{|style="border: 1px solid; float: right; width: 250px;" !colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #CCC;"| |- |Density |1.15 g/cm³ |-style="background-color: #EEE;" |Electrical conductivity (σ) |10⁻¹² S/m |- |Thermal conductivity |0.25 W/(m·K) |-style="background-color: #EEE;" |Melting point |463–624 K 190–350 °C 374–663 °F |}

Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides, first produced on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station. Nylon is one of the most commonly used polymers.

Overview

Nylon is a thermoplastic silky material, first used commercially in a nylon-bristled toothbrush (1938), followed more famously by women's stockings ("nylons"; 1940). It is made of repeating units linked by amide bonds and is frequently referred to as ''polyamide'' (PA). Nylon was the first commercially successful synthetic polymer. There are two common methods of making nylon for fiber applications. In one approach, molecules with an acid (-COOH) group on each end are reacted with molecules containing amine (-NH₂) groups on each end. The resulting nylon is named on the basis of the number of carbon atoms separating the two acid groups and the two amines. These are formed into monomers of intermediate molecular weight, which are then reacted to form long polymer chains.

Nylon was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II. It replaced silk in military applications such as parachutes and flak vests, and was used in many types of vehicle tires.

Nylon fibres are used in many applications, including fabrics, bridal veils, carpets, musical strings, and rope.

Solid nylon is used for mechanical parts such as machine screws, gears and other low- to medium-stress components previously cast in metal. Engineering-grade nylon is processed by extrusion, casting, and injection molding. Solid nylon is used in hair combs. Type 6,6 Nylon 101 is the most common commercial grade of nylon, and Nylon 6 is the most common commercial grade of molded nylon.For use in tools such as the Apple Black Stick, a nylon is available in glass-filled variants which increase structural and impact strength and rigidity, and molybdenum sulfide-filled variants which increase lubricity.

Aramids are another type of polyamide with quite different chain structures which include aromatic groups in the main chain. Such polymers make excellent ballistic fibres.

Chemistry

Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, so that amides are formed at both ends of each monomer in a process analogous to polypeptide biopolymers. Chemical elements included are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. The numerical suffix specifies the numbers of carbons donated by the monomers; the diamine first and the diacid second. The most common variant is nylon 6-6 which refers to the fact that the diamine (hexamethylene diamine, IUPAC name: hexane-1,6-diamine) and the diacid (adipic acid, IUPAC name: hexanedioic acid) each donate 6 carbons to the polymer chain. As with other regular copolymers like polyesters and polyurethanes, the "repeating unit" consists of one of each monomer, so that they alternate in the chain. Since each monomer in this copolymer has the same reactive group on both ends, the direction of the amide bond reverses between each monomer, unlike natural polyamide proteins which have overall directionality: C terminal → N terminal. In the laboratory, nylon 6-6 can also be made using adipoyl chloride instead of adipic.

It is difficult to get the proportions exactly correct, and deviations can lead to chain termination at molecular weights less than a desirable 10,000 daltons (u). To overcome this problem, a crystalline, solid "nylon salt" can be formed at room temperature, using an exact 1:1 ratio of the acid and the base to neutralize each other. Heated to 285 °C (545 °F), the salt reacts to form nylon polymer. Above 20,000 daltons, it is impossible to spin the chains into yarn, so to combat this, some acetic acid is added to react with a free amine end group during polymer elongation to limit the molecular weight. In practice, and especially for 6,6, the monomers are often combined in a water solution. The water used to make the solution is evaporated under controlled conditions, and the increasing concentration of "salt" is polymerized to the final molecular weight.

DuPont patented nylon 6,6, so in order to compete, other companies (particularly the German BASF) developed the homopolymer nylon 6, or polycaprolactam — not a condensation polymer, but formed by a ring-opening polymerization (alternatively made by polymerizing aminocaproic acid). The peptide bond within the caprolactam is broken with the exposed active groups on each side being incorporated into two new bonds as the monomer becomes part of the polymer backbone. In this case, all amide bonds lie in the same direction, but the properties of nylon 6 are sometimes indistinguishable from those of nylon 6,6 — except for melt temperature and some fiber properties in products like carpets and textiles. There is also nylon 9.

The 428 °F (220 °C) melting point of nylon 6 is lower than the 509 °F (265 °C) melting point of nylon 6,6.

Nylon 5,10, made from pentamethylene diamine and sebacic acid, was studied by Carothers even before nylon 6,6 and has superior properties, but is more expensive to make. In keeping with this naming convention, "nylon 6,12" (N-6,12) or "PA-6,12" is a copolymer of a 6C diamine and a 12C diacid. Similarly for N-5,10 N-6,11; N-10,12, etc. Other nylons include copolymerized dicarboxylic acid/diamine products that are ''not'' based upon the monomers listed above. For example, some aromatic nylons are polymerized with the addition of diacids like terephthalic acid (→ Kevlar Twaron) or isophthalic acid (→ Nomex), more commonly associated with polyesters. There are copolymers of N-6,6/N6; copolymers of N-6,6/N-6/N-12; and others. Because of the way polyamides are formed, nylon would seem to be limited to unbranched, straight chains. But "star" branched nylon can be produced by the condensation of dicarboxylic acids with polyamines having three or more amino groups.

The general reaction is:

A molecule of water is given off and the nylon is formed. Its properties are determined by the R and R' groups in the monomers. In nylon 6,6, R = 4C and R' = 6C alkanes, but one also has to include the two carboxyl carbons in the diacid to get the number it donates to the chain. In Kevlar, both R and R' are benzene rings.

Concepts of nylon production

The first approach: combining molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with two chemicals that contain amine (NH₂) groups on each end. This process creates nylon 6,6, made of hexamethylene diamine with six carbon atoms and adipic acid.

The second approach: a compound has an acid at one end and an amine at the other and is polymerized to form a chain with repeating units of (-NH-[CH₂]_n-CO-)_x. In other words, nylon 6 is made from a single six-carbon substance called caprolactam. In this equation, if n = 5, then nylon 6 is the assigned name (may also be referred to as polymer).

The characteristic features of nylon 6,6 include:

Pleats and creases can be heat-set at higher temperatures

More compact molecular structure

Better weathering properties; better sunlight resistance

Softer "Hand"

Higher melting point (256 °C/492.8 °F)

Superior colorfastness

Excellent abrasion resistance

On the other hand, nylon 6 is easy to dye, more readily fades; it has a higher impact resistance, a more rapid moisture absorption, greater elasticity and elastic recovery.

