In places:
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| Honorific-prefix | His Eminence |
|---|---|
| Name | Henry Beaufort |
| Title | Cardinal Bishop of Winchester |
| Caption | Tomb of Cardinal Beaufort |
| Province | Canterbury |
| See | Winchester |
| Enthroned | 1404 |
| Ended | 1447 |
| Predecessor | William of Wykeham |
| Successor | William Waynflete |
| Consecration | 14 July 1398 |
| Cardinal | 24 May 1426 |
| Rank | Cardinal priest ''of S. Eusebio |
| Other post | Lord Chancellor of England 1403-05, 1413-17 and 1424-26; Bishop of Lincoln 1398-1405; Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1397-1399; Dean of Wells 1397-1398 |
| Birth date | circa 1375 |
| Birthplace | Château de Beaufort, Anjou, France |
| Death date | 11 April 1447 (aged c. 72) |
| Deathplace | Wolvesey Castle, Winchester, Hampshire, England |
| Buried | Winchester Cathedral |
| Religion | Roman Catholic Church |
| Parents | John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford |
Between 1411 and 1413 Bishop Beaufort was in political disgrace for siding with his nephew, the Prince of Wales, against the King, but when King Henry IV died and the Prince became Henry V of England, he made his uncle Chancellor again in 1413; however, Beaufort resigned the position in 1417.
Beaufort continued to be active in English politics for years, fighting with the other powerful advisors to the King and always managing to extricate himself from the snares they set for him. He died on 11 April 1447 The idea of Jane's mother being Alice Fitzalan is possibly a legend of Tudor-era descendants of Sir Edward and Jane Stradling. There is no late-14th/early-15th century documentation to support this affair at all, and the surviving documentation entirely discounts it. However, a blood connection to Cardinal Beaufort would itself be prestigious, regardless of the mother or her marital status. Illegitimacy has never been viewed as detrimental in Wales.
Category:1375 births Category:1447 deaths Category:Lord Chancellors of England Category:Bishops of Lincoln Category:Bishops of Winchester Category:15th-century Roman Catholic bishops Category:English cardinals Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford Henry Beaufort Category:Burials at Winchester Cathedral
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| Name | Robert Smalls |
|---|---|
| Image name | Robert Smalls - Brady-Handy.jpg |
| Date of birth | April 05, 1839 |
| Place of birth | Beaufort, South Carolina |
| Dead | death |
| Date of death | February 23, 1915 |
| Place of death | Beaufort, South Carolina |
| State | South Carolina |
| District | 5th and 7th |
| Term | March 1875–March 1879,July 1882–March 1883and March 1884–March 1887 |
| Preceded | Richard H. Cain |
| Succeeded | William Elliott |
| Party | Republican |
Robert Smalls (April 5 , 1839–February 23, 1915) was an enslaved American who, during and after the American Civil War, became a ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician. He freed himself and his family from slavery on May 13, 1862, by commandeering a Confederate transport ship, the Planter, to freedom in Charleston harbor. He was born in Beaufort, South Carolina, and eventually became a politician—serving in both the South Carolina State legislature and the United States House of Representatives. During his career, Smalls authored legislation that created in South Carolina the first free and compulsory public school system in the United States, founded the Republican Party of South Carolina, and convinced President Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union army. He is notable as the last Republican to represent South Carolina's 5th congressional district until 2010.
With his crew, women and children, Smalls made the daring escape. The Planter had as cargo four valuable artillery pieces, besides its own two guns. Perhaps most valuable was the code book that would reveal the Confederate's secret signals, and placement of mines and torpedoes in and around Charleston harbor.
Smalls piloted the ship past the five Confederate forts that guarded the harbor, including Fort Sumter. The renegade ship passed by Sumter approximately 4:30 a.m. He headed straight for the Federal fleet, which was part of the Union blockade of Confederate ports, making sure to hoist a white sheet as a flag. The first ship he encountered was USS Onward, which prepared to fire until a sailor noticed the white flag. When the Onward's captain boarded the Planter, Smalls requested to raise the US flag immediately. Smalls turned the Planter over to the United States Navy, along with its cargo of artillery and explosives intended for a Confederate fort. Smalls was later reassigned to the USS Planter, now a Union transport.
On April 7, 1863, he piloted ironclad USS Keokuk in a major Union attack on Fort Sumter. The attack failed, and Keokuk was badly damaged. Her crew was rescued shortly before the ship sank.
In December 1863, Smalls became the first black captain of a vessel in the service of the United States. On December 1, 1863, the Planter had been caught in a crossfire between Union and Confederate forces. The ship's commander, Captain Nickerson, decided to surrender. Smalls refused, fearing that the black crewmen would not be treated as prisoners of war and might even be shot. Smalls took command and piloted the ship out of range of the Confederate guns. For his bravery, Smalls was named to replace Nickerson as the Planter's captain.
