Coordinates	°′″N°′″N
Name	Armenian
Nativename	Հայերէն ''Hayeren''
Pronunciation
Imagecaption	"Hayeren" written in Armenian script
Familycolor	Indo-European
Protoname	Proto-Armenian
States	'''' (not recognized internationally) ----
Speakers	6.7 million
Nation	'''' (not recognized internationally) ---- Minority language:
Agency	National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
Script	Armenian alphabet
Iso1	hy|iso2b arm|iso2thye
Lc1	hye|ld1 Modern Armenian|ll1none
Lc2	xcl|ld2 Classical Armenian
Lc3	axm|ld3 Middle Armenian
Lingua	57-AAA-a (31 varieties)
Notice	IPA }}

The Armenian language ( in TAO or in RAO, —'''') is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people. It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities in the Armenian diaspora. It has its own script, the Armenian alphabet, and is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological developments within Indo-European.

Linguists classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. Armenian shares a number of major innovations with Greek, and some linguists group these two languages together with Phrygian and the Indo-Iranian family into a higher-level subgroup of Indo-European which is defined by such shared innovations as the augment. More recently, others have proposed a Balkan grouping including Greek, Armenian, Phrygian and Albanian.

Armenian has a long literary history, with a fifth-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Its vocabulary has been heavily influenced by Western Middle Iranian languages, particularly Parthian, and to a lesser extent by Greek, Latin, Old French, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and other languages throughout its history. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, with which most contemporary dialects are mutually intelligible. The divergent and almost extinct Lomavren language is a Romani-influenced dialect with an Armenian grammar and a largely Romani-derived vocabulary, including Romani numbers.

Classification and origins

While the Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th century BC Behistun Inscription and Xenophon's 4th century BC history, ''The Anabasis''), the oldest surviving Armenian language text is the 5th century AD Bible translation of Mesrob Mashtots.

Early contacts

The large percentage of loans from Iranian languages initially led linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. The distinctness of Armenian was only recognized when Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the true Armenian vocabulary.

W. M. Austin in 1942 concluded that there was an early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages, based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine and the absence of inherited long vowels. But, unlike shared innovations (or ''synapomorphies'') the common retention of archaisms (or ''symplesiomorphy'') is not necessarily considered evidence of a period of common isolated development. (For example, the fact that birds and turtles have scales is not evidence of any special closeness, some mammals retain scales too, and scales date back to our common ancestors, the fish.)

In his paper, "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian", Soviet linguist Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov notes the presence in Old Armenian of what he calls a Caucasian substratum, identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the Kartvelian and Northeast Caucasian languages such as Udi. Noting that the Hurro-Urartian peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonov identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and zoological and biological terms such as ''ałaxin'' ('slavegirl') and ''xnjor'' ('apple(tree)'). Some of the terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartu. Given that these borrowings do not undergo sound changes characteristic of the development of Armenian from Proto-Indo-European, he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the Proto-Armenian language stage.

Graeco-Armenian hypothesis

The hypothesis that Greek is Armenian's closest living relative originates with Pedersen (1924), who noted that the number of Greek-Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo-European language. Meillet (1925, 1927) further investigated morphological and phonological agreement, postulating that the parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity in the parent language. Meillet's hypothesis became popular in the wake of his ''Esquisse'' (1936). Solta (1960) does not go as far as postulating a Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage, but he concludes that considering both the lexicon and morphology, Greek is clearly the dialect most closely related to Armenian. Hamp (1976:91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis, anticipating even a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Armenian shares the augment, a negator derived from the set phrase ''*ne hoiu kwid'' ("not ever at all"), the representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. The closeness of the relationship between Armenian and Greek sheds light on the paraphyletic nature of the Centum-Satem isogloss. Nevertheless, linguists including Fortson (2004) comment "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century A.D., the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces."

Evolution

Early in the fifth century, Classical Armenian, or Grabar, was one of the great languages of the Near East and Asia Minor. Although an autonomous branch within the Indo-European family of languages, it had some affinities to Middle Iranian, Greek and the Balto-Slavic languages, but belonged to none of them. It was characterized by a system of inflection unlike the other languages, as well as a flexible and liberal use of combining root words to create derivative and compound words by the application of certain agglutinative affixes.

