Name	European Organization for Nuclear ResearchOrganisation Européennepour la Recherche Nucléaire
Map	CERN member states.svg
Mcaption	Member states
Headquarters	Geneva, Switzerland
Membership	20 member states and 8 observers
Leader title	Director General
Leader name	Rolf-Dieter Heuer
Formation	29 September 1954
Website	cern.ch }}

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (), known as CERN (; ; see ''History''), is an international organization whose purpose is to operate the world's largest particle physics laboratory, which is situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border (). Established in 1954, the organization has twenty European member states.

The term ''CERN'' is also used to refer to the laboratory itself, which employs just under 2400 full-time employees/workers, as well as some 7931 scientists and engineers representing 608 universities and research facilities and 113 nationalities.

CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research. Numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN by international collaborations to make use of them. It is also the birthplace of the World Wide Web. The main site at Meyrin also has a large computer centre containing very powerful data-processing facilities primarily for experimental data analysis and, because of the need to make them available to researchers elsewhere, has historically been a major wide area networking hub.

The CERN sites, as an international facility, are officially under neither Swiss nor French jurisdiction. Member states' contributions to CERN for the year 2008 totaled CHF 1 billion (approximately € 664 million).

History

The convention establishing CERN was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe. The acronym CERN originally stood, in French, for ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire'' (European Council for Nuclear Research), which was a provisional council for setting up the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952. The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current ''Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire'' (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in 1954. According to Lew Kowarski, a former director of CERN, when the name was changed the acronym could have become the awkward OERN, and Heisenberg said that the acronym could "still be CERN even if the name is [not]".

Soon after its establishment the work at the laboratory went beyond the study of the atomic nucleus into higher-energy physics, which is mainly concerned with the study of interactions between particles. Therefore the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European laboratory for particle physics (''Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules'') which better describes the research being performed at CERN.

Scientific achievements

Several important achievements in particle physics have been made during experiments at CERN. They include: 1973: The discovery of neutral currents in the Gargamelle bubble chamber. 1983: The discovery of W and Z bosons in the UA1 and UA2 experiments.

1989: The determination of the number of light neutrino families at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) operating on the Z boson peak.

1995: The first creation of antihydrogen atoms in the PS210 experiment. 1999: The discovery of direct CP-violation in the NA48 experiment. 2010: The isolation of 38 atoms of anti-hydrogen 2011: Maintaining anti-hydrogen for over 15 minutes

The 1984 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for the developments that led to the discoveries of the W and Z bosons. The 1992 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher Georges Charpak "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber."

Computer science

The World Wide Web began as a CERN project called ENQUIRE, initiated by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and Robert Cailliau in 1990. Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honored by the Association for Computing Machinery in 1995 for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.

Based on the concept of hypertext, the project was aimed at facilitating sharing information among researchers. The first website went on-line in 1991. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. A copy of the original first webpage, created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the World Wide Web Consortium's website as a historical document.

Prior to the Web's development, CERN had been a pioneer in the introduction of Internet technology, beginning in the early 1980s. A short history of this period can be found at CERN.ch.

More recently, CERN has become a centre for the development of grid computing, hosting among others the Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE) and LHC Computing Grid projects. It also hosts the CERN Internet Exchange Point (CIXP), one of the two main Internet Exchange Points in Switzerland.

Particle accelerators

Current complex

CERN operates a network of six accelerators and a decelerator. Each machine in the chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator. Currently active machines are: Two linear accelerators generate low energy particles. Linac2 accelerates protons to 50 MeV for injection into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB), and Linac3 provides heavy ions at 4.2 MeV/u for injection into the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR).

The Proton Synchrotron Booster increases the energy of particles generated by the proton linear accelerator before they are transferred to the other accelerators.

The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerates the ions from the ion linear accelerator, before transferring them to the Proton Synchrotron (PS). This accelerator was commissioned in 2005, after having been reconfigured from the previous Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR).

The 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS), built in 1959 and still operating as a feeder to the more powerful SPS.

