''Bodhi'' (Sanskrit: बोधि) is both a Pāli and Sanskrit word traditionally translated into English with the word "enlightenment", but which means awakened. In Buddhism it is the knowledge possessed by a Buddha into the nature of things (''dharma''). The word "buddha" means "awakened one." Although its most common usage is in the context of Buddhism, ''bodhi'' is also present as a concept in other Indian philosophies and traditions.

Etymology

''Bodhi'' is an abstract noun formed from the verbal root ''budh'' (to awake, become aware, notice, know or understand,) corresponding to the verbs ''bujjhati'' (Pāli) and ''bodhati'' or ''budhyate'' (Sanskrit). Also from the same root is the Sanskrit word ''buddhi'' which is the exact equivalent to the Greek word ''nous''.

Levels of bodhi

Savaka-Bhodhi

Those who obtained the enlightenment by following teachings of the Samma-Sambuddha are obtained enlightenment through Savaka-Bhodhi. This is the easiest way to get enlightenment. They have to do concentrated meditation (Bhavana) to develop Samadhi(Samatha meditation). Then with developed mind they have to think about Three marks of existence ( Samsara) which is Anicca, Dukkha and Anatta.( Vipassanā meditation).Doing this with big effort they will understand Four Noble Truths clearly. So they will attain Nirvana(get enlightenment).

''Pacceka-Bodhi'' (Pratyeka)

Those who obtain enlightenment through self-realisation, without the aid of spiritual guides and teachers, are known as pratyekabuddhas. According to the ''Tripitaka'', such beings only arise in ages where the dharma has been lost. Many pratyekas may arise at a single time.

''Sammā-Sambodhi'' or Samyak Buddha

These are perfect, most developed, most compassionate, most loving, all-knowing beings who fully comprehend the ''dhamma'' by their own efforts and wisdom and teach it skillfully to others, freeing them from samsāra. One that develops sammā-sambodhi is known as samma-sambuddha.

A sammā-sambodhi is the one who gives rise to the path (previously) unarisen, who engenders the path (previously) unengendered, who points out the path (previously) not pointed out. Knowing the path, is expert in the path, is adept at the path. And (its) disciples now keep following the path and afterwards become endowed with the path, this is the difference between an arahant and a buddha.

Evolution of the concept

In early Buddhism, ''bodhi'' carried a meaning synonymous to ''nirvana'', using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implied the extinction of ''lobha'' (greed), ''dosa'' (hate) and ''moha'' (delusion). In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion. Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the ''arhat'' has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the ''bodhisattva'' not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. One thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion. It should also be noted that in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, ''parinirvana'' is equal in all respects to bodhi and indeed is the state of perfect Buddhahood.

In Theravada Buddhism

In Buddhism, ''bodhi'' means the awakening experience attained by Gautama Buddha and his accomplished disciples and refers to the unique consciousness of a fully liberated yogi. Bodhi is sometimes described as complete and perfect sanity, or awareness of the true nature of the universe. After attainment, it is believed that one is freed from the cycle of samsāra: birth, suffering, death and rebirth (see moksha). Bodhi is most commonly translated into English as ''enlightenment''. This word conveys the insight and understanding (wisdom) possessed by a buddha and is similarly used in Christian mysticism to convey the saint's condition of being lit by a higher power - the merging of the human and the divine in theosis. There is no image of "light" contained in the term "bodhi", however. Rather, it expresses the notion of awakening from a dream and of being aware and knowing (reality). It is thus more accurate to think of bodhi as spiritual "awake-ness" or "awakenment", rather than "enlightenment" (although it is true that imagery of light is extraordinarily prevalent in many of the Buddhist scriptures).

Bodhi is attained when the ten fetters that bind a human being to the wheel of samsara have been dissolved; when the Four Noble Truths have been fully understood and all volitional conditioning has reached cessation (nirodha), giving rise to transcendent peace (nibbana). At this moment, the psychological roots of all greed (''lobha''), aversion (''dosa''), delusion (''moha''), ignorance (''avijjā''), craving (''tanha'') and ego-centered consciousness (''attā'') are completely uprooted.

Bodhi is the ultimate goal of Buddhist life (brahmacarya). It is achieved by observing the eightfold path, the development of the paramitas (virtues) and profound wisdom into the dependently arisen nature of phenomena.

Four stages

The early Buddhist tradition preserved by the Theravada features four progressive stages of bodhi:

''Srotāpañña'' (Sanskrit; Pali: ''Sotapañña'')

''Sakridāgāmi'' (Sanskrit; Pali: ''Sakadagami'')

''Anāgāmi'' (Sanskrit, Pali)

''Arhat'' (Sanskrit; Pali: ''Arahant'')

Practitioners eliminate the Ten Fetters:

The Pāli Tripitaka identifies 10 fetters:[3]

# belief in an individual self (Pali: sakkāya-diṭṭhi) # doubt or uncertainty, especially about the teachings (vicikicchā) # attachment to rites and rituals (sīlabbata-parāmāsa) # sensual desire (kāma-cchando) # ill will (vyāpādo or byāpādo) # lust for material existence, lust for material rebirth (rūpa rāga) # lust for immaterial existence (arūpa rāga) # pride in self, conceit, arrogance (māno) # restlessness, distraction, anxiety (uddhaccaŋ) # ignorance (avijjā)

