The word ''Naxal'', Naxalite or Naksalvadi is a generic term used to refer to various militant Communist groups operating in different parts of India under different organizational envelopes. In the eastern states of the mainland India (Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa), they are usually known as, or refer to themselves as Maoists while in southern states like Andhra Pradesh they are known under other titles. They have been declared as a terrorist organization under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).

The term 'Naxal' derives from the name of the village Naxalbari in the state of West Bengal, India, where the movement had its origin. The Naxals are considered far-left radical communists, supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology. Their origin can be traced to the split in 1967 of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), leading to the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). Initially the movement had its centre in West Bengal. In later years, it spread into less developed areas of rural central and eastern India, such as Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh through the activities of underground groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist). In 2006 India's intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing estimated that 20,000 armed cadre Naxalites were operating in addition to 50,000 regular cadres and their growing influence prompted Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to declare them to be the most serious internal threat to India's national security.

In February 2009, the Indian Central government announced its plans for broad, co-ordinated operations in all affected states (Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal), to plug all possible escape routes of Naxalites.

In 2009, Naxalites were active across approximately 180 districts in ten states of India In August 2010, Karnatka was removed from the list of naxal affected states In July 2011, the number of Naxal affected areas was reduced to (figure includes proposed addition of 20 districts) 83 districts across nine states.

History

The term Naxalites comes from Naxalbari, a small village in West Bengal, where a section of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal initiated a violent uprising in 1967. On May 18, 1967, the Siliguri Kishan Sabha, of which Jangal was the president, declared their readiness to adopt armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless. The following week, a sharecropper near Naxalbari village was attacked by the landlord's men over a land dispute. On May 24, when a police team arrived to arrest the peasant leaders, it was ambushed by a group of tribals led by Jangal Santhal, and a police inspector was killed in a hail of arrows. This event encouraged many Santhal tribals and other poor people to join the movement and to start attacking local landlords.

Charu Majumdar, inspired by the doctrines of Mao Zedong, provided ideological leadership for the Naxalbari movement, advocating that Indian peasants and lower class tribals overthrow the government and upper classes by force. A large number of urban elites were also attracted to the ideology, which spread through Majumdar's writings, particularly the 'Historic Eight Documents' which formed the basis of Naxalite ideology. In 1967, Naxalites organized the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR), and later broke away from CPM. Violent uprisings were organized in several parts of the country. In 1969, the AICCCR gave birth to the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (CPI(ML)).

Practically all Naxalite groups trace their origin to the CPI(ML). A separate offshoot from the beginning was the Maoist Communist Centre, which evolved out of the ''Dakshin Desh'' group. The MCC later fused with the People's War Group to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist). A third offshoot was that of the Andhra revolutionary communists, mainly represented by the UCCRI(ML), following the mass line legacy of T. Nagi Reddy, which broke with the AICCCR at an early stage.

During the 1970s, the movement was fragmented into disputing factions. By 1980, it was estimated that around 30 Naxalite groups were active, with a combined membership of 30,000. A 2004 Indian Home Ministry estimate puts numbers at that time as "9,300 hardcore underground cadre… [holding] around 6,500 regular weapons beside a large number of unlicensed country-made arms". According to Judith Vidal-Hall (2006), "More recent figures put the strength of the movement at 15,000, and claim the guerrillas control an estimated one fifth of India's forests, as well as being active in 160 of the country's 604 administrative districts." India's Research and Analysis Wing, believed in 2006 that 20,000 Naxals were involved in the growing insurgency.

Today, some Naxalite groups have become legal organisations participating in parliamentary elections, such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. Others, such as the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti, are engaged in armed guerrilla struggles.

On 6 April, 2010 Naxalites launched the biggest assault in the history of the Naxalite movement by killing 76 security personnel. The attack was launched by up to 1,000 Naxalites in a well-planned attack, killing an estimated 76 CRPF policemen in two separate ambushes and wounding 50 others, in the jungles of Chattisgarh's Dantewada district. On 17th May, Naxals blew up a bus on Dantewda-sukhma road in Chhattisgarh, killing 15 policemen and 20 civilians. In third Major attack by Naxals on 29th June, at least 26 personnels of Indian Centre Reserve Forces (CRPF) were killed in Narayanpur district of Chhattisgarh.