The classical language imported numerous words from Middle Iranian languages, primarily Parthian, and contains smaller inventories of borrowings from Greek, Syriac, Latin, and autochthonous languages such as Urartian. Middle Armenian (11th–15th centuries AD) incorporated further loans from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Latin, and the modern dialects took in hundreds of additional words from Modern Turkish and Persian. Therefore, determining the historical evolution of Armenian is particularly difficult because Armenian borrowed many words from Parthian and Persian (both Iranian languages) as well as from Greek.

In the period that followed the invention of the alphabet and up to the threshold of the modern era, Grabar (Classical Armenian) lived on. An effort to modernize the language in Greater Armenia and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (11-14th centuries) resulted in the addition of two more characters to the alphabet, bringing the total number to 38.

The Book of Lamentations by Gregory of Narek (951-1003), that could be considered a masterpiece of world literature, is perhaps a good example of the development of a literature and writing style that came to be known as Middle Armenian or Vernacular. In addition to elevating the literary style of the Armenian language, Gregory of Nareg paved the way for his successors to include secular themes in their writings. The thematic shift from mainly religious texts to writings with secular outlooks further enhanced and enriched the vocabulary. “A Word of Wisdom,” a poem by Hovhannes Sargavak devoted to a starling, legitimizes poetry devoted to nature, love or female beauty. Gradually, the interests of the “vulgar population” were also reflected in other literary works. Konsdantin Yerzinkatsi and several others even take the unusual step of criticizing the ecclesiastic establishment and addressing the social issues of the Armenian homeland. Not surprisingly, these changes altered the nature of the literary style and syntax but they did not constitute radical changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or the morphology of the language.

The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 once again divided the traditional Armenian homeland. This time, two thirds of historical Armenia fell under Ottoman control, while the remaining territories were divided between the Russian and Persian empires. The antagonistic relationship between the Russian and Ottoman Empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived and suffered. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were constituted.

Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, while Tiflis (Tbilisi), in Georgia, became the center of Armenians living under Russian rule. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life.

The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe reached Armenians living in both regions. This created an ever-growing need to elevate the vulgar language, Ašxarhabar, to the dignity of a modern literary language, in contrast to the now-anachronistic Grabar. Numerous dialects developed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. On the basis of these features two major variants emerged:

Western Variant: The influx of immigrants from different parts of the traditional Armenian homeland to Constantinople crystallized the common elements of the regional dialects, paving the way to a style of writing that required a shorter and more flexible learning curve than Grabar.

Eastern Variant: The dialect of the Ararat plateau provided the primary elements of Eastern Armenian, centered in Tiflis (Tbilisi, Georgia). Similar to the Western Armenian variant, the Modern Eastern was in many ways more practical and accessible to the masses than Grabar.

Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ašxarhabar. The proliferation of newspapers in both versions (Eastern & Western) and the development of a network of schools where modern Armenian was taught, dramatically increased the rate of literacy (in spite of the obstacles by the colonial administrators), even in remote rural areas. The emergence of literary works entirely written in the modern versions increasingly legitimized the language’s existence. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened the path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Apart from minor morphological, phonetic and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and identical rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other easily.

After the First World War, the existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990) used Eastern Armenian as its official language, while the Diaspora created after the Genocide of 1915 carried with it the only thing survivors still possessed: its mother tongue, Western Armenian.

Modern changes

The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian Genocide.

Phonology

Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops are aspirated in Proto-Armenian, one of the circumstances that is often linked to the Glottalic theory, part of which postulated that the voiceless stops of Proto-Indo-European were aspirated.

Stress

In Armenian the stress falls on the last syllable, unless the last syllable contains , in which case it falls on the penultimate one. For instance, [ɑχoɾˈʒɑk], [mɑʁɑdɑˈnos], [giˈni], but [vɑˈhɑgən] and [ˈdɑʃtə]. The exceptions from this rule are some words with final letter է (ե in the reformed orthography) (իհա՛րկէ, գրե՛թէ, մի՛թէ, գո՛նէ)and sometimes the ordinal numerals (վե՛ցերորդ, տա՛սներորդ etc.).

