A model (from Middle French ''modèle''), sometimes called a mannequin, is a person who is employed for the purpose of displaying and promoting fashion clothing or other products and for advertising or promotional purposes or who poses for works of art.

Modelling ("modelling" with a doubled "l" is British spelling, vs "modeling" single "l" American spelling) is distinguished from other types of public performance, such as an acting, dancing or mime artist, although the boundary is not well defined. Appearing in a movie or a play is not considered modelling.

Types of modelling include fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, and body-part models. Models are features in a variety of media formats including books, magazines, movies, newspapers, and TV. The models themselves can be a featured part of a movie (''Looker'', ''Tattoo''), reality television show (''America's Next Top Model'', ''The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency''), or music video ("Freedom! '90", "Wicked Game", "Daughters").

Modeling agency

A modeling agency is a company that represents a group of models which they call their model board. Model bookers (also called "booker" or "agent") are a group of people who manage a model's career. An agent helps a model find jobs, book jobs, gives advice, and emails or gives copy books and comp cards to various clients they work with (a comp card is a selection of pictures printed on a card, a copy book is a scanned version of a models portfolio). An agent may send models to various clients and schedule modelling interviews (also called go and see or castings).

A model does not have to work with an agent but it is highly recommended for fashion/runway models.

Fashion models

History

The first person described as a fashion model is Parisian shopgirl, Marie Vernet Worth. She was a house model in 1852, to her fashion designer husband, Charles Frederick Worth.

Because clothing is needed to be modelled for all people, a variety of shapes and sizes is required in models. The job ranking for fashion models are: print (part time), print modelling (full time), runway modelling, and supermodel.

Print modelling

Print models showcase clothes in images used in magazines, newspapers, advertisements, billboards, press kits, etc. Fashion models may be used to display or promote various types of clothing, such as dresses, jeans, suits, lingerie, or swimsuit. They are known as an "editorial model" or "photographic model". They can work all over the world. The fashion capitals are London, Paris, Tokyo, Milan, and New York. Though there are markets in almost every country, shooting can take you anywhere from a studio to exotic locations like Fiji or Morocco or Florida or Tenerife, which can make a career exciting but also demanding.

Models work under the direction predominantly given by the photographer but also from clients. They must work in a variety of working conditions depending on the client. Models' work can have them in extreme cold weather or hot weather. Print models can work part-time or full-time. For example, a part-time model might only work one week out of an entire year. Full-time models work with a variety of photographers and clients.

A model must accommodate his/her time and must be flexible. He/She must be willing to work any day of the week, at any hour, depending on whom they're working for, how much money they'll get, and how much they're willing to accept. Print models go to interviews (called 'go and see's' which are to meet a client so they know they are in town or a "casting' which is always for a job) and must take a portfolio of their best work which is normally arranged and decided upon by their agent. Agents classify models as self-employed though predominantly function under the agencies business number, they have to go to modelling interviews in order to get more work. The average career span of a print model is 3 to 5 years. A girl's peak money periods often range from 15-25 years of age and men 18-35. Fashion magazines often shoot younger models while commercial print clients target a broader age group. Women's career spans are normally shorter but they can expect to make up to 9 times a male model's earnings in a year.

Models often venture into areas associated to the entertainment/production industries once they have withdrawn from modelling exclusively.

The requirements for print models depend on the needs of the employer. Models must be well kept- hair, skin, and attractive or unique features.

Runway modelling

Runway models showcases clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called "live models" and they are self employed. Runway models work in different locations. Models constantly travel to large cities where fashion is well known - London, Milan, New York City, and Paris.

Some runway models were discovered as print models. The demands for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. The models turn and stand to demonstrate the garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called "go and sees") and must keep a portfolio of their work. They go to modelling interviews to find more work. The more experience a model has, the more likely she is to be hired for a fashion show. A runway model can work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, creating product lines, acting etc.