Violence in Bengal

The Naxalites gained a strong presence among the radical sections of the student movement in Calcutta. Students left school to join the Naxalites. Majumdar, to entice more students into his organisation, declared that revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but everywhere and spontaneously. Thus Majumdar declared an "annihilation line", a dictum that Naxalites should assassinate individual "class enemies" such as landlords, businessmen, university teachers, police officers, politicians* of both Right and Left) and others.

Throughout Calcutta, schools were shut down. Naxalites took over Jadavpur University and used the machine shop facilities to make pipe guns to attack the police. Their headquarters became Presidency College, Kolkata. The Naxalites found supporters among some of the educated elite, and Delhi's prestigious St. Stephen's College, alma mater of many contemporary Indian leaders and thinkers, became a hotbed of Naxalite activities.

The Chief Minister, Siddhartha Shankar Ray of the Congress Party, instituted strong counter-measures against the Naxalites. The West Bengal police fought back to stop the Naxalites. The house of Somen Mitra, the Congress MLA of Sealdah, was turned into a torture chamber where Naxal students from Presidency College and CU were incarcerated illegally by Police and the Congress cadres. CPI-M cadres were also involved in the "State terror". After suffering losses and facing the public rejection of Majumdar's "annihilation line", the Naxalites alleged human rights violations by the West Bengal police, who responded that the state was effectively fighting a civil war and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility.

Large sections of the Naxal movement began to question Majumdar's leadership. In 1971 the CPI(ML) was split, as the Satyanarayan Singh revolted against Majumdar's leadership. In 1972 Majumdar was arrested by the police and died in Alipore Jail. His death accelerated the fragmentation of the movement.

Reasons for failure, 1967-1975.

In a methodical study, Dr. Sailen Debnath has surmised the consequences and reasons of failures of the Naxalite Movement organised by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal. He writes "The Naxalite movement, though continued intensively from 1967 to the middle of 1970s and resurfaced after some years, could not go a long way achieving anything commendable because of the following reasons:-

:1. The Naxalites wanted to surround the towns and cities by the villages, i.e. they wanted to encircle the urban centres with organized peasant forces of the villages. If the peasant militia could have occupied the cities, according to Majumdar, the so-called bourgeois government would fall making the passage to the coming of a socialist government; but the Naxalites could not and did not come up to a stage capable of organizing the peasants and thereby encircling the towns.

:2. Majumdar gave sole importance to secret organization and armed training of its members for the purpose of eliminating class enemies. As the Naxalites did not have mass level organization, they lacked mass support. With only a few armed elements, and those not properly educated in the party line, little could actually be accomplished.

:3. "Khatam" or the action of eliminating the so-called class enemies in villages was a wrongheaded attempt at political mobilization based on the individual murders of a select few people whose political class and character was never adjudged by their socio-economic conditions or the properties they possessed, but very often only by their political affiliation or by the name and colour of the party or parties they directly or indirectly belonged to. For example, in Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar they killed some petty jotdars who otherwise could have been comrades in action against the capitalists or could be friends in a revolution for radical change.

:4. Recruitment in the Naxalite party took place in the absence of proper judgment and scrutiny of the political characters and behaviours of the recruits. It was not uncommon for recruits into the Naxalite party to vent their personal animosities by identifying their personal enemies as class enemies, to be killed with the help of the Naxalite organization.

:5. In many cases, criminals enrolled in the Naxalite party in order to gain access to firearms and training in their use and manufacture. This gave rise to large cells of professional criminal organizations which deserted the party as soon as they got the arms and training they wanted. Many of these armed criminals soon began to carry out armed robberies. In order to avoid retaliation by the Naxalites whom they had used and abandoned, they would sometimes turn police informant and provided information about the locations and membership of legitimate Naxalite groups.