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), a circular accelerator with a diameter of 2 kilometres built in a tunnel, which started operation in 1976. It was designed to deliver an energy of 300 GeV and was gradually upgraded to 450 GeV. As well as having its own beamlines for fixed-target experiments (currently COMPASS and NA62), it has been operated as a proton–antiproton collider (the SpS collider), and for accelerating high energy electrons and positrons which were injected into the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP). Since 2008, it has been used to inject protons and heavy ions into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

The On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE), which is used to study unstable nuclei. The radioactive ions are produced by the impact of protons at an energy of 1.0–1.4 GeV from the Proton Synchrotron Booster. It was first commissioned in 1967 and was rebuilt with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992.

REX-ISOLDE increases the charge states of ions coming from the ISOLDE targets, and accelerates them to a maximum energy of 3 MeV/u.

The Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which reduces the velocity of antiprotons to about 10% of the speed of light for research into antimatter.

The Compact Linear Collider Test Facility, which studies feasibility issues for the future normal conducting linear collider project.

The Large Hadron Collider

Most of the activities at CERN are currently directed towards building a new collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project.

The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva airport and the nearby Jura mountains. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by LEP which was closed down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes will be used to pre-accelerate protons which will then be injected into the LHC.

Seven experiments (CMS, ATLAS, LHCb, MoEDAL TOTEM, LHC-forward and ALICE) will run on the collider; each of them will study particle collisions from a different point of view, and with different technologies. Construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort. Just as an example, a special crane had to be rented from Belgium in order to lower pieces of the CMS detector into its underground cavern, since each piece weighed nearly 2,000 tons. The first of the approximately 5,000 magnets necessary for construction was lowered down a special shaft at 13:00 GMT on 7 March 2005.

This accelerator will generate vast quantities of computer data, which CERN will stream to laboratories around the world for distributed processing (making use of a specialised grid infrastructure, the LHC Computing Grid). In April 2005, a trial successfully streamed 600 MB/s to seven different sites across the world. If all the data generated by the LHC is to be analysed, then scientists must achieve 1,800 MB/s before 2008.

The initial particle beams were injected into the LHC August 2008. The first attempt to circulate a beam through the entire LHC was at 8:28 GMT on 10 September 2008, but the system failed because of a faulty magnet connection, and it was stopped for repairs on 19 September 2008.

The LHC resumed its operation on Friday the 20th of November 2009 by successfully circulating two beams, each with an energy of 3.5 trillion electron volts. The challenge that the engineers then faced was to try and line up the two beams so that they smashed into each other. This is like "firing two needles across the Atlantic and getting them to hit each other" according to the LHC's main engineer Steve Myers, director for accelerators and technology at the Swiss laboratory.

At 1200 BST on Tuesday the 30th of March 2010 the LHC successfully smashed two proton particle beams travelling with 3.5 TeV (trillion electron volts) of energy, resulting in a 7 TeV event. However this is just the start of a long road toward the expected discovery of the Higgs boson. This is mainly because the amount of data produced is so huge it could take up to 24 months to completely analyse it all. At the end of the 7 TeV experimental period, the LHC will be shut down for maintenance for up to a year, with the main purpose of this shut down being to strengthen the huge magnets inside the accelerator. When it re-opens, it will attempt to create 14 TeV events.

Decommissioned accelerators

The original linear accelerator (LINAC 1).

The 600 MeV Synchrocyclotron (SC) which started operation in 1957 and was shut down in 1991.

The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), an early collider built from 1966 to 1971 and operated until 1984.

The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), which operated from 1989 to 2000 and was the largest machine of its kind, housed in a 27 km-long circular tunnel which now houses the Large Hadron Collider.

The Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR), commissioned in 1982, which assembled the first pieces of true antimatter, in 1995, consisting of nine atoms of antihydrogen. It was closed in 1996, and superseded by the Antiproton Decelerator.

Sites

The smaller accelerators are located on the main Meyrin site (also known as the West Area), which was originally built in Switzerland alongside the French border, but has been extended to span the border since 1965. The French side is under Swiss jurisdiction and so there is no obvious border within the site, apart from a line of marker stones. There are six entrances to the Meyrin site:

''A'', in Switzerland. Open for all CERN personnel at specific times.

