Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot.

Quantitatively, temperature is measured with thermometers, which may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales.

Temperature plays an important role in all fields of natural science, including physics, geology, chemistry, atmospheric sciences and biology.

In a microscopic explanation, the temperature of a body varies with the speed of the fundamental particles that it contains, raised to the second power. Therefore, temperature is tied directly to the mean kinetic energy of particles moving relative to the center of mass coordinates for that object.

Overview

Macroscopically, temperature tells of the tendency of matter to transfer heat from hotter to cooler bodies. An immediate way of sensing this is by touching the material and deciding whether it is hot, warm, or cold. A thermometer precisely measures the temperature and indicates a numerical value for the temperature.

Use in science

Many physical properties of materials including the phase (solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma), density, solubility, vapor pressure, and electrical conductivity depend on the temperature. Temperature also plays an important role in determining the rate and extent to which chemical reactions occur. This is one reason why the human body has several elaborate mechanisms for maintaining the temperature at 310 K, since temperatures only a few degrees higher can result in harmful reactions with serious consequences. Temperature also controls the thermal radiation emitted from a surface. One application of this effect is the incandescent light bulb, in which a tungsten filament is electrically heated to a temperature at which significant quantities of visible light are emitted.

Temperature scales

Much of the world uses the Celsius scale (°C) for most temperature measurements. It has the same incremental scaling as the Kelvin scale used by scientists, but fixes its null point, at = , the freezing point of water. A few countries, most notably the United States, use the Fahrenheit scale for common purposes, a historical scale on which water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F.

For practical purposes of scientific temperature measurement, the International System of Units (SI) defines a scale and unit for the thermodynamic temperature by using the easily reproducible temperature of the triple point of water as a second reference point. For historical reasons, the triple point is fixed at 273.16 units of the measurement increment, which has been named the kelvin in honor of the Scottish physicist who first defined the scale. The unit symbol of the kelvin is K.

Absolute zero is defined as a temperature of precisely 0 kelvins, which is equal to −273.15 °C or −459.68 °F.

Thermodynamic approach to temperature

Temperature is one of the principal quantities studied in the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics investigates the relation between heat and work, using a special scale of temperature called the absolute temperature, and thus relates temperature to work, as considered below. In thermodynamic terms, temperature is a macroscopic scale intensive variable because it is independent of the bulk amount of elementary entities contained inside, be they atoms, molecules, or electrons. Real world systems are not homogeneous and for study are usually spatially and temporally divided conceptually into imagined 'cells' of small size, in which classical thermodynamical equilibrium conditions for matter are fulfilled to good approximation (local thermodynamic equilibrium).

Statistical mechanics approach to temperature

Statistical mechanics provides a microscopic explanation of temperature, based on macroscopic systems' being composed of many particles, such as molecules and ions of various species, the particles of a species being all alike. It explains macroscopic phenomena in terms of the mechanics of the molecules and ions, and statistical assessments of their joint adventures. In the statistical thermodynamic approach, degrees of freedom are used instead of particles.

On the molecular level, temperature is the result of the motion of the particles that constitute the material. Moving particles carry kinetic energy. Temperature increases as this motion and the kinetic energy increase. The motion may be the translational motion of particles, or the energy of the particle due to molecular vibration or the excitation of an electron energy level. Although very specialized laboratory equipment is required to directly detect the translational thermal motions, thermal collisions by atoms or molecules with small particles suspended in a fluid produces Brownian motion that can be seen with an ordinary microscope. The thermal motions of atoms are very fast and temperatures close to absolute zero are required to directly observe them. For instance, when scientists at the NIST achieved a record-setting low temperature of 700 nK (1 nK = 10⁻⁹ K) in 1994, they used laser equipment to create an optical lattice to adiabatically cool caesium atoms. They then turned off the entrapment lasers and directly measured atom velocities of per second in order to calculate their temperature.

Molecules, such as oxygen (O₂), have more degrees of freedom than single spherical atoms: they undergo rotational and vibrational motions as well as translations. Heating results in an increase in temperature due to an increase in the average translational energy of the molecules. Heating will also cause, through equipartitioning, the energy associated with vibrational and rotational modes to increase. Thus a diatomic gas will require a higher energy input to increase its temperature by a certain amount, i.e. it will have a higher heat capacity than a monatomic gas.

The process of cooling involves removing thermal energy from a system. When no more energy can be removed, the system is at absolute zero, which cannot be achieved experimentally. Absolute zero is the null point of the thermodynamic temperature scale, also called absolute temperature. If it were possible to cool a system to absolute zero, all motion of the particles comprising matter would cease and they would be at complete rest in this ''classical'' sense. Microscopically in the description of quantum mechanics, however, matter still has zero-point energy even at absolute zero, because of the uncertainty principle.

Basic theory

Temperature may be viewed as a measure of a quality of heat, as distinct from a quantity of heat. The quality is called ''hotness'' by some writers.

When two systems are at the same temperature, no net heat transfer occurs spontanteously, by conduction or radiation, between them. When a temperature difference does exist, and there is a thermally conductive or radiative connection between them, heat transfers spontaneously from the warmer system to the colder system, until they are at mutual thermal equilibrium. This transfer occurs by heat conduction or by thermal radiation.

Experimental physicists, for example Galileo and Newton, found that there are indefinitely many empirical temperature scales.

Temperature for bodies in thermodynamic equilibrium

For experimental physics, the fact of hotness means that, when comparing any two given bodies in their respective separate thermodynamic equilibria, any two suitably given empirical thermometers with numerical scale readings will agree as to which is the hotter of the two given bodies, or that they have the same temperature. This does not require the two thermometers to have a linear relation between their numerical scale readings, but it does require that the relation between their numerical readings shall be strictly monotonic. A definite sense of greater hotness can be had, independently of calorimetry, of thermodynamics, and of properties of particular materials, from Wien's displacement law of thermal radiation: the temperature of a bath of thermal radiation is proportional, by a universal constant, to the frequency of the maximum of its frequency spectrum; this frequency is always positive, but can have values that tend to zero. Thermal radiation is initially defined for a cavity in thermodynamic equilibrium. These physical facts justify a mathematical statement that hotness exists on an ordered one-dimensional manifold. This is a fundamental character of temperature and thermometers for bodies in their own thermodynamic equilibrium.

Except for a system undergoing a first-order phase change such as the melting of ice, as a closed system receives heat, without change in its volume and without change in external force fields acting on it, its temperature rises. For a system undergoing such a phase change so slowly that departure from thermodynamic equilibrium can be neglected, its temperature remains constant as the system is supplied with latent heat. Conversely, a loss of heat from a closed system, without phase change, without change of volume, and without change in external force fields acting on it, decreases its temperature.