Characteristics

Variation of luster: nylon has the ability to be very lustrous, semilustrous or dull.

Durability: its high tenacity fibers are used for seatbelts, tire cords, ballistic cloth and other uses.

High elongation

Excellent abrasion resistance

Highly resilient (nylon fabrics are heat-set)

Paved the way for easy-care garments

High resistance to insects, fungi, animals, as well as molds, mildew, rot and many chemicals

Used in carpets and nylon stockings

Melts instead of burning

Used in many military applications

Good specific strength

Transparent under infrared light (-12dB)

Bulk properties

Above their melting temperatures, ''T''_m, thermoplastics like nylon are amorphous solids or viscous fluids in which the chains approximate random coils. Below ''T''_m, amorphous regions alternate with regions which are lamellar crystals. The amorphous regions contribute elasticity and the crystalline regions contribute strength and rigidity. The planar amide (-CO-NH-) groups are very polar, so nylon forms multiple hydrogen bonds among adjacent strands. Because the nylon backbone is so regular and symmetrical, especially if all the amide bonds are in the ''trans'' configuration, nylons often have high crystallinity and make excellent fibers. The amount of crystallinity depends on the details of formation, as well as on the kind of nylon. Apparently it can never be quenched from a melt as a completely amorphous solid.

Nylon 6,6 can have multiple parallel strands aligned with their neighboring peptide bonds at coordinated separations of exactly 6 and 4 carbons for considerable lengths, so the carbonyl oxygens and amide hydrogens can line up to form interchain hydrogen bonds repeatedly, without interruption. Nylon 5,10 can have coordinated runs of 5 and 8 carbons. Thus parallel (but not antiparallel) strands can participate in extended, unbroken, multi-chain β-pleated sheets, a strong and tough supermolecular structure similar to that found in natural silk fibroin and the β-keratins in feathers. (Proteins have only an amino acid α-carbon separating sequential -CO-NH- groups.) Nylon 6 will form uninterrupted H-bonded sheets with mixed directionalities, but the β-sheet wrinkling is somewhat different. The three-dimensional disposition of each alkane hydrocarbon chain depends on rotations about the 109.47° tetrahedral bonds of singly bonded carbon atoms.

When extruded into fibers through pores in an industrial spinneret, the individual polymer chains tend to align because of viscous flow. If subjected to cold drawing afterwards, the fibers align further, increasing their crystallinity, and the material acquires additional tensile strength. In practice, nylon fibers are most often drawn using heated rolls at high speeds.

Block nylon tends to be less crystalline, except near the surfaces due to shearing stresses during formation. Nylon is clear and colorless, or milky, but is easily dyed. Multistranded nylon cord and rope is slippery and tends to unravel. The ends can be melted and fused with a heat source such as a flame or electrode to prevent this.

When dry, polyamide is a good electrical insulator. However, polyamide is hygroscopic. The absorption of water will change some of the material's properties such as its electrical resistance. Nylon is less absorbent than wool or cotton.

Historical uses

Bill Pittendreigh, DuPont, and other individuals and corporations worked diligently during the first few months of World War II to find a way to replace Asian silk and hemp with nylon in parachutes. It was also used to make tires, tents, ropes, ponchos, and other military supplies. It was even used in the production of a high-grade paper for U.S. currency. At the outset of the war, cotton accounted for more than 80% of all fibers used and manufactured, and wool fibers accounted for the remaining 20%. By August 1945, manufactured fibers had taken a market share of 25% and cotton had dropped.

Some of the terpolymers based upon nylon are used every day in packaging. Nylon has been used for meat wrappings and sausage sheaths.

Use in composites

Nylon can be used as the matrix material in composite materials, with reinforcing fibres like glass or carbon fiber; such a composite has a higher density than pure nylon. Such thermoplastic composites (25% glass fibre) are frequently used in car components next to the engine, such as intake manifolds, where the good heat resistance of such materials makes them feasible competitors to metals.

Hydrolysis and degradation

All nylons are susceptible to hydrolysis, especially by strong acids, a reaction essentially the reverse of the synthetic reaction shown above. The molecular weight of nylon products so attacked drops fast, and cracks form quickly at the affected zones. Lower members of the nylons (such as nylon 6) are affected more than higher members such as nylon 12. This means that nylon parts cannot be used in contact with sulfuric acid for example, such as the electrolyte used in lead-acid batteries. When being molded, nylon must be dried to prevent hydrolysis in the molding machine barrel since water at high temperatures can also degrade the polymer. The reaction is of the type:

Incineration and recycling

Various nylons break down in fire and form hazardous smoke, and toxic fumes or ash, typically containing hydrogen cyanide. Incinerating nylons to recover the high energy used to create them is usually expensive, so most nylons reach the garbage dumps, decaying very slowly. Some recycling is done on nylon, usually creating pellets for reuse in the industry, but this is done at a much lower scale.

Etymology

In 1940, John W. Eckelberry of DuPont stated that the letters "nyl" were arbitrary and the "on" was copied from the suffixes of other fibers such as cotton and rayon. A later publication by DuPont explained that the name was originally intended to be "No-Run" ("run" meaning "unravel"), but was modified to avoid making such an unjustified claim and to make the word sound better. An apocryphal tale is that Nylon is a conflation of "New York" and "London". Equally spurious is the backronym for "Now You've Lost, Old Nippon" referring to the supposed loss of demand for Japanese silk.

See also

Aramid

Forensic engineering

Polymers

Plastic

Nylon 6

Nylon 6-6

Ballistic Nylon

Rip-stop Nylon

Cordura

Nylon riots

Step-growth polymerization

Nylon-eating bacteria

References

Further reading

''Textiles'' by Sara J. Kadolph, ISBN 0131187694

External links

For historical perspectives on nylon, see the Documents List of "The Stocking Story: You Be The Historian" at the Smithsonian website, by The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

A chemical demonstration of the synthesis of nylon in Carleton University's CHEM 1000 course. (Video)

Typical properties of Nylon / Polyamide

Polyamide material description

Discussion of nylon synthesis and properties

"How Nylon Yarn Is Made", January 1946, Popular Science from raw material to shipment article with drawings and illustrations

