Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
Name	Jim Webb
Jr/sr	Senior Senator
State	Virginia
Term start	January 3, 2007
Alongside	Mark Warner
Predecessor	George Allen
Order2	66th United States Secretary of the Navy18th Secretary under the DoD
Term start2	May 1, 1987
Term end2	February 23, 1988
President2	Ronald Reagan
Predecessor2	John Lehman
Successor2	William L. Ball
Order3	1st Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs
Term start3	May 3, 1984
Term end3	April 10, 1987
Predecessor3	None (new office)
Successor3	Stephen Duncan
Birthname	James Henry Webb, Jr.
Birth date	February 09, 1946
Birth place	Saint Joseph, Missouri
Party	Democratic
Spouse	(1) Barbara Samorajczyk (div.)(2) Jo Ann Krukar (div.) (3) Hong Le Webb
Children	Amy Webb HoganSarah WebbKatie WebbJimmy WebbKatie WebbJulia WebbGeorgia LeAnh Webb
Alma mater	United States Naval Academy (B.S.) Georgetown University (J.D.)
Profession	U.S. MarineAuthorScreenwriter
Religion	Non-denominational Protestant
Signature	Webb_signature.png
Residence	Falls Church, Virginia
Website	Senator Jim Webb
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch	United States Marine Corps
Serviceyears	1968–1972
Rank
Unit	Delta Company, 1st Battalion 5th Marines
Battles	Vietnam War
Awards	Navy CrossSilver StarBronze Star (2)Purple Heart (2) }}

James Henry "Jim" Webb, Jr. (born February 9, 1946) is the senior United States Senator from Virginia. He is also an author and a former Secretary of the Navy. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

A 1968 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, Webb served as a Marine Corps infantry officer until 1972, and is a highly decorated Vietnam War combat veteran. During his four years with the Reagan administration, Webb served as the first Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs, then as Secretary of the Navy.

Webb won the Democratic nomination for the 2006 Virginia Senate race by defeating Harris Miller in the primary, then won the general election by defeating the Republican incumbent George Allen. Webb's thin margin in the general election (less than 0.5%) kept the outcome uncertain for nearly two days after polls closed on November 7, 2006, and provided the final seat that tilted the Senate to Democratic control. On his sixty-fifth birthday, he announced that he will not seek re-election in 2012, saying that he does not want to spend his whole life in politics, and that he wants to return to the private sector.

Webb is also an author of many books, stating that "I've written for a living all my life, so writing is as much a part of me as working out."

Life and career

Early life

Webb was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri, to James Henry Webb and his wife Vera Lorraine (née Hodges). He grew up in a military family, descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from Ulster who emigrated in the 18th century to the British North American colonies. Webb's 2004 book ''Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America'' details his family history, noting that his ancestors fought in every major American war.

Webb's father, a career officer in the U.S. Air Force, flew B-17s and B-29s during World War II, dropped cargo during the Berlin Airlift, and was later involved in missile programs. He is buried at the Arlington National Cemetery.

Education

Due to his father's military career, Webb grew up on the move, attending more than a dozen schools across the U.S. and in England. After graduating from high school in Bellevue, Nebraska, he attended the University of Southern California on a Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps scholarship from 1963–1964 (and was a member of Delta Chi). In 1964, Webb earned appointment to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. At Annapolis, Webb was a member of the Brigade Honor Committee. He also won a varsity letter for boxing, at one point fighting a match against Oliver North, which was won by North on decision. He graduated in 1968, in the same class with North, Dennis C. Blair, Michael Mullen, and Michael Hagee.

Personal life

Webb has been married three times, has four grown children, as well as a young child with his current wife Hong Le, and is stepfather to Le's child from a previous marriage.

His first marriage was to Barbara Samorajczyk, a member of the Anne Arundel County, Maryland Council. They divorced in 1979. They have one daughter, Amy Hogan, who was eight at the time of the divorce.

His second marriage was to health-care lobbyist Jo Ann Krukar in 1981 who also assisted in his 2006 Senate campaign. They have three children: Sarah, Jimmy, and Julia. Jimmy Webb is a rifleman and Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps, and served a tour in Iraq with Weapons Company, 1st Battalion 6th Marines. In tribute to Jimmy Webb and "all the people sent into harm's way", Webb wore his son's old combat boots every day during his 2006 Senate campaign.

Webb is now married to Hong Le Webb, a Vietnamese-American securities and corporate lawyer. Hong Le Webb was born in South Vietnam and escaped to the United States when she was seven after the fall of Saigon. She grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana. They first met in 1994 and started dating in 2002 when both were separated from their previous spouses. They married in 2006. Hong Le and Jim Webb have one child together, Georgia LeAnh, born 2006. Hong Le Webb also has a daughter from a previous marriage. Webb speaks Vietnamese.

Military service

After graduating from Annapolis, Webb was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps. As a first lieutenant during the Vietnam War he served as a platoon commander with Delta Company, 1st Battalion 5th Marines. He earned a Navy Cross, the second highest decoration in the Navy and Marine Corps for heroism in Vietnam. Webb also earned the Silver Star, two Bronze Stars, and two Purple Hearts.

Webb received the Navy Cross for actions on July 10, 1969. The citation read:

In a November 19, 2006 appearance on ''Meet the Press'', Webb told host Tim Russert, "I’m one of these people who — there aren’t many of us — who can still justify for you the reasons that we went into Vietnam, however screwed up the strategy got."

Post-military

Webb attended Georgetown Law Center from 1972 to 1975, graduating with a Juris Doctor degree. While at Georgetown, Webb wrote his first book, ''Micronesia and U.S. Pacific Strategy''.

From 1977 to 1981, Webb worked on the staff of the House Committee on Veterans Affairs. During this time, he also represented veterans pro-bono. Webb also taught at the Naval Academy and was criticized for a 1979 article published in the ''Washingtonian'' titled "Women Can't Fight" (see "Senate Election" below).

During the Reagan Administration, Webb served as the nation's first Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs from 1984 to 1987. During his time as Assistant Secretary, Webb sought to reorganize the Marine Corps. He was gravely concerned with the disarray the Marines had fallen into post-Vietnam: drug use, racial infighting, and low morale within the Corps left him with the impression it was no longer America's premier fighting force. The Marine Corps was also rocked by two scandals during this time: the Clayton Lonetree espionage affair, where Lonetree became the first Marine convicted of espionage, and Marine Lt. Colonel Oliver North's central role in the Iran-Contra affair.

In 1987, he served as Secretary of the Navy, becoming the first Naval Academy graduate to serve as the civilian head of the Navy. As Navy Secretary, Webb pushed the appointment of Alfred M. Gray, Jr. as Commandant of the Marine Corps, hoping that Gray could reshape the Corps into the elite unit it once was. Webb resigned in 1988 after refusing to agree to reduce the size of the Navy. Webb had wished to increase the Navy to 600 ships. As revealed in ''The Reagan Diaries'', President Ronald Reagan wrote on February 22, 1988: "I don't think Navy was sorry to see him go."

After his resignation, Webb earned his living primarily as an author and filmmaker. He won an Emmy Award for his 1983 PBS coverage of the U.S. Marines in Beirut.

Among Webb's awards for community service and professional excellence are the Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Medal, the Medal of Honor Society's Patriot Award, the American Legion National Commander's Public Service Award, the Veterans of Foreign Wars Media Service Award, the Marine Corps League's Military Order of the Iron Mike Award, the John H. Russell Leadership Award, and the Robert L. Denig Distinguished Service Award

In a 1990 ''New York Times'' opinion piece, Webb opposed further U.S. military escalation in Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Shield citing lack of a coherent strategy and consent from the United States Congress. He also warned against a permanent military presence in the Middle East. Seven months before the beginning of the 2003 Iraq War, Webb wrote an essay for the ''Washington Post'' in which he

During the 2004 presidential campaign, Webb wrote an op-ed piece for ''USA Today'' in which he, as a military veteran, evaluated the candidacies of John Kerry and George W. Bush. He criticized Kerry for the nature of his opposition to the Vietnam War in the 1970s while affiliated with the Vietnam Veterans Against the War, and accused Bush of using his father's connections to avoid service in Vietnam. Webb also wrote that Bush had "committed the greatest strategic blunder in modern memory" with the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Webb supported Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey's campaign for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination. He endorsed incumbent Democrat Charles Robb for reelection to his Senate seat, over Webb's former Naval Academy classmate and fellow Marine Oliver North, in 1994. Webb subsequently endorsed Republican George Allen over Robb in 2000, and then ran against Allen himself in 2006.

United States Senate

2006 Senate campaign

In late 2005, a campaign to draft Webb to run for the Senate in 2006 began on the Internet. On February 7, 2006, he announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for the 2006 Senate race against incumbent Virginia Senator George Allen.