Temperature for bodies in a steady state but not in thermodynamic equilibrium

While for bodies in their own thermodynamic equilibrium states, the notion of temperature safely requires that all empirical thermometers must agree as to which of two bodies is the hotter or that they are at the same temperature, this requirement is not safe for bodies that are in steady states though not in thermodynamic equilibrium. It can then well be that different empirical thermometers disagree about which is the hotter, and if this is so, then at least one of the bodies does not have a well defined absolute thermodynamic temperature. Nevertheless, any one given body and any one suitable empirical thermometer can still support notions of empirical, non-absolute, hotness and temperature, for a suitable range of processes. This is a matter for study in non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Temperature for bodies not in a steady state

When a body is not in a steady state, then the notion of temperature becomes even less safe than for a body in a steady state not in thermodynamic equilibrium. This is also a matter for study in non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Thermodynamic equilibrium axiomatics

For axiomatic treatment of thermodynamic equilibrium, since the 1930's, it has become customary to refer to a zeroth law of thermodynamics. The customarily stated minimalist version of such a law postulates only that all bodies, which when thermally connected would be in thermal equilibrium, should be said to have the same temperature by definition, but by itself does not establish temperature as a quantity expressed as a real number on a scale. A more physically informative version of such a law views empirical temperature as a chart on a hotness manifold. While the zeroth law permits the definitions of many different empirical scales of temperature, the second law of thermodynamics selects the definition of a single preferred, absolute temperature, unique up to an arbitrary scale factor, whence called the thermodynamic temperature. If internal energy is considered as a function of the volume and entropy of a homogeneous system in thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamic absolute temperature appears as the partial derivative of internal energy with respect the entropy at constant volume. Its natural, intrinsic origin or null point is absolute zero at which the entropy of any system is at a minimum. Although this is the lowest absolute temperature described by the model, the third law of thermodynamics postulates that absolute zero cannot be attained by any physical system.

Heat capacity

When a sample is heated, meaning it receives thermal energy from an external source, some of the introduced heat is converted into kinetic energy, the rest to other forms of internal energy, specific to the material. The amount converted into kinetic energy causes the temperature of the material to rise. The introduced heat ($\backslash Delta\; Q$) divided by the observed temperature change is the heat capacity (''C'') of the material. : $C\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash Delta\; Q\}\{\backslash Delta\; T\}$ If heat capacity is measured for a well defined amount of substance, the specific heat is the measure of the heat required to increase the temperature of such a unit quantity by one unit of temperature. For example, to raise the temperature of water by one kelvin (equal to one degree Celsius) requires 4186 joules per kilogram (J/kg)..

Temperature measurement

Temperature measurement using modern scientific thermometers and temperature scales goes back at least as far as the early 18th century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit adapted a thermometer (switching to mercury) and a scale both developed by Ole Christensen Rømer. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use in the United States for non-scientific applications.

Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes. Most scientist measures temperature using the Celsius scale and the thermodynamic temperature using the Kelvin scale, which is the Celsius scale offset so that its null point is = , or absolute zero. Many engineering fields in the U.S., notably high-tech and US federal specifications (civil and military), also use the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related disciplines such as combustion.

Units

The basic unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI) is the kelvin. It has the symbol K.

For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and is its boiling point at sea level. Because liquid droplets commonly exist in clouds at sub-zero temperatures, is better defined as the melting point of ice. In this scale a temperature difference of 1 degree Celsius is the same as a increment, but the scale is offset by the temperature at which ice melts (273.15 K).

By international agreement the Kelvin and Celsius scales are defined by two fixing points: absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, which is water specially prepared with a specified blend of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. Absolute zero is defined as precisely and . It is the temperature at which all classical translational motion of the particles comprising matter ceases and they are at complete rest in the classical model. Quantum-mechanically, however, zero-point motion remains and has an associated energy, the zero-point energy. Matter is in its ground state, and contains no thermal energy. The triple point of water is defined as and . This definition serves the following purposes: it fixes the magnitude of the kelvin as being precisely 1 part in 273.16 parts of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water; it establishes that one kelvin has precisely the same magnitude as one degree on the Celsius scale; and it establishes the difference between the null points of these scales as being ( = and = ).

In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is widely used. On this scale the freezing point of water corresponds to 32 °F and the boiling point to 212 °F. The Rankine scale, still used in fields of chemical engineering in the U.S., is an absolute scale based on the Fahrenheit increment.

Conversion

The following table shows the temperature conversion formulas for conversions to and from the Celsius scale.

Plasma physics

The field of plasma physics deals with phenomena of electromagnetic nature that involve very high temperatures. It is customary to express temperature in electronvolts (eV) or kiloelectronvolts (keV), where 1 eV = . In the study of QCD matter one routinely encounters temperatures of the order of a few hundred MeV, equivalent to about .

Theoretical foundation

Historically, there are several scientific approaches to the explanation of temperature: the classical thermodynamic description based on empirical variables that can be measured in a laboratory, the kinetic theory of gases which relates the macroscopic description to the probability distribution of the energy of motion of gas particles, and a microscopic explanation based on statistical physics and quantum theory. In addition, rigorous and purely mathematical treatments have provided an axiomatic approach to classical thermodynamics and temperature. Statistical physics provides a deeper understanding by describing the atomic behavior of matter, and derives macroscopic properties from statistical averages of microscopic states, including both classical and quantum states. In the fundamental physical description, using natural units, temperature may be measured directly in units of energy. However, in the practical systems of measurement for science, technology, and commerce, such as the modern metric system of units, the macroscopic and the microscopic descriptions are interrelated by the Boltzmann constant, a proportionality factor that scales temperature to the microscopic mean kinetic energy.

The microscopic description in statistical mechanics is based on a model that decomposes a system into its fundamental particles of matter or into a set of classical or quantum-mechanical oscillators and considers the system as a statistical ensemble of microstates. As a collection of classical material particles, temperature is a measure of the mean energy of motion, called kinetic energy, of the particles, whether in solids, liquids, gases, or plasmas. Kinetic energy, a concept of classical mechanics, is one half the product of mass and the square of a particle's velocity. In this mechanical interpretation of thermal motion, the kinetic energies of material particles may reside in the velocity of the particles of their translational or vibrational motion or in the inertia of their rotational modes. In monoatomic perfect gases and, approximately, in most gases, temperature is a measure of the mean particle kinetic energy. It also determines the probability distribution function of the energy. In condensed matter, and particularly in solids, this purely mechanical description is often less useful and the oscillator model provides a better description to account for quantum mechanical phenomena. Temperature determines the statistical occupation of the microstates of the ensemble. The microscopic definition of temperature is only meaningful in the thermodynamic limit, meaning for large ensembles of states or particles, to fulfill the requirements of the statistical model.

In the context of thermodynamics, the kinetic energy is also referred to as thermal energy. The thermal energy may be partitioned into independent components attributed to the degrees of freedom of the particles or to the modes of oscillators in a thermodynamic system. In general, the number of these degrees of freedom that are available for the equipartitioning of energy depend on the temperature, i.e. the energy region of the interactions under consideration. For solids, the thermal energy is associated primarily with the vibrations of its atoms or molecules about their equilibrium position. In an ideal monatomic gas, the kinetic energy is found exclusively in the purely translational motions of the particles. In other systems, vibrational and rotational motions also contribute degrees of freedom.

