip-hop, lyrical, and tap—are permitted.

Open competitions, which permit a wide variety of dance styles. A popular example of this is the TV program So You Think You Can Dance.

Dancesport, which is focused exclusively on ballroom and latin dance. Popular examples of this are TV programs Dancing with the Stars and Strictly Come Dancing.

Single-style competitions, such as highland dance, dance team, and Irish dance, which only permit a single dance style.

Today, there are various dances and dance show competitions on Television and the Internet.

Dance occupations

There are different careers connected with dancing: Dancer, dance teacher, dance sport coach, dance therapist and choreographer.

;Dancer Dance training differs depending on the dance form. There are university programs and schools associated with professional dance companies for specialised training in classical dance (e.g. Ballet) and modern dance. There are also smaller, privately owned dance studios where students may train in a variety of dance forms including competitive dance forms (e.g. Latin dance, ballroom dance, etc.) as well as ethnic/traditional dance forms.

Professional dancers are usually employed on contract or for particular performances/productions. The professional life of a dancer is generally one of constantly changing work situations, strong competition pressure and low pay. Professional dancers often need to supplement their income, either in dance related roles (e.g., dance teaching, dance sport coaches, yoga) or Pilates instruction to achieve financial stability.

In the U.S. many professional dancers are members of unions such as the American Guild of Musical Artists, the Screen Actors Guild and Actors' Equity Association. The unions help determine working conditions and minimum salaries for their members.

;Dance teachers Dance teacher and operators of dance schools rely on reputation and marketing. For dance forms without an association structure such as Salsa or Tango Argentino they may not have formal training. Most dance teachers are self employed.

;Dancesport coaches Dancesport coaches are tournament dancers or former dancesports people, and may be recognised by a dance sport federation.

;Choreographer Choreographers are generally university trained and are typically employed for particular projects or, more rarely may work on contract as the resident choreographer for a specific dance company. A choreographic work is protected intellectual property. Dancers may undertake their own choreography.

Dance by ethnicity or region

India

During the first millennium BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. In the matter of dance, Bharata Muni's ''Natyashastra'' (literally ''"the text of dramaturgy"'') is the one of the earlier texts. Though the main theme of ''Natyashastra'' deals with drama, dance is also widely featured, and indeed the two concepts have ever since been linked in Indian culture. The text elaborates various hand-gestures or mudras and classifies movements of the various limbs of the body, gait, and so on. The Natyashastra categorised dance into four groups and into four regional varieties, naming the groups: secular, ritual, abstract, and, interpretive. However, concepts of regional geography has altered and so have regional varieties of Indian dances. Dances like ''"Odra Magadhi"'', which after decades long debate, has been traced to present day Mithila-Orissa region's dance form of Odissi, indicate influence of dances in cultural interactions between different regions.

From these beginnings rose the various classical styles which are recognised today. Therefore, all Indian classical dances are to varying degrees rooted in the Natyashastra and therefore share common features: for example, the mudras, some body positions, and the inclusion of dramatic or expressive acting or abhinaya. The Indian classical music tradition provides the accompaniment for the dance, and as percussion is such an integral part of the tradition, the dancers of nearly all the styles wear bells around their ankles to counterpoint and complement the percussion.

Bhangra in the Punjab

The Punjab area overlapping India and Pakistan is the place of origin of Bhangra. It is widely known both as a style of music and a dance. It is mostly related to ancient harvest celebrations, love, patriotism or social issues. Its music is coordinated by a musical instrument called the 'Dhol'. Bhangra is not just music but a dance, a celebration of the harvest where people beat the dhol (drum), sing Boliyaan (lyrics) and dance.It developed further with the Vaisakhi festival of the Sikhs.

Dances of Sri Lanka

The devil dances of Sri Lanka or "yakun natima" are a carefully crafted ritual with a history reaching far back into Sri Lanka's pre-Buddhist past. It combines ancient "Ayurvedic" concepts of disease causation with psychological manipulation. The dance combines many aspects including Sinhalese cosmology, the dances also has an impact on the classical dances of Sri Lanka.

In Europe and North America

Concert (or performance) dance

Ballet

Ballet developed first in Italy and then in France from lavish court spectacles that combined music, drama, poetry, song, costumes and dance. Members of the court nobility took part as performers. During the reign of Louis XIV, himself a dancer, dance became more codified. Professional dancers began to take the place of court amateurs, and ballet masters were licensed by the French government. The first ballet dance academy was the Académie Royale de Danse (Royal Dance Academy), opened in Paris in 1661. Shortly thereafter, the first institutionalized ballet troupe, associated with the Academy, was formed; this troupe began as an all-male ensemble but by 1681 opened to include women as well.

