Spirituality can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality; an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the “deepest values and meanings by which people live.” Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to develop an individual's inner life; spiritual experience includes that of connectedness with a larger reality, yielding a more comprehensive self; with other individuals or the human community; with nature or the cosmos; or with the divine realm. Spirituality is often experienced as a source of inspiration or orientation in life. It can encompass belief in immaterial realities or experiences of the immanent or transcendent nature of the world.

Definition

Traditionally, many religions have regarded spirituality as an integral aspect of religious experience. Among other factors, declining membership of organized religions and the growth of secularism in the western world have given rise to a broader view of spirituality. The term "spiritual" is now frequently used in contexts in which the term "religious" was formally employed; compare James' 1902 lectures on the "Varieties of Religious Experience".

Secular spirituality emphasizes humanistic qualities such as love, compassion, patience, tolerance, forgiveness, contentment, responsibility, harmony, and a concern for others, aspects of life and human experience which go beyond a purely materialist view of the world, without necessarily accepting belief in a supernatural reality or divine being. Spiritual practices such as mindfulness and meditation can be experienced as beneficial or even necessary for human fulfillment without any supernatural interpretation or explanation. Spirituality in this context may be a matter of nurturing thoughts, emotions, words and actions that are in harmony with a belief that everything in the universe is mutually dependent; this stance has much in common with some versions of Buddhist spirituality. A modern secular definition: "Spirituality exists wherever we struggle with the issues of how our lives fit into the greater scheme of things. This is true when our questions never give way to specific answers or give rise to specific practices such as prayer or meditation. we encounter spiritual issues every time we wonder where the universe comes from, why we are here, or what happens when we die. We also become spiritual when we become moved by values such as beauty, love, or creativity that seem to reveal a meaning or power beyond our visible world. An idea or practice is "spiritual" when it reveals our personal desire to establish a felt-relationship with the deepest meanings or powers governing life." - Robert C. Fuller

The psychology of religion uses a variety of metrics to measure spirituality.

Spiritual path

In a wide variety of traditions, spirituality is seen as a path toward one or more of the following: a higher state of awareness, perfection of one's own being, wisdom, or communion with God or with creation. Plato's Allegory of the Cave, which appears in book VII of The Republic, is a description of such a journey, as are the writings of Teresa of Avila. The Vedas and Upanishads also describe such a path of transformation.

Disciplines such a path entail may include meditation, prayer, and the contemplation of sacred texts; ethical development; and some sort of spiritual transmission, sometimes through a preceptor. Spirituality aims both at inner growth and outward manifestations of this growth. Love and/or compassion are often described as the mainstay of spiritual development.

Religion

Whilst the terms ''spirituality'' and ''religion'' both relate to a search for an Absolute or God, and thus have much overlap, there are also characteristic differences in their usage. Religion implies a particular faith tradition that includes acceptance of a metaphysical or supernatural reality;, whereas spirituality is not necessarily bound to any particular religious tradition. Thus William Irwin Thompson suggest that "religion is the form spirituality takes in civilization."

Those who speak of spirituality outside of religion often define themselves as "spiritual but not religious" and generally believe in the existence of many different "spiritual paths" - emphasizing the importance of finding one's own individual path to spirituality. According to one poll, about 24% of the United States population identifies itself as spiritual but not religious.

Spirituality within particular religious traditions

In the Catholic Church, spirituality is generally seen as an integral part of religion, as much for the laity as for the 'religious' (i.e. those who have taken vows to the Church). There are a variety of charisms that emphasize particular ways to serve God and humanity.

Science

Since the scientific revolution, the relationship of science to religion and spirituality has developed in complex ways. Historian John Hedley Brooke describes wide variations: "the natural sciences have been invested with religious meaning, with antireligious implications and, in many contexts, with no religious significance at all." The popular notion of antagonisms between science and religion has historically originated with "thinkers with a social or political ax to grind" rather than with the natural philosophers themselves. Though physical and biological scientists today avoid supernatural explanations to describe reality (see naturalism), many scientists continue to consider science and spirituality to be complementary, not contradictory. Neuroscientists are trying to learn more about how the brain functions during reported spiritual experiences.

During the twentieth century the relationship between science and spirituality has been influenced both by Freudian psychology, which has accentuated the boundaries between the two areas by accentuating individualism and secularism, and by developments in particle physics, which reopened the debate about complementarity between scientific and religious discourse and rekindled for many an interest in holistic conceptions of reality. These holistic conceptions were championed by New Age spiritualists in a type of quantum mysticism that they claim justifies their spiritual beliefs, though quantum physicists themselves on the whole reject such attempts as being pseudoscientific.

Personal well-being

In keeping with a general increase in interest in spirituality and complementary and alternative treatments, prayer has garnered attention among some behavioral scientists. Masters and Spielmans have conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of distant intercessory prayer, but detected no discernible effects.

Spirituality has played a central role in self-help movements such as Alcoholics Anonymous: "...if an alcoholic failed to perfect and enlarge his spiritual life through work and self-sacrifice for others, he could not survive the certain trials and low spots ahead...."