''B'', in Switzerland. Open for all CERN personnel at all times. Often referred to as the ''main entrance''.

''C'', in Switzerland. Open for all CERN personnel at specific times.

''D'', in Switzerland. Open for goods reception at specific times.

''E'', in France. Open for French-resident CERN personnel at specific times. Controlled by customs personnel. Named "Porte Charles de Gaulle" in recognition of his role in the creation of the CERN.

''Tunnel entrance'', in France. Open for equipment transfer to and from CERN sites in France by personnel with a specific permit. This is the only permitted route for such transfers. Under the CERN treaty, no taxes are payable when such transfers are made. Controlled by customs personnel.

The SPS and LEP/LHC tunnels are located underground almost entirely outside the main site, and are mostly buried under French farmland and invisible from the surface. However they have surface sites at various points around them, either as the location of buildings associated with experiments or other facilities needed to operate the colliders such as cryogenic plants and access shafts. The experiments themselves are located at the same underground level as the tunnels at these sites.

Three of these experimental sites are in France, with ATLAS in Switzerland, although some of the ancillary cryogenic and access sites are in Switzerland. The largest of the experimental sites is the Prévessin site, also known as the North Area, which is the target station for non-collider experiments on the SPS accelerator. Other sites are the ones which were used for the UA1, UA2 and the LEP experiments (the latter which will be used for LHC experiments).

Outside of the LEP and LHC experiments, most are officially named and numbered after the site where they were located. For example, NA32 was an experiment looking at the production of charmed particles and located at the Prévessin (North Area) site while WA22 used the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) at the Meyrin (West Area) site to examine neutrino interactions. The UA1 and UA2 experiments were considered to be in the Underground Area, i.e. situated underground at sites on the SPS accelerator.

Financing (Budget 2009)

CHF !! Mil. Euro>EUR
''Total''

Exchange rates: 1 CHF = 0,659 EUR (May 25, 2009)

Member states

The original twelve (12) CERN signatories from 1954 were: (at first only West Germany) (later withdrawn).

All founding members have so far () remained in the CERN organisation, except Yugoslavia which left in 1961 and never re-joined.

Since its foundation, CERN regularly accepted new members. All new members have remained in the organisation continuously since their acceptance, except Spain which joined in 1961, withdrew eight years later, and joined anew in 1983. CERN's membership history is as follows: joined in 1959, bringing the total number of members to 13. left in 1961 (12 members) joined in 1961 (thus increasing the number of member states to 13 again), left in 1969 (12 members), rejoined in 1983 (13 members) joined in 1985 (14 member states) joined in 1991 joined in 1991 (together with Finland bringing the number of participating member states to 16) joined in 1992 (17 members) joined in 1993 joined in 1993 (together with Czech Republic increasing the total members to 19) joined in 1999 (20 member states)

There are currently twenty (20) member countries, 18 of which are also European Union member states.

became a candidate for accession to CERN in 2010 and will become a member country in 2015.

Five (5) countries applying for membership have all formally confirmed their wish to become members. since 14 February 2006 Non-Member State status since 1991 Observer State status since 8 June 2001 Non-Member State status since 7 January 1991 Non-Member State status since 1961 Observer State status

Six (6) countries have observer status: – since 1961 – since 1991 – since 1993 – since 1995 – since 1997 – since 2002

Also observers are the following international organizations: – since 1954 European Commission – since 1985

Non-Member States (with dates of Co-operation Agreements) currently involved in CERN programmes are: – 11 March 1992 – 25 March 1994 – 1 November 1991 – 3 December 1997 – 28 June 1994 – 19 February 1990 & October 2006 – 11 October 1996 – 10 October 1991 – 12 July 1991, 14 August 1997 & 17 February 2004 – 15 May 1993 – 18 July 1991 – 14 February 2006 – 16 January 2006 – 23 April 1996 – 11 October 1996 – 11 September 1996 – 5 July 2001 – 9 November 2004 – 27 April 2009 – 20 February 1998 – 12 October 1990 – 14 April 1997 – 4 December 2003 – 1 November 1994. The possibility of Pakistan becoming an Observer State has been raised on various occasions. – 23 February 1993 – 1 October 1991. Since 12 December 2008 it has the Status of Candidate for Accession to Membership. – 21 January 2006 – 8 June 2001. In 2008 it applied for accession to CERN as a Member State. Since 19 December 2010 it has the Status of Candidate for Accession to Membership. – 7 January 1991 – 4 July 1992 – 25 October 2006. It might become a candidate for CERN Observer Status in a few years. – 18 January 2006 – 2 April 1993