In the Mahayana Sutras

Certain Mahayana Buddhist sutras stress that bodhi is always present and perfect, and simply needs to be "uncovered" or disclosed to purified vision. Thus the "Sutra of Perfect Awakening" has the Buddha teach that, like gold within its ore, bodhi is always there within the being's mind, but requires the obscuring mundane ore (the surrounding defilements of samsara and of impaired, unawakened perception) to be removed. The Buddha declares:

}}

Similar doctrines are encountered in the Tathagatagarbha sutras, which tell of the immanent presence of the Buddha Principle (''Buddha-dhatu''/ Buddha-nature or Dharmakaya / Dhammakaya) within all beings. Here, the Tathagatagarbha (Buddha-Matrix) is tantamount to the indwelling transformative and liberational power of bodhi, which bestows an infinitude of unifying vision. The Buddha of the Shurangama Sutra states:

}}

In Shingon Buddhism, the state of Bodhi is also seen as naturally inherent in the mind - the mind's natural and pure state (as in Dzogchen) - and is viewed as the perceptual sphere of non-duality, where all false distinctions between a perceiving subject and perceived objects are lifted and the true state of things (non-duality) is revealed. This is also the understanding of Bodhi found in Yogacara Buddhism. To achieve this vision of non-duality, it is necessary to recognise one's own mind. Writing on the main sutra of Shingon Buddhism - the Mahavairocana Sutra - Buddhist scholar and translator of that scripture, Stephen Hodge, comments:

Speaking in the context of the tathagatagarbha doctrine of the Uttaratantra, Professor C. D. Sebastian writes of ''Bodhi'':

See also

Bodhi tree

Satori

Notes

Further reading

''The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment'' (State University Press of New York, 1999), tr. by A. Charles Muller

''The Surangama Sutra'' (B.I. Publications, Bombay 1978), tr. by Lu K'uan Yu

''The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment.'' (New York : The Edwin Mellen Press, 2005) [includes translations of the following: Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, Sammaya-kaijo], Kenneth White

External links

Hundreds of free buddhist talks and huge forum.

How to Recognize Enlightenment.

The Bodhi-Tree Practice - A set of meditations based on the four stages of the Buddha's enlightenment

Category:Sanskrit words and phrases Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts Category:Buddhist terms

ar:بودهي bg:Бодхи cs:Bódhi de:Bodhi es:Bodhi eu:Bodhi fr:Bodhi ko:보리 (불교) it:Bodhi jv:Bodhi lt:Atbudimas (budizmas) nl:Verlichting (boeddhisme) ja:菩提 pt:Bodhi ru:Бодхи simple:Bodhi sk:Bódhi sr:Боди sh:Bodhi sv:Bodhi tr:Bodhi vi:Bồ-đề zh:菩提

Coordinates	33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N
birth date	September 02, 1964
birth name	Keanu Charles Reeves
birth place	Beirut, Lebanon
nationality	Canadian
occupation	Actor
years active	1985–present }}

Keanu Charles Reeves ( ; born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor. Reeves is perhaps best known for his roles in ''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure'', ''Speed'', ''Point Break'' and the science fiction-action trilogy ''The Matrix''. He has worked under major directors, such as Stephen Frears (in the 1988 period drama ''Dangerous Liaisons''); Gus Van Sant (in the 1991 independent film ''My Own Private Idaho'', also written by Van Sant); and Bernardo Bertolucci (in the 1993 film ''Little Buddha''). Referencing his 1991 film releases, ''The New York Times'' critic Janet Maslin praised Reeves' versatility, saying that he "displays considerable discipline and range. He moves easily between the buttoned-down demeanour that suits a police procedural story and the loose-jointed manner of his comic roles."

In addition to his film roles, Reeves has also performed in theatre. His performance in the title role in a Manitoba Theatre Centre production of ''Hamlet'' was praised by Roger Lewis, the ''Sunday Times'', who declared Reeves "...one of the top three Hamlets I have seen, for a simple reason: he ''is'' Hamlet." On January 31, 2005, Reeves received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. A 2006 ''ET online'' survey placed him in the "Top Ten of America's Favorite Stars".

Early life

Reeves was born in Beirut, Lebanon, the son of Patricia Bond (née Taylor), an English costume designer/performer, and Samuel Nowlin Reeves, Jr., a geologist and Hawaiian-born American of English, Irish, Portuguese, Hawaiian, and Chinese descent. Reeves's mother was working in Beirut when she met his father. Reeves' father worked as an unskilled labourer and earned his GED while imprisoned in Hawaii for selling heroin at Hilo International Airport. He abandoned his wife and family when Reeves was three years old, and Reeves does not currently have any relationship with him.