The British Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34-24-34 in (86-61-86 cm) and tall. The model must be slender and in shape.

The preferred dimensions for a male model are a height of 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) to 6 ft 4 in (1.95 m), a waist of and a chest measurement of . Male runway models have been noted as being skinny and well toned.

Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features.

The former requirement measurements for models used to be 35.5-23.5-35.5 in (90-60-90 cm), which were the alleged measurements of Marilyn Monroe. Today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA recommended shape. Although in some fashion industries, a size 00 is more ideal than a size 0.

The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders. Organizers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medical personnel who were on hand. In February 2007, six months after her sister, Luisel Ramos - also a model - died, Uruguayan model Eliana Ramos became the third fashion model to die of malnutrition in six months. The second victim was Ana Carolina Reston. Luisel Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia nervosa just after stepping off the catwalk.

Recently, runway walks are less flamboyant compared to the late '80s and early '90s, when Naomi Campbell and other supermodels were known for their distinct struts. Instead, most designers want a natural stroll.

Supermodels

Supermodels are highly paid, high profile fashion models. These (usually female) celebrities appear on top fashion magazine covers, in catalogues, and in fashion shows.

The first model widely considered to have paved the way for what would become the supermodel was Lisa Fonssagrives. The relationship between her image on over 200 ''Vogue'' covers and her name recognition led to the importance of ''Vogue'' in shaping future supermodels. Her image appeared on the cover of fashion magazine during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s from ''Town & Country'', ''Life'' and ''Vogue'' to the original ''Vanity Fair''. Models like Dorian Leigh and Jean Shrimpton have also been dubbed the first supermodels.

Glamour models

Glamour photography emphasizes the model and the model's sexuality rather than products, fashion or the environment. Glamour modelling often focuses on the sexuality of the subject and insinuations of sexuality serve to enhance a product's attractiveness. Glamour models may be used for mass-produced calendars, pinup and for men's magazines, such as Playboy magazine. Famous glamour models include Pamela Anderson, Jordan, Jodie Marsh, Lucy Pinder, and Louise Glover.

Fitness models

Fitness modelling centres on displaying an athletic physique. Fitness models usually have defined muscles like bodybuilders, but with less emphasis on muscle size. Their body weight is usually similar to (or heavier than) fashion models, but they have a lower body fat percentage due to increased muscle mass relative to their fat mass.

Bikini models

Bikini models are also usually required to be physically fit and with an appealing body shape. Bikini models can usually be shorter, around to .

Models with other objects

Due to various aspects, models are used to increase sales of a wide variety of products including: cars, food, furniture, electronic devices, etc.

Artist's models

Art models are models who pose for photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists as part of their work of art.

Models are frequently used for training art students, but are also employed by accomplished artists. The most common types of art created using models are figure drawing, figure painting, sculpture and photography. Although commercial motives dominate over the esthetics in advertising, its 'artwork' commonly employs models.

Throughout the history of Western Art, drawing the human figure from living models was considered the most useful tool in developing the skill of draftsmanship. In the art school classroom setting, the purpose is to learn how to draw humans of all different shapes, ages and ethnicities, so there are no real limitations on who the model can be. In some cases, the model may pose with various props, one or more other models, animals etc., against real or artificial background, in natural or artificial light and so on.

Models for life drawing classes are often entirely nude, apart from visually non-obstructive personal items such as small jewelry and sometimes eyeglasses. In a job advertisement seeking nude models, this may be referred to as being "undraped" or "disrobed". (Alternatively, a cache-sexe may be worn. Eadward Muybridge's historic scientific studies of the male and female form in motion, for example, has examples of both usages.)

In Western countries, there is generally no objection to either sex posing nude for or drawing members of the opposite sex. However, this was not always so in the past, particularly prior to the 20th century. In 1886 Thomas Eakins was famously dismissed from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art for removing the loincloth from a male model in a mixed classroom. Similarly, Victorian modesty required the female model to pose nude with her face draped (''illustration''). European arts academies did not allow women to study the nude at all until the end of the nineteenth century. Up into the present day some rare art classes prefer male models to wear a jockstrap.

