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Antonio Palocci
Antonio Palocci Filho (Cosmorama, October 4, 1960) is a Brazilian physician and politician. He was the Finance minister of the Brazilian federal government from January 1, 2003 until March 27, 2006 (when he resigned in the wake of reports of conduct unbecoming of his office), during the presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
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Che Guevara
Ernesto "Che" Guevara (; June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as El Che or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol and global insignia within popular culture.
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Dilma Rousseff
Dilma Vana Rousseff (; born December 14, 1947) is a Brazilian economist and politician affiliated with the Workers' Party (PT). She was appointed Chief of Staff by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in June 2005, becoming the first female to assume the position. Rousseff is currently Lula's designated successor and the leading presidential candidate in the Brazilian 2010 elections.
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Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (; born 14 September 1965) is the third and current President of the Russian Federation, inaugurated on 7 May 2008. He won the presidential election held on 2 March 2008 with 71.25% of the popular vote.
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Duda Mendonça
José Eduardo Cavalcanti de Mendonça, known as Duda Mendonça, (Salvador, Brazil, August 10, 1944) is one of the principal advertising and political strategist specialists in Brazil. Owner of the agency [http://www.dudapropaganda.com.br/ Duda Propaganda], he became famous for his effective political campaigns, managing more than 55 significant national campaigns, including mayoral, senatorial, gubernatorial and presidential races in more than 20 years of experience.
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Fernando Collor
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Guido Mantega
Guido Mantega (; born April 7, 1949 in Genoa, Italy) is a Brazilian economist, politician and currently Brazil's Finance Minister.
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Henrique Meirelles
Henrique de Campos Meirelles (born August 31, 1945 in Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil) is the current president of Banco Central do Brasil, Brazil's central bank. In 2002 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, Brazil's congressional lower house, as a Goiás-state PSDB party congressman. However, Meirelles resigned before swearing in to be able to assume his current position in January 2003.
http://wn.com/Henrique_Meirelles -
Hu Jintao
'''
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Hugo Chávez
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (; born July 28, 1954, in Sabaneta) is the President of Venezuela. A critic of neoliberalism, globalisation, and United States foreign policy, Chávez has promoted ideas of socialism, participatory democracy and Latin American and Caribbean cooperation. Chávez remains a very controversial figure at home and abroad. Detractors within the Organization of American States, European Union, United Nations, U.S. State Department, and others, criticize Chávez for alleged human rights violations, while others point to improvements in constitutional and legal rights, poverty reduction, health care, women's rights, and treatment of indigenous peoples under his presidency. His political influence in South America – partly due to his government's use of Venezuela's oil wealth – and his sometimes strained relationship with the United States endow him with a high geopolitical profile, leading Time magazine to include him among their list of the world's 100 most influential people in 2005 and 2006.
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Jackson Diehl
Jackson Diehl (1956 - ) is the Deputy Editorial Page Editor of The Washington Post. He writes many of the paper's editorials on foreign affairs, helps to oversee the editorial and oped pages and authors a regular column.
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Jader Barbalho
Jader Fontenelle Barbalho (born 27 October 1944) is a powerful Brazilian politician, newspaper and television station owner, and cattle rancher from the state of Pará. He is a popular and important politician with the PMDB party and is currently (2007) a federal deputy from Pará. He is the father of Hélder Barbalho, mayor of Ananindeua, Pará, and he was married to federal deputy Elcione Barbalho. He is a national figure known throughout Brazil, albeit a controversial one.
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José Alencar
:For the 19th-century Brazilian author, see José de Alencar.
http://wn.com/José_Alencar -
José Dirceu
José Dirceu de Oliveira e Silva (; b. Passa Quatro, Minas Gerais, March 16, 1946) is a Brazilian politician.
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José Serra
José Serra (; born March 19, 1942 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian politician, former secretary of state, congressman, senator, minister of Planning and Minister of Health, mayor of São Paulo and Governor of São Paulo state.
http://wn.com/José_Serra -
Leonel Brizola
Leonel de Moura Brizola (Carazinho, Rio Grande do Sul, January 22, 1922 — Rio de Janeiro, June 21, 2004) was a Brazilian politician. He was governor of the state of Rio Grande do Sul from 1959 to 1962 and served two terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro state (1983–1987 and 1991–1994). He was also vice-president of the Socialist International, as well as Honorary President of that organization for a few months, from October 2003 until his death. Brizola and his party (Democratic Labour Party) preached and practiced a kind of social democratic left-wing policy.
