In the fields of information science, communication, and industrial design, there is debate over the meaning of interactivity. In the "contingency view" of interactivity, there are three levels: #Noninteractive, when a message is not related to previous messages; #Reactive, when a message is related only to one immediately previous message; and #Interactive, when a message is related to a number of previous messages and to the relationship between them.
An artifact’s interactivity is best perceived through use. A bystander can imagine how it would be like to use an artifact by watching others use it, but it is only through actual use that its interactivity is fully experienced and "felt". This is due to the kinesthetic nature of the interactive experience. It is similar to the difference between watching someone drive a car and actually driving it. It is only through driving the car that you can experience and "feel" how this car differs from other cars.
New Media academic Vincent Maher defines interactivity as "the relation constituted by a symbolic interface between its referential, objective functionality and the subject."
A more detailed discussion of how interactivity has been conceptualized in the human-computer interaction literature, and how the phenomenology of the French philosopher Merleau-Ponty can shed light on the user experience, see (Svanaes 2000).
In computer science, interactive refers to software which accepts and responds to input from humans—for example, data or commands. Interactive software includes most popular programs, such as word processors or spreadsheet applications. By comparison, noninteractive programs operate without human contact; examples of these include compilers and batch processing applications. If the response is complex enough it is said that the system is conducting social interaction and some systems try to achieve this through the implementation of social interfaces.
Also, there is the notion of kinds of user interaction, like the Rich UI.
Lev Manovich (2001) also makes a clear definition of what interactivity means for the user. He refers to 'open interactivity' as actions such as computer programming and developing media systems, whereas 'closed interactivity' is merely where the elements of access are determined by the user. This definition is part of his principle of variability (one of Manovich's key features of new media).
Interactivity also relates to new media art technologies where humans and animals are able to interact with and change the course of an artwork. Artists and researchers around the world are working on unique interfaces to allow new forms of interaction that extend beyond the QWERTY keyboard and the now ubiquitous mouse. Artists, such as Stelarc work to define new interfaces that challenge our notion of what is possible when interacting with machines. His Hexapod for example looks like an insect though it walks like a dog and the locomotion is controlled by shifting the body weight and turning the torso. Others like Ken Rinaldo have defined unique interfaces for fish in which Siamese Fighting Fish are able to control their rolling robotic fish bowls to interact across the gap of the glass. Simon Penny's ''Petit Mal'' allows a two wheeled sculpture to sense and respond to human presence and intelligently navigate the environment. Scott Snibbe's "Boundary Functions," (1998) one of the first interactive video projections, draws moving lines on a gallery's floor to demarcate people's personal space.
Denis McQuail mentions interactivity as one of the main characteristic of the new media. He quotes:
Interactivity: as indicated by the ratio of response or initiative on the part of the user to the "offer" of the source/sender
Some of the interaction models presented with authoring tools fall under various categories like games, puzzles, simulation tools, presentation tools, etc., which can be completely customized.
Category:Information science Category:Industrial design Category:Human communication Category:Human–computer interaction
ar:تفاعلية المستخدم bg:Интерактивност da:Interaktiv de:Interaktivität el:Διαδραστικότητα es:Interactividad fr:Interactivité hr:Interaktivnost it:Interattività he:אינטראקטיביות hu:Interaktivitás no:Interaktivitet pl:Interaktywność pt:Interatividade ru:Интерактивность sl:Interaktivnost tr:EtkileşimlilikThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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