Policies vary regarding male models having an erection. Some instructors don't mind at all (especially with younger or inexperienced models), while others, including the Register of Artists' Models (RAM) in the United Kingdom, consider this as cause for termination. In any case, it may be inconvenient for the artists, as the subject is not exactly the same as when the drawing session commenced.

Gravure idols

A , often abbreviated to , is a Japanese female model who primarily models on magazines, especially those marketed to men, photobooks or DVDs. Gravure idols, in most cases, emphasize their sexual attractiveness and often model in swimsuits or lingerie.

"Gravure" (グラビア) is a Wasei-eigo term derived from "Rotogravure", which is a type of intaglio printing process that was once a staple of newspaper photo features. The rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and cardboard product packaging.

Gravure idols appear in a wide range of photography styles and genres. Their photos are largely aimed at male audiences with poses or activities often intended to be provocative or suggestive, generally accentuated by an air of playfulness and innocence rather than aggressive sexuality. Though gravure models may sometimes wear clothing that exposes most of their body, their nipples and genitalia are generally covered and they seldom appear fully nude. It is also common for gravure idols to have very large breasts, and in their videos models are often shown performing activities specifically intended to cause their breasts to bounce or shake, such as jogging or doing jumping jacks.

Gravure models may be of any age, but usually range from their late teens to their mid-twenties. In addition to appearing in mainstream magazines, gravure idols often release their own professional photobooks and DVDs for their fans. Many popular female idols in Japan launched their careers by starting out as gravure idols.

Gravure models are commonly photographed wearing bikinis or lingerie, but may also appear wearing schoolgirl uniforms, Japanese street fashion, and kimonos. Since 2008, zakzak magazine has awarded a ''Gravure Idol Award''.

Alternative models

An alternative model is any model that does not fit into the conventional model types, and may include punk, goth, fetish, tattooed models or models having a distinctive attribute. These mix with high fashion and art models. Publishers such as Goliath in Germany have enabled alternative models and punk photography to become known to a larger audience.

Body-parts models

Some models are employed for their particularly attractive body parts. For example, hand models may be used to promote nail products and are frequently part of most television commercials. Hand model, Ashly Covington has worked on television commercials that are shown around the world. Another hand model, Kimbra Hickey, found fame after being featured on the cover of ''Twilight''. Leg models are useful for showcasing tights, and wrist models are used to showcase watches or bracelets. Petite models or females who are under have found success through body part modelling.

Salary

Despite the stereotype of modelling as a lucrative and glamorous profession, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the median wage for commercial and print models was only $11.22 per hour in 2006. ''MarketWatch'' listed modelling as one of the ten worst jobs in America. Print models may work for manufacturers, stores, etc. for little or no pay. Experienced print models can make about $200- $ 500 per hour. Some print models do not work with an agent. The ones that work with an agent must give 15 - 20 % of the model's earnings to the agent. Famous print models can make thousands of dollars.

Beginner female runway models make less money than models that have experience. The average wage for a female runway model can range from $ 250 -$1,000 an hour per runway walk. The average salary of a runway model is $ 500,000. Well known runway models can make millions per year. Costs of travel, transportation, food, hotels, etc. are deducted from the model's pay. Fashion models can get discovered by editors, cosmetic companies, photographers, fashion industry professionals, etc. A contract girl for a cosmetic company can make about $ 300,000 to $ 2 million per year.

Male runway models make less than female runway models. Beginner models can earn up to $ 150 per shoot. The famous male models make at least $500,000 per year. Designer clothing and fragrance ads pay the most money. A male runway model can earn up to $8,000-$15,000 per day for high-end catalogues.