:6. The ruling Congress party inserted spies inside the unguarded Naxalite organization to gather information about its secret bases and arrest its supporters. Government intelligence personnel and police disguised as Naxalite sympathizers infiltrated the party’s inner organization and arrested many of its leaders, including Charu Majumdar. Thus police had information about the movements of Majumdar after he had gone underground in 1970, and he was arrested in Calcutta in July, 1972. He died in jail days after his arrest, probably in the night of 27th or 28th of July. It is not known how he died, although the government reported that he died of a heart attack.

:7. Ordinary people in villages were terrified by the brutal and gruesome ways the Naxalites used to kill fellow villagers alleged to be class enemies. For example, at Bholardabri in Alipurduar, a refugee from East Pakistan, Rajen Pandit, who was struggling to support a family of 12, was killed by Naxalites. How such a person could have been vilified as a "class enemy" is beyond understanding. In another case, a man was beheaded, and the body and head were hung separately in the trees. Local villagers were horrified by such brutality. With such incidents being attributed to Naxalite groups, it became difficult for the Naxalites to find any support among the villagers they purported to be protecting.

Lalgarh violence

In late May, 2009 in Lalgarh, West Bengal the Naxalites briefly threw out the local police and staged attacks against the ruling communist government. The region came under assault by Maoist guerrillas. The state government initiated a successful operation, with central paramilitary forces and state armed police, to retake Lalgarh in early June. Maoist leader Kishenji claimed in an interview that the mass Naxalite movement in Lalgarh in 2009 was aimed at creating a "liberated zone" against "oppression of the establishment Left and its police". He stated this had given the Naxalites a major base in West Bengal for the first time since the Naxalite uprising in the mid-1970s and that "We will have an armed movement going in Calcutta by 2011".

Cultural references

The British musical group Asian Dub Foundation have a song called "Naxalite", which is featured on the soundtrack to the 1999 film ''Brokedown Palace''. A 2005 movie called ''Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi'', directed by Sudhir Mishra, was set against the backdrop of the Naxalite movement. In August 2008, Kabeer Kaushik's ''Chamku'', starring Bobby Deol and Priyanka Chopra, explored the story of a boy who is brainwashed to take arms against the state.

In the novel ''English August'' by Upamanyu Chatterjee, there is reference to Naxal cadres whom the main protagonist, an IAS officer meets while visiting a tribal village in mid-1980's.

In the novel ''The God of Small Things'' by Arundhati Roy, there is a reference to a character joining the Naxalites.

In the novel ''The White Tiger'' by Aravind Adiga, the Naxals (sic) are mentioned often by the poor and the rich alike.

In the novel ''A Fine Balance'' by Rohinton Mistry, the character Omprakash makes and allusion to fighting "like the Naxalites" (195).

The 1998 film ''Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa'' (Mother of 1084), based on the novel, ''Hazar Churashir Maa'' by Mahasweta Devi) starring Jaya Bachchan gives a very sympathetic portrayal of a Naxalbari militant killed by the state. The 2009 Malayalam movie ''Thalappavu'' portrays the story of Naxal Varghese, who was shot allegedly dead by the police during the 70s.

In the Kannada movie ''Veerappa Nayaka'', Vishnuvardhan portrays a Gandhian whose son becomes a Naxalite. The 2007 Kannada movie ''Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige'', again portrays Vishnuvardhan as a Gandhian, who confronts a Naxalite Sudeep and shows him that the ways adopted by Naxals will only lead to violence and will not achieve their objective.

''Eka Nakshalwadya Cha Janma'', (''Marathi: The birth of a Naxal''), a novel written by Vilas Balkrishna Manohar, a volunteer with the Lok Biradari Prakalp, is a fictional account of a Madia Gond Juru's unwilling journey of life his metamorphosis from an exploited nameless tribal to a Naxal.

In the 2011 Tamil political thriller film ''Ko'', naxalites are shown to rob a bank and overthrow the government and disrupt elections. At the end, it is shown that the naxalites were only used for political gains by the corrupt politicians.

