'''' is a Japanese word that, in the West, is used when referring to sexually explicit or pornographic comics and animation, particularly those of Japanese origin such as anime, manga, and computer games. The word ''hentai'' is a kanji compound of 変 (''hen''; "change", "weird", or "strange") and 態 (''tai''; "attitude" or "appearance"). The term is used as a shortened form of the phrase 変態性欲 (''hentai seiyoku'') meaning "sexual perversion". In Japanese slang, ''hentai'' is used as an insult meaning roughly "pervert" or "weirdo".

The English use of ''hentai'' is more similar to the way the Japanese use the slang term エッチ (''H'' or ''ecchi''), which refers to any sexually explicit content or behaviour. The Japanese seldom use the term ''hentai'' to refer to pornography in Japan. Instead, terms such as ''18-kin'' (18禁, literally "18-prohibited"), meaning "prohibited to those not yet 18 years old", and ''seijin manga'' (成人漫画 "adult manga") are used. Less official terms also in use include ero anime (エロアニメ), ero manga (エロ漫画), and the English acronym AV (for "adult video").

History

The earliest association between anime and adult animation occurred preceding the release of ''Fritz the Cat'' when American distributors attempted to cash in on the publicity garnered from the rating by rushing out dubbed versions of two other adult animations from Japan, both of which featured an X rating in their advertising material: ''Senya ichiya monogatari'' and ''Kureopatora'', retitled ''One Thousand and One Arabian Nights'' and ''Cleopatra: Queen of Sex'', respectively. However, neither film was actually submitted to the MPAA, and it is not likely that either feature would have received an X rating. ''One Thousand and One Nights'' was the first erotic animated feature film, and at 130 minutes, it remains one of the longest animated films.

The ''Lolita Anime'' series was the first hentai OVA, released in 1984 by Wonder Kids, which mainly focused on underage sex, rape, and bondage. ''Cream Lemon'', which contained many themes found in hentai today, was released later that year by Fairy Dust and contained some in-depth storylines and classic (late 1970s to early 1980s style) artwork. ''The Brothers Grime'' was a three-video cartoon-pornography series produced by Excalibur Films in 1986, 1987, and 1988, using titles primarily from the ''Cream Lemon'' series, the most popular of Japan's erotic anime before ''Urotsukidoji''.

The ''Urotsukidoji'' anime series was created by Toshio Maeda in 1986 and released in America in 1992 by Anime 18. It is most famous for being the first in the tentacle rape genre, though only one scene in the first OVA actually contains any tentacle rape. Tentacle rape was not present in the ''Urotsukidoji'' manga, but was featured in a series that he would publish years later called ''Demon Beast Invasion''. ''Demon Beast Invasion'' created what might be called the modern paradigm of tentacle porn, in which the elements of sexual assault are emphasized. Maeda explained that he invented the practice to get around strict Japanese censorship regulations, which prohibit the depiction of the penis but apparently do not prohibit showing sexual penetration by a tentacle or similar (often robotic) appendage. Maeda went on to create ''La Blue Girl'', which departs somewhat from its predecessors by lightening the atmosphere with humor, lightly parodying the tentacle rape genre.

In November 1994 A.D. Vision released their first title, ''The Legend of Lyon'', under its hentai label, Soft Cel Pictures. A.D. Vision put out 19 Soft Cel Pictures releases during 1995 and 12 through the first half of 1996, some of which were rereleases of previous A.D. Vision Films titles in their unedited form. Soft Cel Pictures shut down in 2005 and most of its titles were acquired by Critical Mass.

Critical Mass was created in 1996 when The Right Stuf made a deal with Manga Entertainment to release an unedited edition of ''Violence Jack'', which they deemed too intense for their normal line. Critical Mass has since released a large number of hentai titles. Most of their titles are associated with ''The Vanilla Series'', a series of hentai titles produced in Japan by Digital Works which are tied-in with eroge games of the same title. When Central Park Media went bankrupt in the year of 2009, the licenses for all Anime 18-related products and movies were transferred to Critical Mass.

Censorship is practiced differently in Japan and in the USA, due to their different laws. Japanese law discourages showing of genitals in hentai, while the United States is more concerned about forbidding the display of sex acts involving people under 18, so the characters in hentai have to look 18 or older. Hence, there are censoring mosaics in Japan, and scene removals and different ages of characters in America. While not featuring the censoring mosaics of the original Japanese version, the US release of ''La Blue Girl'' was edited during the initial VHS release and all scenes featuring Miko's companion Nin-Nin engaged in a sexual act were removed, probably to avoid the charge of pedophilia, in spite of the fact that the character is not a minor but a dwarf ninja. For similar reasons the age of the heroine was also altered: initially stated to be a 16 year old high-schooler in the original Japanese version, she is an 18 year old college student in the US version. The DVD release contains this edited version. In the UK, the British Board of Film Classification refused to classify it, thus prohibiting its distribution.

Demographics

As with other forms of Japanese pop-culture media, publishers of erotic media target material to specific demographic groups. For manga, the most typical divisions are:

Types which are pornographic by definition

ero-manga or , aimed at (presumptively heterosexual) men ladies' comics (''redīsu komikku'' or ''redicomi''), originally meaning any manga for adult women (see josei) but now often applied specifically to pornographic manga for women

Types which often (but not necessarily) contain pornographic content

gei comi or ''menslove'' (ML), often called ''bara'' in the West, for gay men

boys' love (''boizu rabu'' or BL), predominately aimed at the shōjo and josei markets (also see below)

teen's love (TL), a more explicit type of shōjo romances, likewise aimed predominantly at the shōjo and josei markets

Yuri or ''girls' love'' (GL), which has long been a component of both men's ''ero-manga'' and shōjo gender-exploration but has more recently arisen as a genre in its own right, in both ''seijin'' and josei flavors (also see below)

Classification

Hentai that features mainly heterosexual interactions occur in both male-targeted (''ero'') and female-targeted ("ladies' comics") form. Those that feature mainly homosexual interactions are known as yaoi (male-male) and yuri (female-female). Both yaoi and, to a lesser extent, yuri are generally aimed at members of the opposite sex from the persons depicted.