Kinetic theory of gases

The kinetic theory of gases uses the model of the ideal gas to relate temperature to the average kinetic energy of the atoms in a container of gas. Classical mechanics defines the kinetic energy as follows: :$E\_\backslash text\{k\}\; =\; \backslash begin\{matrix\}\; \backslash frac\; 1\; 2\; \backslash end\{matrix\}\; mv^2$, where ''m'' is the particle mass and ''v'' its velocity. The distribution of energies (and thus speeds) of the particles in any gas are given by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The temperature of a classical ideal gas is related to its average kinetic energy via the equation: :$\backslash overline\{E\}\_\backslash text\{k\}\; =\; \backslash begin\{matrix\}\; \backslash frac\; 1\; 2\; \backslash end\{matrix\}\; kT$, for each degree of freedom, where $k\; =\; R/n$ (n= Avogadro number, R= ideal gas constant). This relation is valid in the classical regime, i.e. when the particle density is much less than $1/\backslash Lambda^\{3\}$, where $\backslash Lambda$ is the thermal de Broglie wavelength. A monoatomic gas has only the three translational degrees of freedom.

The second law of thermodynamics states that any two given systems when interacting with each other will later reach the same average energy per particle and hence the same temperature.

In a mixture of particles of various masses, the heaviest particles will move slower than lighter particles, but have the same average kinetic energy. A neon atom moves slower relative to a hydrogen molecule of the same kinetic energy; a pollen particle suspended in water moves in a slow Brownian motion among fast moving water molecules.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

It has long been recognized that if two bodies of different temperatures are brought into thermal connection, conductive or radiative, they exchange heat accompanied by changes of other state variables. Left isolated from other bodies, the two connected bodies eventually reach a state of thermal equilibrium in which no further changes occur. This basic knowledge is relevant to thermodynamics. Some approaches to thermodynamics take this basic knowledge as axiomatic, other approaches select only one narrow aspect of this basic knowledge as axiomatic, and use other axioms to justify and express deductively the remaining aspects of it. The one aspect chosen by the latter approaches is often stated in textbooks as the zeroth law of thermodynamics, but other statements of this basic knowledge are made by various writers.

The usual textbook statement of the zeroth law of thermodynamics is that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This statement is taken to justify a statement that all three systems have the same temperature, but, by itself, it does not justify the idea of temperature as a numerical scale for a concept of hotness which exists on a one-dimensional manifold with a sense of greater hotness. Sometimes the zeroth law is stated to provide the latter justification. For suitable systems, an empirical temperature scale may be defined by the variation of one of the other state variables, such as pressure, when all other coordinates are fixed. The second law of thermodynamics is used to define an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale for systems in thermal equilibrium.

A temperature scale is based on the properties of some reference system to which other thermometers may be calibrated. One such reference system is a fixed quantity of gas. The ideal gas law indicates that the product of the pressure (''p'') and volume (''V'') of a gas is directly proportional to the thermodynamic temperature: :$pV\; =\; nRT\backslash ,\backslash !$ where ''T'' is temperature, ''n'' is the number of moles of gas and R = is the gas constant. Reformulating the pressure-volume term as the sum of classical mechanical particle energies in terms of particle mass, ''m'', and root-mean-square particle speed ''v'', the ideal gas law directly provides the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature: :$\backslash displaystyle\; \backslash frac\; 1\; 2\; mv\_\{rms\}^2\; =\; \backslash frac\; 3\; 2\; k\; T.$

Thus, one can define a scale for temperature based on the corresponding pressure and volume of the gas: the temperature in kelvins is the pressure in pascals of one mole of gas in a container of one cubic metre, divided by the gas constant. In practice, such a gas thermometer is not very convenient, but other thermometers can be calibrated to this scale.

The pressure, volume, and the number of moles of a substance are all inherently greater than or equal to zero, suggesting that temperature must also be greater than or equal to zero. As a practical matter it is not possible to use a gas thermometer to measure absolute zero temperature since the gasses tend to condense into a liquid long before the temperature reaches zero. It is possible, however, to extrapolate to absolute zero by using the ideal gas law.

Second law of thermodynamics

In the previous section certain properties of temperature were expressed by the zeroth law of thermodynamics. It is also possible to define temperature in terms of the second law of thermodynamics which deals with entropy. Entropy is often thought of as a measure of the disorder in a system. The second law states that any process will result in either no change or a net increase in the entropy of the universe. This can be understood in terms of probability.

For example, in a series of coin tosses, a perfectly ordered system would be one in which either every toss comes up heads or every toss comes up tails. This means that for a perfectly ordered set of coin tosses, there is only one set of toss outcomes possible: the set in which 100% of tosses come up the same. On the other hand, there are multiple combinations that can result in disordered or mixed systems, where some fraction are heads and the rest tails. A disordered system can be 90% heads and 10% tails, or it could be 98% heads and 2% tails, et cetera. As the number of coin tosses increases, the number of possible combinations corresponding to imperfectly ordered systems increases. For a very large number of coin tosses, the combinations to ~50% heads and ~50% tails dominates and obtaining an outcome significantly different from 50/50 becomes extremely unlikely. Thus the system naturally progresses to a state of maximum disorder or entropy.

It has been previously stated that temperature controls the flow of heat between two systems and it was just shown that the universe tends to progress so as to maximize entropy, which is expected of any natural system. Thus, it is expected that there is some relationship between temperature and entropy. To find this relationship, the relationship between heat, work and temperature is first considered. A heat engine is a device for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy, resulting in the performance of work, and analysis of the Carnot heat engine provides the necessary relationships. The work from a heat engine corresponds to the difference between the heat put into the system at the high temperature, ''q_H'' and the heat ejected at the low temperature, ''q_C''. The efficiency is the work divided by the heat put into the system or: :$\backslash textrm\{efficiency\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \{w\_\{cy\}\}\{q\_H\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{q\_H-q\_C\}\{q\_H\}\; =\; 1\; -\; \backslash frac\{q\_C\}\{q\_H\}$ (2)

where ''w_cy'' is the work done per cycle. The efficiency depends only on ''q_C''/''q_H''. Because ''q_C'' and ''q_H'' correspond to heat transfer at the temperatures ''T_C'' and ''T_H'', respectively, ''q_C''/''q_H'' should be some function of these temperatures: :$\backslash frac\{q\_C\}\{q\_H\}\; =\; f(T\_H,T\_C)$ (3)

Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient. Thus, a heat engine operating between ''T''₁ and ''T''₃ must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between ''T''₁ and ''T''₂, and the second between ''T''₂ and ''T''₃. This can only be the case if: :$q\_\{13\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{q\_1\; q\_2\}\; \{q\_2\; q\_3\}$

which implies: :$q\_\{13\}\; =\; f(T\_1,T\_3)\; =\; f(T\_1,T\_2)f(T\_2,T\_3)$

Since the first function is independent of ''T''₂, this temperature must cancel on the right side, meaning ''f''(''T''₁,''T''₃) is of the form ''g''(''T''₁)/''g''(''T''₃) (i.e. ''f''(''T''₁,''T''₃) = ''f''(''T''₁,''T''₂)''f''(''T''₂,''T''₃) = ''g''(''T''₁)/''g''(''T''₂)· ''g''(''T''₂)/''g''(''T''₃) = ''g''(''T''₁)/''g''(''T''₃)), where ''g'' is a function of a single temperature. A temperature scale can now be chosen with the property that:

:$\backslash frac\{q\_C\}\{q\_H\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{T\_C\}\{T\_H\}$ (4)

Substituting Equation 4 back into Equation 2 gives a relationship for the efficiency in terms of temperature: :$\backslash textrm\{efficiency\}\; =\; 1\; -\; \backslash frac\{q\_C\}\{q\_H\}\; =\; 1\; -\; \backslash frac\{T\_C\}\{T\_H\}$ (5)

Notice that for ''T_C'' = 0 K the efficiency is 100% and that efficiency becomes greater than 100% below 0 K. Since an efficiency greater than 100% violates the first law of thermodynamics, this implies that 0 K is the minimum possible temperature. In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST. Subtracting the right hand side of Equation 5 from the middle portion and rearranging gives: :$\backslash frac\; \{q\_H\}\{T\_H\}\; -\; \backslash frac\{q\_C\}\{T\_C\}\; =\; 0$

where the negative sign indicates heat ejected from the system. This relationship suggests the existence of a state function, ''S'', defined by: :$dS\; =\; \backslash frac\; \{dq\_\backslash mathrm\{rev\}\}\{T\}$ (6)

where the subscript indicates a reversible process. The change of this state function around any cycle is zero, as is necessary for any state function. This function corresponds to the entropy of the system, which was described previously. Rearranging Equation 6 gives a new definition for temperature in terms of entropy and heat: :$T\; =\; \backslash frac\{dq\_\backslash mathrm\{rev\}\}\{dS\}$ (7)

For a system, where entropy ''S''(''E'') is a function of its energy ''E'', the temperature ''T'' is given by: :$\{T\}^\{-1\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{d\}\{dE\}\; S(E)$ (8),

i.e. the reciprocal of the temperature is the rate of increase of entropy with respect to energy.

Definition from statistical mechanics

The previous section elaborated the historical derivation relating entropy and heat. A modern definition of temperature is given by statistical mechanics. It is defined in terms of the fundamental degrees of freedom of a system. Eq.(8) of the previous section is taken to be the defining relation of the temperature. Eq. (7) can be derived from first principles.

Generalized temperature from single particle statistics

It is possible to extend the definition of temperature even to systems of few particles, like in a quantum dot. The generalized temperature is obtained by considering time ensembles instead of configuration space ensembles given in statistical mechanics in the case of thermal and particle exchange between a small system of fermions (N even less than 10) with a single/double occupancy system. The finite quantum grand partition ensemble, obtained under the hypothesis of ergodicity and orthodicity, allows to express the generalized temperature from the ratio of the average time of occupation $\backslash tau$''₁'' and $\backslash tau$''₂'' of the single/double occupancy system : :$T\; =\; k^\{-1\}\; ln\; 2\backslash frac\{\backslash tau\_\backslash mathrm\{2\}\}\{\backslash tau\_\backslash mathrm\{1\}\}\; (E\; -\; E\_\{F\}\; (1+\backslash frac\{3\}\{2N\})\; )$ where ''E_F'' is the Fermi energy which tends to the ordinary temperature when N goes to infinity.

Negative temperature

On the empirical temperature scales, which are not referenced to absolute zero, a negative temperature is one below the zero-point of the scale used. For example, dry ice has a sublimation temperature of which is equivalent to . On the absolute Kelvin scale, however, this temperature is 194.6 K. On the absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature no material can exhibit a temperature smaller than or equal to 0K, both of which are forbidden by the third law of thermodynamics.

In the quantum mechanical description of electron and nuclear spin systems that have a limited number of possible states, and therefore a discrete upper limit of energy they can attain, it is possible to obtain a negative temperature, which is numerically indeed less than absolute zero. However, this is not the macroscopic temperature of the material, but instead the temperature of only very specific degrees of freedom, that are isolated from others and do not exchange energy by virtue of the equipartition theorem.

A negative temperature is experimentally achieved with suitable radio frequency techniques that cause a population inversion of spin states from the ground state. As the energy in the system increases upon population of the upper states, the entropy increases as well, as the system becomes less ordered, but attains a maximum value when the spins are evenly distributed among ground and excited states, after which it begins to decrease, once again achieving a state of higher order as the upper states begin to fill exclusively. At the point of maximum entropy, the temperature function shows the behavior of a singularity, because the slope of the entropy function decreases to zero at first and then turns negative. Since temperature is the inverse of the derivative of the entropy, the temperature formally goes to infinity at this point, and switches to negative infinity as the slope turns negative. At energies higher than this point, the spin degree of freedom therefore exhibits formally a negative thermodynamic temperature. As the energy increases further by continued population of the excited state, the negative temperature approaches zero asymptotically. As the energy of the system increases in the population inversion, a system with a negative temperature is not colder than absolute zero, but rather it has a higher energy than at positive temperature, and may be said to be in fact hotter at negative temperatures. When brought into contact with a system at a positive temperature, energy will be transferred from the negative temperature regime to the positive temperature region.

Examples of temperature

	Temperature		! rowspan=2
	Kelvin#Usage conventions>Kelvin	! Degrees Celsius
	0 K	−273.15 °C
	450 pK	°C
	0.001 K	−273.149 °C
style="background:#d9d9d3"	273.16 K	0.01 °C
	373.1339 K	99.9839 °C	7,766.03 nm(mid wavelength I.R.)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	2500 K	≈2,200 °C	1,160 nm(near infrared)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	5,778 K	5,505 °C
style="background:#d9d9d3"	28 kK	28,000 °C	100 nm(far ultraviolet light)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	16 MK	16 million °C	0.18 nm (X-rays)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	350 MK	350 million °C	8.3×10−3 nm(gamma rays)
	2 GK	2 billion °C	1.4×10−3 nm(gamma rays)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	3 GK	3 billion °C	1×10−3 nm(gamma rays)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	350 GK	350 billion °C	8×10−6 nm(gamma rays)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	1 TK	1 trillion °C	3×10−6 nm(gamma rays)
style="background:#d9d9d3"	10 TK	10 trillion °C	3×10−7 nm(gamma rays)
style="background:#d9d9d3"		1.417×1032 °C

• For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) when calibrated strictly per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature.
• The 2500 K value is approximate. The 273.15 K difference between K and °C is rounded to 300 K to avoid false precision in the Celsius value.
• For a true black-body (which tungsten filaments are not). Tungsten filaments' emissivity is greater at shorter wavelengths, which makes them appear whiter.
• Effective photosphere temperature. The 273.15 K difference between K and °C is rounded to 273 K to avoid false precision in the Celsius value.
• The 273.15 K difference between K and °C is without the precision of these values.
• For a true black-body (which the plasma was not). The Z machine's dominant emission originated from 40 MK electrons (soft x–ray emissions) within the plasma.