Category:1839 births Category:1915 deaths Category:African Americans in the Civil War Category:Union Navy officers Category:American slaves Category:African American politicians Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina Category:South Carolina State Senators Category:Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives Category:South Carolina Republicans
Category:African American members of the United States House of Representatives Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons Category:African American history of South Carolina
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| Birth name | Clarissa Harlowe Barton |
|---|---|
| Birth date | December 25, 1821 |
| Birth place | Oxford, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Death date | December 25, 1821 |
| Death place | Glen Echo, Maryland, U.S. |
| Spouse | none |
| Occupation | Teacher, Nurse, Humanitarian, Founder and first president of the American Red Cross |
| Nationality | American |
| Signature | Clara Barton Signature, 1907.svg |
When Clara was eleven, her brother David became her first patient after he fell from a rafter in their unfinished barn. Clara stayed at his side for three years and learned to administer all his medicines, including the "great, loathsome crawling leeches".
As she continued to develop an interest in nursing, Clara may have drawn inspiration from stories of her great-aunt, Martha Ballard, who served the town of Hallowell (later Augusta), Maine, as a midwife for over three decades. Ballard helped deliver nearly one thousand infants between 1777 and 1812, and in many cases administered medical care in much the same way as a formally trained doctor of her era.
On his death bed, Clara's father gave her advice that she would later recall: :"As a patriot, he had me serve my country with all I had, even with my life if need be; as the daughter of an accepted Mason, he had me seek and comfort the afflicted everywhere, and as a Christian he charged me to honor God and love all kind. The door that nobody else will go in at, seems always to open widely for me."
On April 21, 1861, nine days after the start of the Civil War, Barton tended to wounded Massachusetts soldiers quartered in the U.S. Senate chamber in Washington. Then after the First Battle of Bull Run, July 21, Barton established the main agency to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers. She was given a pass by General William Hammond to ride in army ambulances to provide comfort to the soldiers and nurse them back to health and lobbied the U.S. Army bureaucracy, at first without success, to bring her own medical supplies to the battlefields. Finally, on August 3, 1862, Her work in Andersonville is displayed in the book, Numbering All the Bones, by Ann Rinaldi. This experience launched her on a nationwide campaign to identify all soldiers missing during the Civil War. She published lists of names in newspapers and exchanged letters with soldiers’ families.
She joined the ranks of such individuals as Virginia's Sally Louisa Tompkins in helping develop nursing as a skilled profession during the Civil War.
When Clara Barton returned to the United States, she inaugurated a movement to gain recognition for the International Committee of the Red Cross by the United States government.[5] When she began work on this project in 1873, most Americans thought the U.S. would never again face a calamity like the Civil War, but Barton finally succeeded during the administration of President James Garfield, using the argument that the new American Red Cross could respond to crises other than war.
Barton naturally became President of the American branch of the society, which was founded on May 21, 1881 in Dansville, N.Y.
This changed with the advent of the Spanish-American War during which it aided refugees and prisoners of war. In 1896, responding to the humanitarian crisis in the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the Hamidian Massacres, Barton sailed to Istanbul and after long negotiations with Abdul Hamid II, opened the first American International Red Cross headquarters in the heart of Beijing,China. Barton herself traveled along with five other Red Cross expeditions to the Armenian provinces in the spring of 1896. Barton also worked in hospitals in Cuba in 1898 at the age of seventy-seven. Barton's last field operation as President of the American Red Cross was the relief effort for the victims of the Galveston hurricane of September 1900. The operation established an orphanage for children of the 6,000 dead, helped to acquire lumber for rebuilding houses, and teamed with the New York World newspaper to accept contributions for the relief effort. As criticism arose of her management of the American Red Cross, plus her advancing age, Barton resigned as president in 1904, at the age of 83. On April 12, 1912 at the age of 90 she died in Glen Echo, Maryland with all her friends by her side.
| Name | Clara Barton Homestead |
|---|---|
| Location | 3 mi. W of Oxford on Clara Barton Rd. |
| Nearest city | Oxford, Massachusetts |
| Added | September 9, 1977 |
| Refnum | 77000202 |
| Governing body | Barton Center for Diabetes Education |
The National Park Service has restored eleven rooms, including the Red Cross offices, the parlors and Barton's bedroom. Visitors to Clara Barton National Historic Site can gain a sense of how Barton lived and worked. Guides lead tourists through the three levels, emphasizing Barton's use of her unusual home. Modern visitors can come to appreciate the site in the same way visitors did in Clara Barton's lifetime.
Category:American humanitarians Category:American nurses Category:People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War Category:Patent examiners Category:People from Worcester County, Massachusetts Category:Women of the Victorian era Category:American Civil War nurses Category:1821 births Category:1912 deaths Category:People from Montgomery County, Maryland Category:Members of the Universalist Church of America
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