In the Democratic primary on June 13, 2006, Webb faced longtime businessman and lobbyist Harris Miller. Webb won with 53.5% of the vote, in a race with low turnout.

Webb benefited from the fallout from an August 11, 2006 incident in which Allen used the word ''macaca'' to refer to S.R. Sidarth, who was filming an event as a "tracker" for the Webb campaign. A poll the following week showed Webb gaining 10 percentage points. The race, which at one point looked like a sure win for Allen, became one of the most watched and closest races of the 2006 elections.

Allen had been expected to be reelected relatively easily, and that this reelection would prepare him for a possible 2008 Presidential candidacy. But Webb's entry into the race and primary victory changed the political landscape. Political analyst Larry Sabato said in May that "Jim Webb is George Allen's worst nightmare: a war hero and a Reagan appointee who holds moderate positions… Allen tries to project a Reagan aura, but Webb already has it." In September, Bloomberg.com's Catherine Dodge wrote an article highlighting Webb and the Senate race, and said "Webb isn't a typical Democrat. His family hails from the rural southern part of the state. He's pro-gun ownership, and he takes a harder line on illegal immigration than many Senate Republicans."

On September 7, 2006, Webb released his first television advertisement, which included footage of a 1985 speech by Ronald Reagan that praised Webb's service as a Marine. The next day, the Chief of Staff for the Reagan Library wrote Webb's campaign on behalf of former first lady Nancy Reagan, urging them not to air the advertisement saying it was neither fair nor respectful because it gave the impression of an endorsement. The Webb campaign disagreed, saying, "What Reagan said about Jim Webb, that belongs to Jim Webb, frankly." The library said they ask all candidates to refrain from using the former president's image but declined to say if they would request the Allen campaign to remove the image of Reagan used on his campaign website.

Five female graduates of the United States Naval Academy held a press conference, decrying a 1979 article by Webb, titled "Women Can't Fight." The women said Webb's article contributed to an atmosphere of hostility and harassment towards women at the academy. Webb was later endorsed by nine military women who stated that Webb is a "man of integrity" who "recognizes the crucial role that women have in the military today."

In October 2006, the Allen campaign issued a press release quoting several passages from Webb's novels with sexual content, including graphic references to female anatomy and purported pedophilia, homosexuality and incest, citing a passage in which a Southeast Asian father ritually places the penis of his young son in his mouth. The press release said that the passages showed a "continued pattern of demeaning women". Allen's campaign refused to tell a local radio news station, WTOP-FM, whether it in fact had issued a news release on the matter.

On November 9, 2006, after AP and Reuters projected that Webb had won the seat, Allen conceded the election. Although the margin was narrow — less than half of 1% of the total vote and therefore small enough under Virginia law to allow demanding a recount — Allen stated that he would not challenge the result.

Webb, as a Democratic veteran challenger, was also considered one of the Fighting Dems.

Senator-elect

On November 15, 2006, Senate majority leader in waiting Harry Reid assigned Webb to three committees: the committees on Foreign Relations, Veterans' Affairs, and Armed Services.

That same day, an op ed authored by Webb appeared in the pages of the ''Wall Street Journal''. Titled "Class Struggle," the piece addressed what Webb feels is a growing economic inequality in the United States, touching on what he feels are overly permissive immigration policies, extravagant executive compensation, the detrimental effects of free trade and globalization, iniquitous tax cuts, and speedily rising health care costs, and attacking the "elites" who he says perpetuate the aforementioned woes for their personal economic gain.

Tense exchange with President Bush

On November 28, 2006, at a White House reception for those newly elected to Congress, Webb declined to stand in the line to have his picture taken with the president, whom Webb often criticized during the campaign. The president approached Webb later and asked him, "How's your boy?", referring to Webb's son, a Marine serving in Iraq. Webb replied "I'd like to get them out of Iraq, Mr. President." Bush responded, "That's not what I asked you. How's your boy?" Webb responded, "That's between me and my boy, Mr. President." The Hill cited an anonymous source who claimed that Webb was so angered by the exchange that he confessed he was tempted to "slug" the president. Webb later remarked in an interview, "I'm not particularly interested in having a picture of me and George W. Bush on my wall."

In response to the incident, some conservatives criticized Webb, including George Will, who called Webb a "boor" and wrote, "[Webb] already has become what Washington did not need another of, a subtraction from the city's civility and clear speaking." Others, such as conservative columnist and former Reagan speechwriter Peggy Noonan, reserved their criticism for Bush, writing: "I thought it had the sound of the rattling little aggressions of our day, but not on Mr. Webb's side."

Webb was asked about the exchange in a January 4, 2007 appearance on ''Hardball with Chris Matthews''. He told Matthews: :"My feeling about that — first of all, it's been kind of a bit overblown. But I think when people are now seeing how John McCain is handling the situation with his son being in the Marine Corps, perhaps they can understand a little bit more what I was having to go through during the entire campaign. I greatly respect my son‘s service and all of the people who are serving. At the same time, I have not commented, even to many of my friends, about the operational side. That‘s personal to me in terms of my feelings about it. And it was not a casual comment. As I said in the piece that you just ran, I think the best article that was written on that was by Peggy Noonan in the ''Wall Street Journal'' when she basically said that the lack of civility was not mine and I feel that way."

After his son returned from Iraq, Webb "buried the hatchet" with the president by setting up a private chat with his son, the president, and himself in the Oval Office.

110th Congress

On January 4, 2007, Webb was sworn into the 110th U.S. Senate, accompanied by Sen. John Warner, R-Va., a fellow former Secretary of the Navy; and former Virginia Democratic Sen. Charles Robb.

Webb’s first legislative act was to introduce a bill, the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act, to expand benefits for military families. The act replaces key provisions of the Montgomery G.I. Bill for recent veterans and “makes veterans benefits identical to those soldiers received following World War II.” “With many of our military members serving two or three tours of duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, it is past time to enact a new veterans’ education program modeled on the World War II era G.I. bill. This is exactly what our legislation does.” Webb said. It became law on June 30, 2008, as part of the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008.

In a January 4, 2007, appearance on ''The Situation Room'', Webb articulated his position on the Iraq War: "What we really need to do is to get into the arena where we can talk about a strategy, talk about the pluses and the minuses of the Baker-Hamilton Commission and work toward a solution that, on the one hand, will allow us to remove our combat troops, but on the other, will increase the stability of the region, allow us to continue to fight against international terrorism and allow us, as a nation, to address our strategic interests around the world. And this is — this is one of the drawbacks that we've had with so many troops having been put into this constant rotational basis inside one country when we have a war against international terrorism that's global."

Asked by Wolf Blitzer if he would ever support the efforts of Dennis Kucinich to cut funding for the war, Webb said, "I — you know, I lived through Vietnam. I lived through it as a Marine and I know that those sorts of approaches, while they seem attractive on one level are really not that realistic. What we want to do — and I was talking with a number of senators today — is to try to get some of these so-called emergency legislation packages back into the committee process so that the committees can actually play."

On January 23, 2007, Webb delivered the Democratic response to the President's State of the Union address, focusing on the economy and Iraq. Webb's speech drew positive reviews, and was regarded as one of the stronger State of the Union responses in recent memory. Webb, a decorated war veteran spoke of his family’s military past, his own passionate attachment to the military, and the way in which previous presidents had always attempted to ensure that all precautions had been taken when sending young Americans into harm's way.

On March 5, 2007, Webb introduced his second piece of legislation, , intended to prohibit the use of funds for military operations in Iran without the prior approval of Congress. In a statement on the floor of the Senate, Webb said, "The major function of this legislation is to prevent this Administration from commencing unprovoked military activities against Iran without the approval of the Congress. The legislation accomplishes this goal through the proper constitutional process of prohibiting all funding for such an endeavor."

On March 26, 2007, a senatorial aide of Webb, Phillip Thompson, was arrested for carrying Webb's loaded pistol as he entered the Russell Senate Office Building and for carrying unregistered ammunition. The weapon was discovered when Thompson went through an X-ray machine with a briefcase that contained a loaded pistol and two additional loaded magazines. Charges against the aide were dismissed after prosecutors concluded it could not be proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Thompson was aware that the gun and ammunition were in the briefcase. Webb responded to his aide's arrest by reiterating his support for gun-owners' rights:

"I’m a strong supporter of the Second Amendment; I have had a permit to carry a weapon in Virginia for a long time; I believe that it’s important; it’s important to me personally and to a lot of people in the situation that I’m in to be able to defend myself and my family."

2009 visit to Southeast Asia

On August 14, 2009 Webb visited Myanmar (Burma), seeing its junta's leader, Gen. Than Shwe and also the pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who was under house arrest. During Webb's visit with Than Shwe, Webb negotiated the release and deportation of an imprisoned American, John Yettaw.