See also

Scale of temperature

Color temperature

Dry-bulb temperature

Heat conduction

Heat convection

ISO 1

ITS-90

Maxwell's demon

Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Outside air temperature

Planck temperature

Rankine scale

Relativistic heat conduction

Stagnation temperature

Thermal radiation

Thermoception

Thermodynamic (absolute) temperature

Thermography

Thermometer

Body temperature (Thermoregulation)

Virtual temperature

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

Wet-bulb temperature

Notes

References

Further reading

Chang, Hasok (2004). ''Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517127-3.

Zemansky, Mark Waldo (1964). ''Temperatures Very Low and Very High''. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.

T. J. Quinn (1983), ''Temperature'', Academic Press, London.

External links

An elementary introduction to temperature aimed at a middle school audience

What is Temperature? An introductory discussion of temperature as a manifestation of kinetic theory.

from Oklahoma State University

Category:Fundamental physics concepts Category:Physical quantities Category:Thermodynamics Category:Heat transfer Category:State functions

af:Temperatuur an:Temperatura ar:درجة حرارة ast:Temperatura az:Temperatur bn:তাপমাত্রা be:Тэмпература be-x-old:Тэмпэратура bo:དྲོད་ཚད། bs:Temperatura br:Gwrezverk bg:Температура ca:Temperatura ceb:Temperatura cs:Teplota cy:Tymheredd da:Temperatur de:Temperatur et:Temperatuur el:Θερμοκρασία es:Temperatura eo:Temperaturo eu:Tenperatura fa:دما fr:Température ga:Teocht gl:Temperatura ko:온도 hi:तापमान hr:Temperatura io:Temperaturo id:Suhu is:Hiti it:Temperatura he:טמפרטורה kn:ತಾಪಮಾನ ka:ტემპერატურა kk:Температура sw:Halijoto ht:Tanperati ku:Têhn (fîzîk) la:Temperatura thermodynamica lv:Temperatūra lb:Temperatur lt:Temperatūra hu:Hőmérséklet mk:Температура ml:ഊഷ്മാവ് mr:तापमान ms:Suhu nl:Temperatuur nds-nl:Temperetuur ja:温度 no:Temperatur nn:Temperatur oc:Temperatura uz:Harorat pms:Temperadura nds:Temperatur pl:Temperatura pnb:ٹمپریچر pt:Temperatura ro:Temperatură qu:Q'uñi kay ru:Температура sq:Temperatura scn:Timpiratura (statu tèrmicu) si:උෂ්ණත්වය simple:Temperature sk:Teplota sl:Temperatura sr:Температура sh:Temperatura su:Suhu fi:Lämpötila sv:Temperatur tl:Temperatura ta:வெப்பநிலை te:ఉష్ణోగ్రత th:อุณหภูมิ tr:Sıcaklık uk:Температура ur:درجہ حرارت vec:Tenperadura vi:Nhiệt độ fiu-vro:Lämmidüs war:Temperatura wuu:温度 yi:טעמפעראטור zh:温度

Coordinates	52°47′20″N6°7′36″N
Name	Sean Paul
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques
Born	January 09, 1973 Kingston, Jamaica
Genre	Dancehall, Reggae, R&B;
Occupation	Musician, Actor, Songwriter, Producer
Years active	1998–present
Associated acts	Dutty Cup Crew, Mr. Vegas, Jay Sean, Beyonce, Ziggy Marley
Label	VP/Atlantic Records
Website	}}

Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born January 9, 1973), who performs under stage name Sean Paul, is a Jamaican pop rap and reggae singer from Dutty Cup Crew.

Life and career

1973–1996: Early life

Sean Paul was born in Kingston and spent his early years in Upper Saint Andrew Parish, a few miles north of Kingston. His parents, Garth and Frances, were both talented athletes, and his mother is a well-known painter. His paternal grandfather was a Sephardic Jew whose family emigrated from Portugal, and his paternal grandmother was Afro-Caribbean; his mother is of English and Chinese Jamaican descent. Sean Paul was raised as a Catholic. Many members of his family are swimmers. His grandfather was on the first Jamaican men's national water polo team. His father also played water polo for the team in the 1960s, and competed in long-distance swimming, while Sean Paul's mother was a backstroke swimmer. Sean Paul played for the national water polo team from the age of thirteen to twenty-one, when he gave up the sport in order to launch his musical career. He attended the Wolmers High School for Boys, Hillel Academy High School, and the College of Arts, Science, and Technology, now known as the University of Technology, where he was trained in commerce with a view to pursuing an occupation in hotel management.

1998–2004: ''Stage One'' and ''Dutty Rock''

left|thumb|Sean Paul in September 2005. He made a quick cameo appearance in the 1998 film ''Belly'' on stage performing. He made a very successful collaboration with DMX & Mr. Vegas (Top Shotter) as a soundtrack of the film. In 2000, Sean Paul released his debut album, ''Stage One'' with VP Records. In 2002, he began working extensively with a team of producers and choreographers from Toronto, namely Jae Blaze and Blaze Entertainment and announced the release of his second album, ''Dutty Rock''. Pushed by the success of the singles "Gimme the Light" and the Billboard Hot 100 topper, "Get Busy", the album was a worldwide success, eventually selling over six million copies. Simultaneously, Sean Paul was heard on Beyoncé's U.S. #1 single "Baby Boy" and Blu Cantrell's "Breathe", a chart hit in Europe. Both helped to push his reputation further still in the United States.

He appeared on ''Punk'd'', ''106 & Park'', ''Sean Paul Respect'', ''Making the Video'' ("Get Busy", "Gimme the Light", and "Like Glue") and his music videos have been broadcast on MTV and BET. Paul's biggest hits included "Get Busy", "Like Glue", "Gimme the Light", "Baby Boy", and "I'm Still in Love with You".

2005–2008: ''The Trinity''

Sean Paul's third album ''The Trinity'' was released in on September 27, 2005. The album produced five big hits, "We Be Burnin'", "Ever Blazin'", "Give It Up to Me", "Never Gonna Be The Same" and the U.S. chart-topping smash hit "Temperature".

The video of "(When You Gonna) Give It up to Me" (featuring Keyshia Cole) was also featured in the movie ''Step Up'' in 2006.

He was nominated for four awards at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards, including male artist of the year, rap artist of the year, hot 100 single of the year, and pop single of the year for his hit "Temperature". He also won an American Music Award for "(When You Gonna) Give It Up To Me" beating Kanye West and Nick Lachey who were also nominated for the award.

His song "Send It On" from "The Trinity" featured on the 2005 Vauxhall Corsa advert. Sean Paul often contributes his songs to various ''Riddim Driven'' albums (by VP Records). In March 2007, he returned to his native Jamaica to perform at the Cricket World Cup 2007 opening ceremony.

Sean Paul appears on the game Def Jam: Fight for NY as part of Snoop Dogg's crew and again in the game's sequel, Def Jam Icon.