Vowels

Modern Armenian has six monophthong vowel sounds.

		Front vowel>Front	Central vowel>Central	Back vowel>Back
! align="left"	class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"		class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"
! align="left"	class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"> ե, էe, ē	class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"	wikt:ո	ո, օo, ò
! align="left"			class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"

Consonants

The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and affricates have a special aspirated series (transcribed with a Greek ''spiritus asper'' after the letter): '''', '''', '''', '''', ''''. Each phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The topmost indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); below that appears the corresponding letter of the Armenian alphabet; and the bottom symbol is its Latin transliteration (according to ISO 9985).

		! rowspan="2"	! colspan="2"	! rowspan="2"	! rowspan="2"	! rowspan="2"	! rowspan="2"	! rowspan="2"
		! plain	! lateral
! rowspan="3"	! voiceless	պ – p	տ – t				կ – k
voice (phonetics)>voiced	բ – b	դ – d				գ – g
aspiration (phonetics)>aspirated	փ – p'	թ – t'				ք – k'
! rowspan="2"	! voiceless	ֆ – f	ս – s		շ – š			հ – h
voice (phonetics)>voiced	վ – c	զ – z		ժ – ž
! rowspan="3"	! voiceless		ծ – ç		ճ – č̣
voice (phonetics)>voiced		ձ – k		ջ – ǰ
aspiration (phonetics)>aspirated		ց – c'		չ –
! colspan="2"		2	2 լ – l		-յ- – y
! colspan="2"	մ – m	ն – n
! colspan="2"		ռ – r
! colspan="2"		ր – r

# Sources differ on the place of articulation of these consonants. # ɫ and ɹ only occur in Classical Armenian

Morphology

Armenian corresponds with other Indo-European languages in its structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and features of its grammar with neighboring languages of the Caucasus region. Armenian is rich in combinations of consonants. Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of declining nouns, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. In modern Armenian the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to will in "he will go") has generally supplemented the inflected verbs of Classical Armenian. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go"). Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical Greek and Latin, but the modern language, like modern Greek, has undergone many transformations. With time the Armenian language made a transition from a synthetic language (Old Armenian or Grabar) to a typical analytic language (Modern Armenian) with Middle Armenian as a midpoint in this transition.

Noun

Classical Armenian has no grammatical gender, not even in the pronoun. The nominal inflection, however, preserves several types of inherited stem classes. The noun may take seven cases, nominative, accusative, locative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental.

Verb

Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of conjugation with two main verb types (three in Western Armenian) changing form based on tense, mood and aspect.

Dialects

The major division is between the Eastern and Western dialects. The most distinctive feature of Western Armenian is that it has undergone several phonetic mergers; these may be due to proximity to Arabic and Turkish-speaking communities.

For example, Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce () as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger", () like the "d" in "develop", and () as an unaspirated voiceless stop, sounding somewhere between the two as in "stop." Western Armenian has simplified the stop system into a simple division between voiced stops and voiceless aspirate ones; the first series corresponds to the unaspirated voiceless series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated voiceless series. Thus, the Western dialect pronounces both () and () as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger," and the () letter is pronounced like the letter "d" as in "develop."

There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects.

Armenian can be subdivided in two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have died due to the effects of the Armenian Genocide. In addition, neither dialect is completely homogeneous: any dialect can be subdivided into several subdialects. While Western and Eastern Armenian are often described as different dialects of the same language, some subdialects are not readily mutually intelligible. It is true, however, that a fluent speaker of one of two greatly varying dialects who is exposed to the other dialect over even a short period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease.