Webb visited Vietnam as part of a two-week trip to five Southeast Asian countries. The Senator, who serves as chair of the Senate Foreign Relation’s subcommittee on East Asia and Pacific Affairs, stopped in Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City on August 19, where he met government officials, business leaders, and friends from his past involvement in US-Vietnamese relations. Webb, who can speak Vietnamese, has had a continuous involvement in Asian and Pacific affairs that long predates his time in the Senate. In addition to his more recent visits as a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Webb has worked and traveled throughout this vast region, from Micronesia to Burma, for nearly four decades, as a Marine Corps officer, a defense planner, a journalist, a novelist, a Department of Defense executive, and as a business consultant. He worked in the 1990s as a consultant for companies attempting to do business in Vietnam.

Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2009

On March 26, 2009, Webb filed the Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2009 (SB 714), which would create a blue ribbon commission to reevaluate the criminal justice system and drug policy and make recommendations for reform. Noting that the United States houses 25% of the world's inmates despite having only 5% of the world's population, Webb proposed a comparison between U.S. incarceration policies and those of other developed nations. At a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs hearing, Webb described the criminal justice system as being in "...a profound, deeply corrosive crisis that we have largely been ignoring at our peril." He also criticized the lack of standards in prison administration and highlighted the justice system's negative impact on communities. The subcommittee chairman, Sen. Arlen Specter (D-PA), expressed support for the bill at the hearing and indicated his intent to move the bill to the full United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. As of December 5, 2009, the bill had 35 cosponsors.

In the fall, an amendment to SB 714 was proposed by Sen. Charles Grassley (R-IA) that would have prohibited the commission created by the bill from discussing or recommending the decriminalization or legalization of any substance prohibited under the Controlled Substances Act. The proposed amendment drew criticism from some in the online community and was perceived as an attempt at censorship. Grassley later rescinded the amendment and claimed in a ''Des Moines Register'' op-ed he had proposed it to "start a debate on this important issue."

SB 714 passed the Senate Judiciary Committee by a voice vote on January 21, 2010.

Committee assignments

Committee on Armed Services

*Subcommittee on Airland

*Subcommittee on Personnel (Chairman)

*Subcommittee on SeaPower

Committee on Foreign Relations

*Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Narcotics Affairs

*Subcommittee on African Affairs

*Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chairman)

*Subcommittee on European Affairs

Committee on Veterans' Affairs

Joint Economic Committee

Engagement with Vietnam on rights

On January 27, 2010, Webb condemned Vietnam's jailing of four dissidents but urged the Obama administration not to isolate the communist nation. Webb voiced concern about Vietnam's jailing of the four dissidents for subversion in a day-long trial the previous week. "The arrest and trial of these individuals illustrates the growing pressure in Asia towards government censorship and authoritarian control," said Webb, "Rather than isolate Vietnam for its actions, I encourage the Obama administration to continue to raise issues of freedom of association and rule of law with the government of Vietnam."

Webb is a strong advocate of engagement with non-democratic states in Asia. He is the most prominent advocate in Congress for dialogue with military-run Myanmar, often pointing to Vietnam as an example of how US engagement can lead to greater openness. Vietnam sentenced the four democracy advocates to between five and 16 years in prison, a decision condemned by the United States and European Union.

Retirement

On February 9, 2011, Webb announced his plan to not run for reelection in 2012.

2008 Vice presidential speculation

Webb was frequently mentioned as a possible Vice Presidential Democratic nominee for Barack Obama in 2008 due to his military experience and moderate policy positions. Although he said he was not interested in the vice presidency, speculations about him being picked by Obama, the presumptive Democratic nominee at the time, were still heard.

Some felt that Webb's commentary on women serving in the military (e.g., his article "Women Can't Fight") was a strong consideration as to his possible candidacy. His selection would have closely followed the somewhat divisive Democratic primary battle between Obama and Hillary Clinton, whose candidacy had received strong support from organized feminism, and who would have been the first female major party nominee for the presidency, had she won the nomination. This situation may have made the prospect of Webb as Obama's running mate entirely politically untenable, as it could have caused many Democratic Clinton supporters to balk at switching allegiance to Obama.

On July, 7, Webb effectively removed himself as a possible candidate for Vice President in a statement made to ''Time'', stating that he intended to serve his term in the Senate and that "under no circumstances will I be a candidate for Vice President.” Obama went on to choose fellow senator Joe Biden as his running mate.

As an author

Books

Webb's successful first novel, ''Fields of Fire'' (1978), drawn from personal experience, tells the story of a platoon of United States Marines in late 1960s Vietnam. Reviewers hailed its descriptions of infantry life and combat.

After five more novels, he wrote a work of nonfiction, ''Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America'', tracing the role people of Scots-Irish ancestry have played in American history and culture. Webb argues that, contrary to the "cracker" and "redneck" stereotypes often applied to the Scots-Irish, many of whom settled in Appalachia, the American Midwest and the American South, the Scots-Irish were central to defining American working class values and culture. He lauds the fiercely independent streak and individualism of the Scots-Irish, and explains how their political pragmatism has often led them to play the role of swing voters in elections, for example as Reagan Democrats, and as voters for Ross Perot and Reform Party. Critics complain that errors in this book include incorrect time frames, omissions, misinterpretations (such as viewing the American Civil War as a continuation of the centuries-old Celtic-Saxon conflict), and bias stemming from Webb's feelings of persecution as a veteran of the Vietnam War.

Works

''Fields of Fire'' (1978) ISBN 0-553-58385-9

''A Sense of Honor'' (1981) ISBN 1-55750-917-4

''A Country Such as This'' (1983) ISBN 1-55750-964-6

''Something to Die For'' (1992) ISBN 0-380-71322-5

''The Emperor's General'' (1999) ISBN 0-553-57854-5

''Lost Soldiers'' (2002) ISBN 0-440-24091-3

''Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America'' (2004) ISBN 0-7679-1688-3

''A Time to Fight: Reclaiming a Fair and Just America'' (2008) ISBN 0-7679-2835-0

Movies

Webb wrote the story and was the executive producer for the 2000 movie ''Rules of Engagement'', which starred Tommy Lee Jones and Samuel L. Jackson.

Warner Brothers acquired Webb's script for ''Whiskey River''. The script concerns an American soldier who is injured in Iraq and returns to the United States. Before completing rehabilitation, he is called back to active duty. His father, in an attempt to save his son's life, kidnaps him.

In October 2006, while commenting on the need to break away from stereotypical movie villains, Webb stated, "[e]very movie needs a villain. Towel-heads and rednecks—of which I am one... became the easy villains in so many movies out there."

Articles

Webb has authored a number of articles in various journals and newspapers, including the ''Marine Corps Gazette'', ''Proceedings'' of the United States Naval Institute, ''USA Today'', ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post'', and the ''Wall Street Journal.''

On November 15, 2006, ''The Wall Street Journal'' published an article by Webb entitled "Class Struggle." Webb argued that the government must "confront the growing unfairness in this age of globalization." He also stated that the "elites" ignore the average American, and that they believe that "certain immigrant groups have the 'right genetics' and thus are natural entrants to the 'overclass,' while others, as well as those who come from stock that has been here for 200 years and have not made it to the top, simply don't possess the necessary attributes." Conservative columnist Jim Glassman has insinuated that this comment was anti-Semitic.

Election history

Webb first won election to the senate in 2006, defeating incumbent George Allen. George Allen has announced he will run for the Senate in 2012 for his old Senate seat.

See also

United States Senate election in Virginia, 2006

References

External links

Official

United States Senator Jim Webb Senate site

2007 Archived Senate Web Site part of Virginia's Political Landscape, 2007 Web Archive Collection at Virginia Memory

2008 Archived Senate Web Site part of Virginia's Political Landscape, 2008 Web Archive Collection at Virginia Memory

2009 Archived Senate Web Site part of Virginia's Political Landscape, 2009 Web Archive Collection at Virginia Memory

2010 Archived Senate Web Site part of Virginia's Political Landscape, 2010 Web Archive Collection at Virginia Memory

2006 Archived Campaign Web Site part of Virginia Statewide Election Campaign Web Sites, 2006 Archive Collection at Virginia Memory

Webb for Senate campaign site

Born Fighting PAC, Senator Jim Webb, Honorary Chair

Veterans for James Webb

Real Virginians for Webb

Generation Webb

Jim Webb's Facebook Grassroots Page

Jim Webb's Grassroots Myspace.com Page

James Webb Enterprises

Resources

Profile at SourceWatch

Secretaries of the Navy official list

Articles

Senator Jim Webb, Choosing His Battles, interview on Fresh Air, May 20, 2008

West, Paul. "Jim Webb: No More Combat Boots", ''Washingtonian'', February 1, 2008.