Reeves moved around the world frequently as a child and he lived with various stepfathers. After his parents divorced in 1966, his mother became a costume designer and moved the family to Australia and then to New York City. There she met and married Paul Aaron, a Broadway and Hollywood director. The couple moved to Toronto; they divorced in 1971. Reeves' mother married Robert Miller, a rock promoter, in 1976; the couple divorced in 1980. She subsequently married her fourth husband, Jack Bond, a hairdresser, a marriage that broke up in 1994. Grandparents and nannies babysat Reeves and his sisters, and Reeves grew up primarily in Toronto. Within a span of five years, he attended four different high schools, including the Etobicoke School of the Arts, from which he was later expelled. Reeves stated he was expelled ''"...because I was greasy and running around a lot. I was just a little too rambunctious and shot my mouth off once too often. I was not generally the most well-oiled machine in the school. I was just getting in their way, I guess."''

Reeves excelled more in hockey than in academics, as his educational development was challenged by dyslexia. He was a successful goalie at one of his high schools (De La Salle College "Oaklands"). While Reeves dreamed of becoming an Olympic hockey player for Canada, an injury ended his hopes for a hockey career. After leaving De La Salle College, he attended an anarchistic free school (Avondale Alternative), which allowed him to obtain an education while working as an actor; he later dropped out, never obtaining his high school diploma.

In January 2011, on the BBC program 'The One Show', he spoke of his English ancestry, via his mother, mentioning his happy watching of 'The Two Ronnies' comedy show amongst others when younger, and how his mother imparted English manners that he still has today.

Career

1980s

Reeves began his acting career at the age of nine, appearing in a theatre production of ''Damn Yankees''. At 15, he played Mercutio in a stage production of ''Romeo and Juliet'' at the Leah Posluns Theatre. Reeves made his screen acting debut in a CBC Television comedy series entitled ''Hangin' In''. Throughout the early 1980s, he appeared in commercials (including one for Coca-Cola), short films including the NFB drama ''One Step Away'' and stage work such as Brad Fraser's cult hit ''Wolfboy'' in Toronto. In 1984, he was a correspondent for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV youth program ''Going Great''.

Reeves' first studio movie appearance was in the Rob Lowe ice hockey film ''Youngblood,'' in which he played a Québécois goalie. Shortly after the movie's release, Reeves drove to Los Angeles in his 1969 Volvo. His ex-stepfather Paul Aaron, a stage and television director, had convinced Erwin Stoff to be Reeves' manager and agent before he even arrived in Los Angeles. Stoff has remained Reeves' manager, and has coproduced many of his films. After a few minor roles, Reeves received a more sizeable role in the 1986 drama film ''River's Edge'', which depicted how a murder affected a group of teens. Following this film's critical success, he spent the late 1980s appearing in a number of movies aimed at teenage audiences, including ''Permanent Record'', and the unexpectedly successful 1989 comedy, ''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure,'' which, along with its 1991 sequel, ''Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey,'' typecast Reeves as a spaced-out teen. Much of his portrayal in the press and much of the response to his acting in the early 1990s still mentioned his portrayal of the airheaded Ted.

1990s

During the early 1990s, Reeves started to break out of his teen-film period. He appeared in high-budget action films like ''Point Break,'' for which he won MTV's "Most Desirable Male" award in 1992. He was also involved in various lower-budget independent films, including the well-received 1991 film, ''My Own Private Idaho'' with his close friend, the late River Phoenix. In 1994, Reeves' career reached a new high as a result of his starring role in the action film ''Speed.'' His casting in the film was controversial since, except for ''Point Break'', he was primarily known for comedies and indie dramas. He had never been the sole headliner on a film. The summer action film had a fairly large budget and was helmed by novice cinematographer-turned-director Jan de Bont. The unexpected international success of the film made Reeves and co-star Sandra Bullock into A-List stars.

Reeves' career choices after ''Speed'' were eclectic: despite his successes, Reeves continued to accept supporting roles and appear in experimental films. He scored a hit with a romantic lead role in ''A Walk in the Clouds''. He made news by refusing to take part in ''Speed 2: Cruise Control'' and choosing to play the title role in a 1995 Manitoba Theatre Centre production of ''Hamlet'' in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Roger Lewis, the ''Sunday Times'' critic, wrote, "He quite embodied the innocence, the splendid fury, the animal grace of the leaps and bounds, the emotional violence, that form the Prince of Denmark...He is one of the top three Hamlets I have seen, for a simple reason: he *is* Hamlet." Reeves' other choices after ''A Walk in the Clouds'', however, failed with critics and audiences. Big-budget films such as the sci-fi action film ''Johnny Mnemonic'' and the action-thriller ''Chain Reaction'' were critically panned and failed at the box office, while indie films like ''Feeling Minnesota'' were also critical failures. Reeves started to climb out of his career low after starring in the horror/drama ''The Devil's Advocate'' alongside Al Pacino and Charlize Theron. Reeves deferred his salary for ''The Devil's Advocate'' so that Pacino would be cast, as he would do later for the less successful ''The Replacements'', guaranteeing the casting of Gene Hackman. ''The Devil's Advocate'' did well at the box office, received good reviews, and proved that Reeves could play a grown-up with a career, although many critics felt that his poor performance detracted from an otherwise enjoyable movie. The 1999 science fiction-action hit ''The Matrix'', a film in which Reeves had a starring role, was a box office success and attracted positive reviews.