See also

Child modeling

Hip hop model

House model

Internet modeling

List of black fashion models

Modeling agency

Plus-size model

Promotional model

Spokesmodel

Supermodel

Time for print

References

Category:Human appearance

ar:عارضة أزياء bn:মডেল (ব্যক্তি) zh-min-nan:Model bg:Манекен ca:Model cs:Modelka cy:Model da:Model (profession) de:Model et:Modell es:Modelo (moda) eo:Manekeno (modelo) fa:مانکن fr:Mannequinat ko:모델 (직업) hr:Model (osoba) id:Peragawan (pekerjaan) it:Modello (professione) he:דוגמנות ka:მოდელი (პროფესია) sw:Mwanamitindo mk:Модел (личност) ms:Peragawan nl:Model (persoon) ja:モデル (職業) no:Modell (yrke) pl:Modelka pt:Modelo (profissão) ksh:Model ro:Manechin ru:Модель (профессия) sq:Mannequin simple:Model (person) sk:Modelka fi:Malli (ammatti) sv:Fotomodell th:นางแบบ tr:Manken uk:Модель (професія) vi:Người mẫu zh:模特兒

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Chanel Iman
birth name	Chanel Iman Robinson
birth date	December 01, 1990
birth place	Atlanta, Georgia, United States
height
haircolor	Black
eyecolor	Brown
measurements	32-23-33 (US); 81-58-84 (EU)
dress size	32 (EU), 2 (US)
shoesize	7 (US)
agency	http://www.imgmodels.com http://www.viva-paris.com, http://www.dmanagementgroup.com,
website	http://www.chaneliman.com }}

Chanel Iman Robinson (born December 1, 1990), known professionally as Chanel Iman, is an American fashion model perhaps best known for her work for Victoria's Secret.

Early life

Iman was born in Atlanta, Georgia on December 1, 1990. She grew up in Los Angeles, California. Her mother is co-owner of "The Red Bag Boutique" in Los Angeles with her. Her mother is half Korean. Her father is African American.

Career

Iman started modeling with Ford Models at the age of 13 as a child model in Los Angeles, California. She flew to New York in 2006 and won third place in Ford's Supermodel of the World contest. Shortly after, she signed on with the agency. ''The New York Times'' wrote a feature article on her, "A Model from Day 1," in which Iman explained that she wanted to be a model her entire life. She was presented on the May 2007 cover of American ''Vogue'' as one of the “World’s Next Top Models.” Style.com also featured Iman as a rising star in 2007. The same year she attended fashion's biggest gala, The Met Ball, where she was named Vogue's second Best Dressed of the Week in her sleeveless Zac Posen dress. In February and July she appeared on the cover of ''Teen Vogue'', with Karlie Kloss and Ali Michael, photographed by Patrick Demarchelier, then in November 2009 she appeared on the cover again, this time with Jourdan Dunn. Iman's other covers include Italian ''Elle'', ''i-D'', Dubai and Ukrainian ''Harper's Bazaar'', ''Lula'', Korean, Teen, and American ''Vogue''. She has walked the runway for fashion houses and designers including Balenciaga, Versace, Yves Saint Laurent, and Stella McCartney. She has appeared in editorials for ''Allure'', Dubai, American, and Ukrainian ''Harpers Bazaar'', ''V'', ''i-D'', ''Pop'', Italian, British, and Indonesian ''Elle'', Italian ''Vanity Fair'', and several international ''Vogues''. She has appeared in advertising campaigns for high-end brands like , Bottega Veneta, GAP, Ralph Lauren, Express and DKNY.

She walked the 2009 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. In 2010, she became a featured model on Victoria's Secret's website and was used in several of the company's campaigns. In 2010, Iman became a Victoria's Secret Angel.

Television

In October 2007, Iman appeared with her mother on an episode of the ''Tyra Banks Show''. On March 21, 2009, she appeared as a correspondent in MTV's brief revival of ''House of Style'' with Bar Refaeli.