If spirituality is understood as the search for or the development of inner peace or the foundations of happiness, then spiritual practice of some kind is essential for personal well being. This activity may or may not include belief in supernatural beings. If one has such a belief and feels that relationship to such beings is the foundation of happiness then spiritual practice will be pursued on that basis: if one has no such belief spiritual practice is still essential for the management and understanding of thoughts and emotions which otherwise prevent happiness. Many techniques and practices developed and explored in religious contexts, such as meditation, are immensely valuable in themselves as skills for managing aspects of the inner life.

Near-death experience (NDE)

If consciousness exists apart from the body, which includes the brain, one is attached not only to the material world, but to a non-temporal (spiritual) world as well. This thesis is considered to be analyzed by testing the reports from people who have experienced death. However, some researchers consider that NDEs are actually REM intrusions triggered in the brain by traumatic events like cardiac arrest.

Sacredness

Social scientists have defined spirituality as the search for "the sacred," where "the sacred" is broadly defined as that which is set apart from the ordinary and worthy of veneration. Spirituality can be sought not only through traditional organized religions, but also through movements such as the feminist theology and ecological spirituality (see Green politics). Spirituality is associated with mental health, managing substance abuse, marital functioning, parenting, and coping. It has been suggested that spirituality also leads to finding purpose and meaning in life.

Origin

See Timeline of religion and Evolutionary origin of religions

History

Words translatable as 'spirituality' first began to arise in the 5th century and only entered common use toward the end of the Middle Ages. Spiritual innovators who operated within the context of a religious tradition often became marginalized or suppressed as heretics or separated out as schismatics. In these circumstances, anthropologists generally treat so-called "spiritual" practices such as shamanism in the sphere of the religious, and class even non-traditional activities such as those of Robespierre's Cult of the Supreme Being in the province of religion.

Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers, often opposed to clericalism and skeptical of religion, sometimes came to express their more emotional responses to the world under the rubric of "the Sublime" rather than discussing "spirituality". The spread of the ideas of modernity began to diminish the role of religion in society and in popular thought. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) was a pioneer of the idea of spirituality as a distinct field. Important early 20th century writers who studied the phenomenon of spirituality, and their works, include William James, ''The Varieties of Religious Experience'' (1902), and Rudolph Otto, especially ''The Idea of the Holy'' (1917). The distinction between the spiritual and the religious became more common in the popular mind during the late 20th century with the rise of secularism and the advent of the New Age movement. Authors such as Chris Griscom and Shirley MacLaine explored it in numerous ways in their books. Paul Heelas noted the development within New Age circles of what he called "seminar spirituality": structured offerings complementing consumer choice with spiritual options.

Study

In the late 19th century a Pakistani scholar Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi wrote of and taught about the science of Islamic spirituality, of which the best known form remains the Sufi tradition (famous through Rumi and Hafiz) in which a spiritual master or ''pir'' transmits spiritual discipline to students.

Building on both the Western esoteric tradition and theosophy, Rudolf Steiner and others in the anthroposophic tradition have attempted to apply systematic methodology to the study of spiritual phenomena, building upon ontological and epistemological questions that arose out of transcendental philosophy. This enterprise does not attempt to redefine natural science, but to explore inner experience – especially our thinking – with the same rigor that we apply to outer (sensory) experience.

See also

{| |

Afterlife

Deities

Quantum mysticism

|

Reason

Religion

Skepticism

|

Spiritual But Not Religious

Supernatural

Superstition

|}

Notes and references

Further reading

''A Course in Miracles''. 2nd ed., Mill Valley: Foundation for Inner Peace, 1992, ISBN 0-9606388-9-X.

Azeemi, K.S.''Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation''. Houston: Plato, 2005. (ISBN 0-9758875-4-8)

Bjelica, Drago ''The Bible For The New Age'' (Online). 2009.

Bolman, L. G., and Deal, T. E. ''Leading With Soul''. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995.

Borysenko, J. ''A Woman's Journey to God''. New York: Riverhead Books, 1999.

Cannon, K. G. ''Katie's Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community''. New York: Continuum, 1996.

Cappel, Constance, Dera Poetry, Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris, 2007.

Cheroff, Seth, ''The Manual For Living''. CO Spirit Scope, 2008.

Deloria, V., Jr. ''God is Red''. 2d Ed. Golden, Co: North American Press, 1992, ISBN 1-55591-904-9.

Dillard, C. B.; Abdur-Rashid, D.; and Tyson, C. A. "''My Soul is a Witness''." ''International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 13'', no. 5 (September 2000): 447-462.

Dirkx, J. M. "''Nurturing Soul in Adult Learning''." in ''Transformative Learning in Action''. ''New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education'' No. 74, edited by P. Cranton, pp. 79–88. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.

Downey, Michael. ''Understanding Christian Spirituality''. New York: Paulist Press, 1997.

Eck, Diana L. ''A New Religious America''. San Francisco: Harper, 2001.

Elkins D.N. et al. (1998)Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality: definition, description and measurement. ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology'' 28(4), 5-18

English, L., and Gillen, M., eds. ''Addressing the Spiritual Dimensions of Adult Learning''. ''New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education'', No. 85. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.