2000s

In between the first ''Matrix'' film and its sequels, Reeves received positive reviews for his portrayal of an abusive husband in ''The Gift''. Aside from ''The Gift'', Reeves appeared in several films that received mostly negative reviews and unimpressive box office grosses, including ''The Watcher,'' ''Sweet November'' and ''The Replacements''. However, the two ''Matrix'' sequels, ''The Matrix Reloaded'' and ''The Matrix Revolutions,'' ''Something's Gotta Give,'' and the 2005 horror-action film, ''Constantine'', proved to be box office successes and brought Reeves back into the public spotlight.

His appearance in the 2006 film, ''A Scanner Darkly'', based on the dystopian science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick, received favourable reviews, and ''The Lake House'', his romantic outing with Sandra Bullock, did not do well at the box office. He went on to play the lead character in two 2008 films, ''Street Kings'' and ''The Day the Earth Stood Still''. In February 2009 ''The Private Life of Pippa Lee'' was presented at Berlinale.

2010s

Reeves started filming the surrealist romantic comedy ''Henry's Crime'' in December 2009, with filming set to wrap in early 2010. After this he will be starting work as producer and star on the science-fiction space drama ''Passengers'', written by Jon Spaihts.

In January 2009, it was revealed that Reeves will star in the live-action film adaptation of the anime series ''Cowboy Bebop'', slated for release in 2011. Other upcoming projects include the samurai film ''47 Ronin'', ''Chef'' – story by Reeves and written by Steven Knight, and a modern retelling of the Robert Louis Stevenson classic Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, scripted by Justin Haythe and titled ''Jekyll''. Nicolas Winding Refn is in negotiations to direct and was later replaced by Dennis Iliadis and produced by Universal Pictures.

In April 2011 Reeves confirmed that a third instalment of the Bill & Ted movie series was underway.

Personal life and other interests

For nearly a decade following his initial rise to stardom, Reeves preferred to live in rental houses and hotels. He was a long-term resident of the Chateau Marmont. Reeves bought his first house in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles around 2003. He also has an apartment on Central Park West in New York City.

He is a U.S. citizen through his American father, and also holds Canadian citizenship by naturalization; he grew up as a Canadian and identifies as such. Due to April 2003 changes in the law, he is entitled to British citizenship through his English mother.

Reeves has never married. In December 1999, his girlfriend Jennifer Syme gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Ava Archer Syme-Reeves. Syme died in 2001, a sole driver involved in an automobile wreck, while partying in Los Angeles.

Reeves was sued unsuccessfully in 2008 in Los Angeles Superior Court for $711,974 by paparazzo Alison Silva for allegedly hitting and injuring him with his Porsche after visiting a relative at a Los Angeles medical facility. The paparazzo's lawsuit took a year and a half to make it to trial, during which time Silva continued to attack Reeves and demand payment. At the trial, all 12 jurors rejected the suit needing only an hour of deliberation to reach their verdict. With the lawsuit rejected, Reeves was cleared of all the charges.

In 2010, photos of a sad-looking Keanu Reeves eating a sandwich while alone led to the spread of the "Keanu is Sad/Sad Keanu" Internet meme and the declaration of June 15 as "Unofficial Cheer-up Keanu Day" by a Facebook fanpage.

Music

Reeves played bass guitar in the grunge band Dogstar during the 1990s. In the 2000s, he performed with the band Becky.

Filmography

Year	Film	Role	Notes
	''Letting Go''	Stereo Teen No.1
''One Step Away''	Ron Petrie
		Heaver
	Tommy Wernicke
''Young Again''	Mike Riley, age 17
''Under the Influence''	Eddie Talbot
''Act of Vengeance''	Buddy Martin
''River's Edge''	Matt
''Brotherhood of Justice''	Derek
	Jack
		Chris Townsend
''The Prince of Pennsylvania''	Rupert Marshetta
	Winston Connelly
''Dangerous Liaisons''	Le Chevalier Raphael Danceny
	''Life Under Water''	Kip
''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure''	Ted "Theodore" Logan
	Tod Higgins
	''I Love You to Death''	Marlon James
''Tune in Tomorrow''	Martin Loader
	''Point Break''	FBI Special Agent John 'Johnny' Utah
''Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey''	Ted "Theodore" Logan/Evil Ted
''My Own Private Idaho''	Scott Favor
	Eric
1992	''Bram Stoker's Dracula''	Jonathan Harker
		Don John	Golden Raspberry Award
''[[Little Buddha''
	Homeless Man	(Uncredited)
''Freaked''	Ortiz the Dog Boy	(Uncredited)
	Julian Gitche
1994		Officer Jack Traven	MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (shared with Sandra Bullock)Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie ActorNominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Sandra Bullock)Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Male PerformanceNominated – MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Male
		Johnny
''A Walk in the Clouds''	Sgt. Paul Sutton
		Eddie Kasalivich
''Feeling Minnesota''	Jjaks Clayton
	''The Last Time I Committed Suicide''	Harry
	Kevin Lomax
	''The Matrix''		Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor in an Action/Science Fiction FilmGolden Slate for Best Actor in a Leading RoleMTV Movie Award for Best Male PerformanceMTV Movie Award for Best Fight (shared with Laurence Fishburne)Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (shared with Laurence Fishburne)Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Actor
''Me and Will''	Himself
		Shane Falco
	David Allen Griffin
	Donnie Barksdale
		Nelson Moss
	Conor O'Neill
	''The Matrix Reloaded''	Thomas Anderson/Neo	Nominated – MTV Movie Award for MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
''[[The Animatrix''	Thomas Anderson/Neo
''The Matrix Revolutions''	Thomas Anderson/Neo
	Dr. Julian Mercer
		John Constantine
	Perry Lyman
''Ellie Parker''	Himself
		Alex Wyler
	Bob Arctor
''The Great Warming''	Narrator	Voice
	''Street Kings''	Detective Tom Ludlow
2009	''The Private Lives of Pippa Lee''	Chris Nadeau
	''Passengers''	Jim Preston
''Cartagena''	Character Unknown
''Henry's Crime''	Henry
	''Jekyll''	Dr. Jekyll
	Spike Spiegel
''Hanuman''	Ram
2012		Kai	Filming