Webb's Navy Cross citation

Webb, James H. "The Price of Duty", ''PARADE Magazine'', May 27, 2001. URL accessed December 29, 2005

Webb, James. "Why You Need To Know The Scots-Irish", ''PARADE Magazine'', October 3, 2004, adapted from his book ''Born Fighting''. URL accessed April 27, 2010

Webb, James. "Purple Heartbreakers, ''New York Times'', January 18, 2006

About James H. Webb, Jr., from the Naval Post Graduate School

Interview on Comedy Central, The Colbert Report, March 8, 2006

Jim Webb vs. George Allen ''Meet the Press'', September 17, 2006

Allen Blasts Webb Novels For Sex Scenes Michael D. Shear and Tim Craig, ''The Washington Post'', October 28, 2006

Wilder endorses Webb Caine O'Rear, ''Richmond.com'', October 26, 2006

Military women support Webb as 'man of integrity' Seth McLaughlin, ''The Washington Times'', October 18, 2006

An angry man catches America's mood ''The Times''

Jim Webb & Graham Greene: With a Vietnamese Baby on Your Mind

Bad Manners Nora Ephron, ''Huffington Post'', November 30, 2006

Americans at War video

The Jim Webb Story profile on Webb and review of ''A Time to Fight'' from ''The New York Review of Books''

{{U.S. Senator box |state=Virginia |class=1 |before=George F. Allen |start=January 4, 2007 |alongside=John Warner, Mark Warner}}

Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:American Protestants Category:American historians Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War Category:American novelists Category:American political writers Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent Category:American screenwriters Category:Democratic Party United States Senators Category:Georgetown University Law Center alumni Category:Historians of the United States Category:People from St. Joseph, Missouri Category:Reagan Administration personnel Category:Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal Category:Recipients of the Navy Cross Category:Recipients of the Purple Heart medal Category:Recipients of the Silver Star Category:United States Marine Corps officers Category:United States Naval Academy alumni Category:United States Secretaries of the Navy Category:United States Senators from Virginia Category:University of Southern California alumni Category:Virginia Democrats Category:Washington, D.C. lawyers

de:Jim Webb es:Jim Webb fr:Jim Webb it:Jim Webb nl:Jim Webb no:Jim Webb pl:Jim Webb pt:Jim Webb sh:Jim Webb fi:Jim Webb sv:Jim Webb vi:Jim Webb

Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Chuck Todd
birthname	Charles David Todd
birth date	April 08, 1972
birth place	Miami, Florida, USA
religion	Jewish
education	George Washington University
occupation	NBC News Chief White House Correspondent and Political Director Contributing Editor to ''Meet the Press'', Adjunct Professor, Johns Hopkins University
spouse	Kristian Denny Todd
children	Daughter: Margaret Todd, Son: Harrison Todd
url	http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17814579/ }}

Charles David “Chuck” Todd (born April 8, 1972 in Miami, FL) is an American journalist, Chief White House Correspondent and political director for NBC News, and contributing editor to ''Meet the Press''. He is an occasional contributor to other news outlets, including ''The Atlantic.''

Career

Political campaigns

Before coming to the world of political reporting and analysis, Todd earned practical political experience on initiative campaigns in Florida and various national campaigns based in Washington, D.C. While in college, Todd worked for the 1992 presidential campaign of Senator Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) and later started part time at ''The Hotline''.

''The Hotline''

From 1992 until March 12, 2007, Todd worked for ''National Journal'''s ''The Hotline,'' where he was editor-in-chief for six years. As part of his position, Todd also co-hosted, with John Mercurio, the webcast series ''Hotline TV'', consisting of a daily show lasting between three and seven minutes and a weekly show ranging between 20 and 30 minutes. He became a frequent guest on political discussion shows, such as ''Hardball with Chris Matthews'' and ''Inside Politics'' with Judy Woodruff.

NBC News

Tim Russert brought Todd to NBC from ''The Hotline'' in March 2007. He became NBC News’ political director at that time. After Russert's death, Todd was a candidate to replace him as the host of NBC's ''Meet the Press'', but David Gregory was ultimately selected for the job.

As NBC News Political Director, Todd often provides on-air political analysis on political discussion shows, including ''Morning Joe'', ''Hardball with Chris Matthews'', ''Meet the Press'', ''NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams,'' and ''The Rachel Maddow Show'' and blogs for MSNBC.com at "First Read." He also does a weekly Question and Answer ("Q&A;") session with users at Newsvine.

On December 18, 2008, NBC announced that Todd would succeed Gregory as NBC News Chief White House Correspondent, partnering with Savannah Guthrie on the news beat. He retained his title as NBC News Political Director and was also named Contributing Editor to ''Meet the Press''.

Todd was a focus of an August 2008 ''Los Angeles Times'' article paralleling Todd's rise to the rise of cable news networks in coverage of U.S. politics. The article noted the emergence of Todd's fans, deemed "Chuckolytes."

Todd is also co-author, with Sheldon Gawiser, of ''How Barack Obama Won: A State-by-State Guide to the Historic 2008 Presidential Election'', published in 2009.

On July 6, 2009, former MSNBC television personality Dan Abrams launched a website service, Mediaite, reporting on media figures. The site ranks all TV-based journalists in America by influence. Todd ranks, as of October 2009, right before Mike Wallace as number five.

On January 11, 2010, Todd became co-host, with Savannah Guthrie, of ''The Daily Rundown'' on MSNBC, weekday mornings from 9 to 10 a.m. ET.

Personal

Todd is a native of Miami, Florida. He attended George Washington University from 1990 to 1994; although he majored in political science and minored in music, he did not graduate. Todd is an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University. He resides in Arlington, Virginia, with his wife, Kristian Denny Todd, daughter Margaret, and son Harrison. Kristian Denny Todd is a Democratic operative and communications professional.

References

External links

Chuck Todd - NBC News Political Director

First Read - MSNBC

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:American Jews Category:American journalists Category:George Washington University alumni Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty Category:People from Miami, Florida Category:People from Arlington County, Virginia Category:NBC News Category:American television reporters and correspondents Category:American television personalities

de:Chuck Todd fr:Chuck Todd

Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Goodwin Liu劉弘威
office	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of CaliforniaDesignate
nominator	Jerry Brown
term start	September 1, 2011
succeeding	Carlos R. Moreno
birth place	Augusta, Georgia
death date
nationality	American
ethnicity
alma mater	Stanford University (B.S.)University of Oxford (M.Phil.)Yale Law School (J.D.)
occupation	Judge, professor, lawyer
religion
spouse	Ann O'Leary
children	Violet O'Leary-Liu Emmett O'Leary-Liu
signature	}}

Goodwin Hon Liu (Chinese: 劉弘威, Liú Hóngwēi; born October 19, 1970) is an American lawyer and educator who was appointed by California Governor Jerry Brown to a seat on the Supreme Court of California. Liu currently is Associate Dean and Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall). Liu has been recognized for his writing on constitutional law, education policy, civil rights, and the Supreme Court.

On February 24, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Liu to fill a vacancy on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. For more than a year, Liu's nomination languished, amid significant opposition from Republicans in the U.S. Senate. On May 19, 2011, the Senate rejected cloture on Liu's nomination in a 52-43 vote, and on May 25, 2011, Liu informed President Obama that he is withdrawing his name from consideration to the seat on the Ninth Circuit, telling the president that "With no possibility of an up-or-down vote on the horizon, my family and I have decided that it is time for us to regain the ability to make plans for the future." On July 29, 2011, President Obama formally notified the Senate that he is withdrawing Liu's nomination for the 9th Circuit.

On July 26, 2011, Governor Jerry Brown announced that he is nominating Liu to a seat on the Supreme Court of California, succeeding Associate Justice Carlos R. Moreno.

Early life and education

Liu is of Taiwanese descent. Born in Augusta, Georgia as the second son of Wen-Pen and Yang-Ching Liu, both of whom came to the United States from Taiwan in the late 1960s when foreign doctors were being recruited to work in underserved areas. Liu and his family moved to Clewiston, Florida, shortly after his birth and then in 1977, they relocated to Sacramento, California, where Liu graduated from Rio Americano High School. He went to Stanford University and earned a B.S. in biology. While at Stanford, he was active in student politics as a member of the People's Platform, serving on the Council of Presidents of the ASSU. He attended Oxford University on a Rhodes Scholarship and earned a M. Phil in philosophy and physiology. Liu received his (J.D.) from Yale Law School.

Personal

Liu is married to Ann O'Leary, the daughter of a social worker and a union leader, who grew up in Orono, Maine. She is the founding Executive Director of the UC Berkeley Center on Health, Economic & Family Security. Liu and his wife have one daughter, Violet, and one son, Emmett. Liu has run four marathons and is also a skilled chef and fisherman.