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Mina Ahadi
Mina Ahadi (born 1956) is an Iranian Communist political activist and current member of the Central Committee and Politburo of the Worker-Communist Party of Iran.
http://wn.com/Mina_Ahadi -
Portuguese people
The Portuguese () are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
http://wn.com/Portuguese_people -
Renan Calheiros
Renan Calheiros (born in Murici, Alagoas, on September 16, 1955) is a Brazilian politician and former President of the Senate of Brazil. He represents the state of Alagoas in the senate for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party.
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Rui Falcão
Rui Falcão is a Brazilian politician, and a member of the Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores). He served as the President of the Workers' Party in 1994. He later became the Secretary of Government.
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Shirin Ebadi
Shirin Ebadi ( - Ŝirin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist and founder of Centre for the Defence of Human Rights in Iran. On October 10, 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights. She was the first ever Iranian, and the first Muslim woman to have received the prize.
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Tancredo Neves
Tancredo de Almeida Neves, SFO more commonly Tancredo Neves (; March 4, 1910 – April 21, 1985) was a Brazilian politician. He was born in São João del Rei, in the state of Minas Gerais, of mostly Portuguese, but also Austrian descent and graduated in law. The Neves family name comes from an Azorean great great grandfather. Tancredo Neves is also a descendant of Amador Bueno, notable character of colonial Brazil from São Paulo. He began his political career as a member of the legislative chamber of his hometown in 1934, and was elected in 1947 to the Minas Gerais state legislature. Three years later he became a representative of his state in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies. In 1953 he was appointed by President Getúlio Dornelles Vargas to be the Minister of Justice. Neves served in that post until Vargas committed suicide in 1954. In 1960, Neves ran unsuccessfully for governor of Minas Gerais.
http://wn.com/Tancredo_Neves
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ABCD, sometimes called ABC (ABC paulista or Região do Grande ABC in Portuguese) is an industrial region made up of seven municipalities with the greater metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil.The name "ABCD" is derived from the principal initials of four of these cities: Santo André (A), São Bernardo do Campo (B), São Caetano do Sul (C), and Diadema (D). The region also includes the cities of Mauá, Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra.
http://wn.com/ABCD_Region -
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Brasília () is the capital of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 (3,599,000 in the metropolitan area) as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the fourth largest city in Brazil. However, as a metropolitan area, it ranks lower at sixth. It is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Brasília hosts 119 foreign embassies.
http://wn.com/Brasília -
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Caetés (Caaetes) is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Pernambuco (PE), Brazil. The city belongs to the mesoregion of Agreste Pernambucano and microregion of Garanhuns. It is also knowns and famous, as the birthplace of current president of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This name, Caetés, has its origins in the indigenous people Caetés who lived in Pernambuco in the 16th century.
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Campinas (Plains; ) is a city and county (município) located in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Garanhuns is a city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. Located in the Borborema Plateau, the town is known as the "Suíça Pernambucana" (Pernambucan Switzerland) due to its pleasant weather during summer and low temperatures during winter, something rather unusual for the region. It is also known as "Cidade das Flores" ("City of Flowers") or "Cidade da Garoa" ("City of Drizzle").
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Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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The Oval Office, located in the West Wing of the White House, is the official office of the President of the United States.
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The Palácio da Alvorada (, Palace of Dawn) is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.
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Pernambuco () is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. To the north are the states of Paraíba and Ceará, to the west is Piauí, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean. There are about 187 kilometers (116 miles) of beaches, some of the most beautiful in the country, as Porto de Galinhas, Carneiros and Calhetas. The capital, Recife, has one of most beautiful urban areas of the country, Boa Viagem. Together with its neighboring city of Olinda, it is one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the northeastern part of Brazil. Both have Portuguese architecture, with secular casarões and churches, and kilometers of beaches and much culture. Pernambuco also has the archipelago Fernando de Noronha. The proximity of the Equator guarantees an entire year of sun, with average temperatures of 26°C (78.8°F).