See also

Communist Ghadar Party of India

Chhatradhar Mahato

Naxal Varghese

Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)

Compact Revolutionary Zone

Naxalite-Maoist insurgency

Salwa Judum

Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)

References

Further reading

''Naxalite Politics in India'', by J. C. Johari, Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies, New Delhi, . Published by Research Publications, 1972.

''The Naxalite Movement'', by Biplab Dasgupta. Published by , 1974.

''The Naxalite Movement: A Maoist Experiment'', by Sankar Ghosh. Published by Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1975. ISBN 0883865688.

''The Naxalite Movement in India: Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal, 1967-1971'', by Sohail Jawaid. Published by Associated Pub. House, 1979.

''In the Wake of Naxalbari: A History of the Naxalite Movement in India'', by Sumanta Banerjee. Published by Subarnarekha, 1980.

''India's Simmering Revolution: The Naxalite Uprising'', by Sumanta Banerjee. Published by Zed Books, 1984. ISBN 0862320372.

''Tribal Guerrillas: The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement'', by Edward Duyker. Published by Oxford University Press, 1987.

''The Naxalite Movement in India'', by Prakash Singh. Published by Rupa, 1995. ISBN 8171672949.

Sailen Debnath, West Bengal in Doldrums, ISBN 9788186860342

Sailen Debnath, The Dooars in Historical Transition, ISBN 9788186860441

Sailen Debnath ed. Social and Political Tensions in North Bengal Since 1947,ISBN 81-86860-23-1

External links

"Walking With The Comrades" An extensive 32 page essay by Arundhati Roy on her interactions with naxalites

Articles and Research Reports on Naxalite Violence in India and Pakistan

Edward Duyker, Tribal Guerrillas: The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement

'History of Naxalism', ''Hindustan Times''

Status Paper on the Naxalite problem - South Asia Terrorism Portal

West Bengal, districts affected by Naxalite violence - South Asia Terrorism Portal

Economist magazine article

Guardian article

Vice article

Naxal Issues page of Peoples Website of Chhattisgarh

Red Sun: Travels in Naxalite Country (Hardcover)

Stop the Battle, Start the War by Samar Halarnkar, ''Hindustan Times'', April 19, 2009

Category:Government of India designated terrorist organizations Category:Maoism Category:Guerrilla organizations Category:Anti-Revisionist organizations Category:Politics of India Category:Naxalite-Maoist insurgency Category:Land rights movements Category:Far-left politics in India Category:1967 establishments in India

bn:নকশাল আন্দোলন ca:Naxalita cs:Naxalité de:Naxaliten et:Naksaliidid es:Movimiento naxalita eo:Naksalitoj fr:Naxalisme it:Naxaliti ml:നക്സൽ mr:नक्षलवाद nl:Naxalieten no:Naxalitter pl:Naksalici pt:Naxalita ru:Наксалиты fi:Naxaliitit ta:நக்சலைட் te:నక్సలైటు uk:Наксаліти zh:纳萨尔派

Coordinates	°′″N°′″N
name	Asian Dub Foundation
background	group_or_band
origin	London, England
genre	Rapcore, hardcore punk, dub, breakcore, ragga, dancehall, bhangra
years active	1993–present
label	Slash, Virgin, FFRR, EMI, Cooking Vinyl
website	www.asiandubfoundation.com
current members	Steve Chandra Savale (aka Chandrasonic)Sanjay Gulabbhai Tailor (aka Sun-J)John Pandit (aka Pandit G)Prithpal Rajput (aka Cyber)Aktarv8rMartin SavaleAl RumjenAktar Ahmed
past members	Deeder Zaman (aka Master D)Rocky SinghDr DasGhetto PriestLord KimoMC Spex
notable instruments	}}

Asian Dub Foundation are a British electronica band that plays a mix of rapcore, dub, dancehall and ragga, also using rock instruments, acknowledging a punk influence. Their distinctive sound also combines indo-dub basslines, searing sitar-inspired guitars and ‘traditional’ sounds, shot through with fast-chat conscious lyrics.