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1964 births Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Toronto Category:Canadian film actors Category:Canadian actors of Chinese descent Category:Canadian people of English descent Category:Canadian people of Irish descent Category:Canadian people of Portuguese descent Category:Canadian rock bass guitarists Category:Canadian television actors Category:Canadian voice actors Category:Grunge musicians Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Toronto Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada Category:People from Beirut Category:People of Native Hawaiian descent

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Coordinates	33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N
name	Patrick Swayze
birth name	Patrick Wayne Swayze
birth date	August 18, 1952
birth place	Houston, Texas, U.S.
death date	September 14, 2009
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
death cause	Pancreatic cancer
nationality	American
occupation	Actor, dancer, singer-songwriter
years active	1978–2009
spouse	Lisa Niemi(m. 1975–2009, his death)
relatives	Don Swayze (brother) }}

Patrick Wayne Swayze (; August 18, 1952 – September 14, 2009) was an American actor, dancer and singer-songwriter. He was best-known for his tough-guy roles, as romantic leading men in the hit films ''Dirty Dancing'' and ''Ghost'' and as Orry Main in the ''North and South'' television miniseries. He was named by ''People'' magazine as its "Sexiest Man Alive" in 1991. His film and TV career spanned 30 years.

Diagnosed with Stage IV pancreatic cancer in January 2008, Swayze told Barbara Walters a year later that he was "kicking it". However, he died from the disease on September 14, 2009. His last role was the lead in an ill-fated A&E; TV series, ''The Beast'', which premiered on January 15, 2009. Due to a prolonged decline in health, Swayze was unable to promote the series. On June 15, 2009, ''Entertainment Tonight'' announced the show's cancellation.

Early life

Patrick Swayze was born on August 18, 1952, in Houston, Texas, the second child of Patsy Yvonne Helen (née Karnes; born 1927), a choreographer, dance instructor, and dancer, and Jesse Wayne Swayze (1925–1982), an engineering draftsman. Swayze was raised Roman Catholic. He had two younger brothers, actor Don Swayze (born 1958) and Sean Kyle (born 1962), and two sisters, Vickie Lynn (1949–1994) and Bambi. He was a sixth cousin once removed of news commentator John Cameron Swayze, and a relative of noted Texas Revolution soldier Henry Karnes.

Until the age of twenty, Swayze lived in the Oak Forest neighborhood of Houston, where he attended St. Rose of Lima Catholic School, Oak Forest Elementary School, Black Middle School, and Waltrip High School. During this time, he also pursued multiple artistic and athletic skills, such as ice skating, classical ballet, and acting in school plays. He played football for his high school and was hoping to receive a football scholarship for college until a knee injury ended his career. He studied gymnastics at nearby San Jacinto College for two years.

In 1972, he moved to New York City to complete his formal dance training at the Harkness Ballet and Joffrey ballet schools.

Career

Swayze's first professional appearance was as a dancer for Disney on Parade. He then starred as a replacement playing the role of Danny Zuko in the long-running Broadway production of ''Grease'' before his debut film role as "Ace" in ''Skatetown, U.S.A.''. He appeared as Pvt. Sturgis in the ''M*A*S*H'' episode "Blood Brothers" and had a brief stint in 1982 on a short lived TV series ''The Renegades'' playing a gang leader named Bandit. Swayze became known to the film industry after appearing in ''The Outsiders'' as the older brother of C. Thomas Howell and Rob Lowe. Swayze, Howell, and Howell's friend Darren Dalton reunited in ''Red Dawn'' the next year, and Lowe and Swayze reunited in ''Youngblood''. He was considered a member of the Brat Pack. His first major success was in the 1985 television miniseries ''North and South'', which was set during the American Civil War.