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Recife () is the 4th-largest Metropolitan area in Brazil with 4,136,506 inhabitants, the largest metropolitan area of the North/Northeast Regions, the 4th-largest metropolitan influence area in Brazil, and the capital of the state of Pernambuco. The population of the city proper was 1,561,659 in 2009. Recife is located where the Beberibe River meets the Capibaribe River to flow into the Atlantic Ocean. It is a major port on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Recife means "reef" in Portuguese, in allusion to the coral reefs that are present by the city's shores. The many rivers, small islands and over 50 bridges found in Recife city center characterize its geography and gives it the moniker of the "Brazilian Venice."
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Ribeirão Preto (Portuguese for "Black Stream") is a municipality and city in the Northeastern region of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is nicknamed Brazilian California, because of a combination of an economy based on agrobusiness plus high technology, wealth and sunny weather all year long. With 570,000 inhabitants, Ribeirão Preto is the ninth largest municipality in the state. With a total area of 652.2 km² (251.8 sq mi), its coordinates are 21° 10’ 42" South latitude and 47° 48’ 24" West longitude; and it is situated 313 km (194 mi) from the city of São Paulo and 706 km (439 mi) from Brasília, the federal capital. Mean altitude is 546.8 meters high (1,794 ft).
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Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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São Paulo ( "St. Paul"; , , or commonly ) is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere, and the world's 7th largest metropolitan area. The city is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous Brazilian state. The name of the city honors Saint Paul. São Paulo exerts strong regional influence in commerce and finance as well as arts and entertainment. São Paulo is considered an Alpha - World City.
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São Paulo () is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy. Named after Saint Paul, São Paulo has the largest population, industrial park and economic production of the country. It is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Western world. It is the richest state of Brazil. The capital, São Paulo, is also the largest city in South America.
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Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
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Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its roughly northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
http://wn.com/Venezuela
- 2016 Summer Olympics
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Lula Filmography
- South of the Border (2009) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#1.33) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#1.37) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#1.39) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#1.25) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#2.27) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#2.22) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#2.18) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#1.7) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- (#2.41) (2008) (actor, plays Himself)
- A Promise to the Dead: The Exile Journey of Ariel Dorfman (2007) (actor, plays Himself)
- Brizola - Tempos de Luta (2007) (actor, plays Himself)
- (2007-03-10) (2007) (actor, plays Himself)
- O Dia em Que o Brasil Esteve Aqui (2005) (actor, plays Himself)
- Entreatos (2004) (actor, plays Himself)
- A Pessoa É Para o Que Nasce (2003) (actor, plays Himself)
- A Voz da Ponta (2003) (actor, plays Himself)
- Raízes do Brasil: Uma Cinebiografia de Sérgio Buarque de Hollanda (2003) (actor, plays Himself)
- Vale a Pena Sonhar (2003) (actor, plays Himself)
- Géraldo: À qui profite le profit? (2002) (actor, plays Himself)
- Beyond Citizen Kane (1993) (actor, plays Himself)
- The Money Lenders (1991) (actor, plays Himself)
- O Evangelho Segundo Teotônio (1984) (actor, plays Himself)
Lula
Releases by album:
Album releases
El mundo está temblando
(Released 2007)
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Lo que hay
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Di lo peor
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Te quiero, no te quiero
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Johnnie Walker
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Silvia
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Mi ex y yo
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Crash
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Fan fatal
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Rubia de bote
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Minie
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Llamadas
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Amantes solitarios
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Dee Dee y Marilyn
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El mundo está temblando
Zapatos nuevos
(Released 2006)
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Henry miller
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Perfecta
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California
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Hermano
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Llámame
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Estás solo
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El hombre que
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Azul instantáneo
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Guarra
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Sayonara
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Como estás
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El amante
Lula
(Released 1999)
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Vive como quieras
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I pesci di Mururoa
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Woody Guthrie aveva scritto
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Mi faccio saltare la testa
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Linda adora
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Fragole al frutto
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Un anno fa
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Il tuo vestito è fantastico
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Due di notte
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Camden Town
Da dentro
(Released 1995)
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Guarda l'umanità che si fa largo stravolgendo i sogni tuoi
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Marilù Darkene
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Da dentro
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Non capisci, è distante
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Lei si muove dentro te
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Anni mantra
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Tutti quanti in coro
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Faccio un sacco di soldi
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Non è abbastanza strano?