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Coordinates	38°52′15.56″N77°3′21.46″N
name	Jack Black
background	solo_singer
birth name	Thomas Jacob Black
alias	Jables, JB
birth date	August 28, 1969
birth place	Santa Monica, California, US
instrument	Vocals, guitar, percussion, keyboard
genre	Rock, comedy rock, hard rock, heavy metal, acoustic rock
occupation	Musician, songwriter, actor, comedian
years active	1991–present
label	Epic, Sony BMG
associated acts	Tenacious D, Queens of the Stone Age, Eagles of Death Metal, Probot, Foo Fighters, Meat Loaf
website	www.tenaciousd.com
notable instruments	}}

Thomas Jacob "Jack" Black (born August 28, 1969) is an American comedian, actor and musician. He makes up one half of the comedy and satirical rock duo Tenacious D. The group has two albums as well as a television series and a film. His acting career is extensive, starring primarily as bumbling, cocky, but internally self-conscious outsiders in comedy films. He was a member of the Frat Pack, a group of comedians who have appeared together in several Hollywood films, and has been nominated for a Golden Globe award. He has also won an MTV Movie Award, and a Nickelodeon Kids Choice Award. He also hosted the 2011 Kids Choice Awards.

Early life

Black was born in Santa Monica, California, the son of two satellite engineers, Judith (née Cohen), who worked on the Hubble Space Telescope, and Thomas William Black. Black's mother is Jewish and his father converted to Judaism. On ''The Tonight Show'', he said his surname may have come from the occupational name Blacksmith. Black's parents divorced when he was 10; Black moved to Culver City with his father and frequently visited his mother’s home. As a child, Black appeared in a commercial for the Activision game ''Pitfall!'' in 1982, which was later shown during an appearance on ''Jimmy Kimmel Live'' and again on ''The Tonight Show with Conan O' Brien''. When Black entered high school, his parents enrolled him at the Poseidon School, a private secondary school engineered specifically for students struggling in the traditional school system. Black also attended the Crossroads School, where he excelled in drama. He later attended UCLA but dropped out during his sophomore year to pursue a career in entertainment, at which point his father discontinued his financial support. Fellow UCLA alumnus Tim Robbins later cast Black in ''Bob Roberts''. He also had recurring roles on the HBO sketch comedy series ''Mr. Show''.

Career

Acting career

Black's acting career began with prime time television. He played roles on shows including ''Life Goes On'', ''Northern Exposure'', ''Mr. Show'', ''Picket Fences'', and ''The X-Files''. Black appeared in the unaired TV pilot ''Heat Vision and Jack'', directed by Ben Stiller, in which he played an ex-astronaut pursued by actor Ron Silver. He was accompanied by his friend who had merged with a motorcycle, voiced by Owen Wilson.

Black later took on small roles in ''Airborne'', ''Demolition Man'', ''Waterworld'', ''The Fan'', ''Mars Attacks!'', Tim Robbins' ''Dead Man Walking'', and others. He had a small role in ''True Romance'' as a security guard, but the scene was deleted. In 2000, he appeared in ''High Fidelity'' as a wild employee in John Cusack's record store, a role Black considers his breakout.

His career soon led to leading roles in films such as ''Shallow Hal'', ''The School of Rock'', ''Nacho Libre'', ''Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny'', ''King Kong'', ''Year One'' and ''Gulliver's Travels''. His next film, ''The Big Year'', a competitive birdwatching comedy co-starring Owen Wilson, Steve Martin and JoBeth Williams is set for release in October 2011. He is referred to in the media as a member of the Frat Pack, a group of comedy actors who frequently work together, which also includes Owen Wilson, Luke Wilson, Ben Stiller, Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn, and Steve Carell.

He guest-starred on ''The Office'' along with Cloris Leachman, Jessica Alba, and Steve Carell in a movie within the show. He also guest-starred in iCarly, in the episode ''iStart a Fan War''.

Black has appeared numerous times on the "untelevised TV network" short film festival Channel101, starring in the shows ''Computerman'', ''Timebelt'', and ''Laserfart''. He also provided an introduction for the unaired sketch comedy ''Awesometown'', donning a Colonial-era military uniform. In the introduction, he claims to be George Washington (and takes credit for the accomplishments of other American Presidents such as Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln). Black also guest starred in the Cartoon Network's "Adult Swim" show ''Tom Goes to the Mayor'', as a bear-trap store owner.

Black hosted the 2006 ''Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards'' on April 1, 2006 and hosted it again March 29, 2008, and April 2, 2011. He also appeared on the MTV video music awards on August 31, 2006. Black has made five appearances on ''Saturday Night Live'': three times as a host, once as a musical guest (with Kyle Gass as Tenacious D), and another appearance with Tenacious D, not as a host or musical guest. He produced and appeared on VH1's Internet video show ''Acceptable.TV''.

Black voice acted for ''The Simpsons'' episode "Husbands and Knives", which aired November 18, 2007, voicing the friendly owner of the rival comic book store, Milo. Black took part in the ''Who Wants To Be A Millionaire'' celebrity edition along with Denis Leary, Jimmy Kimmel and others and was handed the prize of US$125,000 in October 2001. On December 14, Jack Black hosted the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards. He provided the voice of the main character, roadie Eddie Riggs, in the heavy metal-themed action-adventure video game, ''Brütal Legend''. In 2009, at the Spike Video Game Awards, he earned the Best Voice award for the voice of Eddie Riggs in ''Brütal Legend''. In April 2009, Black also starred in an episode of the children's show "Yo Gabba Gabba!" on Nick Jr. vocalized funny kid songs such as "It's Not Fun to Get Lost", "Friends" and "Goodbye Song".

Music career

Black, also known as JB or Jables, is the lead singer for the rock comedy band Tenacious D. Along with Kyle Gass, they have released two albums, a self-titled debut, and the follow-up, ''The Pick of Destiny'', from which one of their songs "The Metal" was used in the music video games "Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock" and "Brütal Legend". "Rock Your Socks" from the album "Tenacious D" was played in the music videogame "Rock Band Unplugged", and "Master Exploder" from "The Pick Of Destiny" went on to be used in music video games "Guitar Hero Van Halen" and "''Rock Band 2''", along with their song "Tribute" from "Tenacious D". "Master Exploder" and "The Metal" featured in the film ''Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny''. The film, directed by Tenacious D veteran Liam Lynch, features recurring characters such as Lee the superfan and Sasquatch. Tim Robbins cameos as does Dave Grohl as Satan. Ben Stiller also makes an appearance as a worker at Guitar Center, and also another appearance in the music video for "Tribute".