! Maps of the history of CERN membership

Public exhibits

Facilities at CERN open to the public include:

The Globe of Science and Innovation, which opened in late 2005 and is used four times a week for special exhibits.

The Microcosm museum on particle physics and CERN history.

The Hindu deity, Shiva engaging in the Nataraja dance, parallelling the movements or ''“dance”'' of subatomic particles.

In popular culture

CERN's Large Hadron Collider is the subject of a (scientifically accurate) rap video starring Katherine McAlpine with some of the facility's staff. CERN's is depicted in an episode of ''South Park'' (Season 13, Episode 6) called "Pinewood Derby". Randy Marsh, the father of one of the main characters, breaks into the "Hadron Particle Super Collider in Switzerland" and steals a "superconducting bending magnet created for use in tests with particle acceleration" to use in his son Stan's Pinewood Derby racer. Randy breaks into CERN dressed in disguise as Princess Leia from the Star Wars saga. The break-in is captured on surveillance tape which is then broadcast on the news.

See also

Fermilab

Large Hadron Collider

List of Directors General of CERN

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek

Science and technology in Switzerland

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

References

;Notes

External links

''CERN at 50''

CERN Courier – International journal of high-energy physics

CERN chronology

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Katherine (Kate) McAlpine (aka "alpinekat") (born in 1985) is an American science journalist. In 2008 while working for CERN, McAlpine wrote, produced and performed in the YouTube video "Large Hadron Rap" under the pseudonym "alpinekat". As of April 2011, the video has been viewed over 6.5 million times.

, McAlpine is a freelance science journalist and has written for at ''New Scientist'' and ''Chemistry World''.

Large Hadron Rap

The YouTube video is a technically accurate yet easily understood introduction to the Large Hadron Collider operated by CERN. The video explains its purpose, methods and significance using rap lyrics, created by McAlpine mostly during her commutes on buses and trams to and from work. The video appeared on 28 July 2008, its music was written by Will Barras, and according to the video credits, the dancers "prefer to remain anonymous". The video has become a viral hit, surpassing three million YouTube views on 15 September 2008 (6.7 million views as on July 2011).

McAlpine stated one reason for creating the rap as, "I mostly wanted to explain what the project was about and hopefully when people - I hope they will - look a little more closely at what it is and not be sucked into the scaremongering about black holes."

Commenting on the impact and reception of the rap video among school aged children, McAlpine stated "I was really hoping that this would get taken into classrooms. I don't imagine that elementary school children and most middle school children will understand it very well, but a lot of parents have e-mailed me saying 'I have a nine-year-old, or a seven-year-old, and I showed them your rap and they really love it.' So if elementary kids can get excited about it too, that's just great."

Black Hole Rap

End of 2009 McAlpine released a new rap video on YouTube dealing with the unfounded fears surrounding experiments in CERN that could lead to the creation of a Black Hole which eventually would swallow the entire earth.

FRIB Rap

McAlpine released a rap video on YouTube for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams. This video describes the basic purpose and capabilities of the facility, which was recently awarded to Michigan State University.

N3UROCH!P Rap

In 2007, McAlpine released a rap video on YouTube detailing neural programming.

Life and Education

McAlpine was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and grew up in Montana. She earned dual degrees in Physics (B.A., Honors) and Professional Writing (B.A.) in 2007 from Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan.

See also

Les Horribles Cernettes pop group

References

External links

Website of Katherine McAlpine

Large Hadron Rap - Youtube.

Black Hole Rap - Youtube.

N3UROCH!P Rap - Youtube

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:American physicists Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American rappers Category:Michigan State University alumni Category:Nerdcore hip hop artists Category:Science journalists