Career

Liu initially worked an appellate litigator at O'Melveny & Myers in Washington. He later clerked for Judge David S. Tatel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuitand then for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, where among other things, he contributed a draft to her dissent in ''Bush v. Gore''. He also served as special assistant to the deputy secretary of the U.S. Department of Education and as senior program officer for higher education at the Corporation for National Service (AmeriCorps). He is also a former Chair of the Board of Directors of the American Constitution Society.

He is currently a professor at UC Berkeley and holds a seat on the Board of Trustees at nearby Stanford University. He has been elected to the American Law Institute and serves on the boards of the National Women's Law Center, and the Alliance for Excellent Education.

Professorship

He took a job at Boalt Hall at the University of California, Berkeley where he became Associate Dean and Professor of Law. In 2009 Liu was awarded the UC Berkeley Distinguished Teaching Award.

Nomination to the Ninth Circuit

On February 24, 2010, President Obama nominated Liu to a new judgeship seat on the Ninth Circuit created by the Court Security Improvement Act of 2007; which became effective on January 21, 2009. His nomination was filibustered by Republicans in the Senate and expired with the sine die adjournment of the 111th Congress. He was renominated to the same position on the first full day of the 112th Congress. On April 7, 2011 the Senate Judiciary Committee reported his nomination to the floor of the Senate by a 10-8 vote.

Liu's nomination earned support from former Independent Counsel and Whitewater prosecutor Kenneth Starr, former Associate White House Counsel to President George W. Bush Richard Painter, former Acting Solicitor General to President Bill Clinton, Walter Dellinger and both of California's Senators Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, as well as gaining a "unanimous well-qualified" rating from an American Bar Association committee that screens prospective judicial candidates on their competence, integrity and judicial temperament. His nomination was also supported and lauded by his fellow colleagues at UC Berkeley, including Christopher Edley, Jr. and John Yoo, and the director of the conservative Goldwater Institute, Clint Bolick, who praised his approachability and calm temprament.

However, Liu's nomination was harshly criticized by Senate Republicans for allegedly failing to disclose 117 of his more controversial writings and speeches. On April 6, 2010, Liu submitted the 117 requested items to the committee as a supplemental to the original questionnaire. The committee hearing had been postponed twice particularly due to Republican opposition to Liu's judicial qualifications and record. Liu defended his writings as a scholar by saying that "there’s a clear difference between what things people write as scholars and how one would approach the role of a judge". On April 6, 2010, a letter was sent to the Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy by the seven committee Republicans to request a third postponement, which was subsequently rejected. Liu was also criticized for lack of trial-level experience. Prior to his nomination, Liu had not served as a judge and had argued only one case at the appellate court level as a lawyer.

Liu's criticism of Judge John Roberts and especially his statement during Samuel Alito's Supreme Court nomination "Judge Alito's record envisions an America where police may shoot and kill an unarmed boy to stop him from running away with a stolen purse; where federal agents may point guns at ordinary citizens during a raid, even after no sign of resistance, where a black man may be sentenced to death by an all-white jury for killing a white man, absent [an] analysis showing discrimination, is not the America we know. Nor is it the America we aspire to be" was targeted by Senate Republicans as proof of his lack of judicial temperament and partisanship, although Liu later apologized and said that his words were "unduly harsh".

On May 17, 2011, Senator Harry Reid filed a cloture motion on Liu's nomination. On May 19, 2011, the Senate rejected cloture in a mostly party-line vote of 52-43, with all but one Democrat voting in favor of cloture and all but one Republican voting against. He became the first Obama judicial nominee to be successfully filibustered in the Senate. With the makeup of the Senate unlikely to change until after the 2012 election, Liu withdrew his name from consideration on May 25, 2011. On July 29, 2011, President Obama formally notified the Senate that he is withdrawing Liu's nomination for the 9th Circuuit.

Nomination to California Supreme Court

On July 26, 2011, California Gov. Jerry Brown nominated Liu to a seat on the Supreme Court of California. In submitting his nomination, Brown said that "[Liu] is a nationally-recognized expert on constitutional law and has experience in private practice, government service and in the academic community. I know that he will be an outstanding addition to our state supreme court." Liu responded to his nomination with a prepared statement, "I’m deeply honored by Governor Brown’s nomination and look forward to the opportunity to serve the people of California on our state’s highest court."

On August 30, the state bar commission that screens all nominees gave Liu a "unanimously well qualified" rating, describing him as "brilliant, impartial, and with a work ethic second to none ... [h]e has an unwavering commitment to equal access to justice and will treat all litigants fairly, without regard to wealth or position in society." He was confirmed unanimously the next day by Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye, state Attorney General Kamala Harris, and Senior Appeals Court Justice Joan Dempsey-Klein. Ten witnesses testified in favor of his nomination and none testified against.

Positions

Liu is socially liberal. He has written in favor of affirmative action, abortion rights, and same-sex marriage and has been critical of Bush-era waterboarding policy and the death penalty. His positions are usually left-leaning; however, Liu has supported charter schools and government-funded vouchers for private schools, particularly if used as a tool to "promote racial diversity."

Publications

Liu's recent work includes "Keeping Faith with the Constitution" (2009) (with Pamela S. Karlan and Christopher H. Schroeder); "Rethinking Constitutional Welfare Rights" in Stanford Law Review (2008); "History Will Be Heard: An Appraisal of the Seattle/Louisville Decision" in Harvard Law & Policy Review (2008); "Improving Title I Funding Equity Across States, Districts, and Schools," in Iowa Law Review (2008); "Seattle and Louisville" in California Law Review (2007); "Education, Equality, and National Citizenship" in Yale Law Journal (2006); and "Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity" in New York University Law Review (2006).

Accomplishments and awards

In 2007, Liu’s work won the Education Law Association's Steven S. Goldberg Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Education Law. In 2009, Professor Liu won the UC Berkeley Distinguished Teaching Award, the university's most prestigious award for excellence in teaching. The Boalt Hall Class of 2009 selected him as the faculty commencement speaker.

Appearances

Liu is a frequent commentator on constitutional law and education policy in general media, including the ''New York Times'', ''Washington Post'', ''Los Angeles Times'', ''PBS Newshour with Jim Lehrer'', and National Public Radio. He has testified before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, the California Assembly Education Committee, and the California Assembly and Senate Judiciary Committees.

See also

Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States

Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates

References

External links

Boalt Hall Faculty Profile

Liu on Judgepedia

-

Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford Category:American people of Taiwanese descent Category:American jurists of Asian descent Category:Jurisprudence academics Category:Stanford University alumni Category:Yale Law School alumni Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty Category:University of California, Berkeley administrators Category:American Rhodes scholars

zh:劉弘威

The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around . The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.

It is located

south of mainland China and the island of Taiwan,

west of the Philippines,

north west of Sabah (Malaysia), Sarawak (Malaysia) and Brunei,

north of Indonesia,

north east of the Malay peninsula (Malaysia) and Singapore, and

east of Vietnam.

The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.

Names

''South China Sea'' is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.

The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (''Mar da China''); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".

In Southeast Asia it was once called the ''Champa Sea'' ''Sea of Cham'', after the maritime kingdom of Champa that flourished there before the sixteenth century. The majority of the sea came under Japanese naval control during World War II following the military acquisition of many surrounding South East Asian territories in 1941. Japan calls the sea ''Minami Shina Kai'' "South China Sea". This was written 南支那海 until 2004, when the Japanese Foreign Ministry and other departments switched the spelling 南シナ海, which has become the standard usage in Japan.

In China, it is called the "South Sea", 南海 ''Nánhǎi'', and in Vietnam the "East Sea", ''Biển Đông''. In the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia it was long called the "South China Sea" (''Dagat Timog Tsina'' in Tagalog, ''Laut China Selatan'' in Malay), with the part within Philippine territorial waters often called the "Luzon Sea", ''Dagat Luzon'', by the Philippines. However, following an escalation of the Spratly Islands dispute in 2011, various Philippine government agencies started using the neologism "West Philippine Sea". A Pagasa spokesperson said that the sea to the east of the Philippines will continue to be called the Philippine Sea.

Geography

States and territories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: the People's Republic of China (including Macau and Hong Kong), the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, and Vietnam.

Major rivers that flow into the South China Sea include the Pearl, Min, Jiulong, Red, Mekong, Rajang, Pahang, Pampanga, and Pasig Rivers.

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the South China Sea as follows:

''On the South.'' The Eastern and Southern limits of Singapore and Malacca Straits [A line joining Tanjong Datok, the Southeast point of Johore () through Horsburgh Reef to Pulo Koko, the Northeastern extreme of Bintan Island (). The Northeastern coast of Sumatra] as far West as Tanjong Kedabu () down the East coast of Sumatra to Lucipara Point () thence to Tanjong Nanka, the Southwest extremity of Banka Island, through this island to Tanjong Berikat the Eastern point (), on to Tanjong Djemang () in Billiton, along the North coast of this island to Tanjong Boeroeng Mandi () and thence a line to Tanjong Sambar () the Southwest extreme of Borneo.