Yaoi commonly features males of ambiguous gender—in both physical appearance and, frequently, mannerism—called ''bishōnen'', literally "beautiful boy". Some feature ''biseinen'' ("beautiful man"), males of more adult or masculine appearance than ''bishōnen''. Less common are ''bara''—larger, often heavily muscled and sometimes hairy males, the yaoi counterpart of the "bear" in gay pornography—as well as ''oyaji'' (meaning "daddy" or "uncle"), featuring middle-aged and elderly men; these types are mainly found in material aimed at gay men, which may be called ''bara'' or 'men's love' (ML), and is considered to be distinct from yaoi. Yaoi also extends beyond the hentai genre, since it applies to any anime/manga material that includes male homosexuality, except for that actually aimed at a gay male audience. In Western usage, yaoi is distinguished from shōnen-ai (literally, "boy-love"), in which two males merely express romantic feelings for each other without actually having sexual relations; however in current Japanese usage this term most commonly refers to pornographic shotacon for men. Women interested in Yaoi are called "Fujoshi" (腐女子), a pun which translate loosely as "rotten girl" or "rotten woman".

Yuri is very similar to yaoi, except that the focus is on female homosexual interactions. The characters in yuri are typically "bishōjo", meaning "beautiful girl" (this term is not specific to yuri but is applied generally to depictions of attractive women for a male audience; for example, in the term "bishōjo game"). Shōjo-ai ("girl love") is a western term for the female equivalent of shōnen-ai; in Japan these works are also called yuri. Yuri may be aimed at (presumptively heterosexual) male, heterosexual female, or lesbian female audiences.

Hentai is perceived as "dwelling" on sexual fetishes, including: Bakunyū, the depiction of women with large breasts. Literally translated to "bursting breasts".

Futanari, depictions of hermaphrodites or transsexuals that have both phallic genitalia (penis with scrotum, only a penile shaft, or an enlarged clitoris) and vaginal genitalia, or, alternatively, a feminine hourglass shape including breasts combined with a penis and scrotum.

Incest, sexual activity with legal family members; noticeably seen in ''The Sagara Family'', a hentai computer game.

Lolicon, depicts prepubescent or preadolescent girls.

in which individuals struggle with a full bladder before finally wetting themselves (also known as watersports).

Shotacon, the depiction of young boys, either with other young boys or older men, or depicting young boys with older women (known as "straight shota" in western jargon).

Tentacle erotica, the depiction of tentacled creatures and sometimes monsters (fictional imaginative or otherwise, also includes alien-like creatures) engaging in sex or rape with girls and, less often, men.

Hentai media

Adult anime, or hentai anime, is anime that relies primarily on sex.

Adult manga, or hentai manga, is manga designed for purely pornographic purposes. Plot is still used to develop character and setting, but most of the time, the ultimate goal is to show scenes of sexuality with few exceptions. Adult manga is often sold in convenience stores, book stores, and magazine stores in Japan, and also other public places such as airports, and is far more prolific and accessible than the U.S. adult comic book market. It is usually distributed in digest format, containing several stories by different artists (e.g. an anthology).

Adult CG artwork includes individual drawings by artists. Art can be available on websites, CD-ROMs, or in printed art books. CG artwork is used frequently in adult video games.

Adult video games, or eroge, are games with a pornographic element. They can include bishōjo games that involve character driven plots, and can exist as sex simulations.

Adult dōjinshi, or H dōjinshi, refers to a type of work that uses copyrighted characters presented in sexual situations. It usually refers to printed manga, but can also refer to any type of visual work depicting copyrighted characters, including video games, animation, and CG artwork. Familiarity with a particular character or setting can add a sense of relating to the character over a generic character used in mainstream hentai, making dōjinshi more appealing to fans of a particular work. Despite not representing characters and licensed properties as intended, companies often view these works as a free form of license recognition and advertising through dedicated fandom. Some manga artists create hentai dōjinshi with characters from their own manga, such as Maki Murakami creating dōjinshi of ''Gravitation''.

Lemon

In Western fanfiction circles, hentai-based works are popularly referred to as "lemon", based on a more popular hentai anime anthology series called ''Cream Lemon''. Fictions referred to as "lime" are ones in which the characters do everything short of having sexual intercourse with each other.

See also

Cartoon pornography

Ero guro

List of hentai authors (groups, studios, production companies, circles)

List of pornographic sub-genres

Panchira

References

Further reading

Aquila, Meredith (2007) "Ranma 1/2 Fan Fiction Writers: New Narrative Themes or the Same Old Story?" ''Mechademia 2''

Buckley, Sandra (1991) "'Penguin in Bondage': A Graphic Tale of Japanese Comic Books", pp. 163–196, In ''Technoculture''. C. Penley and A. Ross, eds. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota ISBN 0-8166-1932-8

McCarthy, Helen, Jonathan Clements The Erotic Anime Movie Guide pub Titan (London) 1998 ISBN 1852869461

Perper, Timothy and Cornog, Martha (March 2002) Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. ''Sexuality & Culture'', 6 (1) pp. 3–126

External links

Dictionary of Japan Sex

Hentai: Past and Present

Category:Anime and manga terminology Category:Japanese sex terms Category:Pornographic cartoons

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