2009: ''Imperial Blaze''

The newest Sean Paul album entitled "Imperial Blaze" was released on August 18, 2009. The lead single, “So Fine”, which was produced by Stephen “Di Genius” McGregor, premiered on Sean Paul's official website on April 26, 2009.

Speaking to Pete Lewis of 'Blues & Soul' magazine in August 2009, Sean Paul stated that 'Imperial Blaze' "Actually signifies 'The King's Fire'. It's that thing inside of you that gives you the desire to do whatever you do, and be the best in the world at it."

The new album consists of 20 tracks including "So Fine", "Press it Up", "She Want Me", "Private Party" which are party tracks and also love songs such as "Hold My Hand" (feat Keri Hilson), "Lately", "Now That I've Got Your Love" among others. Producers on the album include Don Corleone, Jeremy Harding, and Sean's brother Jason 'Jigzagula' Henriques. All the full songs of the album have been added to Sean Paul's Myspace page on the day of release of the album.

Up until now there have been eight music videos: "Always On My Mind (with Da'Ville)", "Give It To You (with Eve)", "Watch Them Roll", "Back It Up" (with Left Side/Mr. Evil), "(I Wanna See You) Push It Baby" (with Pretty Ricky), "Hit 'Em" (with Fahrenheit and his brother Jason "Jigzagula" Henriques), "Come Over" with Estelle, and also the video of his first single, "So Fine" from the new album.

He has recently been featured in Shaggy's video, "Save A Life", which also includes appearances from Elephant Man and Da'Ville, among others. In an effort to raise money for a children's hospital, Shaggy, Sean Paul and others will be having a benefit concert. All proceeds will go towards getting new equipment and technology 'For Aid to the Bustamante Hospital for Children'. In an interview in 2009 he says he is planning to release a new album in 2011.

During the premiere for MNET's Big Brother Africa 5: All-Stars on July 18, 2010, he performed his songs "Temperature", "Hold My Hand", and "So Fine". Sean Paul made a show in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

(2011- present): New studio album

Sean Paul is currently in the studio making his fifth coming album due for release at the end of 2011. The first song, " Got 2 Luv U" (featuring Alexis Jordan) was released for purchase on the 26th of June.

Discography

''Stage One'' (2000)

''Dutty Rock'' (2002)

''The Trinity'' (2005)

''Imperial Blaze'' (2009)

''Upcoming Fifth Studio Album'' (2011)

Filmography

;Films

1998

Year !! Title !! Role
	|	Belly (film)>Belly''	Himself

Awards and nominations

American Music Awards

*2006, Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist (winner)

*2003, Favorite Hip-Hop/Rap Male Artist (nominated)

*2003, Favorite Hip-Hop/Rap Album ''Dutty Rock'' (nominated)

BET Awards

*2003, Best New Artist (Nominated)

MTV Romania Music Awards

*2007, Best International Artist (winner)

Grammy Awards

*2010, Best Reggae Album: ''Imperial Blaze'' (nominated)

*2006, Best Reggae Album: ''The Trinity'' (nominated)

*2004, Best New Artist: (nominated)

*2004, Best Reggae Album: ''Dutty Rock'' (winner)

*2004, Best Male Rap Solo Performance: "Get Busy" (nominated)

MOBO Awards

*2009, Best Reggae Act (Winner)

*2006, Best Reggae Act (Winner)

*2005, Best Reggae Act (Nominated)

MTV Video Music Awards

*2006, Best Dance Video "Temperature" (nominated)

*2003, Best Dance Video "Get Busy" (nominated)

*2003, Best New Artist "Get Busy" (nominated)

Soul Train Awards

*2009, Best Reggae Artist (Winner)

*2007, Best Dance Cut "When You Gonna (Give It Up to Me)" (nominated)

References

External links

Official website

Category:1973 births Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Dancehall musicians Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Jamaican Roman Catholics Category:Jamaican male singers Category:Jamaican people of Chinese descent Category:Jamaican reggae singers Category:Living people Category:People from Kingston, Jamaica Category:Jamaican people of English descent Category:Reggae fusion artists

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:''This stage name does not have a family name. The subject should be referred to as Agnes.''

Coordinates	52°47′20″N6°7′36″N
name	Agnes Monica
background	solo_singer
birth name	Agnes Monica Muljoto
birth date	July 01, 1986
origin	Jakarta, Indonesia
instrument	Vocals, piano
genre	Pop, R&B;
occupation	Singer-songwriter, actress, dancer, record producer, presenter, fashion designer
years active	1992–present
label	Aquarius Musikindo
website	}}

Agnes Monica (born Agnes Monica Muljoto; 1 July 1986) is an Indonesian recording artist and actress. Born in Jakarta, Indonesia, she started her career in the entertainment industry at the age of six as a child singer. She has recorded three children's albums which established her as one of Indonesia's most popular child singers in the 1990s. She also became a presenter of several children's television programs. As a teenager, Agnes expanded her career to include acting. Her role in the soap opera ''Pernikahan Dini'' rocketed her name into the industry. Following her rising popularity after starring in few series of soap operas, she became the highest-paid teenage artist in Indonesia.

In 2003, she released her fourth studio album ''And the Story Goes'', which marked her transition from a child singer to a female artist. On her fifth studio album, ''Whaddup A.. '?!'' (2005), she collaborated with American R&B; singer Keith Martin. She also appeared in two Taiwanese drama series, ''The Hospital'' and ''Romance In the White House''. She participated in the 2008 and 2009 Asia Song Festival in Seoul, South Korea, and received "Best Asian Artist Award" at each event. Agnes took creative control of her sixth studio album, ''Sacredly Agnezious'' (2009), for which she served as the producer and songwriter. In 2010, she was appointed as one of the judges on the talent show Indonesian Idol and was also one of the international hosts of the red carpet at the American Music Awards of 2010 in Los Angeles.

In addition to her commercial success, Agnes is the most-awarded Indonesian singer. She has received numerous awards, including ten Anugerah Musik Indonesia awards, seven Panasonic Awards, and four MTV Indonesia Awards. She was also honored with a Nugraha Bhakti Musik Indonesia (NBMI) from the Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the Singers, Songwriters, and Music Record Producers Association of Indonesia (PAPPRI) for her contribution and support for the Indonesian music industry. She was also appointed as an anti-drug ambassador of Asia, and as the ambassador of MTV EXIT to combat human trafficking.

Throughout her career, she has often been controversial in Indonesia. When she was a teenager, her frequent comments about her goal to break into the international market was viewed by some as a pompous proclamation. In 2010, however, she signed with Sony/ATV Music Publishing and began work on a debut English studio album. Consequently, her slogan "Dream, Believe, and Make it Happen" was used in a 2011 cultural conference to inspire young people organized by the US Embassy in Jakarta.

Life and career

1986–2002: Childhood and early career

Agnes Monica was born in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 1 July 1986 to a family of Chinese ancestry. She is the youngest child of Jenny Siswono, a former table tennis player, and Ricky Muljoto, a former badminton player. Her older brother, Steve Muljoto, is her manager. She attended Tarakanita elementary school and Pelita Harapan junior high school. Her talent for the performing arts was evident in her childhood, especially in singing; she sang in church and attended vocal courses.