{| |+Examples !English ! Eastern Armenian (''Arevelahayeren'') !Western Armenian (''Arevm'dahayeren'') |- | Yes | Ayo () | Ayo () |- | No | Voč' () | Voč' () |- | Excuse me | Neroġout'ioun () | Neroġout'ioun () |- | Hello | Barev () | Parev () |- | How are you(formal) | Vonts' ek () | Inč'bes ek () |- | What's up | Inč' ka č'ka () | Inč' ga č'ga () |- | Please | Khntrem () | Khntrem (), Hadjiss () |- | Thank you | Šnorhakal em () | Šnorhagal em () |- | Thank you very much | Šat šnorhakal em () | Šad šnorhagal em () |- | Welcome | Bari galoust () | Pari yegar / Pari yegak' () |- | Goodbye | C'tesout'ioun () | C'desout'ioun () |- | Good morning | Bari louys () | Pari louys () |- | Good afternoon | Bari òr () | Pari òr () |- | Good evening | Bari yereko () | Pari irigoun () |- | Good night | Bari gišer () | Kišer pari () |- | I love you | Yes siroum em k'ez () | Yes ëzk'ez gë sirem () |- | I am Armenian | Yes hay em () |- | I miss you | | Yes k'ezi garod em () |}

Other distinct dialects include the Homshetsi language of the Hemshin people and Lomavren language of the Bosha, both of which are categorized as belonging to the Armenian language family.

Standardized forms

Armenian is a pluricentric language, having two standardized forms: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.

Historical Armenian dialects

In 1909, linguist Hrachia Acharian in his "Classification des dialectes arméniens" ("Classification of Armenian dialects") surveyed many of the Armenian dialects in what is now present day Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Azerbaijan and other surrounding countries settled by Armenians. Unlike the traditional dialect division of Armenian into western and eastern dialects, Acharian divided Armenian into three main dialects based on which indicative particles are used. He labeled them as the -owm dialects, gë dialects, and -el dialects. These three major dialects were further divided into sub-dialects.

Eastern dialects

;-owm Dialects:

Yerevan, Bayazet, Tabriz (Kala and Lilava quarters), Gavar

Tbilisi (Havlabar quarter)

Shushi, Gandzak (Gyanja), Shaki, Baku, Derbent, Aghstafa, Dilijan, Vanadzor, Kazakh, Lori, Karadagh (Ardabil Province, Iran), Mujumbar (Kermān Province, Oran), Tabriz (Lilava quarter), Burdur (near İzmir, Turkey), Yodemish (İzmir Province, Turkey)

Shamakhi, Kuba

Astrakhan

Julfa, Isfahan (New Julfa quarter), Shiraz, Hamadan, Bushehr, Tehran, Qazvin, Rasht, Bandar-e Anzali

Nerkin (Lower) Agulis, Tsagna, Verin (Upper) Agulis, Verin (Upper) Handamej, Tanagirt, Urumis, Dosti, Kyalaki (villages in Nakhichevan)

;-el Dialects:

Maragheh

Khoy, Maku, Iğdır, Kori, Alighuli, Mughanjugh, Karashen, Alilu, Angeghakot, Ghushchi, Tazakend, Uz, Mazra, Balak, Shaghat, Ltsen, Sisian, Nerkin Kilisa

Artvin, Ardahan, Artanutch, Olti

Western dialects

;gë Dialects:

Erzurum, Kars, Gyumri, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe

Mush, Sasun, Bitlis, Khozan, Khlat, Artchesh, Kop, Manazkert, Khnus, Alashkert, Aparan, Eshtia, Ujmana, Toria (Ninotsminda district, Samtskhe-Javakheti), Martuni (Akhalkalaki, Javakhk)

Van, Diadin, Moks, Adamakert, Shatakh, Vardenis (Basargechar)

Diyarbakır, Lice, Hazro, Kozluk, Khizan, Sevaverak, Edesia

Kharpert, Yerznka, Balu, Tchapaghjur, Chmshkatsag, Peri, Kghi, Dersim, Kamakh

Shabin-Karahisar, Akıncılar

Trabzon, Babert, Gyumushkhana, Giresun

Hamshen, Trabzon, Ünye, Fatsa, Terme, Çarşamba, Samsun, Sukhumi, Sochi, Mtsara (Gudauta District, Abkhazia), Tsebelda (Gulripsh District, Abkhazia), Adler (Sochi), Shapsugskaya (Krasnodar Krai, Russia)

Malatia, Adıyaman

Hadjin, Zeytun, Marash, Kilis, Alexandretta, Payas (Yakacik), Samandağ

Aramo (Syria)