Biography

The band formed in 1993 as an outgrowth of the documentary Identical Beat, a film shot at London's Farringdon Community Music House, the site of a series of summer workshops designed to teach South Asian children the essentials of music technology. In charge of the workshops were tutor Aniruddha Das and youth worker John Pandit, also a noted DJ; with one of their students, a 14-year-old Bengali rapper named Deeder Zaman, they soon formed a sound system which they called the Asian Dub Foundation.

Asian Dub Foundation is better described as a group that arose from a community rap organisation. The different forms of music include toasting, dub, funky guitars and many other African instrumentals. One of their most influential tracks is named Strong Culture which gives the listener an idea of the Asian culture. "Their distinctive sound is a combination of hard ragga-jungle rhythms, indo-dub basslines, searing sitar-inspired guitars and 'traditional' sounds gleaned from their parents' record collections, shot through with fast-chat conscious lyrics".

After each adopted an alias — bassist/tabla player Das became Dr Das, Pandit became Pandit G, and Zaman became Master D — they gradually evolved into a working band with the 1994 addition of former Higher Intelligence Agency and Atom Spies guitarist Steve Chandra Savale, an innovative performer known for tuning his strings to one note (like a sitar), turning up the distortion unit and playing his instrument with a knife, earning him the nickname "Chandrasonic." Emerging in the midst of considerable anti-Asian violence throughout Britain, the Foundation's early demos landed them a contract with Nation Records, and they recorded their debut EP ''Conscious'' in 1994. Channeling influences ranging from punk to ambient music to Bengali folk songs, Asian Dub Foundation quickly gained a strong fanbase not only among clubgoers but also among the anti-fascist movement, who applauded the group's vocal stand against racism.

Sanjay Gulabhai Tailor, Aka Sun-J, joined the band as live midi/programmer and DJ soon after. This completed the full live line-up of the band. After earning a reputation as formidable live performers, the band — which now included dancer Bubble-E — won widespread acclaim for the 1995 single "Rebel Warrior". Their second album Rafi's Revenge was nominated for a Mercury Prize combining a unique combination of punk energy with a jungle/reggae core. The single, 'Naxalite' was an ode to the militant Naxalite movement in India. Tours to the United States with the Beastie Boys and Japan followed to wide acclaim. Their following album, Community Music, developed their sound further and received a coveted 10/10 review in ''NME''.

Deeder Zaman left the band after playing his last concert on New Year's Eve 2000, and the band expanded to include Pritphal Rajput (dhol, tabla), Rocky Singh (drums), MC Spex (vocals) and Akhtarvator (vocals), the latter recruited from the band's ongoing education project ADFED. The new line-up played a few one off gigs mostly at festivals over the summer of 2000 with their first full tour taking place in Brazil in 2001 where they visited various music projects especially "Afro-Reggae" in Rio, who are the subject of the recent film "Favela Rising".

In 2002, Pandit G was awarded the MBE for "services to the music industry" in relation to his work with Community Music. He declined the award, however, stating:

The band pursued other avenues performing a live rescore to the film ''La Haine'' in 2001, and continued performing it around the world for the next five years. They developed this approach in 2004 with the film ''The Battle of Algiers'', first performing the piece at the Brighton dome on the same day that photographs of torture in Abu Ghraib were released.

In 2003, they released ''Enemy of the Enemy'' which became their best-selling album and contained the track "Fortress Europe," a stinging attack on European immigration policy along with "1000 Mirrors" a collaboration with Sinéad O'Connor about a woman serving life for killing an abusive husband. In 2003, they played their biggest gig in front of 100,000 people at Larzac in France at a celebration of José Bové, a radical campaigning farmer. For 2005's ''Tank'', they were joined by On-U Sound collaborator Ghetto Priest on vocals.

In 2005, they won "Best Underground" at the UK Asian Music Awards.

Bassist Dr Das announced his intention to retire in May 2006 to resume teaching and produce his own music. He was replaced by Martin Savale, aka Babu Stormz, who also plays bass with British-Asian electro/grunge/hip-hop band Swami.