''On the East.'' From Tanjong Sambar through the West coast of Borneo to Tanjong Sampanmangio, the North point, thence a line to West points of Balabac and Secam Reefs, on to the West point of Bancalan Island and to Cape Buliluyan, the Southwest point of Palawan, through this island to Cabuli Point, the Northern point thereof, thence to the Northwest point of Busuanga and to Cape Calavite in the island of Mindoro, to the Northwest point of Lubang Island and to Point Fuego (14°08'N) in Luzon Island, through this island to Cape Engano, the Northeast point of Luzon, along a line joining this cape with the East point of Balintang Island (20°N) and to the East point of Y'Ami Island (21°05'N) thence to Garan Bi, the Southern point of Taiwan (Formosa), through this island to Santyo (25°N) its North Eastern Point.

''On the North.'' From Fuki Kaku the North point of Formosa to Kiushan Tao (Turnabout Island) on to the South point of Haitan Tao (25°25'N) and thence Westward on the parallel of 25°24' North to the coast of Fukien.

''On the West.'' The Mainland, the Southern limit of the Gulf of Thailand and the East coast of the Malay Peninsula.

Geology

The sea lies above a drowned continental shelf; during recent ice ages global sea level was hundreds of metres lower, and Borneo was part of the Asian mainland.

The South China Sea opened after around 45 million years ago when the Dangerous Grounds (Reed Tablemount) were rifted away from southern China. Extension culminated in seafloor spreading around 30 million years ago, a process that propagated to the SW resulting in the V-shaped basin we see today. Extension ceased around 17 million years ago. Arguments have continued about the role of tectonic extrusion in forming the basin. Paul Tapponnier and colleagues have argued that as India collides with Asia it pushes Indochina to the SE. The relative shear between Indochina and China caused the South China Sea to open. This view is disputed by geologists who do not consider Indochina to have moved far relative to mainland Asia. Recent marine geophysical studies by Peter Clift has shown that the Red River Fault was active and causing basin formation at least by 37 million years ago in the NW South China Sea, consistent with extrusion playing a part in the formation of the sea. Since opening the South China Sea has been the repository of large sediment volumes delivered by the Mekong River, Red River and Pearl River. Several of these deltas are rich in oil and gas deposits.

Islands and seamounts

The South China Sea contains over 250 small islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars, most of which have no indigenous people, many of which are naturally under water at high tide, and some of which are permanently submerged. The features are grouped into three archipelagos (listed by area size), Macclesfield Bank and Scarborough Shoal:

The Spratly Islands

The Paracel Islands

The Pratas Islands

The Macclesfield Bank

The Scarborough Shoal

The Spratly Islands spread over an 810 by 900 km area covering some 175 identified insular features, the largest being Taiping Island (Itu Aba) at just over 1.3 km long and with its highest elevation at 3.8 metres.

The largest singular feature in the area of the Spratly Islands is a 100 km wide seamount called Reed Tablemount, also known as Reed Bank, in the northeast of the group, separated from Palawan Island of the Philippines by the Palawan Trench. Now completely submerged, with a depth of 20 m, it was an island until it sank about 7,000 years ago due to the increasing sea level after the last ice age. With an area of 8,866 km², it is one of the largest submerged atoll structures of the world.

Resources

It is an extremely significant body of water in a geopolitical sense. It is the second most used sea lane in the world, while in terms of world annual merchant fleet tonnage, over 50% passes through the Strait of Malacca, the Sunda Strait, and the Lombok Strait. Over 1.6 million m³ (10 million barrels) of crude oil a day are shipped through the Strait of Malacca, where there are regular reports of piracy, but much less frequently than before the mid-20th century.

The region has proven oil reserves of around 1.2 km³ (7.7 billion barrels), with an estimate of 4.5 km³ (28 billion barrels) in total. Natural gas reserves are estimated to total around 7,500 km³ (266 trillion cubic feet).

According to studies made by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines, this body of water holds one third of the entire world's marine biodiversity, thereby making it a very important area for the ecosystem.

Territorial claims

Several countries have made competing territorial claims over the South China Sea. Such disputes have been regarded as Asia's most potentially dangerous point of conflict. Both People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) claim almost the entire body as their own, demarking their claims within what is known as the nine-dotted line, which claims overlap with virtually every other country in the region. Competing claims include:

Indonesia, China, and Taiwan over waters NE of the Natuna Islands

The Philippines, China, and Taiwan over the Malampaya and Camago gas fields.

The Philippines, China, and Taiwan over Scarborough Shoal.

Vietnam, China, and Taiwan over waters west of the Spratly Islands. Some or all of the islands themselves are also disputed between Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines.

The Paracel Islands are disputed between the PRC/ROC and Vietnam.

Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam over areas in the Gulf of Thailand.

Singapore and Malaysia along the Strait of Johore and the Strait of Singapore.

China and Vietnam have both been vigorous in prosecuting their claims. The People's Republic of China and South Vietnam each controlled part of the Paracel Islands before 1974. A brief conflict in 1974 resulted in 18 soldiers being killed, and China has controlled the whole of Paracel since then. The Spratly Islands have been the site of a naval clash, in which over seventy Vietnamese sailors were killed just south of Chigua Reef in March 1988. Disputing claimants regularly report clashes between naval vessels.

ASEAN in general, and Malaysia in particular, has been keen to ensure that the territorial disputes within the South China Sea do not escalate into armed conflict. As such, Joint Development Authorities have been set up in areas of overlapping claims to jointly develop the area and dividing the profits equally without settling the issue of sovereignty over the area. This is true, particularly in the Gulf of Thailand. Generally, China has preferred to resolve competing claims bi-laterally, while ASEAN countries prefer multi-lateral talks, believing that they are disadvantaged in bi-lateral negotiations with the much larger China and that because many countries claim the same territory only multilateral talks could effectively resolve the competing claims.

The overlapping claims over Pedra Branca or Pulau Batu Putih including neighboring Middle Rocks by both Singapore and Malaysia were settled in 2008 by the International Court of Justice, awarding Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh to Singapore and Middle Rocks to Malaysia.

In July 2010, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the Peoples Republic of China to resolve the territorial dispute. China responded by demanding the US keep out of the issue. This came at a time when both countries have been engaging in naval exercises in a show of force to the opposing side, which increased tensions in the region. The US Military released a statement on August 18 where it opposed the use of force to resolve the dispute, and accused China of assertive behaviour.

South China Sea in astronomy

South China Sea is associated with the star Xi Serpentis in asterism ''Left Wall'', Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellation).

See also

East China Sea

South China Sea shipwrecks

Territorial disputes in South China Sea

References

Further reading

Clive Schofield et al., From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia (July 2011)

C.Michael Hogan (2011) ''South China Sea'' Topic ed. P.Saundry. Ed.-in-chief C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC

UNEP (2007). ''Review of the Legal Aspects of Environmental Management in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand''. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 9.

Keyan Zou (2005). ''Law of the sea in East Asia: issues and prospects''. London/New York: Rutledge Curzon. ISBN 0-415-35074-3

External links

Rising Tensions in the South China Sea, June 2011 Q&A; with Ian J. Storey

News collections on The South China Sea on China Digital Times

The South China Sea on Google Earth - featured on Google Earth's Official Blog

South China Sea Virtual Library - online resource for students, scholars and policy-makers interested in South China Sea regional development, environment, and security issues.