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Coroner
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Nihil laudamus
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Blues for Ylenia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Published: 25 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Nov 2011
- Author: sanamluang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Published: 02 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Nov 2011
- Author: sanamluang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Published: 31 May 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Oct 2011
- Author: oxfaminternational
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Published: 01 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: icidadania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 13 Oct 2006
- Uploaded: 17 Nov 2011
- Author: luizamafra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Published: 28 May 2010
- Uploaded: 13 Oct 2011
- Author: southoftheborderdoc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 25 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: xxx7spiros
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 31 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 12 Nov 2011
- Author: ArminDoherty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:24
- Published: 15 Jun 2007
- Uploaded: 18 Oct 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 21 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: spinningfancy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Published: 24 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 14 Nov 2011
- Author: AssociatedPress
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Published: 11 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: sanamluang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Published: 27 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: icidadania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:11
- Published: 19 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Nov 2011
- Author: suzannemattox
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 02 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 17 Nov 2011
- Author: Scarperguy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Published: 22 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 12 Nov 2011
- Author: HuesosBrigada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Published: 24 Nov 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: tuco769ify
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 29 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 14 Nov 2011
- Author: HellAndLulaVEVO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Published: 17 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: lampadarios
size: 5.9Kb
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Iran files complaint over purported US drone
Al Jazeera
-
Forget Embassy Wars, the Real War Is Over Memory
WorldNews.com
-
Defense Authorization Act Will Destroy The Bill Of Rights
WorldNews.com
-
Russians stage mass protests against Putin, polls
The Star
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Euro crisis summit: The night Europe changed
BBC News
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size: 6.2Kb
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Name | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva |
---|---|
Alt | Portrait of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva |
Office | 35th President of Brazil |
Vicepresident | José Alencar |
Term start | 1 January 2003 |
Term end | 31 December 2010 |
Predecessor | Fernando Henrique Cardoso |
Successor | Dilma Rousseff |
Office2 | Leader of the Workers' Party |
Term start2 | 10 February 1980 |
Term end2 | 15 November 1994 |
Predecessor2 | Position established |
Successor2 | Rui Falcão |
Birth date | October 27, 1945 |
Birth place | Caetés, Brazil |
Nationality | Brazilian |
Party | Workers' Party |
Spouse | Maria de Lurdes (Deceased)Marisa Letícia Rocco Casa |
Children | Fábio LuísLurian CordeiroLuís CláudioMarcos Cláudio (Adopted)Sandro Luís |
Residence | São Bernardo do Campo |
Profession | Automotive workerUnion organizer |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Signature | Signature of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.svg |
Signature alt | Lula (Signature of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) }} |
A founding member of the Workers' Party (PT – Partido dos Trabalhadores), he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as President on 1 January 2003. In the 2006 election he was re-elected for a second term as President, which ended on 31 December 2010. He was succeeded by his former Chief of Staff, Dilma Rousseff.
He is often regarded as the most popular politician in the history of Brazil and, at the time of his mandate, one of the most popular in the world. Social programs like Bolsa Família and Fome Zero are hallmarks of his time in office. Lula played a prominent role in recent international relations developments, including the Nuclear program of Iran and global warming, and was described as "a man with audacious ambitions to alter the balance of power among nations." He was featured in Times The 100 Most Influential People in the World for 2010, and has been called "the most successful politician of his time."
Early life
Luiz Inácio da Silva was born on 27 October 1945 (but registered with a date of birth of 6 October 1945) in Caetés (then a district of Garanhuns), located 155 miles (250 km) from Recife, capital of Pernambuco, a Brazilian state. He was the seventh of eight children of Aristides Inácio da Silva and Eurídice Ferreira de Melo. Two weeks after Lula's birth, his father moved to Santos with Valdomira Ferreira de Góis, a cousin of Eurídice. Lula is of Portuguese ancestry.In December 1952, when Lula was only 7 years old, his mother decided to move to São Paulo with her children to rejoin her husband. After a journey of thirteen days in a pau-de-arara (the open cargo area of a truck), they arrived in Guarujá and discovered that Aristides had formed a second family with Valdomira. Aristides' two families lived in the same house for some time, but they didn't get along very well, and four years later, Eurídice moved with her children to a small room in the back area of a bar in the city of São Paulo. After that, Lula rarely saw his father, who became an alcoholic and died in 1978.