Swayze's breakthrough role came with his performance as dance instructor Johnny Castle in the 1987 film ''Dirty Dancing'', alongside his ''Red Dawn'' co-star, Jennifer Grey. ''Dirty Dancing'', a coming of age story, was a low-budget film that was intended to be shown in theaters for one weekend only and then go straight to video, but it became a surprise hit and achieved massive international success. It was the first film to sell one million copies on video, and as of 2009, it earned over $214 million worldwide and spawned several alternate versions, ranging from a television series to stage productions to a computer game. Swayze received a Golden Globe Award nomination for the role and also sang one of the songs on the soundtrack, "She's Like the Wind", which he had originally co-written with Stacy Widelitz for the film ''Grandview, U.S.A.'' The song became a top ten hit and has been covered by other artists.

After ''Dirty Dancing'', Swayze found himself typecast and appeared in several flops, of which ''Road House'' was the most successful. His biggest hit came in 1990, when he starred in ''Ghost'', with Demi Moore and Whoopi Goldberg. In 1991, he starred alongside ''Youngblood'' cast mate Keanu Reeves in another major action hit, ''Point Break'', and was also chosen by ''People'' magazine as that year's "Sexiest Man Alive".

Swayze was seriously injured in 1998 while filming HBO's ''Letters from a Killer'' near Ione, California when he fell from a horse and hit a tree. Both of his legs were broken and he suffered four detached tendons in his shoulder. Filming was suspended for two months, but the film aired in 1999. Swayze recovered from his injuries, but he had trouble resuming his career until 2000, when he co-starred in ''Waking Up in Reno'', with Billy Bob Thornton and Charlize Theron, and in ''Forever Lulu'', with Melanie Griffith.

In 2001, he appeared in ''Donnie Darko'', where he played a motivational speaker and closet pedophile, and in 2004, he played Allan Quartermain in ''King Solomon's Mines''. He also had a cameo appearance in the ''Dirty Dancing'' sequel, ''Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights'' as an unnamed dance instructor.

Swayze made his West End theatre début in the musical ''Guys and Dolls'' as Nathan Detroit on July 27, 2006, alongside Neil Jerzak, and remained in the role until November 25, 2006. His previous appearances on the Broadway stage had included productions of ''Goodtime Charley'' (1975) and ''Chicago''

Swayze also provided the voice for Cash the country music band dog in ''The Fox and the Hound 2'' and in 2007 starred in the film ''Christmas in Wonderland''. Swayze played an aging rock star in ''Powder Blue'', co-starring his younger brother Don in their first film together. Swayze starred in the A&E; FBI drama ''The Beast'', filmed in Chicago, as FBI Agent Charles Barker.

Personal life

Swayze was married to Lisa Niemi from June 12, 1975, until his death. The couple first met in 1970 when Swayze was 18 years old. Niemi, 14 years old at the time, was taking dance lessons from Swayze's mother. Swayze and Niemi had no children. In a 2008 interview, Swayze stated that Niemi was the inspiration for his 1987 hit song, "She's Like the Wind".

As a reaction to his father's death at age 57 from a heart attack in 1982, Swayze began to drink heavily. In 1989, Swayze said, "I've always felt there was something different in there (my personality), but I was scared to look for fear I wouldn't find anything. That's the reason I got into Buddhism, took est training, was into therapy, into Scientology, into Transcendental Meditation. I was trying to support that side of myself. But, you know, in Texas there isn't much support for that part of you." His sister Vicky committed suicide by drug overdose in 1994, leading him to seek treatment for alcoholism. After initial recovery, he temporarily withdrew from show business, retreating to his ranches in California and Las Vegas, New Mexico, to breed Arabian horses. His best-known horse was Tammen, a chestnut Arabian stallion.

Swayze, who was a certified pilot with an instrument rating, made the news on June 1, 2000, while flying with his dogs in his twin-engine Cessna from Van Nuys, California to Las Vegas. His plane developed a pressurization problem, causing Swayze to make a precautionary landing on a dirt road in a housing complex in Prescott Valley. The plane's right wing struck a light pole, but Swayze was unharmed. He locked the cockpit, left the aircraft in the subdivision, and obtained a ride—with his dogs—from a passing vehicle, allegedly in order to telephone the authorities. According to the police report, witnesses said that Swayze appeared to be extremely intoxicated and asked for help to remove evidence—an open bottle of wine and a 30-pack of beer—from the crash site. He made himself unavailable to police for several hours. It was later determined that the alcohol in question was not in the cabin, but stored in external storage compartments inaccessible in flight and that the probable cause of the accident was Swayze's physical impairment due to the cumulative effects of carbon monoxide from engine exhaust by-products, carbon monoxide from heavy tobacco use, and the loss of an undetermined amount of cabin pressurization.

Illness and death

Swayze was diagnosed with Stage IV pancreatic cancer in late January 2008, and underwent chemotherapy and treatment with an experimental drug Vatalanib to cut off the blood supply to the tumor at the Stanford University Medical Center. On March 5, 2008, a Reuters article reported that Swayze "has a very limited amount of disease, and he appears to be responding well to treatment thus far." Swayze's doctor confirmed that the actor was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, but insisted he was not as close to death as reports suggest. Despite repeated tabloid claims that his death was imminent, Swayze continued to actively pursue his career. Specifically, Swayze was diagnosed with a type of pancreatic tumor called intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.