Goddart, Michael. Spiritual Revolution: A Seeker's Guide; 52 Powerful Principles for Your Mind & Soul, DeVorss, 1997.

Haisch, Bernard ''The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and What's Behind It All'', (Preface), Red Wheel/Weiser, 2006, ISBN 1-57863-374-5

Hein, David, and Edward Hugh Henderson, editors. ''Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer''. New York and London: Continuum / T & T Clark, 2004. About the spiritual theology of Austin Farrer; includes chapter on "Farrer's Spirituality" by Diogenes Allen.

Hein, David, and Charles R. Henery, editors. ''Spiritual Counsel in the Anglican Tradition''. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock; Cambridge, UK: James Clarke & Co., 2010.

Holtje, D. (1995). ''From Light to Sound: The Spiritual Progression''. Temecula, CA: MasterPath, Inc. ISBN 1-885949-00-6

Percival, Harold W. Thinking and Destiny, ISBN 0-911650-06-7

Perry, Whitall N. ''A Treasury of Traditional Wisdom: An Encyclopedia of Humankind’s Spiritual Truth''. Louisville: Fons Vitae books, 2000, ISBN 1-887752-33-1

Ram Chandra(Shajahanpur). ''Reality at Dawn''.

Roberts, Jane (1974). ''The Nature of Personal Reality''. Prentice-Hall. reprinted (1994) Amber-Allen Publishing. ISBN 1-878424-06-8

Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, ''I Am That'', Acorn Press, 1990, ISBN 0-89386-022-0

Schmidt, Leigh Eric. ''Restless Souls : The Making of American Spirituality''. San Francisco: Harper, 2005. ISBN 0-06-054566-6

Steiner, Rudolf, ''How to Know Higher Worlds: A Modern Path of Initiation''. New York: Anthroposophic Press, (1904) 1994. ISBN 0-88010-372-8

Steiner, Rudolf, ''Theosophy: An Introduction to the Supersensible Knowledge of the World and the Destination of Man''. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, (1904) 1994

Spenard, Michael (April 11, 2011) "Dueling with Dualism: the forlorn quest for the immaterial soul", essay. An historical account of mind body duality and a comprehensive conceptual and empirical critique on the position. ISBN 978-0-578-08288-2

Thompson, William Irwin, ''The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality, and the Origins of Culture'' (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981).

Wapnick, Kenneth, ''The Message of A Course in Miracles''. Roscoe, NY: Foundation for A Course in Miracles, 1997, ISBN 0-933291-25-6.

Wakefield, Gordon S.(ed.), ''A Dictionary of Christian Spirituality''. London: SCM, 1983.

Wilkinson, Tony, ''The Lost Art of Being Happy - Spirituality for Sceptics'' Findhorn Press 2007, ISBN 978-1-84409-116-4

Zagano, Phyllis ''Twentieth-Century Apostles: Contemporary Spirituality in Action'' (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999)

Zagano, Phyllis "Woman to Woman: An Anthology of Women's Spiritualities (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical PRess) 1993.

Zajonc, Arthur, ''The New Physics and Cosmology Dialogues with the Dalai Lama''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004,ISBN 0-19-515994-2.

External links

Religion and Spirituality at the Open Directory Project

Category:Positive psychology

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Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
birth name	James Eugene Carrey
birth date	January 17, 1962
birth place	Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
occupation	Actor, comedian
years active	1979–present
spouse	(divorced) (divorced)
website	JimCarrey.com
signature	Firma de Jim Carrey.svg }}

James Eugene "Jim" Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian American actor and comedian. He has received two Golden Globe Awards and has also been nominated on four occasions. Carrey began comedy in 1979, performing at Yuk Yuk's in Toronto, Ontario. After gaining prominence in 1981, he began working at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles where he was soon noticed by comedian Rodney Dangerfield, who immediately signed him to open his tour performances. Carrey, long interested in film and television, developed a close friendship with comedian Damon Wayans, which landed him a role in the sketch comedy hit ''In Living Color'', in which he portrayed various characters during the show's 1990 season.

Having had little success in television movies and several low-budget films, Carrey was cast as the title character in ''Ace Ventura: Pet Detective'' which premiered in February, 1994, making more than $72 million domestically despite receiving mixed critical reception. The film spawned a sequel, ''Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls'' (1995), in which he reprised the role of Ventura. High profile roles followed when he was cast as Stanley Ipkiss in ''The Mask'' (1994) for which he gained a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, and as Lloyd Christmas in the comedy film ''Dumb and Dumber'' (1994).

Between 1996 and 1999, Carrey continued his success after earning lead roles in several highly popular films including ''The Cable Guy'' (1996), ''Liar Liar'' (1997), in which he was nominated for another Golden Globe Award and in the critically acclaimed films ''The Truman Show'' and ''Man on the Moon'', in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Both films earned Carrey Golden Globe awards. Since earning both awards, Carrey continued to star in comedy films, including ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas'' (2000) where he played the title character, ''Bruce Almighty'' (2003) where he portrayed the role of unlucky TV reporter Bruce Nolan, ''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events'' (2004), ''Fun with Dick and Jane'' (2005), ''Yes Man'' (2008), and ''A Christmas Carol'' (2009). Carrey has also taken on more serious roles including Joel Barish in ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' (2004) alongside Kate Winslet and Kirsten Dunst, which earned him another Golden Globe nomination, and Steven Jay Russell in ''I Love You Phillip Morris'' (2009) alongside Ewan McGregor.