In September 2006, the dub/punk opera "Gaddafi: A Living Myth", with music by Asian Dub Foundation, opened at the London Coliseum. In Spring 2007, Asian Dub Foundation announced the release of a best of compilation ''Timefreeze 1995-2007'' which includes a bonus disc of rare remixes and live tracks, featuring Chuck D, the lead rapper of American hip hop group, Public Enemy. The album also features a new track recorded with former vocalist Deeder Zaman. In May 2007 Asian Dub Foundation performed a radio session and interview on the Bobby and Nihal show on BBC Radio 1 where they performed three new tracks: "Climb On", "Superpower" and "S.O.C.A.". In June 2007, they were the only Western act to perform at the Festival of Gnawa music in Essaouira, Morocco playing to a crowd of 60,000 people and collaborating with traditional Gnawa musicians.

Between 2004 and 2007, when Aktarv8r was not a member of the group, he played live on stage with the London band Oojami who perform Middle Eastern belly dance music. On the album "Boom Shinga Ling" released late in 2006, Aktarv8r plays on a couple of songs and is credited on the album under his own name Aktar Ahmed.

In August 2007, Asian Dub Foundation started playing with two new vocalists, Al Rumjen (previously with King Prawn) and Aktarv8r returned after MC Spex was asked to leave the band. In November and December 2007, Asian Dub Foundation recorded a new album, Punkara, with The Go! Team producer, Gareth Parton. It was released in spring 2008 and followed by an extensive tour of Europe and Japan.

In 2009, Asian Dub Foundation contributed to the Indigenous Resistance project after having met up with the Atenco resistance movement in Mexico. Asian Dub Foundation are at present working on their new album provisionally entitled "A New London Eye" which will feature Ministry of Dhol, Nathan "Flutebox" Lee, Chi 2 and Skrein.

Music

The 1995 song, Rebel Warrior, was inspired by the 1920s poem, "Bidrohi" by Bengali poet, Kazi Nazrul Islam, an advocate for Indian independence. The song discusses the racial violence and inequality that the group state still plagues their British communities. Asian Dub Foundation have used their music in conjunction with education and social work for youth in the East End of London, as well as other British anti-racism campaigns.

Like other groups in their genre such as Hustlers HC and Fun-Da-Mental, Asian Dub Foundation fuse South Asian instrumentation and lyrics with the dominantly conceived black music genre of rap. Their music is able to signify a disruption in the racial/ethnic boundaries of hip hop. In their song, "Strong Culture", they assert their authenticity as legitimate Asian hip-hop artists, contrary to other popular claims. The line from the song, "I'm not a Black man / This time it's an Asian." likens back to when Asians were considered "Black" by some in the United Kingdom (UK) and often were part of that musical scene as Asian music had not fully emerged yet. Their lyrics call for radical political harmony and they use their music as an organizing tool for cultural politics, endorsing righteousness, social change, and an end to what they perceive as oppression in the UK. They also pursue the issue of the politicisation of the category "Asian," asserting the legitimacy and authenticity of having an Asian identity in the hip-hop world. They redefine the "Asian" category by reconnecting it with an anti-colonial history, as well a current, existing anti-racist struggle.

They challenge the argument that Asians are passive onlookers in popular culture who are hardly involved in the music industry. Their music functions to bridge the black influence with their own Asian style, using such lyrics as "I grab the mic to commence with the mic check. Supply rhymes, man you never heard yet, you've never thought an Asian could do this." Reckoning a traditional hip-hop MC style with their own Asian influence and simultaneously mixing in various other musical styles, thus disbanding the polarisation of the racial terms and addressing the "ongoing racialised violence and inequality evident in everyday experience in their neighbourhood".