Energy Information Administration - The South China Sea

Tropical Research and Conservation Centre - The South China Sea

Weekly Piracy Report

Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand

UNEP/GEF South China Sea Knowledge Documents

Category:Territorial disputes of the Philippines Category:Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China Category:Territorial disputes of Malaysia Category:Territorial disputes of Vietnam Category:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China Category:Marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean Category:Disputed territories in Southeast Asia

ar:بحر الصين الجنوبي zh-min-nan:Lâm Tiong-kok Hái be:Паўднёва-Кітайскае мора be-x-old:Паўднёва-Кітайскае мора bs:Južno kinesko more br:Mor Su Sina bg:Южнокитайско море ca:Mar de la Xina Meridional cv:Кăнтăр Китай тинĕсĕ cs:Jihočínské moře cbk-zam:Mar de China cy:Môr De Tsieina da:Sydkinesiske Hav de:Südchinesisches Meer et:Lõuna-Hiina meri es:Mar de la China Meridiоnal eo:Sudĉina Maro eu:Hegoaldeko Txinako itsasoa fa:دریای جنوبی چین hif:South China Sea fr:Mer de Chine méridionale fy:Súd-Sineeske See gl:Mar da China Meridional gan:南海 hak:Nàm Chûng-koet Hói ko:남중국해 hi:दक्षिणी चीन सागर hr:Južno kinesko more ilo:Baybay Abagatan a China id:Laut Cina Selatan os:Хуссар Китайы денджыз is:Suður-Kínahaf it:Mar Cinese meridionale he:ים סין הדרומי jv:Segara Cina Kidul pam:Dayat Malat ning Mauling Tsina ka:სამხრეთ ჩინეთის ზღვა kk:Оңтүстік Қытай теңізі sw:Bahari ya Kusini ya China ku:Deryaya Çîna Başûr lv:Dienvidķīnas jūra lt:Pietų Kinijos jūra hu:Dél-kínai-tenger mk:Јужнокинеско Море mr:दक्षिण चीन समुद्र ms:Laut China Selatan mn:Өмнөд Хятадын тэнгис nl:Zuid-Chinese Zee ja:南シナ海 no:Sørkinahavet nn:Sørkinahavet oc:Mar de China Meridionala km:សមុទ្រចិនខាងត្បូង pl:Morze Południowochińskie pt:Mar da China Meridional ro:Marea Chinei de Sud ru:Южно-Китайское море simple:South China Sea sk:Juhočínske more sr:Јужно кинеско море sh:Južno kinesko more su:Laut Cina Kidul fi:Etelä-Kiinan meri sv:Sydkinesiska havet tl:Dagat Luzon ta:தென்சீனக் கடல் th:ทะเลจีนใต้ tr:Güney Çin Denizi uk:Південно-Китайське море ur:بحیرۂ جنوبی چین vi:Biển Đông zh-classical:南海 war:Dagat han Salatan nga Tsina zh-yue:南中國海 zh:南海

Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
{{infobox senator | name	Lindsey Graham
jr/sr	Senior Senator
state	South Carolina
party	Republican
term start	January 3, 2003
alongside	Jim DeMint
preceded	Strom Thurmond
succeeded	Incumbent
state2	South Carolina
district2	3rd
term start2	January 3, 1995
term end2	January 3, 2003
preceded2	Butler Derrick
succeeded2	J. Gresham Barrett
birth date	July 09, 1955
birth place	Central, South Carolina
occupation	Attorney
residence	Seneca, South Carolina
alma mater	University of South Carolina (B.A., J.D.)
religion	Southern Baptist
website	Senator Lindsey Graham
Branch	United States Air Force
Serviceyears	1982 – 1988 (active)1988 – present (reserve)
Rank	Colonel
Unit	Judge Advocate General's Corps
Battles	Gulf WarIraq WarWar in Afghanistan
Awards	}}

Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is the senior U.S. Senator from South Carolina and a member of the Republican Party. Previously he served as the U.S. Representative for .

Early life, education and career

Graham was born in Central, South Carolina, where his parents, Millie and Florence James Graham, ran a liquor store, the Sanitary Cafe. After graduating from D. W. Daniel High School, Graham became the first member of his family to attend college and joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. When he was 21 his mother died, and his father died 15 months later. Because his sister was left orphaned, the service allowed Graham to attend University of South Carolina in Columbia so he could be near home and care for his sister, whom he adopted. During his studies, he became a member of the fraternity Pi Kappa Phi.

Graham graduated from the University of South Carolina with a B.A. in Psychology in 1977 and from the University of South Carolina School of Law with a J.D. in 1981. Upon graduating, Graham was sent to Europe as a military prosecutor, and eventually entered private practice as a lawyer.

Military service

Graham decided to join the United States Air Force in 1982, and served on active duty until 1988. Following his departure he stayed in the military, joining the South Carolina Air National Guard and the U.S. Air Force Reserve. During the Gulf War, he was recalled to active duty, serving as a Judge Advocate at McEntire Air National Guard Station in Eastover, South Carolina, where he helped brief departing pilots on the laws of war.

In 2004, Graham received a promotion to Colonel in the U.S. Air Force Reserves at a White House ceremony officiated by President George W. Bush.

Graham served in Iraq as a reservist on active duty for short periods during April and two weeks in August 2007, where he worked on detainee and rule-of-law issues. He also served in Afghanistan during the August 2009 Senate recess.

Through 2010, Graham served as a senior instructor for the Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Air Force.

South Carolina House of Representatives

In 1992, Graham was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives from a district in Oconee County, and served one term.

U.S. House of Representatives

Committee assignments

During his service in the House, Graham served on the following committees:

Committee on International Relations, 1995–1998

Committee on Education and the Workforce, 1995–2002

Committee on the Judiciary, 1997–2002

Committee on Armed Services, 1999–2002

In Congress, Graham became a member of the Judiciary Committee during the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998. Graham opposed some articles, but vigorously supported others. In January and February 1999, after two impeachment articles had been passed by the full House, he was one of the managers who brought the House's case to Clinton's trial in the Senate which did not convict Clinton.

U.S. Senate

Committee assignments

Committee on Armed Services

*Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities

*Subcommittee on Personnel (Ranking Member)

*Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

Committee on the Budget

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

*Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce and the District of Columbia

*Ad Hoc Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration

*Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery (Ranking Member)

*Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Contracting Oversight

Committee on the Judiciary

*Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts

*Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs (Ranking Member)

*Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law

*Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights

Committee on Veterans' Affairs

Special Committee on Aging

Previous assignments

Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, 2003–2005

Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, 2007–2009

Select Committee on Intelligence, 2007–2009

Caucus memberships

International Conservation Caucus

Senate National Guard Caucus (Co-Chair)

Sportsmen's Caucus

Graham is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute.

Alito confirmation hearings

During the Judiciary Committee's confirmation hearings for the nomination of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court, a question arose concerning Alito's membership in a Princeton University organization which some said was sexist and racist. Alito "deplored" racist comments made by the organization's founder. While Graham said that Alito may be saying this because he wanted the nomination, he concluded that he had no reason to believe that because "you seem to be a decent, honorable man." Alito's wife and sister characterized Graham's statements as supportive.

Political positions

Though Graham's stances are often politically conservative, he has gained a reputation for sometimes speaking out against or criticizing the party line, as well as being open to making economical decisions, such as was demonstrated with his support for bank bailouts. Graham notably supported John McCain's presidential bid in 2000, and served as national co-chairman of McCain's 2008 presidential bid.

Free speech

During an appearance on ''Face the Nation'' on April 3, 2011, Graham "suggested that Congress take unspecified though formal action against the Koran-burning by Florida preacher Terry Jones," in light of an attack on United Nations personnel triggered by Jones' actions. In asserting that "Congress might need to explore the need to limit some forms of freedom of speech," Graham argued that "Free speech is a great idea, but we’re in a war," and claimed that "during World War II, we had limits on what you could say if it would inspire the enemy."

Gang of 14

On May 23, 2005, Graham was one of the Gang of 14 senators to forge a compromise that brought a halt to the continued blockage of an up or down vote on judicial nominees. This compromise negated both the Democrats' use of a filibuster and the Republican "nuclear option" as described in the media. Under the agreement, the Democrats would retain the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee only in an "extraordinary circumstance", and three conservative Bush appellate court nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) would receive a vote by the full Senate.

Detainee interrogations

In July 2005, Graham secured the declassification and release of memoranda outlining concerns made by senior military lawyers as early as 2003 about the legality of the interrogations of prisoners held at Guantanamo Bay.

In response to this and a June 2004 U.S. Supreme Court decision allowing detainees to file habeas corpus petitions to challenge their detentions, Graham authored an amendment to a Department of Defense Authorization Act attempting to clarify the authority of American courts which passed in November 2005 by a vote of 49-42 in the Senate despite opposition from human rights groups and legal scholars because of the lack of rights it provides detainees.

Graham has said he amended the Department of Defense Authorization Act in order to give military lawyers, as opposed to politically appointed lawyers, a more independent role in the oversight of military commanders. He has argued that two of the largest problems leading to the detainee abuse scandals at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib were this lack of oversight and troops' confusion over legal boundaries.

Graham further explains that military lawyers had long observed the provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Convention, but that those provisions had not been considered by the Bush administration in decisions regarding the treatment of detainees in Guantanamo Bay. He has claimed that better legal oversight within the military’s chain of command will prevent future detainee abuse.

The Graham amendment was itself amended by Democratic Senator Carl Levin so that it would not strip the courts of their jurisdiction in cases like ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld'' that had already been granted cert; this compromise version passed by a vote of 84-14, though it did little to satisfy many critics of the original language. The Graham-Levin amendment, combined with Republican Senator John McCain's amendment banning torture, became known as the Detainee Treatment Act and attempted to limit interrogation techniques to those in the U.S. Army Field Manual of Interrogation. Verbal statements by Senators at the time of the amendment's passage indicated that Congress believed that Levin's changes would protect the courts' jurisdiction over cases like ''Hamdan'', though Levin and his cosponsor Kyl placed in the Congressional Record a statement indicating that there would be no change.