Early life

Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ontario, the son of Kathleen (née Oram), a homemaker, and Percy Carrey, a musician and accountant. He has three older siblings, John, Patricia, and Rita. He was raised Roman Catholic. His mother was of French, Irish, and Scottish descent and his father was of French Canadian ancestry (the family's original surname was ''Carré''). After his family moved to Scarborough, Ontario, when Carrey was 14 years old, he attended Blessed Trinity Catholic School, in North York, for two years, enrolled at Agincourt Collegiate Institute for another year, then briefly attended Northview Heights Secondary School for the remainder of his high school career (all together, he spent three years in Grade 10).

Carrey lived in Burlington, Ontario, for eight years and attended Aldershot High School, where he once opened for 1980s new wave band Spoons. In a ''Hamilton Spectator'' interview (February 2007), Carrey remarked, "If my career in show business hadn't panned out I would probably be working today in Hamilton, Ontario at the Dofasco steel mill." When looking across the Burlington Bay toward Hamilton, he could see the mills and thought, "Those were where the great jobs were." At this point, he already had experience working in a science testing facility in Richmond Hill, Ontario.

Career

Comedy

In 1979, under the management of Leatrice Spevack, Carrey started doing stand-up comedy at Yuk Yuk's in Toronto, where he rose to become a headliner in February 1981, shortly after his 19th birthday. One reviewer in the ''Toronto Star'' raved that Carrey was "a genuine star coming to life." In the early 1980s, Carrey moved to Los Angeles and started working at The Comedy Store, where he was noticed by comedian Rodney Dangerfield, who signed the young comedian to open Dangerfield's tour performances.

Carrey then turned his attention to the film and television industries, auditioning to be a cast member for the 1980–1981 season of NBC's ''Saturday Night Live.'' Carrey was not selected for the position (although he did host the show in May 1996, and again in January 2011). Joel Schumacher had him audition for a role in ''D.C. Cab,'' though in the end, nothing ever came of it. His first lead role on television was Skip Tarkenton, a young animation producer on NBC's short-lived ''The Duck Factory,'' airing from April 12, 1984, to July 11, 1984, and offering a behind-the-scenes look at the crew that produced a children's cartoon. Carrey continued working in smaller film and television roles, which led to a friendship with fellow comedian Damon Wayans, who co-starred with Carrey as an extraterrestrial in 1989's ''Earth Girls Are Easy.'' When Wayans' brother Keenen began developing a sketch comedy show for Fox called ''In Living Color,'' Carrey was hired as a cast member, whose unusual characters included masochistic, accident-prone safety inspector Fire Marshall Bill, and masculine female bodybuilder Vera de Milo.

Film

Carrey made his film debut in ''Rubberface'' (1981), which was released as ''Introducing...Janet.'' Later that year, he won the leading role in Damian Lee's Canadian skiing comedy ''Copper Mountain,'' which included his impersonation of Sammy Davis Jr. Since the film had a less than one hour runtime consisting largely of musical performances by Rita Coolidge and Rompin' Ronnie Hawkins, it was not considered a genuine feature film. Two years later, in 1985, Carrey saw his first major starring role in the dark comedy ''Once Bitten,'' in the role of Mark Kendall, a teen virgin pursued by a 400-year-old female vampire, played by Lauren Hutton. After supporting roles in films such as ''Peggy Sue Got Married'' (1986), ''Earth Girls Are Easy'' (1988), and ''The Dead Pool'' (1988), Carrey did not experience true stardom until starring in the 1994 comedy ''Ace Ventura: Pet Detective,'' which premiered only months before ''In Living Color'' ended. ''Ace Ventura'' was panned by critics, and earned Carrey a 1995 Golden Raspberry Award nomination as Worst New Star. But the film was as embraced by fans as it was derided by critics. The Ventura character became a pop icon, and the film made Carrey a superstar. It was a commercial success, as were his two other starring roles from that year: ''The Mask'' and ''Dumb and Dumber''. In 1995, Carrey appeared as the Riddler in ''Batman Forever'' and reprised his role as Ace Ventura in ''Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls.'' Both films were successful at the box office and earned Carrey multi-million-dollar paychecks. Carrey earned $20 million for his next film, ''The Cable Guy'' (directed by Ben Stiller), a record sum for a comedy actor. The film did not do well with critics, but Carrey quickly rebounded with the successful ''Liar Liar,'' a return to his trademark comedy style.