Lula was married twice. In 1969, he married Maria de Lourdes, who died of hepatitis in 1971, when she was pregnant with their first son, who also died. Lula and Miriam Cordeiro had a daughter, Lurian, out of wedlock in 1974. In 1974, Lula married Marisa, his current wife and at the time a widow, with whom he had three sons (he has also adopted Marisa's son from her first marriage).
Education and work
Lula had little formal education. He did not learn to read until he was ten years old, and quit school after the fourth grade in order to work to help his family. His working life began at age 12 as a shoeshiner and street vendor. By age 14 he got his first formal job in a copper processing factory as a lathe operator.At age 19, he lost the little finger on his left hand in an accident while working as a press operator in an automobile parts factory. After losing his finger he had to run to several hospitals before he received medical attention. This experience increased his interest in participating within the Workers' Union. Around that time, he became involved in union activities and held several important union posts. Due to perceived incompatibility with the Brazilian military government and trade union activities, Lula's views moved further to the political left.
Union career
Inspired by his brother Frei Chico, Lula joined the labour movement when he worked at Indústrias Villares. He rose steadily in the ranks, and was elected in 1975, and reelected in 1978, president of the Steel Workers' Union of São Bernardo do Campo and Diadema. Both cities are located in the ABCD Region, home to most of Brazil's automobile manufacturing facilities (such as Ford, Volkswagen, Toyota, Mercedes-Benz and others) and are among the most industrialized in the country. In the late 1970s, when Brazil was under military rule, Lula helped organize union activities, including major strikes. Labour courts found the strikes to be illegal, and Lula was jailed for a month. Due to this, and like other people imprisoned for political activities under the military government, Lula was awarded a lifetime pension after the regime fell.
Political career
On 10 February 1980, a group of academics, intellectuals, and union leaders, including Lula, founded the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) or Workers' Party, a left-wing party with progressive ideas created in the midst of Brazil's military government.In 1982 he added the nickname Lula to his legal name. In 1983 he helped found the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) union association. In 1984 PT and Lula joined the popular Diretas Já! (Direct [Elections] Now!) campaign, demanding a direct popular vote for the next Brazilian presidential election. According to the 1967 constitution, Presidents were at that time elected by both Houses of Congress in joint session, with representatives of all State Legislatures; this was widely recognised as a mere sham as, since the March 1964 coup d'état, each "elected" President had been a retired general chosen in a closed military caucus. Lula and the PT supported the public demand for a change in the electoral system. But the campaign was defeated by a vote in Congress which rejected an amendment calling direct elections for next year, and in 1985 a civilian president, Tancredo Neves, was elected by the same indirect procedure, with Lula's support. Only four years later, as a direct result of Diretas Já! and after years of popular struggle, the 1989 elections were the first to elect a President by direct popular vote in 29 years.
Elections
Lula first ran for office in 1982, for the state government of São Paulo and lost. In the 1986 elections Lula won a seat in Congress with the most votes nationwide. The Workers' Party helped write the country's post-military government Constitution, ensuring strong constitutional guarantees for workers' rights, but failed to achieve a proposed push for agrarian reform in the Constitutional text. Under Lula's leadership, the PT took a stance against the Constitution in the 1988 Constituent Assembly, grudgingly agreeing to sign the convened draft at a later stage.In 1989, still as a Congressman, Lula ran as the PT candidate in the first democratic elections for President since 1960. Lula and Leonel Brizola, two popular left-wing candidates, were expected to vie for first place. Lula was viewed as the most left-leaning of the two, advocating immediate land reform and a default on the external debt. However, a minor candidate, Fernando Collor de Mello, former governor of Alagoas, quickly amassed support among the nation's élite with a more business-friendly agenda. Collor became popular taking emphatic anti-corruption positions; he eventually beat Lula in the second round of the 1989 elections. In 1992, Collor resigned, under threat of impeachment for his alleged embezzlement of public money.
Lula refused to run for re-election as a Congressman in 1990, busying himself with expanding the Workers' Party organizations around the country. As the political scene in the 1990s came under the sway of the Brazilian real monetary stabilization plan, which ended decades of rampant inflation, former Minister of Finance Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)) defeated Lula in 1994 and again, by an even wider margin, in 1998.