20th century concert dance

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was an explosion of innovation in dance style characterized by an exploration of freer technique. Early pioneers of what became known as modern dance include Loie Fuller, Isadora Duncan, Mary Wigman and Ruth St. Denis. The relationship of music to dance serves as the basis for Eurhythmics, devised by Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, which was influential to the development of Modern dance and modern ballet through artists such as Marie Rambert. Eurythmy, developed by Rudolf Steiner and Marie Steiner-von Sivers, combines formal elements reminiscent of traditional dance with the new freer style, and introduced a complex new vocabulary to dance. In the 1920s, important founders of the new style such as Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey began their work. Since this time, a wide variety of dance styles have been developed; see Modern dance.

The influence of African American dance

African American dances are those dances which have developed within African American communities in everyday spaces, rather than in dance studios, schools or companies and its derivatives, tap dance, disco, jazz dance, swing dance, hip hop dance and breakdance. Other dances, such as the lindy hop with its relationship to rock and roll music and rock and roll dance have also had a global influence.

See also

African American dance

''An American Ballroom Companion''

Backup dancer

Ballroom dance

Battle trance

Cheerleading

Circle Dance

Collective identity

Entrainment (Biomusicology)

Feather Award

Health risks of professional dance

Dance costumes

Dance criticism

Dance theory

Majorettes

Physically integrated dance

List of choreographers

List of dance style categories

List of dance topics

List of dance wikibooks

References

;Notes

;Further reading

Adshead-Lansdale, J. (Ed.) (1994) ''Dance History: An Introduction''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09030-X.

Carter, A. (1998) ''The Routledge Dance Studies Reader''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16447-8.

Charman, S. Kraus, R, G. Chapman, S. and Dixon-Stowall, B. (1990) ''History of the Dance in Art and Education''. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-389362-6.

Cohen, S, J. (1992) ''Dance As a Theatre Art: Source Readings in Dance History from 1581 to the Present''. Princeton Book Co. ISBN 0-87127-173-7.

Daly, A. (2002) ''Critical Gestures: Writings on Dance and Culture''. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6566-0.

Dils, A. (2001) ''Moving History/Dancing Cultures: A Dance History Reader''. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6413-3.

Miller, James, L. (1986) ''Measures of Wisdom: The Cosmic Dance in Classical and Christian Antiquity'', University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802025536.

External links

Historic illustrations of dancing from 3300 B.C. to 1911 A.D. from Project Gutenberg

United States National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame

nan:Bú-tō

Category:Entertainment occupations Category:Theatrical professions

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Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Wim Wenders
birth name	Ernst Wilhelm Wenders
birth date	August 14, 1945
birth place	Düsseldorf, Germany
yearsactive	1967–present
occupation	Film director
spouse	Edda Köchl (1968–74)Lisa Kreuzer (1974–78)Ronee Blakley (1979–81)Isabelle Weingarten (1981–82)Donata Wenders (1993–)
website	http://www.wim-wenders.com/
awards	Silver Bear Jury Prize2000 ''The Million Dollar Hotel''Golden Palm1984 ''Paris, Texas''Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)1993 ''Faraway, So Close!''Golden Lion1982 ''The State of Things'' }}

Ernst Wilhelm "Wim" Wenders (born 14 August 1945) is a German film director, playwright, author, photographer and producer.

Early life

Wenders was born in Düsseldorf. He graduated from high school in Oberhausen in the Ruhr area. He then studied medicine (1963–64) and philosophy (1964–65) in Freiburg and Düsseldorf. However, he dropped out of university studies and moved to Paris in October 1966 to become a painter. Wenders failed his entry test at France's national film school IDHEC (now La Fémis), and instead became an engraver in the studio of Johnny Friedlander, an American artist, in Montparnasse. During this time, Wenders became fascinated with cinema, and saw up to five movies a day at the local movie theater.

Set on making his obsession also his life's work, Wenders returned to Germany in 1967 to work in the Düsseldorf office of United Artists. That fall, he entered the "Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München" (University of Television and Film Munich). Between 1967 and 1970 while at the "HFF", Wenders also worked as a film critic for ''FilmKritik'', then the Munich daily newspaper ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'', ''Twen'' magazine, and ''Der Spiegel''.

Wenders completed several short films before graduating from the Hochschule with a feature-length 16mm black and white film, ''Summer in the City''.

Career

Wenders began his career with the rise of the New German Cinema at the end of the 1960s, making his feature directorial debut with ''Summer in the City'' (1970). Much of the distinctive cinematography in his movies is the result of a highly productive long-term collaboration with Dutch cinematographer Robby Müller. Some of his more successful and critically acclaimed movies, ''Paris, Texas'' and ''Wings of Desire'', for example, have been the result of fruitful collaborations with ''avant-garde'' authors Peter Handke and Sam Shepard. Handke's novel, ''The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick'' was adapted for Wenders' second feature film, ''The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty.'' Handke co-wrote the script for ''Wings of Desire'' and ''Until the End of the World,'' both featuring Solveig Dommartin.