Tenacious D helped the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation to raise awareness and funds in San Diego on June 16, 2007. Tenacious D can be seen performing in the Pauly Shore film ''Bio-Dome'' where the duo is performing its song "The Five Needs" at a "Save the Environment" party. Black was also a guest star on an episode of ''The Ellen Degeneres Show'' entitled "Ellen the Musical", alongside Broadway star Kristin Chenoweth and teenage singer-actress Olivia Olson. On the show, besides singing, he discussed his then-upcoming film ''Nacho Libre'' with the host.

Black has also appeared on Dave Grohl's ''Probot'' album, providing vocals for the hidden song "I Am The Warlock", and Lynch's ''Fake Songs'' album, providing vocals for the song "Rock and Roll Whore". Black performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's "Let's Get It On" in the last sequence of ''High Fidelity''. He lent his musical abilities to the Queens of the Stone Age song "Burn the Witch" with rhythmic stomps and claps, some performed with his eyes closed. He also provided vocals for The Lonely Island's track "Sax Man" from the album ''Incredibad''.

Black has also recorded a duet on Meat Loaf's new CD Hang Cool Teddy Bear. The song is called Like a Rose. Meat Loaf has also played Black's father in the Pick of Destiny movie. Hang Cool Teddy Bear also features Hugh Laurie, Kara Dioguardi, Brian May, Steve Vai & Patti Russo, produced by Rob Cavallo.

Black has appeared in music videos of Beck "Sexx Laws"; Foo Fighters "Learn To Fly", "Low", and "The One"; The Eagles of Death Metal's "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)"; Sum 41's "Things I Want"; Dio's "Push"; and Weezer's "Photograph."

In October 2010, Tenacious D appeared at BlizzCon 2010, a convention hosted by the game designers, Blizzard Entertainment.

Personal life

In January 2006, Black became engaged to Tanya Haden. She is the daughter of the jazz double bassist Charlie Haden, and sister of violinist and singer Petra Haden. Haden herself is an accomplished cellist. Both attended Crossroads school and met again 15 years after graduating, at a friend's birthday party. Black proposed marriage around Christmas 2005. They married on March 14, 2006, in Big Sur, California. Their son, Samuel Jason "Sammy" Black, was born on June 10, 2006, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. On May 23, 2008, Black and his wife had their second son, Thomas David Black.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1992	''Bob Roberts''	Roger Davis
1993		Augie
1993		Wasteland Scrap
1994	''The NeverEnding Story III''	Slip, Leader of the Nasties
1995		DJ at Party
1995		Craig Poncelet
1995	''Waterworld''	Pilot
1996	''Bio-Dome''	Tenacious D
1996	''The Cable Guy''	Rick
1996		Broadcast Technician
1996	''Mars Attacks!''	Billy Glenn Norris
1997		Devlin
1997	''Crossworlds''	Steve
1997		Ian Lamont
1998		Fiedler
1998	''I Still Know What You Did Last Summer''	Titus Telesco
1998	''Johnny Skidmarks''	Jerry
1999	''Cradle Will Rock''	Sid
1999	''Jesus' Son''	Georgie
1999		Fisherman	uncredited
2000		Barry	Blockbuster Entertainment Award	Nominated – American Comedy Award>American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion PictureNominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Music MomentNominated – MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Male PerformanceNominated – Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor
2001	''Frank's Book''	Performance Hipster	Short Film
2001	''Saving Silverman''	J.D. McNugent
2001	''Shallow Hal''	Hal Larson	Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Film- Choice Actor, Comedy
2002		Zeke	Voice only
2002		Lance Brumder
2002	''Run Ronnie Run''	Lead Chimney Sweep	DVD Exclusive Award for Best Original Song in a DVD Premiere
2003	''Melvin Goes to Dinner''	Mental Patient	uncreditedPhoenix Film Festival Award for Best Ensemble ActingNominated – DVD Exclusive Award for Best Supporting Actor in a DVD Premiere
2003	''School of Rock''	Dewey Finn
2004	''Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy''	Motorcyclist	uncredited (cameo)
2004		Nick Vanderpark	Nominated – People's Choice Award for Favorite Funny Male Star
2004	''Laser Fart''	The Elegant Hunter	Video
2004	''Shark Tale''	Lenny	Voice only
2005		Carl Denham	Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Movies – Choice Sleazebag
2005	''Peter Jackson's King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie''	Carl Denham	voiceVideo gameSpike Video Game Award – Best Leading Male Performance
2006	''Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties''	Orson, Booker and Wolf
2006	''The Holiday''	Miles
2006	''Nacho Libre''	Nacho	Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Male Movie StarNominated – MTV Movie Award for Best FightNominated – Teen Choice Award for Movies – Choice Actor: ComedyNominated – Teen Choice Award for Movies – Choice ChemistryNominated – Teen Choice Award for Movie – Choice Rumble
2006	''Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny''	Jack "Jables" Black (JB)
2007	''Margot at the Wedding''	Malcolm	Nominated – Gotham Award for Best Ensemble Cast
2007	''Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story''	Paul McCartney	Uncredited
2008	''Be Kind Rewind''	Jerry Gerber
2008	''Kung Fu Panda''	rowspan="2"	Voice onlyKids' Choice Award for Favorite Voice from an Animated MovieNominated – Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in a Motion Picture
2008	''The Secrets of the Furious Five''	VoiceShort film
2008		Jesus Christ	Viral videoshort
2008	''Tropic Thunder''	Jeff "Fats" Portnoy	Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast
2008	''Tropic Thunder: Rain of Madness''	Jeff "Fats" Portnoy	Video
2009	''Brütal Legend''	Eddie Riggs	VoiceVideo gameSpike Video Game Award – Best Voice
2009		Zed
2010		Gulliver
2011	''Kung Fu Panda 2''		Voice onlyNominated - Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie Animated Voice
2011		Bernie Tiede	Premiered on June 16, 2011 at the Los Angeles Film Festival.
2011	''The Big Year''	Brad Harris	post-production
2011		Cameo Appearance	post-production
2012	''Frank or Francis''		pre-production