Before winning the presidency in 2002, Lula had been a strident union organizer known for his bushy beard and Che Guevara t-shirts. In the 2002 campaign, Lula foreswore both his informal clothing style and his platform plank of linking the payment of Brazil's foreign debt to a prior thorough audit. This last point had worried economists, businessmen and banks, who feared that even a partial Brazilian default along with the existing Argentine default would have a massive ripple effect through the world economy. Embracing political consultant Duda Mendonça's advice to pursue a more media-friendly image, Lula became President after winning the second round of the 2002 election, held on 27 October, defeating the PSDB candidate José Serra.
Presidency
Lula served 2 terms as president and left office on January 1, 2011. During his farewell speech he said he felt an additional burden to prove that he could handle the presidency despite his humble beginnings. "If I failed, it would be the workers' class which would be failing; it would be this country's poor who would be proving they did not have what it takes to rule."
Political orientation
Since the beginning of his political career to the present, Lula has changed some of his original ideas and moderated his positions. Instead of the drastic social changes he proposed in the past, his government chose a reformist line, passing new retirement, tax, labour and judicial legislation, and discussing university reform.Very few actual reforms have been implemented so far. Some wings of the Worker's Party have disagreed with this moderation in focus and have left the party to form dissident wings such as the Workers' Cause Party, the United Socialist Workers' Party and the Socialism and Freedom Party. Alliances with conservative, right wing politicians, like former Presidents José Sarney and Fernando Collor, have been a cause of disappointment for some. On 1 October 2006, Lula narrowly missed winning another term in the first round of elections. He faced a run-off on 29 October which he won by a substantial margin.
In an interview published 26 August 2007, he said that he had no intention to seek a constitutional change so that he could run for a third consecutive term; he also said that he wanted "to reach the end of [his] term in a strong position in order to influence the succession."
Social projects
Lula put social programs at the top of his agenda during the campaign and since being elected. Lula's leading program since very early on has been a campaign to eradicate hunger, following the lead of projects already put into practice by the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, but expanded within the new Fome Zero ("Zero Hunger"). This program brings together a series of programs with the goal to end hunger in Brazil: the creation of water cisterns in Brazil's semi-arid region of Sertão, plus actions to counter teenage pregnancy, to strengthen family agriculture, to distribute a minimum amount of cash to the poor, and many other measures.Brazil's largest assistance program, however, is Bolsa Família ("Family Allowance"), which is an expansion based upon the previous Bolsa Escola ("School Allowance"), which was conditional on school attendance, first introduced in the city of Campinas by then-mayor José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira. Not long thereafter, other municipalities and states adopted similar programs. President Fernando Henrique Cardoso later federalized the program in 2001. In 2003, Lula formed Bolsa Família by combining Bolsa Escola with additional allowances for food and kitchen gas. This was preceded by the creation of a new ministry – the Ministry of Social Development and Eradication of Hunger. This merger reduced administrative costs and bureaucratic complexity for both the families involved and the administration of the program.
Fome Zero has a government budget and accepts donations from the private sector and international organizations The Bolsa Família program has been praised internationally for its achievements, despite internal criticism accusing it of having turned into an electoral weapon.
Along with projects such as Fome Zero and Bolsa Família, the Lula administration flagship program is the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC). The PAC has a total budget of $646 billion reais (US $353 billion) by 2010, and was the Lula administration's main investment program. It is intended to strengthen Brazil's infrastructure, and consequently to stimulate the private sector and create more jobs. The social and urban infrastructure sector was scheduled to receive $84.2 billion reais (US $46 billion). Together with increases in real wage levels (as characterised by a 54% real increase in the minimum wage), these projects had a major impact on poverty alleviation, with around 25 million Brazilians lifted out of poverty between 2002 and 2010.
Economy
As Lula gained strength in the run-up to the 2002 elections, the fear of drastic measures (and comparisons with Hugo Chávez of Venezuela) increased internal market speculation. This led to some market hysteria, contributing to a currency maxi-devaluation on the real, and a rise in Brazil's risk factor by more than 2000 base points.
In the beginning of his first term, Lula's chosen Minister of Finance was Antonio Palocci, a physician and former Trotskyist activist who had recanted his far left views while serving as the mayor of the sugarcane processing industry center of Ribeirão Preto, in the state of São Paulo. Lula also chose Henrique Meirelles of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, a prominent market-oriented economist, as head of the Brazilian Central Bank. As a former CEO of the BankBoston he was well-known to the market. Meirelles was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 2002 as a member of the opposing PSDB, but resigned as deputy to become Governor of the Central Bank.