On September 9, 2009, Iman appeared as a guest judge on the two-hour season premiere of ''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 13''.

Personal life

Early in 2010, Iman opened a clothing boutique in Culver City, California called The Red Bag with the help of her mother.

References

External links

Official website

The Internet Fashion Database

{{navboxes |title=Chanel Iman navigational boxes |list1= }}

Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia Category:American female models Category:African American models Category:American people of Korean descent Category:American models of Korean descent Category:American Christians Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni

de:Chanel Iman fr:Chanel Iman id:Chanel Iman it:Chanel Iman nl:Chanel Iman pl:Chanel Iman pt:Chanel Iman ru:Иман, Шанель fi:Chanel Iman zh:香奈兒·依曼

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Charlotte Di Calypso
birth name	Charlotte Belliard
birth date	December 09, 1990
birth place	Lille, Nord Pas De Calais, France
height
haircolor	Blonde
eyecolor	Blue
measurements	83-60-88 (EU); 33-23.5-34.5 (US) | weight
dress size	2 (US) ; 32 (EU)
shoesize	8 (US) ; 39 (EU)
agency	One Management, New York Elite Model Management Paris and Milan Exception Models, Lille Model Management Hamburg
alias	Charlotte Belliard Charlotte Taillard Charlotte Di Calipe }}

Charlotte Di Calypso (born December 9, 1990, as Charlotte Belliard) is a French fashion model, best known for winning the Elite Model Look in 2005.

Early Life and Elite Model Look

Charlotte Di Calypso was born Charlotte Belliard on December 9, 1990, in Lille, Nord Pas De Calais, one of the northernmost regions in France. In 2005, at the age of 14, she entered the French Elite Model Look. Di Calypso was chosen to move on the international final in Shanghai. Di Calypso won the competition, earning herself a contract with the prestigious Elite Model Management in Paris.

Career

After her win, Di Calypso debuted in fashion in September 2005, modeling for the Prada Spring 2006 collection. She then booked her first campaign, with Topshop. Her career was forged with her runway work, walking for top designers and fashion houses, like Chanel, Valentino, Yohji Yamamoto, Dolce & Gabbana, Jil Sander, Diane von Furstenberg, and Emanuel Ungaro. For the Spring 2009 haute couture season, she opened for Christian Dior, and also walked for Christian Lacroix, Chanel, Valentino, and Giorgio Armani She recently became the new face of Ralph Lauren, replacing longtime face Valentina Zelyaeva, alongside Japanese model Tao Okamoto. She has appeared in advertisements for Gucci, Pucci, Ralph Lauren, Lacoste, Chanel, and Faconnable. Calypso was also featured in a spread of Vogue Paris, alongside other French models Sigrid Agren, Jennifer Messelier, Mélodie Dagault, Constance Jablonski, and Mathilde Frachon, declaring France as the country to produce the next wave of supermodels, as other countries like Russia and Brazil had done before. She has also appeared in editorials for French, Italian, Portuguese, and Japanese Vogue, Harpers Bazaar, Allure, and Dazed & Confused.

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:1990 births Category:French female models

it:Charlotte di Calypso

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Daiane Conterato
birth date	October 17, 1990
birth place	Porto Alegre, Brazil
height
haircolor	Brown
eyecolor	Brown
measurements	32-23-34 (US) 82-59-86.5 (EU)
dress size	4 (US) 34 (EU)
shoesize	7 (US) 39 (EU)
agency	Ford Models Brasil Brazil Ford Models New York Elite Model Management Paris Women Management Milan
website	}}

Daiane Conterato (born October 17, 1990 in Porto Alegre, Brazil) is a Brazilian fashion model. As of May 2009, she is ranked #46 among models at the website models.com. She is represented by Ford Models Brasil in São Paulo, Ford Models in New York, Women Milan in Milan, Elite Paris in Paris, Traffic Models in Barcelona, and Bravo Models in Tokyo.