Television work

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1991	''Our Shining Moments''	Teenage Boy	TV Movie
1993	''The Golden Palace''	Taxi Driver	episode "Seems Like Old Times: Part 2"
1993		Skinhead	episode "Incident on Main"
1993	''Marked for Murder''	Car Thief	television film
1993	''Northern Exposure''	Kevin Wilkins	episode "A River Doesn't Run Through It"
1994		Private	television film
1994	''The Innocent''	Marty Prago	television film
1995		Tommy	episode "A Night at the Oprah"
1995		Man	episode "Brenda's Secret"
1995	''The Single Guy''	Randy	episode "Sister"
1995	''Touched By An Angel''	Monte	episode "Angels on the Air"
1995	''The X-Files''	Bart 'Zero' Liqouri	episode "D.P.O."
1995–1996	''Mr. Show with Bob and David''	Various	4 episodes
1995–1996	''Picket Fences''	Curtis Williams	2 episodes
1997–2000		JB	6
1999	''Heat Vision and Jack''	Jack	television pilot
2001	''Space Ghost Coast to Coast''	Himself	episode "Sweet for Brak"
2002	''2002 MTV Movie Awards''	Host
2002	''The Andy Dick Show''	J.D.	episode "Flipped"
2002	''Clone High''	Pusher/Larry Hardcore	episode "Raisin The Stakes"
2002	''Crank Yankers''	Tenacious D	episode "#1.3"
2002	''Jack Black: Spider-Man''	Spider-Man	MTV Movie Awards segment
2002	''Lord of the Piercing''	Jack the Elf	MTV Movie Awards segment''Fellowship of the Ring: Extended Edition'' easter egg
2002	''MADtv''	Tenacious D	episode "#7.22"
2002	''Panic Room with Will Ferrell''	Himself	MTV Movie Awards segment
2003	''Player$''	Tenacious D	episode "Tenacious D a la Mode"
2003	''Will & Grace''	Dr. Isaac Hershberg	episode "Nice in White Satin"
2003–2004		Computerman	6 episodes
2003–2004	''Time Belt''	Computerman	2 episodes
2004	''Cracking Up''	Brian	episode "Scared Straight"
2004	''Tom Goes to the Mayor''	Trapper JB	episode "Bear Traps"
2005	''Awesometown''	George Washington	television film
2006	''2006 Kids' Choice Awards''	Himself	Host
2007	''The Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show''	Jables	episode "Break-Up"
2007	''The Simpsons''	Milo	episode "Husbands and Knives"
2008	''Sesame Street''	Himself	episode "The Golden Triangle Of Destiny"
2008	''2008 Kids' Choice Awards''	Himself	Host
2009		Sam	episode "Stress Relief"
2009	''Yo Gabba Gabba''	Himself	episode "New Friends"
2010		Buddy	episode "Investigative Journalism"
2010	''iCarly''	Aspartamay	episode ''iStart a Fanwar''
2010–2011	''Take Two with Phineas and Ferb''	Himself	2 episodes, "Jack Black" and "Neil Patrick Harris"
2010	"Space Ghost Coast to Coast special gag ad episode"	Himself (cameo)
2011	''Fish Hooks''	Chief	episode "Labor Day"
2011	''Big Time Rush''	Cupid	episode "Big Time Crush"
2011	''2011 Kids' Choice Awards''	Himself	Host, This will be the third time Jack Black has hosted the Kids Choice Awards, the last times being in 2008 and 2006.
2011	''American Idol''	Himself	Performed 'Fat Bottomed Girls' with American Idol contestant Casey Abrams.

References

External links

Margot at the Wedding

Suicide Girls interview

Jack Black in King Kong

The Tao of Jack Black, Steve Ramos, ''Cincinnati CityBeat'', October 8, 2003

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:American comedians Category:American comedy musicians Category:American film actors Category:Jewish American writers Category:American male singers Category:American voice actors Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American television actors Category:American television writers Category:Actors from California Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish American musicians Category:Jewish comedians Category:Musicians from California Category:People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Category:Tenacious D Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni

ar:جاك بلاك bg:Джак Блек cs:Jack Black cy:Jack Black da:Jack Black de:Jack Black es:Jack Black fa:جک بلک fr:Jack Black ga:Jack Black ko:잭 블랙 id:Jack Black it:Jack Black he:ג'ק בלאק hu:Jack Black ml:ജായ്ക്ക് ബ്ലായ്ക്ക് nl:Jack Black ja:ジャック・ブラック no:Jack Black uz:Jack Black pl:Jack Black pt:Jack Black ru:Блэк, Джек simple:Jack Black sk:Jack Black fi:Jack Black sv:Jack Black th:แจ็ก แบล็ก tr:Jack Black uk:Джек Блек vi:Jack Black zh:傑克·布萊克

Coordinates	38°52′15.56″N77°3′21.46″N
Name	Freida Pinto
Birth date	October 18, 1984
Occupation	Actress, Model
Birth place	Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Yearsactive	2006–present
Homepage	}}

Freida Pinto (born 18 October 1984) is an Indian actress and model best known for her portrayal of Latika in the 2008 Academy Award winning film ''Slumdog Millionaire'', for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. In 2010, she starred in the films ''You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger'' and as the title character in ''Miral'', and in 2011, she starred in the box-office hit ''Rise of the Planet of the Apes''.

Early life

Freida Pinto was born on 18 October 1984 to a Mangalorean Catholic family in Mumbai. Her mother, Sylvia, is a principal of St John's Universal High School (Goregaon), and her father, Frederick, is a senior branch manager at the Bank of Baroda. Her older sister Sharon is an associate producer for the NDTV news channel. Pinto dreamed of becoming an actress since she was five years old. When Freida was ten, Sushmita Sen won Miss Universe 1994, which turned out to be a defining point in Freida's life. She studied at Carmel of St. Joseph School in Malad, Mumbai and completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) with a major in English Literature, and minors in Psychology and Economics, from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. She also acted in plays and amateur theater while attending St. Xavier's. She later joined Elite Model Management and modeled for two and a half years.

Acting career

Before starring in ''Slumdog Millionaire'', Pinto anchored the international travel show, ''Full Circle'', on Zee International Asia Pacific in English between 2006-08. Pinto was also featured in several television and print advertisements for products such as Wrigley's Chewing Gum, Škoda, Vodafone India, Airtel, and DeBeers. Pinto modeled for four years and appeared in runway shows and magazine covers. She learned acting from The Barry John's Acting Studio in Andheri and was trained by theatre director Barry John. After six months of auditions, she received a call to audition for ''Slumdog Millionaire''. Pinto auditioned for Danny Boyle and was short-listed and finally selected to star in ''Slumdog Millionaire''.