Carrey took a slight pay cut to play a more serious role to star in the critically praised science-fiction film ''The Truman Show'' (1998), a change of pace that led to forecasts of Academy Award nominations. Although the movie was nominated for three other awards, Carrey did not personally receive a nomination, leading him to joke that "it's an honor just to be nominated...oh no," during his appearance on the Oscar telecast. However, Carrey did win a Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Drama and an MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance. That same year, Carrey appeared as a fictionalized version of himself on the final episode of Garry Shandling's ''The Larry Sanders Show'', in which he deliberately ripped into Shandling's character. In 1999, Carrey won the role of comedian Andy Kaufman in ''Man on the Moon.'' Despite critical acclaim, he was not nominated for an Academy Award, but again won a Best Actor Golden Globe award for the second consecutive year. In 2000, Carrey reteamed with the Farrelly Brothers, who had directed him in ''Dumb and Dumber,'' in their comedy, ''Me, Myself & Irene,'' about a state trooper with multiple personalities who romances a woman played by Renée Zellweger. The film grossed $24 million on its opening weekend and $90 million by the end of its domestic run.

In 2003, Carrey reteamed with Tom Shadyac for the financially successful comedy ''Bruce Almighty''. Earning over $242 million in the U.S. and over $484 million worldwide, this film became the second highest grossing live-action comedy of all time. His performance in ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' in 2004 earned high praise from critics, who again predicted that Carrey would receive an Oscar nomination; the film did win for Best Original Screenplay, and co-star Kate Winslet received an Oscar nomination for her performance. (Carrey was also nominated for a sixth Golden Globe for his performance).

In 2004, he played the villainous Count Olaf in ''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events'', which was based on the popular children's novels of the same name. He was also inducted into the Canadian Walk of Fame that year. In 2005, Carrey starred in a remake of ''Fun with Dick and Jane'', playing Dick, a husband who becomes a bank robber after he loses his job. In 2007, Carrey reunited with Joel Schumacher, director of ''Batman Forever'', for ''The Number 23'', a psychological thriller co-starring Virginia Madsen and Danny Huston. In the film, Carrey plays a man who becomes obsessed with the number 23, after finding a book about a man with the same obsession. Carrey has stated that he finds the prospect of reprising a character to be considerably less enticing than taking on a new role. The only time he has reprised a role was with Ace Ventura. (Sequels to ''Bruce Almighty'', ''Dumb and Dumber'', and ''The Mask'' have all been released without Carrey's involvement.) As of December 2010, Carrey's films grossed over $2.3 billion in total.

In 2010, Carrey was the narrator of the documentary film, ''Under the Sea 3D''.

Personal life

Family and relationships

Carrey has been married twice, first to former actress and Comedy Store waitress Melissa Womer on March 28, 1987; the two were divorced in late 1995. Their only child, a daughter named Jane Erin Carrey, was born on September 6, 1987, in Los Angeles County. After his separation from Womer in 1994, Carrey began dating his ''Dumb and Dumber'' co-star Lauren Holly. They were married on September 23, 1996; the marriage lasted less than a year.

In December 2005, Carrey began dating actress and model Jenny McCarthy. They made their relationship public in June 2006. She announced on ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show'' on April 2, 2008, that the two were then living together, but had no plans to marry; as they do not need a "piece of paper." In April 2010, Carrey and McCarthy ended their near five-year relationship.

In Los Angeles on February 27, 2010, Carrey announced via his Twitter account that he had become a grandfather when his daughter Jane gave birth to her first child with musician husband Alex Santana, who performs in the band Blood Money under the stage name Nitro. He announced that his grandson's name was Jackson Riley Santana.

On the 11th season of the reality show singing competition ''American Idol'', Carrey's daughter Jane auditioned during the January 22, 2012 episode. Jane was put through to the Hollywood round.

Citizenship

Carrey received U.S. citizenship in October 2004 and remains a dual citizen of both the United States and his native Canada.

Depression

Carrey discussed his bouts of depression in a November 2004 interview on ''60 Minutes''.

Friendship with Eckhart Tolle

Carrey is a great admirer and friend of author Eckhart Tolle, and in June 2009, Carrey gave an introduction for Tolle when together they headlined the first conference of the Global Alliance for Transformational Entertainment.

Beliefs

Carrey has been a critic of the scientific consensus that no evidence links the childhood MMR vaccination to the development of autism, and wrote an article questioning the merits of vaccination and vaccine research for the ''Huffington Post''. With former partner Jenny McCarthy, Carrey led a "Green Our Vaccines" march in Washington, D.C., to advocate for the removal of toxins from children's vaccines, out of a belief that children had received "too many vaccines, too soon, many of which are toxic".

