Hiking is an outdoor activity which consists of walking in natural environments, often in mountainous or other scenic terrain. People often hike on hiking trails. It is such a popular activity that there are numerous hiking organizations worldwide. The health benefits of different types of hiking have been confirmed in studies. The word ''hiking'' is understood in all English-speaking countries, but there are differences in usage.

Related terms

In the United States and United Kingdom, ''hiking'' refers to walking outdoors on a trail for recreational purposes. A ''day hike'' refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day, but not requiring an overnight camp. Multi-day hikes with camping is referred to as backpacking. In the United Kingdom hiking is usually called ''rambling'', which resulted in the hiking organization named Ramblers. ''Bushwhacking'' specifically refers to difficult walking through dense forest, undergrowth, or bushes, where forward progress requires pushing vegetation aside. In extreme cases of bushwhacking where the vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, a machete is used to clear a pathway. Australians use the term ''bushwalking'' for both on- and off-trail hiking. New Zealanders use ''tramping'' (particularly for overnight and longer trips), ''walking'' or ''bushwalking''. Multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions of India, Nepal, North America, South America, and in the highlands of East Africa is also called ''trekking''; the Dutch refer to trekking also. Hiking a long-distance trail from end-to-end is also referred to as trekking and as ''thru-hiking'' in some places. Examples of long-distance trails include the Appalachian Trail (AT) and Long Trail (LT).

Equipment

The equipment required for hiking depends on the length of the hike, and according to the source. Hikers generally carry water, food, and a map in a backpack. Hikers often wear hiking boots to protect their feet from rough terrain. Some outdoor organizations, such as The Mountaineers strongly advocate a list of equipment for hiking, such as the Ten Essentials. This list includes items such as a compass, sunglasses, sunscreen, clothes, flashlight, first aid kit, fire starter, and knife. Other sources suggest additional items such as insect repellent and an emergency blanket. Nowadays a GPS navigation device is a great help especially in weather conditions with low visibility or when hiking in unknown territories.

Proponents of ultralight backpacking claim that long lists of required items for multi-day hikes increases pack weight, and hence fatigue and chance of injury. Instead, they recommend a goal of reducing pack weight in order to hike long distances easier. Even the use of hiking boots on long-distances hikes is controversial among ultralight hikers, due to their weight.

Environmental impact

Hikers often seek beautiful natural environments in which to hike. These environments are often fragile: hikers may accidentally destroy the environment that they enjoy. While the action of an individual may not strongly affect the environment, the mass effect of a large number of hikers can degrade the environment. For example, gathering wood in an alpine area to start a fire may be harmless if done once (except for wildfire risk). Years of gathering wood, however, can strip an alpine area of valuable nutrients. Generally, protected areas such as parks have regulations in place to protect the environment. If hikers follow such regulations, their impact can be minimized. Such regulations include forbidding wood fires, restricting camping to established camp sites, disposing or packing out faecal matter, imposing a quota on the number of hikers per mile.

Many hikers espouse the philosophy of Leave No Trace: hiking in a way such that future hikers cannot detect the presence of previous hikers. Practitioners of this philosophy obey its strictures, even in the absence of area regulations. Followers of this practice follow strict practices on dealing with food waste, food packaging, and alterations to the surrounding environment.

Human waste is often a major source of environmental impact from hiking. These wastes can contaminate the watershed and make other hikers ill. Bacterial contamination can be avoided by digging 'catholes' 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) deep, depending on local soil composition and covering after use. If these catholes are dug at least 60 m (200 feet) away from water sources and trails, the risk of contamination is minimized.

Sometimes hikers enjoy viewing rare or endangered species. However, some species (such as martens or bighorn sheep) are very sensitive to the presence of humans, especially around mating season. To prevent adverse impact, hikers should learn the habits and habitats of endangered species.

There is one situation where an individual hiker can make a large impact on an ecosystem: inadvertently starting a wildfire. For example, in 2005, a Czech backpacker burned 7% of Torres del Paine National Park in Chile by knocking over an illegal gas portable stove. Obeying area regulations and setting up cooking devices on designated areas (or if necessary on bare ground) will reduce the risk of wildfire.

Etiquette of hiking

Because hiking is a recreational experience, hikers expect it to be pleasant. Sometimes hikers can interfere with each others' enjoyment, or that of other users of the land. Hiking etiquette has developed to minimize such interference. For example: When two groups of hikers meet on a steep trail, there may be contention for use of the trail. To avoid conflict, a custom has developed in some areas whereby the group moving ''uphill'' has the right-of-way.

Being forced to hike much faster or slower than one's natural pace can be annoying, and difficult to maintain consistently. More seriously, walking unnaturally fast dramatically increases fatigue and exhaustion, and may cause injury. If a group splits between fast and slow hikers, the slow hikers may be left behind or become lost. A common custom is to encourage the slowest hiker to hike in the lead and have everyone match that speed. Another custom is to have experienced hiker(s) sweep up the rear on a rota, to ensure that everyone in the group is safe and nobody straggles.

