Common name | Kipchaks |
---|---|
Native name | Desht-i Qipchaq |
Conventional long name | Kipchak–Cuman confederation |
Continent | Eurasia |
Region | Eurasian steppe |
Status | Khaganate |
Year start | 900 |
Year end | 1220 |
P1 | Kimek Khanate |
P2 | Khazar Empire |
S1 | Mongol Empire |
Image map caption | Kipchak–Cuman confederation in Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions |
Stat area1 | }} |
Kipchaks (also spelled as ''Kypchaks'', ''Kipczaks'', ''Qipchaqs'', ''Qypchaqs'', ''Kıpçaklar'') (Turkic: ''Kypchak'', ''Kıpçak'') were a Turkic tribal confederation. Originating in the Kimek Khanate, they conquered large parts of the Eurasian steppe during the Turkic expansion of the 11th to 12th centuries together with the Cumans, and were in turn conquered by the Mongol invasions of the early 13th century.
Under Mongol rule, the Kipchak Khanate ruled much of Eastern Europe for another 150 years before disintegrating due to internal quarrels, its last remnants as the Tatar Crimean Khanate surviving into the 18th century before being absorbed into the Russian Empire.
In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans and Kipchaks became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians (Cuman involvement only), and the Pechenegs (Cuman involvement only), allying themselves with one or the other side at different times. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Knyaz Vladimir Monomakh of the Rus in the 12th century. They sacked Kiev in 1203.
They were finally crushed by the Mongols in 1241. During the Mongol empire, Kipchaks constituted a majority of the khanate comprising present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, called the Golden Horde, the westernmost division of the Mongol empire. After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde rulers continued to hold Saraj until 1502.
The Kuman fled to Hungary, and some of their warriors became mercenaries for the Latin crusaders and the Byzantines. Members of the Bahri dynasty, the first dynasty of Mamluks in Egypt, were Kipchaks/Cumans; one of the most prominent examples was Sultan Baybars, born in Solhat, Crimea. Some Kipchaks served in the Yuan dynasty and became the Kharchins.
According to Mahmud Kashgari the Kimeks and the Oghuz differed from the rest of the Turkic nations by the mutation of initial ''y'' to ''j'' (''dj'').
The Kipchaks - Cumans are also known to have converted to Christianity, around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the Georgians as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of the Georgian king David IV who also married a daughter of the Kipchak khan Otrok. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy. Following the Mongol conquest, Islam rose in popularity among the Kipchaks of the Golden Horde.
The modern Northwestern branch of the Turkic languages is often referred to as the Kipchak branch. The languages in this branch are mostly considered to be descendants of the Kipchak language, and the people who speak them may likewise be referred to as Kipchak peoples. Some of the groups traditionally included are the Siberian Tatars, Kumyks, Nogays, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars and Crimean Tatars.
There is also a village named 'Kipchak' in Crimea.
Category:History of the Turkic people Category:Eurasian nomads
az:Qıpçaqlar cv:Кăпчаксем cs:Polovci de:Kyptschaken el:Κιπτσάκ eo:Kipĉakoj fr:Coumans ko:킵차크인 it:Kipčaki ka:ყივჩაყები kk:Қыпшақ hu:Kipcsakok ja:キプチャク no:Kiptsjaker uz:Qipchoqlar pl:Połowcy pt:Kiptchaks ru:Кыпчаки fi:Kiptšakit sv:Kiptjaker tr:KıpçaklarThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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