Silva and his cabinet followed in part the lead of the previous government, by renewing all agreements with the International Monetary Fund, which were signed by the time Argentina defaulted on its own deals in 2001. His government achieved a satisfactory primary budget surplus in the first two years, as required by the IMF agreement, exceeding the target for the third year. In late 2005, the government paid off its debt to the IMF in full, two years ahead of schedule. Three years after the election, Lula had slowly but firmly gained the market's confidence, and sovereign risk indexes fell to around 250 points. The government's choice of inflation targeting kept the economy stable, and was complimented during the 2005 World Economic Forum in Davos.
The Brazilian economy was generally not affected by the mensalão scandal. In early 2006, however, Palocci had to resign as finance minister due to his involvement in an abuse of power scandal. Lula then appointed Guido Mantega, a member of the PT and an economist by profession, as finance minister. Mantega, a former Marxist who had written a Ph.D. thesis (in Sociology) on the history of economic ideas in Brazil from a left-wing viewpoint, is presently known for his criticism of high interest rates, something he claims satisfy banking interests. So far, however, Brazil's interest rates remain among the highest in the world. Mantega has been supportive of a higher employment by the state.
Not long after the start of his second term, Lula, alongside his cabinet, announced the new Growth Acceleration Program (the Programa de Aceleração de Crescimento, or PAC, in Portuguese), an investment program to solve many of the problems that prevent the Brazilian economy from expanding more rapidly. The measures include investment in the creation and repair of roads and railways, simplification and reduction of taxation, and modernization on the country's energy production to avoid further shortages. The money promised to be spent in this Program is considered to be around R$ 500 billion (more than 250 billion dollars) over four years. Part of the measures still depend on approval by Congress. Prior to taking office, Lula had been a critic of privatization policies. In his government, however, his administration has created public-private partnership concessions for seven federal roadways.
After decades as the largest foreign debtor among emerging economies, Brazil became a net creditor for the first time in January 2008. By mid-2008, both Fitch ratings and S&P; had elevated the classification of Brazilian debt from speculative to investment grade. Banks have had record profit in Lula's government. The Lula Administration's economic policies also helped to significantly raise living standards, with the percentage of Brazilians belonging to the consumerist middle class rising from 37% to 50% of the population.
Foreign policy
According to The Economist of 2 March 2006, Lula has a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue. As a result, he has befriended both Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and former U.S. President George W. Bush. Leading a large and competitive agricultural state, Lula generally opposes and criticizes farm subsidies, and this position has been seen as one of the reasons for the walkout of developing nations and subsequent collapse of the Cancún World Trade Organization talks in 2003 over G8 agricultural subsidies. Brazil is becoming influential in dialogue between South America and developed countries, especially the United States. It played an important role in negotiations in internal conflicts of Venezuela and Colombia, and concentrated efforts on strengthening Mercosur.During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade has increased dramatically, changing from deficits to several surpluses since 2003. In 2004 the surplus reached $29 billion due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil has also provided UN peace-keeping troops and leads a peace-keeping mission in Haiti.
Lula also gained increasing stature in the Southern hemisphere buoyed by economic growth in his country. In 2008, he was said to have become a "point man for healing regional crises," as in the escalation of tensions between Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. Former Finance Minister, and current advisor, Delfim Netto, said: "Lula is the ultimate pragmatist."
He travelled to more than 80 countries during his presidency. A goal of Lula's foreign policy has been for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. In this he has so far been unsuccessful. And Lula was considered to have pulled off a major coup with Turkey in regards to getting Iran to send its uranium abroad in contravention of western calls.
The condemnation of Iranian Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani for the crime of adultery, and who was originally to be executed by stoning led to calls for Lula da Silva's intervention on her behalf. On the issue, Lula commented that "I need to respect the laws of a [foreign] country. If my friendship with the president of Iran and the respect that I have for him is worth something, if this woman has become a nuisance, we will receive her in Brazil." The Iranian government, however, declined the offer. Lula da Silva's actions and comments sparked controversy. Mina Ahadi, an Iranian Communist politician, welcomed Lula da Silva's offer of asylum for Ashtiani, but also reiterated a call for an end to stoning altogether and requesting a cessation of recognition and support for the Iranian government. Jackson Diehl, the right-leaning Deputy Editorial Page Editor of The Washington Post, called Lula da Silva the "best friend of tyrants in the democratic world" and criticised his actions. Shirin Ebadi, Iranian human rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner, viewed Lula da Silva's intervention in a more positive light, calling it a "powerful message to the Islamic Republic."