Filmography

Title	Year	Role	Notes
''The Sex and Violence Family Hour''	1980	Various roles
''All in Good Taste''	1981	Ralph Parker
! scope="row"	1983	Bobby Todd
! scope="row"	1984	Lane Bidlekoff
! scope="row"	1985	Mark Kendall
''Peggy Sue Got Married''	1986	Walter Getz
''The Dead Pool''	1988	Johnny Squares
! scope="row"	1989	Comedian
''Earth Girls Are Easy''	1989	Wiploc
''High Strung''	1991	Death
''Doing Time on Maple Drive''	1992	Tim Carter
! scope="row"	1992	The Exterminator	Voice role
''Ace Ventura: Pet Detective''	1994	Ace Ventura
! scope="row"	1994		London Critics Circle Film Award for Newcomer of the Year (also for ''Ace Ventura: Pet Detective'')Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Dance Sequence (shared with Cameron Diaz)
''Dumb and Dumber''	1994	Lloyd Christmas	MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceMTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Lauren Holly)Nominated - MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (shared with Jeff Daniels)
''Batman Forever''	1995		Nominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Villain
''Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls''	1995	Ace Ventura
''The Cable Guy''	1996	Ernie "Chip" Douglas	Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie ActorMTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceMTV Movie Award for Best VillainNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (shared with Matthew Broderick)
''Liar Liar''	1997	Fletcher Reede	Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor - ComedyMTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated - Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor
''The Truman Show''	1998	Truman Burbank
''Simon Birch''	1998	Adult Joe Wenteworth
! scope="row"	1999	Andy Kaufman / Tony Clifton	Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActorGolden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated - American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor (Leading Role)Nominated - Canadian Comedy Award for Film - Male PerformanceNominated - London Critics Circle Film Award for Actor of the Year (also for '' ''[[Me, Myself & Irene">How the Grinch Stole Christmas (film)
''[[Me, Myself & Irene''	2000	Officer Charlie Baileygates/Hank	Teen Choice Award for Wipeout Scene of the SummerNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceNominated - Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor - Comedy/Romance
! scope="row"	2000	The Grinch
! scope="row"	2001	Peter Appleton
! scope="row"	2003	The driver	2-minute short film
''Bruce Almighty''	2003	Bruce Nolan	Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie ActorMTV Movie Award, Mexico, for Most Divine Miracle in a MovieTeen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor - ComedyNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Jennifer Aniston)Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Chemistry (shared with Morgan Freeman)
''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind''	2004	Joel Barish	San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorWashington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best EnsembleNominated - BAFTA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading RoleNominated - Empire Award for Best ActorNominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated - Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorNominated - People's Choice Award for Favorite Leading ManNominated - People's Choice Award for Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (shared with Kate Winslet)Nominated - Satellite Award for Best Actor, Musical or Comedy FilmNominated - Saturn Award for Best Actor
''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events''	2004	Count Olaf	People's Choice Award for Favorite Funny Male StarTeen Choice Award for Choice Movie Bad GuyNominated - MTV Movie Award for Best VillainNominated - Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie ActorNominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Action/Adventure/ThrillerNominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liar
! scope="row"	2005	Dick Harper	Nominated - Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie ActorNominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Actor: Comedy
''The Number 23''	2007	Walter Sparrow / Fingerling
! scope="row"	2008		Voice roleNominated - Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
! scope="row"	2008	Carl Allen	MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformancePeople's Choice Award for Favorite Funny Male StarNominated - Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie ActorNominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: ComedyNominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy FitNominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Rockstar Moment
''I Love You Phillip Morris''	2009	Steven Jay Russell
! scope="row"	2009	Ebenezer ScroogeGhost of Christmas PastGhost of Christmas PresentGhost of Christmas Yet to Come
''Under the Sea 3D	2009	Narrator
! scope="row"	2011	Tom Popper
	2013	Steve Haines	''pre-production''

Television

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1980	''The All-Night Show''	Various voices	(voice only)
1981	''Rubberface''	Tony Moroni	Television movie
		Jerry Lewis Impersonator	Television series (uncredited)
''The Duck Factory''	Skip Tarkenton	Television series
1989	''Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All''	Brad Peters	Television movie
1990	''In Living Color''	Various roles	Television series
1992	''Doing Time on Maple Drive''	Tim Carter	Television movie
1994	''Space Ghost Coast to Coast''	Himself	Television series (two episodes)
2011		Finger Lakes guy	Episode: "Search Committee"Nominated - People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star

Other appearances

! Year	! Song	! Album
1998	"I Am the Walrus"

Other accolades

|- |2001 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite Motion Picture Star in a Comedy | |- |2003 | rowspan="2"| Teen Choice Awards | rowspan="2"| Choice Comedian | |- |2004 | |- |rowspan=2| 2005 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite Funny Male Star | |- | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Comedian | |- |2006 | MTV Movie Awards | MTV Generation Award | |- |2009 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite Funny Male Star | |- |2012 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite TV Guest Star | |}

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:20th-century writers Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Ontario Category:Comedians from Ontario Category:Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Canadian comedians Category:Canadian expatriate actors in the United States Category:Canadian film actors Category:Canadian film producers Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States Category:Canadian impressionists (entertainers) Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent Category:Canadian stand-up comedians Category:Canadian television actors Category:Canadian television writers Category:Canadian voice actors Category:Franco-Ontarian people Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Burlington, Ontario Category:People from Newmarket, Ontario Category:People from Scarborough, Ontario Category:Anti-vaccination activists