In February 2006, Graham joined Senator Jon Kyl in filing an amicus brief in the Hamdan v. Rumsfeld case that argued "Congress was aware" that the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 would strip the Supreme Court of jurisdiction to hear "pending cases, including this case" brought by the Guantanamo detainees.

In a May 2009 CNN interview, Graham referred to the domestic internment of German and Japanese prisoners of war and US Citizens as a model for domestic detention of Guantanamo detainees by saying, "We had 450,000 Japanese and German prisoners housed in the United States during World War II. As a nation, we can deal with this."

Immigration reform

Graham has been a supporter of "comprehensive immigration reform" and of S. 2611, the McCain-Kennedy Immigration Reform Bill of 2006 as well as S. 1348 of 2007, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007.

His positions on immigration, and in particular collaborating with Senator Ted Kennedy, earned Graham the ire of conservative activists. Graham responded by saying, "We are going to solve this problem. We're not going to run people down. We're not going to scapegoat people. We're going to tell the bigots to shut up, and we're going to get this right." The controversy prompted conservative activists to support a primary challenge in 2008 by longtime Republican national committeeman Buddy Witherspoon, but Graham won the nomination by a large margin.

On July 28, 2010, however, Graham seemed to offer multiple concessions to the more conservative wing of his party when, during an interview on the Fox News Channel program ''On The Record With Greta Van Susteren'', he suggested that U.S. citizenship as an automatic birthright — guaranteed by the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution — was "a mistake", that the Constitution should be amended to reflect this view, and that any child born of illegal immigrants inside the borders of the United States should themselves be considered illegal immigrants. "Birthright citizenship I think is a mistake," explained Graham. "We should change our Constitution and say if you come here illegally and you have a child, that child's automatically not a citizen." He did not suggest, however, what his alternate criteria would be - if any - for gaining citizenship by birth. He continued to suggest that all immigrants should be compelled by law to learn English, another new position for Graham.

Second Amendment

Graham has been given an A rating by the NRA and a B rating by the Gun Owners of America.

Health care

Graham opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009, and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.

Graham is a cosponsor of the Healthy Americans Act.

Same-sex marriage

As a member of the House of Representatives, in 1996 Graham voted for the Defense of Marriage Act. As a Senator, in 2004 he voted for the Federal Marriage Amendment. He received a rating of 0% from the gay rights group Human Rights Campaign in each reporting period from 1995-2008, with the exception of 1999, when he received a rating of 9%.

Climate change

On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework. Graham has been identified as a leading supporter of passing a climate change bill and was thought to be a likely sponsor for the final bill. The Senators have identified a green economy, clean air, energy independence, consumer protection, increasing nuclear power and regulating the world's carbon market as the key features to a successful climate change bill. In response to Senate Democrats shifting their priorities to immigration issues, a reaction to Arizona's passage of an anti-undocumented immigrant law, Senator Graham withdrew his support for the climate bill, leaving its passage in doubt.

In June 2010, however, Graham told reporters that "The science about global warming has changed. I think they've oversold this stuff, quite frankly. I think they've been alarmist and the science is in question. The whole movement has taken a giant step backward." He also stated that he planned to vote against the climate bill that he had originally co-sponsored, citing further restriction of offshore drilling added to the bill and the bill's impact on transportation.

Foreign policy

Graham has supported an interventionist foreign policy. On November 6, 2010 at the Halifax International Security Forum, he called for a pre-emptive military strike to "neuter" the Iranian regime. He has also argued that "the U.S. needs to keep at least 10,000 troops in Iraq into 2012," saying that "If we're not smart enough to work with the Iraqis to have 10,000 to 15,000 American troops in Iraq in 2012, Iraq could go to hell."

In August 2011, Graham co-sponsored with Sen. Jeanne Shaheen Senate Resolution 175, wherewith he contended that "Russia's invasion of Georgian land in 2008 was an act of aggression, not only to Georgia but to all new democracies." The claim that Russia instigated the aggression in South Ossetia, however, has been contradicted by many observers, including a European Union investigation. The resolution passed unanimously.

He is an advisor to the Atlantic Bridge.

Political campaigns

In 1994, Graham was elected to the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's 3rd congressional district in the northwestern part of the state after 20-year incumbent Butler Derrick retired. With U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond campaigning on his behalf, Graham won by a large margin, becoming the first Republican to represent this district since 1877. The margin came as something of a surprise; none of the 3rd's living residents had ever been represented by a Republican before. In his first reelection bid, in 1996, Debbie Dorn, daughter of longtime 3rd District congressman W.J. Bryan Dorn and Derrick's niece, challenged Graham. However, Graham turned back this challenge fairly easily, winning by almost 20 points. He was unopposed for reelection in 1998 and handily defeated an underfunded Democrat in 2000.

In 2002, upon Thurmond's retirement, Graham defeated his Democratic opponent, Alex Sanders, the former president of the College of Charleston. Graham became South Carolina's first new Senator since 1965, and the state's first freshman Republican Senator since Reconstruction when sanctions were imposed on South Carolina by Radical Republicans. Graham served as Junior Senator for only two years, serving with U.S. Senator Ernest "Fritz" Hollings. Graham became Senior Senator in 2005 when Jim DeMint won election to Hollings's seat. In 2008, Graham was easily reelected against North Myrtle Beach native Bob Conley.

Electoral history

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+ : Results 1994–2000 !|Year ! !|Democrat !|Votes !|Pct ! !|Republican !|Votes !|Pct ! !|3rd Party !|Party !|Votes !|Pct ! |- |1994 | | | | align="right" |59,932 | |40% | | | | align="right" |90,123 | |60% | | | | | | |* |- |1996 | | |Debbie Dorn | align="right" |73,417 | |39% | | |Lindsey Graham | align="right" |114,273 | |60% | | |Lindal Pennington | |Natural Law | align="right" |1,835 | align="right" |1% | |- |1998 | | |''(no candidate)'' | align="right" | | | | | |Lindsey Graham | align="right" |129,047 | |100% | | |Write-ins | | | align="right" |402 | align="right" |<1% | |- |2000 | | |(On United Citizens line)(Total) | align="right" |64,9172,25367,170 | |29% 1%30% | | |Lindsey Graham | align="right" |150,180 | |68% | | |Adrian Banks | |Libertarian | align="right" |3,116 | align="right" |1% | |*

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+ Senate elections in South Carolina (Class II): Results 2002–2008 !|Year ! !|Democrat !|Votes !|Pct ! !|Republican !|Votes !|Pct ! !|3rd Party !|Party !|Votes !|Pct ! !|3rd Party !|Party !|Votes !|Pct ! |- |2002 | | | | align="right" |487,359 | |44% | | | | align="right" |600,010 | |54% | | |Ted Adams | |Constitution | align="right" |8,228 | align="right" |1% | | |Victor Kocher | |Libertarian | align="right" |6,648 | align="right" |1% | |* |- |2008 | | | | align="right" |785,559 | |42% | | |Lindsey Graham | align="right" |1,069,137 | |58% | | |Write-ins | | | align="right" |608 | align="right" |<1% | | | | | |

Personal life

Graham has never been married and, when questioned by Robert Draper of the ''New York Times'', said, "I know it's really going to upset a lot of gay men—I'm sure hundreds of them are going to be jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge—but I ain't available; I ain't gay. Sorry."

References

External links

United States Senator Lindsey Graham ''official U.S. Senate site''

Lindsey Graham for U.S. Senate ''official campaign site''

Profile from the ''Senate Republican Caucus''

Profile at SourceWatch

"Swing Conservative: The perilous bipartisanship of Lindsey Graham." ''Washington Monthly'', April 2005

"The American Ghosts of Abu Ghraib", Sam Provance, ''Consortium News'', March 27.2007

{{U.S. Senator box | before=Strom Thurmond | after= Incumbent | state=South Carolina | class=2 | years=2003–present | alongside=Ernest Hollings, Jim DeMint}}

Category:1955 births Category:American military personnel of the Iraq War Category:American prosecutors Category:Living people Category:International Republican Institute Category:Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina Category:People from Pickens County, South Carolina Category:South Carolina lawyers Category:South Carolina Republicans Category:Southern Baptists Category:United States Air Force officers Category:United States Senators from South Carolina Category:University of South Carolina alumni Category:Republican Party United States Senators

de:Lindsey Graham fr:Lindsey Graham la:Lindsey Graham nl:Lindsey Graham no:Lindsey Graham pl:Lindsey Graham pt:Lindsey Graham ru:Грэм, Линдси sh:Lindsey Graham fi:Lindsey Graham sv:Lindsey Graham