Discography

Albums

Asian Dub Foundation

''Facts and Fictions'' (1995)

''R.A.F.I.'' (1997) (originally only released in France)

''Rafi's Revenge'' (1998) UK #20

''Conscious Party'' (1998) (originally only released in France)

''Community Music'' (2000) UK #20

''Frontline 1993-1997: rarities and remixes'' (2001)

''Enemy of the Enemy'' (2003)

''Live: Keep Bangin' on the Walls'' (2003) live at Ancienne Belgique

''Tank'' (2005)

''Time Freeze: The Best of Asian Dub Foundation'' (2007)

''Punkara'' (2008)

2011 "A History of Now"

DVDs

''Asian Dub Foundation Live'' (DVD) (2003)

Others

Asian Dub Foundation's music has been featured in several video game titles; "Flyover" in ''Burnout Revenge'', "Rise To The Challenge" in ''FIFA Football 2004'' and ''Test Drive Unlimited'', "Fortress Europe" in ''Need for Speed: Underground'' and "Burning Fence" in ''Need for Speed: Undercover''.

The song "Rebel Warrior" is featured in the film, ''The Fourth World War''. The song plays during a scene about the 1996-1997 general strike in South Korea. They also have a part in the soundtrack for the film ''Vexille''.

References

External links

Asian Dub Foundation's official website

Rebel Uprising official website

Rock i.D. aka Rocky Singh official website

The Guardian, 24 January 2003, Rappers with a cause">The Guardian, 24 January 2003, Rappers with a cause

Asian Dub Foundation's discography and news

Category:English electronic music groups Category:Musical groups from London Category:Asian Underground musicians Category:Desi musicians Category:Sound systems Category:On-U Sound Records artists Category:Taqwacore

br:Asian Dub Foundation bg:Asian Dub Foundation ca:Asian Dub Foundation cs:Asian Dub Foundation da:Asian Dub Foundation de:Asian Dub Foundation es:Asian Dub Foundation eu:Asian Dub Foundation fr:Asian Dub Foundation hr:Asian Dub Foundation it:Asian Dub Foundation hu:Asian Dub Foundation ja:エイジアン・ダブ・ファウンデーション pl:Asian Dub Foundation pt:Asian Dub Foundation ru:Asian Dub Foundation sh:Asian Dub Foundation fi:Asian Dub Foundation th:เอเชียนดั๊บฟาวน์เดชั่น

Coordinates	°′″N°′″N
Name	Alex Paul
Background	solo_singer
Origin	Kerala, India
Instrument	(playback singing), Harmonium
Occupation	Film composer, music director
Years active	2002 – present
Past members	}}

Alex Paul is an Indian music director mostly active in Malayalam cinema.

Biography

Alex Paul, born in Kochi, Kerala, is the son of A.M. Paul, a music artist who formed the first Orchestra (in Malayalam: 'ganamela') troupe in Kochi. His elder brother is Lal, of the Siddique-Lal fame, and it was on Lal's film ''Chathikkatha Chanthu'' (2004), that Paul debutted as musical director.

The songs from Classmates especially ''Ente Khalbile Vennilavu Nee'' and ''Kaattadi thanalum'' made him a well known composer in the year 2006.

He graduated in from R.L.V. College, Thripunithura. He learn musical instruments from Kalabhavan, Kochi. He started his own studio, where he composed music for several music albums and for TV serials. Alex made his film debut as music director with Rafi Mecartin's Chathikkatha Chanthu.

Filmography

Kottayam brothers (2011)

Seniors(2011)

Tournament(2010)

In Ghost House Inn: Harihar Nagar 3 (2010)

Aap Ke Liye Hum (Hindi film) (2010)

Chattambinadu (2009)

Duplicate (2009)

2 Harihar Nagar (2009)

LollyPop (2008)

Chocolate (2007)

Classmates (2006)

Pothan Vava (2006)

Red Salute (2006)

Tantra (2006)

Achanurangatha Veedu (2006)

Thuruppu Gulan (2006)

Vasthavam (2006)

Thommanum Makkalum (2005)

Black (2004)

Chathikkatha Chanthu (2004)

Hello (2007)

Alibhai (2007)

Kichamani MBA (2007)

Inspector Garud (2006)

References

External links

Category:Indian film score composers Category:People from Kerala Category:Indian Christians Category:Malayalam Music directors Category:People from Kochi Category:Living people

ml:അലക്സ് പോൾ