Pinto made her feature film debut in 2008 in ''Slumdog Millionaire'' playing the role of Latika, the girl with whom Jamal (Dev Patel) is in love. At the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, the movie won the Cadillac People's Choice Award. At the 2009 Golden Globe Awards, the movie won four awards. Pinto herself was nominated for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" at the 2009 BAFTA Awards, She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture alongside other cast members from ''Slumdog Millionaire''.

Pinto co-starred in Woody Allen's comedy-drama film ''You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger'', with Antonio Banderas, Josh Brolin, Anthony Hopkins, Anupam Kher and Naomi Watts, which premiered at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. Pinto appeared in the 2011 science fiction film ''Rise of the Planet of the Apes'', a reboot of the ''Planet of the Apes'' series, opposite James Franco. She played Caroline, a primatologist, in the film. She will also appear in the 2011 fantasy-action-drama film, ''Immortals'', in which she will play the role of the oracle priestess Phaedra. Also in 2011, she will play Princess Lallah in the 1930s set ''Black Gold'' and star in ''Trishna'', Michael Winterbottom’s contemporary revisioning of Tess of the d'Urbervilles.

Other work

Pinto has joined Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf to support their philanthropic organisation "Agassi Foundation". She is the only Indian actress to have participated in their annual fund raiser titled, "The 15th Grand Slam for Children", that aims at raising funds for education of underprivileged children.

Popular reception

Pinto is featured in ''People'' magazine's "Most Beautiful People List", and "List of World's Best Dressed Women". She was also featured in the "Top 99 Most Desirable Women" poll conducted by Askmen.com in 2010. According to ''The Daily Telegraph'', she is currently the highest paid Indian actress (she does not count as a Bollywood star as she never appeared in a Bollywood film). She has also been listed in the top ten list of the fashion magazine ''Vogue'''s 2009 annual list of the most stylish women. On 13 May 2009, Pinto became a new spokesmodel for ''L'Oréal''. Near the end of 2010, Pinto was ranked #6 in TC Candler's list of "Most Beautiful Faces".

Filmography

+ Movies
! Year	! Film	! Role	Notes and Awards
2008	''Slumdog Millionaire''	Latika	Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PicturePalm Springs International Film Festival – Breakthrough Performance Award Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting RoleNominated – Black Reel Awards of 2008 – Black Reel Awards of 2008#Best Ensemble
2010	''[[You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger''	Dia
2010	''Miral''	Miral
2011	''Rise of the Planet of the Apes''	Caroline
2011		Phaedra	post-production
2011		Princess Lallah	post-production

References

External links

Category:1984 births Category:Indian female models Category:Indian film actors Category:Indian Roman Catholics Category:Living people Category:Mangaloreans Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Mumbai

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Coordinates	38°52′15.56″N77°3′21.46″N
name	Nina Dobrev
birth name	Nina Konstantinova Dobreva
birth date	January 09, 1989
birth place	Sofia, Bulgaria
nationality	Bulgarian-Canadian
occupation	Actress and model
yearsactive	2006–present }}

Nina Dobrev (born Nina Konstantinova Dobreva; in Bulgarian, ''Нина Константинова Добрева''; January 9, 1989) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress. She played the role of Mia Jones, the single teenage mother, on ''Degrassi: The Next Generation'', from the show's sixth to ninth season. She currently stars as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on The CW television teen drama, ''The Vampire Diaries''.

Early life

Nina Dobrev was born in Sofia, Bulgaria and moved to Canada at the age of two, where she was raised in Toronto, Ontario. She speaks fluent French, English, and Bulgarian. Her mother is an artist, and her father is a computer scientist. She has one older brother. From a very young age, she showed great enthusiasm and talent for the arts—dance, gymnastics, theater, music, visual arts, and acting.

She attended J. B. Tyrrell Sr. Public School and Wexford Collegiate School for the Arts in Scarborough, Ontario. She attended Ryerson University in Toronto, majoring in sociology. She left in 2008 to pursue her acting career.

Career

Modeling jobs led to commercials, which then turned into film auditions. Shortly thereafter, she booked roles in feature films, including ''Fugitive Pieces'', ''Away from Her'', ''Never Cry Werewolf'', and the television series ''Degrassi: The Next Generation''. She starred in a number of Lifetime original movies. She also was in an MTV movie called ''The American Mall'' on CTV. She is currently starring in The CW's drama ''The Vampire Diaries'', playing the dual role of Katherine Pierce, a vampire that the same brothers each loved while they were still human during the American Civil War, and Katherine's doppelgänger Elena Gilbert, a human who is caught between the same two vampire brothers, Damon and Stefan Salvatore. In June 2011, Dobrev and ''The Vampire Diaries'' co-star Ian Somerhalder appeared in a public romance.

She also had a minor role in the erotic thriller ''Chloe'', theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics on March 26, 2010. The film had enjoyed commercial success and became director Atom Egoyan's biggest moneymaker ever.

In August 2010, Dobrev appeared in the opening sketch of the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards.

In April 2011, she was cast as Candace in the film adaptation of ''The Perks of Being a Wallflower'', alongside Logan Lerman, Emma Watson and Paul Rudd. Shooting began in May of that year in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and she completed her scenes on June 27.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
2008	''Repo! The Genetic Opera''	Teenage Zydrate Addict
2006	''Away from Her''	Monica
2006		Shania
2006–2009	''Degrassi: The Next Generation''		TV, 46 episodes
2007	''How She Move''	Tall Girl in the Bathroom
2007		Rachel
2007		Bella
2007	''My Daughter's Secret''	Justine
2007	''Too Young to Marry''	Jessica
2008	''Mookies Law''	Rosebella	Short film
2008	''The American Mall''	Ally Shepherd	A singer, Keely Hawkes, sung for her as she had never had any previous vocal training
2008	''Never Cry Werewolf''	Loren Hansett
2008		Maia	TV, 2 episodes: "Articles of Faith" and "Blowback"
2009		Anna
2009	''Degrassi Goes Hollywood''
2009		Grace Dahl	TV, 1 episode: "Eternal"
2009	''Merry Madagascar''	Cupid the Reindeer	Voice
2009–present	''The Vampire Diaries''	Elena Gilbert/Katherine Pierce	Main roleTV, 44 episodes
2011	''The Super Hero Squad Show''	Ellen	VoiceTV, 1 episode: "This Man-Thing, This Monster!"
2011	''The Roommate''	Maria	Cameo
2011	''Arena''		Post-production
2012		Candace	Post-production