Arabkir, Tevrik, Kyurin, Darende, Kesaria

Akn

Sebastia

Tokat, Amasia, Marzvan, Ordu, Samsun, Sinop

Smyrna

Nicomedia, Adabazar, Yalova, Partizak, Geyve, İznik, Pazarköy, Karamürsel, Aslanbey, Ortaköy, Sölöz, Benli

Constantinople (Istanbul)

Tekirdağ, Malkara

Nor Nakhichevan, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Krasnodar, Dnipropetrovsk, Anapa, Maykop, Taganrog, Prymorsk, Novocherkassk, Dneprovskaya (Krasnodar Krai)

Poland, Bukovina, Transylvania, Hungary

Jerusalem (K'aġak'ac'i dialect), not mentioned by Acharian, but mentioned by Bert Vaux as likely coming from Cilicia

Yozgat

Indo-European linguistic comparison

Armenian is an Indo-European language, and so many of its Proto-Indo-European-descended words are cognates of words in other Indo-European languages such as English, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit. This table lists only some of the more recognizable cognates that Armenian shares with English (more specifically, with English words descended from the Old English(Anglo-Saxon) language). (Source: Online Etymology Dictionary.) {| class="wikitable" ! Armenian || English|| Latin || Persian || Classical and Hellenistic Greek || Sanskrit ||PIE |- | mayr "mother" || mother (< OE ''mōdor'')|| māter "mother"|| mādar "mother"|| mētēr "mother"|| mātṛ "mother" || "mother" |- | hayr "father" || father (< OE ''fæder'')|| pater "father"|| pedar "father"|| patēr "father"|| pitṛ "father" || "father" |- | eġbayr "brother" || brother (< OE ''brōþor'')|| frāter "brother"|| barādaṛ "brother" || phrātēr "brother"|| bhrātṛ "brother" || "brother" |- | dowstr "daughter" || daughter (< OE ''dohtor'')|| filia "daughter"|| dukhtaṛ "daughter" || thugatēr "daughter"|| duhitṛ "daughter" || "daughter" |- | kin "woman" || queen (< OE ''cwēn "queen, woman, wife"'')|| || kiana "old persian: woman, wife"|| gunē "a woman, a wife"|| gnā/jani "woman" || "woman, wife" |- | im "my" || my, mine (< OE ''min'')|| mei "my"|| man/min "my"|| emeo "my, of mine"|| mama "my"|| "my, mine" |- | anown "name" || name (< OE ''nama'')|| nōmen "name"|| nām "name"|| onoma "name"|| nāman "name" || "name" |- | owt' "8" || eight (< OE ''eahta'')|| octō "eight"|| (h)asht "eight"|| oktō "eight"|| aṣṭa "eight" || "eight" |- | inn "9" || nine (< OE ''nigon'')|| novem "nine"|| noh "nine"|| ennea "nine"|| nava "nine" || "nine" |- | tas "10" || ten (< OE ''tien'') (< P.Gmc. ''*tekhan'')|| decem "ten"|| dah "ten"|| deka "ten"|| daśa "ten" || "ten" |- | ačk' "eye" || eye (< OE ''ēge'')|| oculus "eye"|| chačm "eye"|| ophthalmos "eye"|| akṣan "eye"|| "to see" |- | armownk "elbow" || arm (< OE ''earm "joined body parts below shoulder"'')|| armus "shoulder" || arenj "elbow" || arthron "a joint"|| īrma "arm"|| "fit, join (that which is fitted together)" |- | çownk "knee" || knee (< OE ''cnēo'')|| genū, "knee"|| zānu "knee"|| gonu "knee"|| jānu "knee"|| "knee" |- | otk' "foot" || foot (< OE ''fōt'')|| pedis "foot" || pā "foot" || podi "foot"|| pāda "foot" || "foot" |- | sirt "heart"|| heart (< OE ''heorte'')|| cor "heart"|| || kardia "heart"|| hṛdaya "heart"|| "heart" |- | kaši "skin" || hide (< OE ''hȳdan "animal skin cover"'')|| cutis "skin"|| pust "skin"|| keuthō "I cover, I hide"|| kuṭīra "hut"|| "to cover, conceal" |- | mowk "mouse" || mouse (< OE ''mūs'')|| mūs "mouse"|| mūṣ "mouse" || mus "mouse"|| mūṣ "mouse" || "mouse, small rodent" |- | kov "cow" || cow (< OE ''cū'')|| bos "cattle", bum "cow" || gāv "cow" || bous "cow" || go "cow" || "cow" |- | šown "dog" || hound (< OE ''hund "hound, dog"'')|| canis "hound, dog" (canine)|| sag "dog" || kuōn "hound, dog"|| śvan "dog" || "hound, dog" |- | tari "year" || year (< OE ''gēar'')|| hōrnus "of this year"|| yare "year"|| hōra "time, year"|| yare "year"|| "year" |- | amis "month" || moon, month (< OE ''mōnaþ'' ignōrāntem