Agnes entered the entertainment industry in 1992, when she was six years old, and released her first children's album, ''Si Meong''. In 1995, she released her second children's album, ''Yess!'', which includes a duet with fellow Indonesian child singer Eza Yayang. The album significantly boosted her popularity and was named "Best Children's Album" in 1999. Her last children's album, ''Bala-Bala'', was released the following year. Agnes also became the host for several children's programs, including ''Video Anak Anteve (VAN)'' on Anteve, ''Tralala-Trilili'' on RCTI, and ''Diva Romeo'' on Trans TV. She was awarded "Most Favorite Presenter of Children's Program" at the Panasonic Awards in 1999 and 2000 for ''Tralala-Trilili''.

Agnes began acting as a teenager. Her first two roles were on the soap operas ''Lupus Millennia'' and ''Mr Hologram'' in 1999. The next year, she starred in the TV series ''Pernikahan Dini'', which served as a turning point in her career by transforming her image from that of a child artist to one of a teenage artist. The production was well received by audiences, and she received the "Favorite Actress" award at the 2001 and 2002 Panasonic Awards, as well as the "Popular Actress" award at the 2002 SCTV Awards. In 2002, Agnes starred in three soap operas, ''Ciuman Pertama'', ''Kejar Daku Kau Ku Tangkap'', and ''Amanda''. Due to her popularity, she became the highest-paid teenage artist in Indonesia.

Agnes also recorded songs in her early teens, including "Pernikahan Dini" and "Seputih Hati" for the soundtrack of ''Pernikahan Dini'', both of which are featured on the 2001 compilation album ''Love Theme''. The following year, she collaborated with the Indonesian senior singer Yana Julio in the song "Awan dan Ombak" for his studio album ''Jumpa Lagi''.

2003–2004: ''And The Story Goes''

On 8 October 2003, Agnes released her first adult album, ''And the Story Goes''. In this album, she worked with several famed Indonesian producers and songwriters, including Ahmad Dhani, Melly Goeslaw, and Titi DJ. The album production took a year and a half, including the audition process for the dancers. According to her record label, Aquarius Musikindo, the album sold 35,000 copies before its official release. It was later certified double platinum after selling more than 300,000 copies. The album won three awards after receiving ten nominations at the 2004 Anugerah Musik Indonesia Awards—the highest music awards in Indonesia. They were "Best Female Solo Pop Artist" for the song "Jera", "Best Dance/Techno Production" for the song "Bilang Saja", and "Best Duo/Group" for her duet with Ahmad Dhani in "Cinta Mati". She also won "Best Female Newcomer" at the 2004 Anugerah Planet Muzik awards in Singapore. Because of her success at a young age, she was dubbed a "Young Diva" by members of the media. At this point, she started broaching the idea of an international career.

In addition to promoting her debut album, Agnes also starred in several TV series during this time, playing the lead role in three: ''Cewekku Jutek'', ''Bunga Perawan'', and ''Cantik''. She won "Favorite Actress" at the 2003 Panasonic Awards and "Famous Actress" at 2004 SCTV Awards.

In 2004, after graduating from Pelita Harapan senior high school, Agnes enrolled at Pelita Harapan University, where she majored in Business Law.

2005–2007: ''Whaddup A.. '?!''

Agnes launched her second studio album, ''Whaddup A.. '?!'', on 10 December 2005. It featured five singles: "Bukan Milikmu Lagi", "Tanpa Kekasihku", "Tak Ada Logika", "Cinta Di Ujung Jalan", and "Tak Mungkin". In addition to working with Indonesian musicians such as Melly Goeslaw, Andi Rianto, and Erwin Gutawa, she also collaborated with American singer-songwriter Keith Martin. Martin wrote two English songs for the album, including the duet "I'll Light a Candle". To promote the album, Agnes held a concert tour known as ''Clasnezenzation'' in four Indonesian cities: Bandar Lampung, Surabaya, Bandung, and Makassar. The album was commercially successful and she won two 2006 Anugerah Musik Indonesia awards for "Best Female Pop Artist" and "Best R&B; Production". She also won the "Most Favorite Female" award at the 2006 MTV Indonesia Awards. She was nominated for "Favorite Indonesian Artist" award at the MTV Asia Awards 2005 (beaten by Peterpan) but, she grabs the youngest artist of all nominees in Asian category. Selling more than 450,000 copies, the album was one of the top-selling albums of 2006 and was certified triple platinum.

In 2005, Agnes appeared in the Taiwanese drama ''The Hospital'', co-starring with Jerry Yan, a member of the Taiwanese boyband F4. She also appeared with Peter Ho in several episodes of the Taiwanese drama ''Romance in the White House'', and starred in two Indonesian soap operas, ''Ku Tlah Jatuh Cinta'' and ''Pink'', both televised on Indosiar. In 2006, she starred in the RCTI soap opera ''Kawin Muda''. She also decided to take a break from her education that year to focus on her entertainment career.

In early 2007, Agnes was appointed by the United States of America's Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the International Drug Enforcement Conference (IDEC) Far East Region as an Asian anti-drug ambassador. On 15 May 2007, she was an opening act for American R&B; group Boyz II Men at a concert in Istora Senayan, Jakarta, and on 23 June of that year, she held her first concert at Stadium Negara in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. She also guest starred in the finale of Asian Idol on 16 December 2007, and performed the song "Get Up".

2008–2009: ''Sacredly Agnezious''

In 2008, Agnes began working on her third studio album. She released the first single, "Matahariku", earlier than she had planned. It became her best-selling single, with sales of three million ringback tone downloads within nine months. The song received the "Most Favorite Female" award at the 2008 MTV Indonesia Awards and the "Best Female Solo Pop Artist" award at the 2009 Anugerah Musik Indonesia awards. In September 2008, she released the second single, "Godai Aku Lagi", which she wrote herself. She also released a mini album containing the two singles. That same year she starred in the RCTI soap opera ''Jelita''.

On 4 October 2008, Agnes was invited as the Indonesian representative at the Asia Song Festival. The event was organized by the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange in Seoul, South Korea. She performed with 24 artists from 12 Asian countries. The event was viewed by an audience of 35,000 at the Seoul World Cup Stadium and was broadcast in 30 countries. She performed two of her songs, "Godai Aku Lagi" and "Shake It Off". During the performance, she incorporated elements of Indonesian traditional dance from Bali. Her performance received positive responses from the Korean media and won the committee's "Best Asian Artist Award". The following year, she was invited again and performed three songs: "Shake It Off", "Temperature", and Michael Jackson's "Heal the World". This time, 14 artists from across Asia participated and it was viewed by an audience of 40,000. As was the case with her previous performance, Agnes received good reviews and earned the "Best Asian Artist Award".