Wenders has directed several highly acclaimed documentaries, most notably ''Buena Vista Social Club'' (1999), about Cuban musicians, and ''The Soul of a Man'' (2003), on American blues.

He has also directed many music videos for groups such as the Irish U2 and the American Talking Heads, including "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" and "Sax and Violins". His television commercials include a UK advertisement for Carling Premier Canadian beer.

Wenders' book, ''Emotion Pictures,'' a collection of diary essays written while a film student, was adapted and broadcast as a series of plays on BBC Radio 3, featuring Peter Capaldi as Wenders, with Gina McKee, Saskia Reeves, Dennis Hopper, Harry Dean Stanton and Ricky Tomlinson, dramatised by Neil Cargill.

Wenders was collaborating with artist/journalist and longtime friend Melinda Camber Porter on a documentary feature about his body of work, ''Wim Wenders - Visions on Film,'' when Porter passed away - the film remains incomplete.

Wenders is a member of the advisory board of World Cinema Foundation. The project was founded by Martin Scorsese and aimed at finding and reconstructing world cinema films that have been long neglected. He serves as a Jury Member for the digital studio Filmaka, a platform for undiscovered filmmakers to show their work to industry professionals.

In 2011 he was selected to stage the 2013 cycle of Richard Wagner's ''Ring der Nibelungen'' at the Bayreuth Festival, a reflection of his capacity to produce imaginative tributes to great works of art. The project fell through when he insisted on filming in 3-D, which the Wagner family found too costly and disruptive.

Selected exhibitions

;2006 Wim Wenders: Immagini dal pianeta terra, Scuderie del Quirinale, Rome, Italy Journey to Onomichi – Photos by Wim and Donata Wenders, Omotesando Hills, Tokyo, Japan Pictures from the Surface of the Earth, images from touring exhibition, Salon of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Dark Places, curated by Joshua Decter, Santa Monica Museum of Art, Santa Monica, CA

;2005 The Forest: Politics, Poetics, and Practice, Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University, Durham, NC Through the Lens, group exhibition, C. Grimaldis Gallery, Baltimore, MD

;2004–05 Pictures from the Surface of the Earth, ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, Århus C, Denmark

;2004 Pictures from the Surface of the Earth, Australia and Japan, James Cohan Gallery, New York, NY Between The Lines, group exhibition, James Cohan Gallery, New York, NY Images of Time and Place: Contemporary Views of Landscape, group exhibition, Lehman College Art Gallery, Bronx, NY Wim Wenders, Galleria Marabini, Bologna, Italy Through the Lens: Eight Photographers, group exhibition, C. Grimaldis Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland.

;2003 Wim Wenders, James Cohan Gallery, New York, NY Wim Wenders, Galerie Judin Belot, Zurich, Switzerland

;2000–04 Pictures from the Surface of the Earth, touring exhibition: Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin (2001), Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (2002), Haunch of Venison, London (2003); Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney (2003); City Art Gallery, Wellington, New Zealand; Millennium Art Museum, Beijing, China; Shanghai Museum of Art, Shanghai, China; Guangdong Museum of Art, Guangzhou, China (2004)

;2000 Buena Vista Social Club, Rose Gallery, Bergamot Station, Santa Monica, CA

;1996 Wim Wenders: Landscape and Memory, Gallery of Contemporary Photography, Santa Monica Wim Wenders: Photos, in conjunction with the publication, Wim Wenders: Photos, Munich Goethe Institute (1996), Goethe Institutes worldwide

;1995 Wim Wenders: Landscape and Memory, Gallery of Contemporary Photography, Santa Monica, CA

;1993–95 Wim Wenders Photo Exhibition, in conjunction with the publication, Once, Munich: Schirmer/ Mosel (2001), touring exhibition: Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome (1993); Villa delle Rose, Bologna (1994); FNAC, Paris (1994); Parco, Tokyo (1994); FNAC, Berlin (1995); Villa Rufolo, Ravello (1995)

;1989–94 Wim Wenders Photographs, touring exhibition: Galerie F. C Gundlach, Hamburg (1989); Galerie Marie-Louise Wirth, Zürich (1990); Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film, Munich (1991); Fahey/Klein Gallery, Los Angeles (1991); Shibuya Seibu Dept. Store, Tokyo (1992); Kiyomizu

;1989–94 Temple, Kyoto (1992); Musée de L'Elysée, Lausanne (1992); Amerika Haus, Berlin (1992); Venice Biennale (1993); Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek (1993); Sala Parpallo Palau Dels Scala, Valencia (1994); San Telmo Museum, San Sebastian (1994)