Accolades

! Year	! Award	! Category	! Work	! Result
2010	2010 Teen Choice Awards	Breakout Star Female	''The Vampire Diaries''
2010	2010 Teen Choice Awards	Actress Fantasy/Sci-Fi	''The Vampire Diaries''
2011	2011 Teen Choice Awards	Actress Fantasy/Sci-Fi	''The Vampire Diaries''
2011	2011 Teen Choice Awards	Female Hottie
2011	2011 Teen Choice Awards	Vampire

References

External links

Category:1989 births Category:Bulgarian expatriates in the United States Category:Bulgarian film actors Category:Bulgarian emigrants to Canada Category:Bulgarian television actors Category:Canadian child actors Category:Canadian expatriate actors in the United States Category:Canadian film actors Category:Canadian people of Bulgarian descent Category:Canadian television actors Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada Category:Living people Category:People from Sofia Category:People from Toronto

az:Nina Dobrev bg:Нина Добрев cs:Nina Dobrev da:Nina Dobrev de:Nina Dobrev et:Nina Dobrev es:Nina Dobrev fa:نینا دوبرو fr:Nina Dobrev hy:Նինա Դոբրև hr:Nina Dobrev it:Nina Dobrev he:נינה דוברב lt:Nina Dobrev hu:Nina Dobrev mk:Нина Добрев nl:Nina Dobrev ja:ニーナ・ドブレフ no:Nina Dobrev pl:Nina Dobrev pt:Nina Dobrev ru:Добрев, Нина sk:Nina Konstantinova Dobreva ckb:نینا دۆبرێڤ fi:Nina Dobrev sv:Nina Dobrev tr:Nina Dobrev uk:Ніна Добрев zh:妮娜·杜波夫

Coordinates	38°52′15.56″N77°3′21.46″N
birth date	June 13, 1986
birth place	Sherman Oaks, California, U.S
occupation	Actress, fashion designer, author, producer
years active	1987–present
Associated acts	Ashley Olsen, Elizabeth Olsen, Bob Saget, Candace Cameron Bure, Jodie Sweetin, John Stamos, Dave Coulier, Lori Loughlin, Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit, Blake Tuomy-Wilhoit, Andrea Barber, Scott Weinger }}

Mary-Kate Olsen (born June 13, 1986) is an American actress, producer, author and fashion designer. She made her career debut in 1987 alongside her twin sister Ashley Olsen in the television series ''Full House''. Following the huge success of ''Full House'' in America, Mary-Kate and Ashley established a successful career starring in television and film roles that saw her become an international household name. Founded in 1993, the production company Dualstar was created to produce and merchandise films and TV shows starring Mary-Kate and Ashley, becoming an extremely profitable enterprise. Mary-Kate became joint CEO of Dualstar in 2004, securing her position in the Forbes celebrity rich list. Mary-Kate is the older sister of Elizabeth Olsen.

Since 2006, Mary-Kate has been pursuing acting roles independent of her sister and the "Mary-Kate and Ashley" tag. Her first part was a supporting role in the 2006 film ''Factory Girl''. She has also starred in TV shows such as ''Weeds'' and ''Samantha Who?''. The 2011 release ''Beastly'' is her first major role in a film without her sister Ashley.

Mary-Kate's personal life has also been the subject of tabloid attention. In 2004 her health and subsequent admittance to a treatment facility for anorexia nervosa were subject to intense tabloid attention. Following the death of Heath Ledger in early 2008 Mary-Kate received worldwide press attention speculating her connection to the case, however she was never interviewed by investigating officers. Her sometimes controversial fashion choices have often found her on both the best and worst dressed fashion lists, particularly for her decision to wear fur.

Early life and career beginnings (1987–1993)

Olsen was born in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Jarnette (née Fuller), a personal manager, David Olsen, a real estate developer and mortgage banker, and elder sister of Elizabeth Olsen. Mary-Kate began her career in 1987, aged just nine months old, when she and her twin sister Ashley were given a shared role as Michelle Tanner on the television show ''Full House''. The twins were cast as one character in the shared role because of labor laws that limited the amount of time children their age could work. By hiring twins, the producers were able to double the available filming time. The producers also liked that in their audition, Mary-Kate and Ashley loved playing their role and never cried.

''Mary-Kate and Ashley'' success (1993–2005)

Their huge success on ''Full House'' led to the creation of Dualstar in 1993, which produced their TV and film roles, and also marketed an extremely profitable line of merchandising including make-up and clothes. While still starring in the series, Mary-Kate and Ashley were given roles in TV movies especially created for them as twins and seeking to expand their fan base beyond the viewers of ''Full House''. When the show ended in 1995, Mary-Kate continued to work with Ashley, and together they released a string of successful straight-to-video movies and became popular figures in the preteen market during the late 1990s and early 2000s. They became a household name, with their likeness seen in clothes, books, fragrances, magazines, movies and posters. There were even fashion dolls made by Mattel from 2000–2005.

They starred in the video series ''The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley'', the ABC show ''Two of a Kind'', and ABC Family's ''So Little Time'', for which Mary-Kate received a nomination for Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series at the 2002 Daytime Emmy Awards. They were ranked number three on the VH1 program ''100 Greatest Child Stars''.

In 2004, Mary-Kate appeared alongside her twin sister in the theatrical comedy, ''New York Minute'', also starring Eugene Levy.

Career independence (2006–present)

Seeking to establish independent identities for herself and her sister, Mary-Kate has asked the public and the media to refer to them not as "the Olsen twins" but as Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen respectively.

Subsequently, Mary-Kate's first solo acting appearance was in the movie ''Factory Girl'', released in December 2006. The short scene was ultimately cut from theatrical release, but made part of the DVD. In addition, she has had a recurring role on Showtime's ''Weeds'' as Tara Lindman. She appears in the 2008 film ''The Wackness'' as Union. At the Sundance Film Festival, co-star and Academy Award–winner Sir Ben Kingsley praised her by saying "Mary-Kate's portrayal of this girl is perfect — she's hysterical. She's a pro. It makes sense. She's been in this business a lot longer than I have." However, this is hyperbole; as Kingsley's first film credit was in 1966, and he even won his Academy Award a few years before Olsen was born.