External links

Armenian Phrasebook at Wikitravel

en.wiktionary.org Armenian<->English dictionary with pronunciations, etymologies and inflection tables.

Armenian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)

AGBU – Armenian Virtual College – First online university to learn Armenian

Armenian language resources

Ethnologue report on Armenian

The Armenian alphabet

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af:Armeens am:አርሜንኛ ar:لغة أرمنية an:Idioma armenio ast:Armeniu az:Erməni dili bn:আর্মেনীয় ভাষা be:Армянская мова be-x-old:Армянская мова bg:Арменски език ca:Armeni cv:Эрмен чĕлхи ceb:Pinulongang Armenyanhon cs:Arménština cy:Armeneg da:Armensk (sprog) de:Armenische Sprache et:Armeenia keel el:Αρμενική γλώσσα es:Idioma armenio eo:Armena lingvo eu:Armeniera fa:زبان ارمنی fr:Arménien fy:Armeensk ga:An Airméinis gv:Armeainish gl:Lingua armenia glk:أرمنی زوان ko:아르메니아어 hy:Հայերեն hi:आर्मीनियाई भाषा hsb:Armenšćina hr:Armenski jezik io:Armeniana linguo id:Bahasa Armenia os:Сомихаг æвзаг is:Armenska it:Lingua armena he:ארמנית jv:Basa Arménia ka:სომხური ენა rw:Icyarumeniya kv:Армяна кыв ku:Zimanê ermenî la:Lingua Armenica lv:Armēņu valoda lt:Armėnų kalba lij:Lengua armenn-a li:Armeens hu:Örmény nyelv mk:Ерменски јазик mr:आर्मेनियन भाषा arz:ارمنلى ms:Bahasa Armenia mdf:Армянонь кяль nl:Armeens new:आर्मेनियन भाषा ja:アルメニア語 no:Armensk nn:Armensk oc:Armèni pnb:آرمینیائی nds:Armeensche Sprake pl:Język ormiański pt:Língua arménia ro:Limba armeană qu:Arminya simi ru:Армянский язык se:Armeenalaš gielat sco:Armenie leid sq:Gjuha armene simple:Armenian language sk:Arménčina sl:Armenščina szl:Uormjańsko godka sr:Јерменски језик sh:Jermenski jezik fi:Armenian kieli sv:Armeniska ta:அருமேனிய மொழி tt:Әрмән теле th:ภาษาอาร์เมเนีย tg:Забони арманӣ tr:Ermenice udm:Армян кыл uk:Вірменська мова ur:آرمینیائی ug:ئەرمەن تىلى vi:Tiếng Armenia wa:Årmenyin yo:Èdè Arméníà diq:Ermeniki zh:亚美尼亚语

:''As One is also an alias of the British techno producer Kirk Degiorgio.'' :''For As One, the international gathering of YouTubers, see YouTube

Coordinates	°′″N°′″N
name	As One
background	group_or_band
origin	South Korea
genre	K-pop, R&B;
years active	1999–present
label	EMI Korea
current members	Min Young LeeCrystal Chae
notable instruments	}}

As One is a Korean pop duo consisting of Korean Americans Min Young Lee and Crystal Chae. Their first hit was the song "너만은 모르길," released in 1999 on Rock Records Between their fourth and fifth albums, their contract with Rock Records expired and they signed with EMI Korea; a label which also manages other k-pop stars like DJ DOC and Baby VOX. In late 2006, As One released their fifth album ''12 Tears of Farewell'', and started their promotional activities with the lead track "십이야" (''12 Nights'').