;1986–92 Written in the West, in conjunction with the publication, Written in the West, Munich: Schirmer/Mosel (1987), touring exhibition: Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (1986); Encontros de Fotografia, Coimbra (1987); Palazzo della Triennale di Milano (1988); Film Society of Miami (1988); Goethe Institut, Stockholm (1988); Goethe Institut, Copenhagen (1988); Saint-Yrieix-La-Perche (1990); Städtische Galerie Schwarzes Kloster, Freiburg (Breisgau) (1992)

Legacy and honors

Wenders has already received many awards, including the Golden Lion for ''The State of Things'' at the Venice Film Festival (1982); the Palme d'Or at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival for his movie ''Paris, Texas''; and Best Direction for ''Wings of Desire'' in the 1987 Bavarian Film Awards and the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. In 1993 he won the Bavarian Film Awards for Best Director for ''Faraway, So Close!''. In 2004, he received the Master of Cinema Award of the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg. He was awarded the Leopard of Honour at the Locarno International Film Festival in 2005.

He has been awarded honorary doctorates at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1989 and at the Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium in 2005.

Filmography

1970			First full length feature film (Dedicated to The Kinks)
1972	''The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty'' (UK) or ''The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick'' (USA)		Adaptation of a novel by Peter Handke
1973		''Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe''
1974	''Alice in the Cities	''Alice in den Städten''	First part of Wenders' Road Movie Trilogy
1975	''The Wrong Move''	''Falsche Bewegung''	Second part of Wenders' Road Movie Trilogy, with Nastassja Kinski
1976	''Kings of the Road''	''Im Lauf der Zeit''	Third part of Wenders' Road Movie Trilogy
1977	''The American Friend''	''Der Amerikanische Freund''	Adaptation of Patricia Highsmith's novel ''Ripley's Game''
1980	''Lightning Over Water''		Documentary about the last days of Nicholas Ray
1982			Fictional story about Dashiell Hammett, American writer; based on a novel by Joe Gores
1982	''Room 666''	''Chambre 666''	Short documentary interviews directors on the future of cinema, including Steven Spielberg, Jean-Luc Godard, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Filmed at Cannes
1982	''Reverse Angle''		Short film documents Wenders' disputes with Francis Ford Coppola
1982		''Stand der Dinge''
1984
1985	''[[Tokyo-Ga''		Documentary about Japanese film director Yasujiro Ozu
1987	''Wings of Desire''	''Der Himmel über Berlin''	Written with Peter Handke
1989	''Notebook on Cities and Clothes''	''Aufzeichnungen zu Kleidern und Städten''	Documentary about Japanese fashion designer Yohji Yamamoto.
1990	''Red Hot + Blue''
1991	''Until the End of the World''	''Bis ans Ende der Welt''
1992	''Arisha, the Bear and the Stone Ring''	''Arisha, der Bär und der steinerne Ring''
1993	''Faraway, So Close!''	''In weiter Ferne, so nah!''	Sequel to ''Wings of Desire''
1994
1995		''Jenseits der Wolken''	(with Michelangelo Antonioni)
1995	''A Trick of Light''	''Die Gebrüder Skladanowsky''	Also known as ''The Brothers Skladanowsky''
1997	''The End of Violence''
1998	''Willie Nelson at the Teatro''
1999			Documentary about Cuban musicians; made with Ry Cooder
2000	''The Million Dollar Hotel''
2001	''Souljacker Part 1''		Music Video for "Souljacker Pt 1" by Eels
2002	''Ode to Cologne: A Rock 'N' Roll Film''	''Viel passiert - Der BAP-Film''	Documentary about the Cologne rock group BAP
2002	''Ten Minutes Older''		Contributed segment "Twelve Miles to Trona"
2003	''The Soul of a Man''		Documentary about Blues musicians
2004
2005	''Don't Come Knocking''
2008	''Palermo Shooting''
2011

Selected bibliography

Quotes

"Sex and violence was never really my cup of tea; I was always more into sax and violins."

"I consider Ozu my all time grand master."

"I want to make personal films, not private films."

See also

James Cohan Gallery

References

External links

Official website

Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database

filmportal.de including biography, filmography and photos

Wenders Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)

Wim Wenders Interview (portuguese subtitles; Flash/HTML5)

Interview with Wim Wenders (in three parts; Flash/HTML5)

Interview with Wim Wenders

CNN interview with Wim Wenders

Wim Wenders's Cinématon - A 4 minutes portrait by Gérard Courant (1982) (Flash)

Category:1945 births Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:Buena Vista Social Club Category:English-language film directors Category:German expatriates in the United States Category:German film directors Category:German-language film directors Category:German music video directors Category:Living people Category:Knight Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:Members of the Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia Category:People from Düsseldorf Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Category:University of Television and Film Munich alumni

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