Mary-Kate made a one-episode appearance on the ABC comedy ''Samantha Who?''. On November 10, 2008 during the second season of the show, Mary-Kate played Natalie in episode 5, a self-destructive, bad girl whom Samantha tries to help while doing community service. Her most recent job was a role in the movie ''Beastly'', which was based on the book of the same name by Alex Flinn. She also landed the role as Stacey in the movie Story of a Girl, which is currently in pre-production and stars Kevin Bacon, Julian Thome and Terrence Howard.

CEO

On her 18th birthday in 2004, Mary-Kate became joint CEO of Dualstar Entertainment Group. At the time, the majority of Dualstar's market share was made up of the "tween" market, built heavily around the image of Mary-Kate and Ashley. Upon taking control of the company, Mary-Kate and Ashley made moves to secure the future of the company by releasing products that appealed to the teen market, including home decoration and fragrances. Their success has been marked on Forbes ''The Celebrity 100'' list since 2002, and in 2007 Forbes ranked the twins as the eleventh-richest women in entertainment, with an estimated net worth of $100 million.

Fashion career

Following a high volume of public interest in the sisters' fashion choices, both worked in collaboration on a string of fashion lines, available to the public.

Starting as young girls, they have a clothing line in Wal-Mart stores across America for girls ages 4–14 as well as a beauty line called "''Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls''". In 2004, they made news by signing a pledge to allow all the workers that sew their line of clothing in Bangladesh full maternity leave. The National Labor Committee, which organized the pledge, later praised the twins for their commitment to worker rights. The director of the organization, Charles Kernaghan, is quoted as saying: In 2006, the sisters appeared together in an ad campaign for an upscale fashion line Badgley Mischka Mary-Kate and her sister have released The Row, a high-end fashion line inspired by London's Savile Row. The clothing is sold at high-end retailers such as Barneys, Maxfield, Harvey Nichols, Brown's, and others around the world.

Ashley continued her expansion in the fashion industry with the Fall '07 launch of ''Elizabeth and James'' and "The Row" their contemporary collection inspired by many of their unique vintage finds and pieces in their personal wardrobes.

In Fall 2008, Mary-Kate and Ashley co-authored a book entitled ''Influence'' as a tribute to designers, artists and other industry creative individuals who inspired them.

In addition, Mary-Kate has embarked on a solo fashion project with celebrity stylists Jane Belfry and Fred Holston. The line is currently in development. Mary-Kate and Ashley have a new Fashion Line for adults called Olsenboye which is available at jcpenney.

Personal life

In 2005, Mary-Kate Olsen ended her romance with Greek shipping heir Stavros Niarchos III. Mary-Kate said that the breakup was one of the main factors in her leave of absence from New York University. "I miss him and I adore him," Olsen said, "It's a hurtful and a painful subject." When asked if there was a specific reason for her leaving NYU, she replied, "I think we can all guess."

Olsen dated Maxwell Snow, the younger brother of the late New York-based artist Dash Snow, from September 2006 until the summer of 2007. In 2008 Olsen started dating artist Nate Lowman. The two split on February 24, 2010.

Health issues

In mid-2004, Olsen announced she had entered treatment for an eating disorder, anorexia nervosa. On November 20, 2007 she was hospitalized for a reported kidney infection. She has also revealed that she has ADHD.

Death of Heath Ledger

Mary-Kate was a close friend of late actor Heath Ledger around the time of his death, January 22, 2008. After discovering Ledger unconscious in his bed, his masseuse Diana Wolozin called Olsen twice before contacting police. Olsen sent a private security guard to the scene.

Responding to a claim by an anonymous law enforcement official that she would not speak to federal investigators without a promise of legal immunity, Olsen's attorney Michael C. Miller said:

Filmography

:''For productions in which Mary-Kate appeared with her sister Ashley, see Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen.

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
2006	''Factory Girl''	Molly Spence	Small scene/guest
2007		Tara Lindman	8 episodes
	''The Wackness''	Union	Part-time role
''Samantha Who?''	Karen McNeicep	1 episode
		Kendra Hilferty	Supporting role
	Stacey	In production

Awards and nominations

Daytime Emmy Awards

* 2002: Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series (''So Little Time'') – Nominated

DVD Exclusive Awards

* 2003: Franchise Performers Award – WON (with Ashley Olsen)

Kids' Choice Awards

* 1996: Favorite Movie Actress (''It Takes Two'') – WON (with Ashley Olsen)

* 1999: Favorite TV Actress (''Two of a Kind'') – WON (with Ashley Olsen)

Razzie Awards

* 2005: Worst Actress (''New York Minute'') – Nominated (with Ashley Olsen)

* 2005: Worst Screen Couple (''New York Minute'') – Nominated (with Ashley Olsen)

Stony Awards

* 2008: High Times Magazine Stonette of the Year – Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

* 2004: Choice Movie Blush (''New York Minute'') – Nominated (with Ashley Olsen)

TV Land Awards

* 2004: Quintessential Non-Traditional Family (''Full House'') – Nominated (with Candace Cameron Bure, Dave Coulier, Lori Loughlin, Ashley Olsen, Bob Saget, John Stamos and Jodie Sweetin)

Walk of Fame

* 2004: Star on the Walk of Fame (with Ashley Olsen)

Young Artist Award

* 1989: Best Young Actor/Actress — Under Five Years of Age (''Full House'') – WON (with Ashley Olsen)

* 1990: Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age (''Full House'') – WON (with Ashley Olsen)

* 1992: Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten (''Full House'') – WON (with Ashley Olsen)

* 1994: Best Youth Actress in a TV Mini-Series, M.O.W. or Special (''Double, Double, Toil and Trouble'') – WON (with Ashley Olsen)

* 1996: Best Performance by an Actress Under Ten — Feature Film (''It Takes Two'') – Nominated

See also

Dualstar

Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen

Further reading

Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, with Damon Romine. ''Mary-Kate and Ashley: Our Story: Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen's Official Biography''. HarperEntertainment 2000. ISBN 0061075698.

References

External links

Mary-Kate's Page

Dualstar Entertainment Group Corporate Website

The Row

Olsenboye

Mary-Kate Olsen at TV.com

Mary-Kate and Ashley at Fashion Model Directory

Secret Photo Revealed of Mary-Kate Olsen Trying to Quit Smoking

Olsens playing it safe

Category:1986 births Category:Actors from California Category:American businesspeople Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Living people Category:People from Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles Category:People from the San Fernando Valley Category:Twin people from the United States

cy:Mary-Kate Olsen et:Mary-Kate Olsen ru:Олсен, Мэри-Кейт sr:Мери-Кејт Олсен sv:Mary-Kate Olsen