Conterato made her runway debut at the fall 2006 Prada show. During 2006, she appeared on the cover of ''L'Uomo Vogue'' and in editorials in ''V'', French ''Vogue'', the ''New York Times'' ''T'' style magazine, and ''Vogue Italia''. During the Spring 2007 fashion weeks, she opened the Alexander McQueen show and also walked for Chanel. During 2007, she appeared in advertisements for Marc Jacobs, Miss Sixty, Rebecca Taylor and in editorials in ''Vogue Italia'', ''British Vogue'', and ''Dazed & Confused''. In March 2007, she was selected as one of the top ten new models by Marie Claire bookings editor Amy Argento.

During Spring 2008 fashion weeks, Conterato opened the Alexandre Herchcovitch and Christopher Kane shows and closed the Yohji Yamamoto show. She also walked in Spring 2008 couture shows including Armani Privé, Christian Dior, Givenchy, and Jean Paul Gaultier. During Fall 2008 fashion weeks, she opened for Ann Demeulemeester and also walked for Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, Dries van Noten, Givenchy, and Miu Miu. During 2008, she appeared on the cover of ''Tank Magazine'' and in an editorial in ''Elle''. During Spring 2009 fashion weeks, she opened for Alexandre Herchovitch and Proenza Schouler and closed for Ann Demeulemeester. In 2009, she appeared in ads for Akris, on the cover of Brazilian Vogue. and in an editorial in ''Grey shooted by Bruno Aveillan

References

External links

Diane Conterato at models.com

Category:Brazilian female models Category:Living people Category:1990 births

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
birth date	October 20, 1988 Mooi River, Natal Province, South Africa
height
haircolor	Blonde
eyecolor	Blue
measurements	(US) 34B-23-34
dress size	(US) 6-8 ; (EU) 36-38 ; (UK) 8
shoesize	(US) 8 ; (EU) 39 ; (UK) 6
agency	Ice Model Management IMG Models Why Not Model Agency Modelwerk
website	Official web site
spouse	}}

Candice Swanepoel (born October 20, 1988) is a South African model best known for her work with Victoria's Secret.

Early life & career

Candice Swanepoel was born in Mooi River, Natal Province, and was spotted by a model scout in a Durban flea market at age 15. By age 16, Swanepoel was earning €5,000 or R40,000 for a day's work. Swanepoel's resume includes covers for ''Vogue'' (Greece & Italia), ''ELLE'' (Germany), and ''Ocean Drive'' (U.S.) and advertisements for Nike, Diesel, Guess?, and Versus Eyewear. Swanepoel has walked the runway for Tommy Hilfiger, Dolce and Gabbana, Shiatzy Chen, Sass and Bide, Betsey Johnson, Diane von Fürstenberg and numerous other designers, as well as for Victoria's Secret in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010. In addition to appearing in the lingerie brand's commercials, she was a featured model in the 2010 "SWIM" catalog, along with Lindsay Ellingson, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, and Erin Heatherton. In 2010, Swanepoel became a Victoria's Secret Angel. Swanepoel modeled for the Kardashians' 2010 swimwear line. On August 12, 2010 Swanepoel officially opened the first Victoria's Secret retail store in Canada, at West Edmonton Mall, Edmonton. Candice Swanepoel was voted #61 in FHM Magazine's annual 100 Sexiest Women in the World poll and has been on the cover of Vogue Italia.

Swanepoel made her debut at No. 10 on Forbes' ''The World's Top-Earning Models'' list, with estimated earnings of $3 million between 2010 and 2011.

Personal life

Swanepoel speaks fluent Portuguese and Afrikaans and has dated model Hermann Nicoli since 2006.

References

External links

Official web site

{{navboxes |title=Candice Swanepoel navigational boxes |list1= }}

Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:South African female models Category:Afrikaner people Category:White South African people

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