Agnes launched her third studio album on 1 April 2009, ''Sacredly Agnezious''. This time, she was involved more in the album production. She worked with the renowned musicians Erwin Gutawa, Dewiq, Pay, and DJ Sumantri. She also acted as producer and songwriter. In addition to the two previous singles, "Matahariku" and "Godai Aku Lagi", she produced two more singles: "Teruskanlah" and "Janji–Janji". At the 2010 Anugerah Musik Indonesia awards, she won three awards: "Best Pop Album", "Best Female Pop Solo Artist", and "Best of the Best Album". On 23 May 2009, she appeared as a guest star at the "Festival of Life" in Bali. The celebration commemorated the 50-year anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Indonesia and Japan.

Having already taken an extended break from the Pelita Harapan University, Agnes withdrew from the school. She then began taking distance education classes as a Political Science major at Oregon State University.

2010–present: Upcoming international project

In 2010, Agnes served as a judge on Indonesian Idol season 6. Her selection for the panel caused controversy because of her age. That year, she was also appointed as an ambassador of the MTV EXIT (End Exploitation and Trafficking) organization, which combats human trafficking, for which she performed at benefit concerts in Surabaya and Jakarta.

In late 2010, Agnes experienced a breakthrough into the international market when she was chosen as an international red carpet host for the annual American Music Awards on 21 November 2010 at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles. Several months later, she announced that she had signed to Sony/ATV Music Publishing and was working on her debut English studio album in London and Los Angeles. In early 2011, she also recorded a duet version of "Said I Loved You...But I Lied" with the American singer Michael Bolton for his compilation album, ''Gems: The Duets Album''. The duet was released in the album's international version in Asia. The next year, she was nominated in the Worldwide Acts Asia Pacific Nominees category for the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. Consequently, her slogan "Dream, Believe, and Make it Happen" was used in a 2011 cultural conference to inspire young people organized by the US Embassy in Jakarta.

Agnes released a greatest hits album ''Agnes Is My Name'' on 2 February 2011. The album compiled her top hit singles and two new songs, "Karena Ku Sanggup" and "Paralyzed". The album sold one million copies in three months, earning her the "Million Awards" award from Indonesian KFC, which had helped market the album. "Karena Ku Sanggup" won her the "Best Pop Female Singer" award at the 2011 AMI Awards. She also won the "Most Inbox Video Clip" award at the 2011 Inbox Awards. The award, presented by SCTV, was given for the song "Paralyzed", which was made in Indonesia and the United States.

Agnes was selected as a performer for the 26th SEA Games 2011 Opening Ceremony, with KC Concepcion from the Philippines and the Malaysian singer Jaclyn Victor. Their performance of "Together We Will Shine" was the highlight of the event.

In early 2012, Agnes returned as judge for Indonesian Idol season 7. She's pending her international album for the Idol deal.

In March 2012, she was nominated for the American Nickleodeon Kids Choice Awards 2012 of new category Favorite Asian Act.

Artistry

Agnes has been noted as a powerful soprano with a range of four octaves. Her use of whistle register in her songs "Karena Ku Sanggup" and "Rindu" has also garnered attention. Her songs can be classified as pop, R&B;, or hip-hop, and she has named Aretha Franklin, Jill Scott, Angie Stone, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Fantasia, and Beyoncé as her musical influences, though she is often compared to American singers such as Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera. In addition to her singing talent, she is also known as a strong dancer and actress. She is the only Indonesian soloist with a personal dance group, known as ''Nezindahood''. They auditioned during the development of her first album in 2003. She has also written some of her songs and produced her own music videos. She has been described as a perfectionist with a variety of talents by Indonesian commentators.

Honors and awards

Agnes has become the most-awarded Indonesia singer. Notable awards she has won include ten Anugerah Musik Indonesia, seven Panasonic Awards, and four MTV Indonesia Awards. She has also received many international awards, including an Anugerah Planet Muzik award and two Best Asian Artist Awards. For her contribution and support to Indonesian music, she was given the 2011 Nugraha Bhakti Musik Indonesia (NBMI) award from The Minister of Culture and Tourism and Association of Indonesian Singers, Songwriters and Music Record Producers.

Relationships and personal life

Agnes is close about her personal relationships and she often said that having a boyfriend is not her priority in life. She also stated that personal relationships should remain private. However, in November 2007 it was revealed that she was involved in a relationship with Dirly, the runner-up of Indonesian Idol season 3, although the relationship didn't last long.

Fundraising

Agnes has conducted fundraising activities for victims of the 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and the 2006 earthquake in Java. In 2009, Agnes visited Situ Gintung, where a dam failure had caused flooding. She also donated a sum of money to relief efforts and performed several of her songs for the victims. Agnes also helped raise over Rp 400 million (approx. US$44,000 as of December 2011) for Persis, an association football team based in Surakarta, through a benefit concert held at the Diamond Convention Center in Surakarta. In 2011, she participated at ''The Save Teen Charity Concert'' in Jakarta, a benefit concert to raise money to help teenagers who have dropped out of school.

Discography

Throughout her career, Agnes has released 6 studio albums (the first three are children's albums), 1 mini album, and 1 greatest hits album. ;Studio albums

''Si Meong'' (1992)

''Yess!'' (1995)

''Bala-Bala'' (1996)

''And the Story Goes (2003)

''Whaddup A.. '?!'' (2005)

''Sacredly Agnezious'' (2009)

;Other albums

''Nez'' (2008)

''Agnes Is My Name'' (2011)

Television series

''Lupus Milenia'' (1999)

''Mr Hologram'' (1999)

''Pernikahan Dini'' (2001)

''Amanda'' (2002)

''Ciuman Pertama'' (2002)

''Cinta Selembut Awan'' (2002)

''Cewekku Jutek'' (2003)

''Cantik'' (2004)

''Bunga Perawan'' (2004)

''Ku 'Tlah Jatuh Cinta'' (2005)

''Pink'' (2006)

''Romance In The White House'' (2006)

''The Hospital'' (2006)

''Kawin Muda'' (2006)

''Jelita'' (2008)

''Kawin Masal'' (2008)

''Pejantan Cantik'' (2010)

''Mimo Ketemu Poscha'' (2012)

Presenter

''VAN'' (Video Anak Anteve) – Anteve

''Tralala-Trilili'' – RCTI

''Diva Romeo'' – Trans TV

''MTV Ampuh Indonesia'' (guest host in 2005) - Global TV

''American Music Awards of 2010'' – ABC Channel

Notes and references

External links

Agnes Monica Official Website

Agnes Monica at YouTube.

Category:Living people Category:1986 births Category:Anugerah Musik Indonesia winners Category:Indonesian child singers Category:Indonesian people of Chinese descent Category:Indonesian Christians Category:Indonesian dance musicians Category:Indonesian female singers Category:Indonesian-language singers Category:Indonesian television actors Category:Indonesian pop singers Category:Indonesian rhythm and blues singers Category:Indonesian soul singers Category:Panasonic Gobel Award winners Category:People from Jakarta Category:Reality television judges

zh-min-nan:Agnes Monica ko:아그네스 모니카 id:Agnes Monica jv:Agnes Monica ms:Agnes Monica pl:Agnes Monica su:Agnes Monica tl:Agnes Monica zh:阿格尼丝·莫妮卡