As One Member Profiles

Crystal Chae

Date of Birth: April 29, 1980

Place of birth: Los Angeles, California

School: Chatsworth High School

Religion: Christian

Family: father, mother, older brother, older sister

Min Young Lee

Date of Birth: December 15, 1978

Place of birth: Seoul, South Korea

School: Fairfax High School

Religion: Christian

Family: mother, brother

Discography

Studio Albums

!Album #	!Album information	Tracklisting
1st	''Day By Day''	*Released: November 25, 1999	*Label: Rock Records
2nd	''천만에요 (You're Welcome)''	*Released: August 7, 2001	*Label: Rock Records
3rd	''Never Too Far...''	*Released: March 13, 2003	*Label: Rock Records
4th	''Restoration''	*Released: November 17, 2004	*Label: Rock Records
5th	''이별이 남기는 12가지 눈물 (12 Tears of Farewell)''	*Released: November 17, 2006	*Label: EMI Korea

Extended Plays

# [2000.06.28] ONE+ONE # [2002.05.22] As One Live Album # [2002.11.26] Caroling # [2003.11.18] Forever AS ONE (BEST) # [2007.03.13] 우리가 알고있는 (So Romantic) # [2008.05.14] Double Star (Mini Album) # [2010.04.29] The Happiness 4 Us 2nd

Singles

# [1999.11.25] Ring My Bell # [2000.05.01] 사랑+ # [2000.06.14] Day By Day # [2006.12.14] I Wanna be a Christmas # [2008.04.03] Sponge Remake 2008 As One # [2008.09.01] Zza Zza La!! (Drama Version) # [2010.06.16] As One Season 1 # [2010.09.08] History - As One 연애 # [2011.01.17] Taste of Love # [2011.01.28] NEPA SONG(네파송) # [2011.07.07] As One Season 2

Collaborations

''Lovin Ice Cream'', with Ez-Life & (Haro), 2011

''Flight 101'', with Oneway, 2011

''그대도 나처럼'', with Yurisangja, 2010

''그대 뒤에서 (Behind You)'', The Reputable Family OST, 2010

''홀로 크리스마스 (White Winter)'', with Lee Jun (of Solid), Alex, Navi, and Bizniz, 2009

''사랑할 수도 미워할 수도 (Neither Love Nor Hate)'', De La Musique Vol.1 - Part 1, 2009

''Cool Running'', with Soul Dive, 2009

''헤어져 (Breakup)'', Love Tonic OST, 2009

''To Heart'', Listen Campaign OST, 2008

''사랑은 너 하나뿐 (You Only Love)'', The Rival Project with GO and Shogun, 2008

''마지막 사랑 (Last Love)'', with E Sang, 2008

''Smile'', with JED, 2007

''White Love Story'', The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince OST, 2007

''네잎클로버 (Four-leaf Clover)'', MBC Creative Children's 25th Anniversary, 2007

''Happy My Star (Drama Version)'', Couple of Fantasy OST, 2006

''가시나무 (Bramble)'', The Wave - Blessing & Caroling, 2005

''Oh Come All Ye Faithful'', Groovy Christmas, 2005

''미안해야 하는거니 (Do I Have To Say Sorry)'', Sassy Girl, Chun Hyang OST, 2005

''Sleigh Ride'', 2004 Christmas Story, 2004

''원하고 원망하죠 (Want & Complain)'', Black Coffee 4, 2004

''Loving You'', Classic CF, 2004

''투명에 가까운 블루 (Transparent Blue)'', Classic CF, 2004

''하늘정원 (Garden of Heaven)'', Garden of Heaven OST, 2003

''스물다섯 (Precious You)'', with Kim Jin Pyo, 2003

''Feel...Me'', with Park Hyo Shin,2002

''소중한 너 (Precious You)'', with Cho Kyuchan, 2002

''Born Twice'', with DVS, 2001

''Gook Thuggin'', with DVS, 2001

References

Category:South Korean girl groups Category:South Korean rhythm and blues musical groups

ko:애즈 원