ar:جيم كاري ast:Jim Carrey bn:জিম ক্যারি be:Джым Керы be-x-old:Джым Керы bg:Джим Кери bs:Jim Carrey ca:Jim Carrey cs:Jim Carrey cy:Jim Carrey da:Jim Carrey de:Jim Carrey et:Jim Carrey el:Τζιμ Κάρεϊ es:Jim Carrey eo:Jim Carrey eu:Jim Carrey fa:جیم کری fo:Jim Carrey fr:Jim Carrey ga:Jim Carrey gl:Jim Carrey ko:짐 캐리 hr:Jim Carrey id:Jim Carrey ia:Jim Carrey is:Jim Carrey it:Jim Carrey he:ג'ים קארי kn:ಜಿಮ್‌ ಕ್ಯಾರ್ರಿ ka:ჯიმ კერი kk:Джим Керри sw:Jim Carrey la:Iacobus Carrey lv:Džims Kerijs lt:Jim Carrey hu:Jim Carrey hy:Ջիմ Քերրի mk:Џим Кери ml:ജിം ക്യാരി ms:Jim Carrey nah:Jim Carrey nl:Jim Carrey ja:ジム・キャリー nap:Jim Carrey no:Jim Carrey nn:Jim Carrey uz:Jim Carrey pms:Jim Carrey pl:Jim Carrey pt:Jim Carrey ro:Jim Carrey ru:Керри, Джим sq:Jim Carrey simple:Jim Carrey sk:Jim Carrey sr:Џим Кери sh:Jim Carrey fi:Jim Carrey sv:Jim Carrey ta:ஜிம் கேரி th:จิม แคร์รี่ย์ tr:Jim Carrey uk:Джим Керрі vi:Jim Carrey zh:占·基利

David Wilcock (born 8 March 1973 in Rotterdam, New York) is a lecturer, author, and filmmaker based in Los Angeles, California.

Along with Wynn Free, Wilcock co-authored the non-fiction book ''The Reincarnation of Edgar Cayce?'' in 2004. Wilcock has appeared on several radio programs, including semi-regular appearances on ''Coast to Coast AM'', and he had a role in the Syfy documentary ''2012''. He is a proponent of the theory that a large segment of humanity will undergo ascension in the year 2012. He also appeared in several episodes of the History Channel series Ancient Aliens''.

Wilcock graduated from the State University of New York at New Paltz with a BA in Psychology and a Master's equivalent in experience from his internship at a suicide hotline, completing his formal education at age 22.

Wilcock is the author of the 2011 non-fiction book ''The Source Field Investigations''.

See also

Edgar Cayce

2012 phenomenon

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:American filmmakers Category:1973 births Category:People of Upstate New York Category:Conspiracy theorists Category:UFO conspiracy theorists

es:David Wilcock sv:David Wilcock

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Jeff Lieberman
birth date	1947
nationality	American
occupation	Film director, writer }}

Jeff Lieberman (born 1947) is an American film director and writer.

His films include:

''Squirm''

''Blue Sunshine''

''Just Before Dawn''

''The NeverEnding Story III''

''Satan's Little Helper''

External links

Category:1947 births Category:American film directors Category:Horror film directors Category:Living people

fr:Jeff Lieberman

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
birth date	January 20, 1966
birth place	Seattle, Washington, U.S.
occupation	Actor, comedian, director, art collector
yearsactive	1997–present
birthname	Rainn Dietrich Wilson
spouse	Holiday Reinhorn (1995–present)
religion	Bahá'í }}

Rainn Dietrich Wilson (born January 20, 1966) is an American actor and comedian. He is primarily known for his role as the egomaniacal Dwight Schrute on the American version of the television comedy ''The Office''. He has also directed two episodes of ''The Office'': the sixth season's "The Cover-Up" and the seventh season's "Classy Christmas".

Early life

Wilson was born in Seattle, Washington, the son of Shay Cooper, a yoga teacher and actress, and Robert G. Wilson, a novel writer, artist, and business consultant who wrote the science fiction novel ''Tentacles of Dawn''. Rainn showed the book and read from it on Jimmy Kimmel Live March 22, 2011. Wilson attended Central Middle School and Shorecrest High School in Shoreline, Washington, where he played the clarinet and bassoon in the band. He transferred to and graduated from New Trier High School after his family moved to Wilmette, Illinois to serve at the Bahá'í National Center. Wilson has a theatre background from Tufts University and the University of Washington, and has taught acting classes. He holds an MFA from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts and was a member of The Acting Company. While acting in theatrical productions in New York, he drove a moving van to make ends meet.

Career

In addition to his starring role on ''The Office'', Wilson appeared as the eccentric Arthur Martin—the intern at Fisher & Diaz Funeral Home—on HBO's ''Six Feet Under''. He has also appeared in ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, CSI'', ''NUMB3RS'', and ''Entourage'', in the latter portraying a sleazy entertainment journalist based on Harry Knowles of Ain't It Cool News. Wilson guest-starred as a murderous baseball fan in an episode of ''Monk'' entitled "Mr. Monk Goes to the Ballgame". He appeared in the "Coyote Piper" episode of ''Charmed'' as an alchemist named Kierkan. On February 24, 2007, Wilson hosted ''Saturday Night Live'', becoming the second cast member from ''The Office'' to host (after Steve Carell). During the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, Wilson appeared in ads for the 2007 United States women's national soccer team as public relations manager "Jim Mike." Wilson has made a guest appearance in two episodes of the Cartoon Network's Adult Swim-bloc series ''Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job''. Wilson has also appeared on ''Reno 911.''