In early May 2008, it was widely reported in a number of tabloids that Swayze had undergone surgery to remove part of his stomach after the spread of the cancer and that he had rewritten his will, transferring his property to his wife. In a statement made on May 28, Swayze said that he continued to respond well to treatment at Stanford University Medical Center. In late May 2008, he was seen at a Los Angeles Lakers basketball game, his first public appearance since his diagnosis. In 2008 Swayze was treated with Cyberknife radiotherapy cancer treatment.

In late July 2008, six months after reportedly being given just weeks to live by medical experts, a healthy-appearing Swayze was asked by reporter in Los Angeles airport about this health. He replied, "I'm cooking. I'm a miracle dude. I don't know why".

Swayze appeared on the ABC, NBC, and CBS simulcast of ''Stand Up to Cancer'' in September 2008, to appeal to the general public for donations for the initiative. Swayze said to a standing ovation "I dream that the word 'cure' will no longer be followed by the words 'it's impossible'. Together, we can make a world where cancer no longer means living with fear, without hope, or worse". After the show ended, Swayze remained on-stage and talked to other cancer patients; executive producer Laura Ziskin said, "He said a beautiful thing: 'I'm just an individual living with cancer'. That's how he wants to be thought of. He's in a fight, but he's a fighter". In late 2008, Swayze denied claims made by tabloids that the cancer had spread to his liver. Swayze told Barbara Walters in January 2009 that he wanted the media to report that he was "kicking it".

When Barbara Walters asked him if he was using any holistic or alternative methods of treatment besides the chemotherapy, Swayze admitted to using some Chinese herbs, but not much. He then voiced his opposition to the unsupported claims made by proponents of alternative therapies, as noted by ABC News journalist Joseph Brownstein:

: ''Because of the grim prognosis, many patients turn to alternative therapies without scientific evidence behind them. Swayze did not.''

:: "That's one thing I'm not gonna do, is chase, is chase staying alive. I'm not, you know, you'll spend so much time chasing staying alive you won't live, you know? I wanna live. If anybody had that cure out there like so many people swear to me they do, you'd be two things: you'd be very rich, and you'd be very famous. Otherwise, shut up," ''he told Barbara Walters in an interview that aired in January of [2009].''

His last role was the lead in an A&E; TV series, ''The Beast'', which premiered on January 15, 2009. Owing to a prolonged decline in health, Swayze was unable to promote the series, and on June 15, 2009, ''Entertainment Tonight'' reported that the show had been cancelled. In an interview with Barbara Walters which aired in January 2009, Swayze admitted that he had a "tiny little mass" in his liver. On January 9, 2009, Swayze was hospitalized with pneumonia. The pneumonia was said to be a complication of chemotherapy treatments for Swayze's cancer. On January 16, he was released from the hospital to rest at home with his wife. On April 19, 2009, doctors informed Swayze that the cancer had again metastasized to his liver. Swayze stated that his chain smoking probably "had something to do with" the development of his disease. Photos taken of a gaunt Swayze in the months before his death showed him continuing to smoke.

Swayze died "with family at his side" on September 14, 2009, at age 57 (coinicidentally, the same age as his father), 20 months after being diagnosed. Swayze's publicist, Annett Wolf, confirmed to CNN that he had died of pancreatic cancer. He was cremated and his ashes scattered over his New Mexico ranch. He is survived by Lisa Niemi, his wife of 34 years.

Cultural impact

Swayze's name has become a commonly-used term in hip hop songs. Lyrics will use the phrase "...and I'm Swayze," meaning that the speaker has become "like a ghost", meaning he disappeared or is otherwise gone. This is a reference to the title character of Swayze's 1990 film ''Ghost''. It is known to have begun in the early 1990s, by prominent rappers such as EPMD, Black Sheep, CL Smooth, and more recently by such rappers as The Notorious B.I.G. in 2Pac's song ''Runnin' (Dying to Live)'', Method Man, Aesop Rock, and in Mistah F.A.B.'s ''Ghost Ride It''. The expression has become such a hip hop staple that it was even used in the Saturday Night Live hip hop parody, ''Lazy Sunday''.