Corruption scandals and controversy
Lula's administration was plagued by corruption scandals, most notably the mensalão and sanguessugas scandals, in his first term. Although the independent office of the Brazilian Attorney-General presented charges against 40 politicians and officials involved in the Mensalão affair, no charges have ever been presented against Lula himself, and top officials involved, such as Roberto Jefferson, José Dirceu, Luiz Gushiken and Humberto Costa denied he was aware of any wrongdoing. Having lost numerous government aides in the face of political turmoil, Lula has come largely unscathed in the eyes of the public, with overwhelming approval rates.His administration has been heavily criticized for relying on local political barons, like José Sarney, Jader Barbalho, Renan Calheiros and Fernando Collor, to ensure a majority in Congress. He lost some important votes there, though, for example when the Senate barred the financial tax from being reinstated. Another frequent reproach relates to his ambiguous treatment of the left wing in the Workers' Party. Analysts fear that he occasionally gives in to their wishes for tighter government control of the media and increased state intervention: in 2004, he pushed for the creation of a "Federal Council of Journalists" (CFJ) and a "National Cinema Agency" (Ancinav), the latter of which would overhaul funding for electronic communications. Both proposals ultimately failed amid concerns that they would lead to excessive state intervention over free speech. Fernando Cardoso, Lula's predecessor as the president of Brazil, has accused Lula of denying any positive achievements allegedly made by the Cardoso administration.
In March 2009, before an appearance at the G-20 summit meeting in London, Lula caused an uproar when he declared that the economic crisis was caused by "the irrational behavior of white people with blue eyes, who before seemed to know everything, and now have shown they don't know anything." Despite a decision upheld by the Brazilian Supreme Court, Lula decided to deny extradition of the Italian far-left terrorist Cesare Battisti.
Awards and recognition
Since Lula began his term as President, he has attained numerous medals, such as the Brazilian Order of Merit, the Brazilian Orders of Military, Naval and Aeronautical Merit, the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit, the Order of the Southern Cross, the Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle and the Norwegian Order of Royal Merit; the First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (Ukraine, 2003), the Order of Liberty (Ukraine, 2009). He also received the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation in 2003 and was the chief guest at India's Republic Day celebration in 2004. He was also given the Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 2006. He was rated the most popular Brazilian president of all time with an 80.5% approval rate in his last months as the president.
US President Barack Obama greeted him at the G20 summit in London (April, 2009) saying: "That's my man right there...love this guy...The most popular politician on earth."
Lula was chosen as the 2009 Man of the Year by prominent European newspapers El País and Le Monde. The Financial Times ranks Lula among the 50 faces that shaped the 2000s.
On 20 December 2008, he was named the 18th most important person in the world by Newsweek magazine, and was the only Latin American person featured in a list of 50 most influential World leaders.
On July 7, 2009, he received UNESCO's Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France. On 5 November 2009, President Lula was awarded the Chatham House Prize, awarded to the statesperson who is deemed by Chatham House members to have made the most significant contribution to the improvement of international relations in the previous year.
On 29 January 2010, President Lula was awarded as a Global Statesman by the World Economic Forum, held in Davos, Switzerland, but could not attend the ceremony due to problems of high blood pressure.
In 2010, Time Magazine named Lula one of the most influential leaders of the world.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
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Category:1945 births Category:Brazilian amputees Category:Brazilian Christian socialists Category:Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit recipients Category:Brazilian presidential candidates Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics Category:Brazilian socialists Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav Category:Royal Norwegian Order of Merit Category:Recipients of the Order of the Southern Cross Category:Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Category:Recipients of the Order of Liberty (Ukraine) Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise Category:Living people Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil Category:People from Pernambuco Category:Politicians with physical disabilities Category:Presidents of Brazil Category:Presidents of the Workers' Party (Brazil) Category:Workers' Party (Brazil) politicians
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