His film credits include ''Almost Famous'', ''America's Sweethearts'', ''BAADASSSSS!'', ''Galaxy Quest'', ''House of 1000 Corpses'', ''Sahara'', ''The Last Mimzy'', ''Juno'' (in which he played convenience store clerk Rollo), ''The Rocker'', and ''My Super Ex-Girlfriend''.

Wilson starred in the Fox Atomic comedy ''The Rocker'', released on August 20, 2008. His 2009 films include ''Bonzai Shadowhands'', which he co-wrote and co-produced; ''Renaissance Men'', which he wrote and is co-producing; the DreamWorks Animation film ''Monsters vs. Aliens'', for which he voiced the villainous alien overlord Gallaxhar; and ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'', in which he played a university professor.

Wilson wrote in-character as Dwight Schrute on his NBC blog, "Schrute-Space". In June 2008, Wilson confirmed that he no longer writes the blog.

SoulPancake

Wilson founded the website SoulPancake. Since its launch in March 2009, it has had over 1 million visits, and has been featured on Oprah Winfrey's Satellite Radio Show.

Personal life

Wilson is married to writer Holiday Reinhorn. They met in an acting class in college and married on the Kalama River in Washington. The couple have a son, Walter Mckenzie, born in 2004, and they currently reside in Agoura Hills, California. They have three pit bulls, Oona, Barry, and Pilot. He and his family are members of the Bahá'í Faith. A short film inspired by his character in ''The Office'' was selected and shown at the 2009 Dawn Breakers International Film Festival in Zurich.

On Bill Maher's ''Real Time'', Wilson described himself as a diverse independent, voting for Republican, Green Party, and Democratic candidates. Wilson's charitable works include fundraising for the educational organization The Mona Foundation.

Wilson and his father, both art collectors, buy and sell fine art and represent contemporary artists on their website, www.rrwilsonart.com.

Filmography

Films

''The Expendables (2000 film) ''Almost Famous'' ''America's Sweethearts'' ''Full Frontal (film) ''Wheelmen'' ''House of 1000 Corpses'' ''The Life Coach'' ''My Super Ex-Girlfriend'' ''The Last Mimzy'' ''The Rocker (film) ''Monsters vs. Aliens'' ''Hesher (film)

Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
1999	''Galaxy Quest''	Lahnk
1999	The Expendables'' ||	Newman
2000	|	David Felton
2001	|	Dave O'Hanlon
2002	Full Frontal'' ||	Brian
2002	|	Barney
rowspan="2"	2003	|	Bill Hudley
''BAADASSSSS!''	Bill Harris
rowspan="2"	2005	|	Dr. Watson Newmark
''Sahara (2005 film)	Sahara''	Rudi Gunn
2006	|	Vaughn Haige
rowspan="2"	2007	|	Larry White
''Juno (film)	Juno''	Rollo
2008	The Rocker'' ||	Robert 'Fish' Fishman
rowspan="2"	2009	|	Gallaxhar	Voice only
''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen''	Professor Colan
rowspan="3"	2011	Hesher'' ||	Paul Forney
''Peep World''	Joel
''Super (2010 US film)	Super''	Frank D'Arbo / The Crimson Bolt

Television

''Charmed'' ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' ''Monk (TV series) ''Six Feet Under (TV series) ''Numb3rs'' ''Saturday Night Live'' ''Tim and Eric Nite Live!'' ''Reno 911!'' ''The Office (U.S. TV series) ''Family Guy''

Year	! Show	! Role	! Notes
1997	''One Life to Live''	Casey Keegan
rowspan="4"	2001	|	Kierkan	Single episode
''When Billie Beat Bobby''	Dennis Van De Meer
''Dark Angel (TV series)	Dark Angel''	Phil
''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation''	Guy in Supermarket
2002	|	Janitor	Single episode
2003	Monk'' ||	Walker Browning	Single episode
2003–2005	Six Feet Under'' ||	Arthur Martin	Thirteen episodes
rowspan="2"	2005	|	Martin Grolsch	Single episode
''Entourage (TV series)	Entourage''	R. J. Spencer
2007	|	Host	Single Episode
rowspan="2"	2008	|	The Psychic	Single episode
''Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!''	Bobby Stoan
2009	|	Calvin Robin Tomlinson	Single episode
2005–present	The Office'' ||	Dwight Schrute	Every episode
2010	|	Dwight Schrute	Single episode; guest voice actor

References

External links

SoulPancake.com

Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:American bloggers Category:American actors Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American Bahá'ís Category:New Trier High School alumni Category:New York University alumni Category:The Office (U.S. TV series) Category:Tufts University alumni Category:People from Seattle, Washington Category:Actors from Washington (state) Category:University of Washington alumni Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:20th-century Bahá'ís Category:21st-century Bahá'ís

bg:Рейн Уилсън da:Rainn Wilson de:Rainn Wilson es:Rainn Wilson fr:Rainn Wilson it:Rainn Wilson nl:Rainn Wilson ja:レイン・ウィルソン ko:레인 윌슨 no:Rainn Wilson pl:Rainn Wilson pt:Rainn Wilson ru:Уилсон, Рэйн simple:Rainn Wilson sv:Rainn Wilson tl:Rainn Wilson tr:Rainn Wilson