Filmography

style="background: #B0C4DE;"	Year	Title	Role	Notes
1979	''Skatetown, U.S.A.''	Ace Johnson
1981	''M*A*S*H (TV series)''	Pvt. Gary Sturgis	TV Series Season 9 Episode 18 - "Blood Brothers"
	''Uncommon Valor''	Kevin Scott
	Darrel "Darry" Curtis
	''Red Dawn''	Jed Eckert
''Grandview, U.S.A.''	Ernie "Slam" Webster
1985		Orry Main	TV miniseries
		Derek Sutton
	Orry Main	TV miniseries
	''Dirty Dancing''	Johnny Castle	Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Steel Dawn''	Nomad
1988	''Tiger Warsaw''	Chuck "Tiger" Warsaw
		Truman Gates	Nominated – Razzie Award for Worst Actor (also for ''Road House'')
	Dalton	Nominated – Razzie Award for Worst Actor (also for ''Next of Kin'')
		Sam Wheat	Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated – Saturn Award for Best Actor
''Saturday Night Live''	Guest Host, Oct. 27, 1990	Memorable for sketch with Chris Farley auditioning to be Chippendales dancers
1991	''Point Break''	Bodhi	Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Male
1992		Max Lowe
1993	''Father Hood''	Jack Charles
1994		Orry Main	TV miniseriesUncredited; archive footage from previous episodes
		Pecos Bill
	Jack McCloud
''To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar''	Vida Boheme	Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
	''Letters from a Killer''	Race Darnell
	Jack Crews
2000	''Forever Lulu''	Ben Clifton
	''Donnie Darko''	Jim Cunningham
	Gunnery Sergeant Jim Lance
2002	''Waking Up in Reno''	Roy Kirkendall
		Travis MacPhearson	Directed by his wife, Lisa
''11:14''	Frank
	''Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights''	Dance class instructor	Prequel to ''Dirty Dancing''
	Garth
	Allan Quatermain
	''Keeping Mum''	Lance
	Jason Monk
2006	''The Fox and the Hound 2''	Cash (voice)	Animated film
		Richard Pressburger
''Christmas in Wonderland''	Wayne Saunders
		Velvet Larry
	Charles Barker	TV series

References

External links

Remembering Patrick Swayze - slideshow by ''LIFE'' magazine

Category:1952 births Category:2009 deaths Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Texas Category:American dancers Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Cancer deaths in California Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer Category:People from Houston, Texas Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics

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Coordinates	33°51′35.9″N151°12′40″N
Background	#FFD068 | color black
Name	Bhikkhu Bodhi
Birth name	Jeffrey Block
Birth date	December 10, 1944
Birth place	Brooklyn, New York, United States
Nationality	American
School	Theravada
Location	Buddhist Publication SocietySangha Council of Bodhi MonasteryYin Shun Foundation
Education	Brooklyn CollegeClaremont Graduate School
Occupation	scholar-monk; president, Buddhist Publication Society
Teacher	Ven. Ananda Maitreya
Predecessor	Ven. Nyanaponika Thera (BPS editor and president)
Successor	Mr. Kariyavasam (BPS editor)
Website	}}

Bhikkhu Bodhi (b. 10 December 1944, NYC), born Jeffrey Block, is an American Theravada Buddhist monk, ordained in Sri Lanka and currently teaching in the New York/New Jersey area. He was appointed the second president of the Buddhist Publication Society and has edited and authored several publications grounded in the Theravada Buddhist tradition.

Life

In 1944, Block was born in Brooklyn, NY. In 1966, he obtained a B.A. in philosophy from Brooklyn College. In 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. in philosophy from Claremont Graduate School.

In 1967, while still a graduate student, Bodhi was ordained as a novice monk in the Vietnamese Mahayana order. In 1972, after graduation, Bodhi traveled to Sri Lanka where, under Ven. Ananda Maitreya, he received novice ordination and, in 1973, he received full ordination in a Theravada order.

In 1984, succeeding co-founder Ven. Nyanaponika Thera, Bodhi was appointed English-language editor of the Buddhist Publication Society (BPS, Sri Lanka) and, in 1988, became its president. In 2002, he retired from the society's editorship while still remaining its president.

In 2000, at the United Nations' first official Vesak celebration, Bodhi gave the keynote address.

In 2002, after retiring as editor of BPS, Bodhi returned to the United States. He currently teaches at Bodhi Monastery (Lafayette, New Jersey) and Chuang Yen Monastery (Carmel, New York) and is the chairman of the Yin Shun Foundation.

Bhikkhu Bodhi is founder of the organisation "Buddhist Global Relief", which is fighting hunger across the world.

Publications and teachings

Bodhi's publications include: ''The Noble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering'' (1984, BPS; 2000, Pariyatti)

''The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya'' (with Bhikkhu Nanamoli, 1995, Wisdom Publications)

''Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikaya'' (with Nyanaponika Thera, 2000, Altamira Press)

''The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya'' (2000, Wisdom Publications)

''A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma: The Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Ācariya Anuruddha'' (2000, BPS Pariyatti)

''In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon'' (2005, Wisdom Publications)

Bodhi's on-line courses include: "The Buddha’s Teaching As It Is" (1981) A course in Pali Language (2003) Majjhima Nikaya lectures (2003–2008)

Notes

External links

www.dharma.org - An interview with Bhikkhu Bodhi

Bodhi Monastery

Online Books and Articles at "Access to Insight"

Suttas read aloud

Dhamma Talks

Videos of Bhikkhu Bodhi at "Google Video"

Insight Meditation Center talks

Category:Living people Category:1944 births Category:Buddhist translators Category:Modern Buddhist writers Category:Theravada Buddhist monks Category:Pāli Category:American Theravada Buddhists Category:American Buddhist monks Category:Buddhist studies scholars

de:Bhikkhu Bodhi pl:Bhikkhu Bodhi