Hikers generally enjoy the peace of their natural surroundings. Loud sounds such as shouting or loud conversation, or the use of mobile phones, disrupt this enjoyment.

Hazards

Hiking may produce threats to personal safety. These threats can be dangerous circumstances while hiking and/or specific accidents or ailments. Diarrhea has been found to be one of the most common illness afflicting long-distance hikers in the United States. (See Wilderness acquired diarrhea.)

Noxious plants that cause rashes can be particularly bothersome to hikers. Such plants include poison oak, poison ivy, poison sumac, milkweed, and stinging nettles.

Dangerous hiking circumstances include losing the way, inclement weather, hazardous terrain, or exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions. Specific accidents include metabolic imbalances (such as dehydration or hypothermia), topical injuries (such as frostbite or sunburn), attacks by animals, or internal injuries (such as ankle sprain).

Attacks by humans are also a reality. There are organizations that promote prevention, self defense and escape. The cell phone and GPS devices are used in some organizations.

In various countries, borders may be poorly marked. It is good practice to know where international borders are. For example, in 2009, Iran seized three American hikers for crossing over the Iran-Iraq border while hiking. Many nations, such as Finland, have specific rules governing hiking across borders.

See also

Hiking equipment

List of long-distance footpaths

Walking in the United Kingdom

Nordic Walking

Swimhiking

Ten essential items of gear

Trek

Ramblers

Types

Backpacking – also known as trekking, a multi-day, often arduous hike especially in mountainous regions

Dog hiking – hiking with dogs

Freehiking – hiking while unclothed, also hiking off-trail

Hillwalking – a British term for hiking in hills or mountains

Nordic Walking – fitness walking with poles

Llama hiking

Scrambling – "non-technical" rock climbing or mountaineering OR "technical" hiking

Thru-hiking – hiking a trail from end to end in one continuous hike (people may end to end a trail, but in section hikes)

Ultralight backpacking

Waterfalling – aka waterfall hunting and waterfall hiking is hiking with the purpose of finding and enjoying waterfalls

Dayhiking

Heli Hiking – using helicopters to access remote areas otherwise inaccessible

Bushwhacking – a North American term for hikers and cross-country skiers who make their own trails

Trails

Appalachian Trail

Continental Divide Trail

Pacific Crest Trail

North Country Trail

Kokoda Trail

Related activities

Cross-country skiing – often the equivalent of hiking in snowy lands during wintertime

Fell running – an English and Welsh sport of running over rough mountainous ground, often off-trail. Known as Hill running in Scotland and Ireland. Similarities exist with Mountain running popular overseas, but also many differences.

Geocaching – outdoor treasure-hunting game

Orienteering – running sport involving navigation with a map and compass

River trekking

Rogaining – sport of long distance cross-country navigation

Trail blazing

References

External links

Category:Tourist activities Category:Scoutcraft

ca:Senderisme de:Bergwandern et:Matkamine es:Senderismo eo:Marŝado fr:Randonnée pédestre ko:하이킹 it:Escursionismo lb:Wanderen mr:ट्रेकिंग ja:ハイキング oc:Escorreguda pt:Trekking ru:Пешеходный туризм scn:Escursiunismu simple:Hiking fi:Patikointi sr:Hiking (pešačenje) sv:Vandring vi:Đi bộ đường dài zh-yue:行山 zh:徒步

name	Ben Schwartz
birth date	September 15, 1981
othername	Amir Blumenfeld (everyone's name is Amir Blumenfeld, what's your name), Scolby Lasoose Jim
nationality	American
website	RejectedJokes.com
notable work	Jean-Ralphio Saperstein in ''Parks and Recreation'' Bill Hoyt in ''Undercovers''
medium	comedian, screenwriter
influenced	}}

emmyawards	2009 Emmy for Outstanding Writing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Special for coauthoring Hugh Jackman's opening number for the 81st Academy Awards}}

Ben Schwartz is an American comedian. A member of the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater, he got his start in comedy by faxing jokes to ''Saturday Night Live's'' Weekend Update and the ''Late Show with David Letterman''. He has portrayed characters in two NBC shows, ''Undercovers'' and ''Parks and Recreation'', made guest appearances in comedy sketches for CollegeHumor, and starred in the 2011 film ''Peep World''. He has also been hired to write a remake of the 1991 comedy ''Soapdish''. In addition, Schwartz has penned two books. Schwartz also had a small role in the 2010 film ''The Other Guys'' and been featured in the web series ''Jake and Amir'', playing a wide variety of roles.

Schwartz won the 2009 Emmy for Outstanding Writing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Special for coauthoring Hugh Jackman's opening number for the 81st Academy Awards.

He lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:American television actors