The Upanishads (, IAST: , , Thai: อุปนิษัทฺส์) are philosophical texts considered to be an early source of Hindu religion. More than 200 are known, of which the first dozen or so, the oldest and most important, are variously referred to as the principal, main (''mukhya'') or old Upanishads. The oldest of these, the ''Brihadaranyaka'', Jaiminiya Upanisadbrahmana and the ''Chandogya'' Upanishads, were composed during the pre-Buddhist era of India, but more recent opinion dates his death to between to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE.|group=note}} while the ''Taittiriya, Aitareya'' and ''Kausitaki'', which show Buddhist influence, must have been composed after the 5th century BCE. The remainder of the mukhya Upanishads are dated to the last few centuries BCE. New Upanishads were still composed in the medieval and early modern period: discoveries of newer Upanishads were being reported as late as 1926. One, the '''' Upanishad, predates 1656 and contains a list of 108 canonical Upanishads, including itself as the last. However, several texts under the title of "Upanishads" originated right up to the first half of the 20th century, some of which did not deal with subjects of Vedic philosophy. The newer Upanishads are known to be imitations of the mukhya Upanishads.

The Upanishads have been attributed to several authors: Yajnavalkya and Uddalaka Aruni feature prominently in the early Upanishads. Other important writers include Shvetaketu, Shandilya, Aitareya, Pippalada and Sanatkumara. Important women discussants include Yajnavalkya's wife Maitreyi, and Gargi. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, translated 50 Upanishads into Persian in 1657. The first written English translation came in 1805 from Colebrooke, who was aware of 170 Upanishads. Sadhale's catalog from 1985, the lists 223 Upanishads. The Upanishads are mostly the concluding part of the Brahmanas and in the ''Aranyakas''.

All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition. The mukhya Upanishads are regarded in Hinduism as revealed texts (''shruti''). With the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra (known collectively as the Prasthanatrayi), the mukhya Upanishads provide a foundation for several later schools of Indian philosophy (''vedanta''), among them, two influential monistic schools of Hinduism.|group=note}}|group=note}}|group=note}} The Upanishads were collectively considered amongst the 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written by the British poet Martin Seymour-Smith, and have received praise from writers and scholars like Emerson, Thoreau, Kant, Schopenhauer and several others. Some criticism of the Upanishads revolves around the denial of pluralistic ideas due to the core philosophy of unity of the Upanishads.

Etymology

The Sanskrit term '''' derives from ''upa-'' (nearby), ''ni-'' (at the proper place, down) and ''ṣad'' (to sit) thus: "sitting down near"), implying sitting near a teacher to receive instruction or, alternatively, "sitting at the foot of ..(teacher)", or "laying siege" to the teacher. Monier-Williams' late 19th century dictionary adds that, "according to native authorities Upanishad means 'setting to rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit.'" A gloss of the term Upanishad based on Shankara's commentary on the and Brihadaranyaka Upanishad equates it with ''Ātmavidyā'', that is, "knowledge of the Self", or ''Brahmavidyā'' "knowledge of Brahma". Other dictionary meanings include "esoteric doctrine" and "secret doctrine".

Classification

There are more than 200 known ''Upanishads'', one of which, the '''', gives a list of 108 ''Upanishads'' – this number corresponding to the holy Hindu number of beads on a ''mala'' or Hindu rosary. Modern scholars recognize the first 10, 11, 12 or 13 ''Upanishads'' as principal or ''Mukhya'' Upanishads and the remainder as derived from this ancient canon. If a ''Upanishad'' has been commented upon or quoted by revered thinkers like Shankara, it is a ''Mukhya Upanishad'', accepted as ''shruti'' by most Hindus.

The new Upanishads recorded in the probably originated in southern India, and are grouped according to their subject as ''(Sāmānya) Vedānta'' (philosophical), ''Yoga'', ''Sanyasa'' (of the life of renunciation), ''Vaishnava'' (dedicated to the god Vishnu), ''Shaiva'' (dedicated to Shiva) and ''Shakti'' (dedicated to the goddess). New Upaniṣads are often sectarian since sects have sought to legitimize their texts by claiming for them the status of ''Śruti''.

Another way of classifying the Upanishads is to associate them with the respective Brahmanas. Of nearly the same age are the Aitareya, Kauṣītaki and Taittirīya Upaniṣads, while the remnant date from the time of transition from Vedic to Classical Sanskrit.

Mukhya Upanishads

The ''Mukhya Upanishads'' can themselves be stratified into periods. Of the early periods are the ''Brihadaranyaka'', Jaiminiya Upanisadbrahmana and the ''Chandogya'', the most important and the oldest, of which the two former are the older of the two, though some parts were composed after the ''Chandogya''.|group=note}}

It is alleged that the ''Aitareya, Taittiriya, Kausitaki, Mundaka, Prasna'', and ''Kathaka Upanishads'' show Buddha's influence, and must have been composed after the 5th century BCE. It is also alleged that in the first two centuries CE, they were followed by the ''Kena, Mandukya'' and ''Isa Upanishads''. Not much is known about the authors except for those, like Yajnavalkayva and Uddalaka, mentioned in the texts. A few women discussants, such as Gargi and Maitreyi, the wife of Yajnavalkayva, also feature occasionally.

Each of the principal ''Upanishads'' can be associated with one of the schools of exegesis of the four Vedas (''shakhas''). Many Shakhas are said to have existed, of which only a few remain. The new ''Upanishads'' often have little relation to the Vedic corpus and have not been cited or commented upon by any great Vedanta philosopher: their language differs from that of the classic ''Upanishads'', being less subtle and more formalized. As a result, they are not difficult to comprehend for the modern reader.

thumb|300px| An early 19th century manuscript of the ''Rigveda''

rowspan=3 rowspan=5 Only one recension

+ Veda-Shakha-Upanishad association
Veda!!Recension!!Shakha!! Principal Upanishad
Rig Veda	Only one recension
rowspan=3	Sama Veda	Only one recension ||	Kauthuma	Chandogya>
Jaiminiya	Kena Upanishad>Kena
Ranayaniya
	Krishna Yajur Veda||	Katha	Katha Upanishad>
Taittiriya	and
Maitrayani	Maitrayaniya Upanishad>
Hiranyakeshi (Kapishthala)
Kathaka
Kannav
Atharva	|	Shaunaka	[[Mandukya Upanishad

The and Upanishads are sometimes added to the list of the mukhya Upanishads.

New Upanishads

There is no fixed list of the ''Upanishads'' as newer ones have continued to be composed. On many occasions, when older ''Upanishads'' have not suited the founders of new sects, they have composed new ones of their own. 1908 marked the discovery of four new Upanishads, named ''Bashkala'', ''Chhagaleya'', ''Arsheya'' and ''Saunaka'', by Dr. Friedrich Schrader, who attributed them to the first prose period of the Upanishads. The text of three, the ''Chhagaleya, Arsheya'' and ''Saunaka'', was reportedly corrupt and neglected but possibly re-constructable with the help of their Perso-Latin translations. Texts called "Upanishads" continued to appear up to the end of British rule in 1947. The ''Akbar Upanishad'' and ''Allah Upanishad'' are examples, having been written in the 17th century in praise of Islamic ideas at the insistence of Dara Shikoh.

The main Shakta Upanishads mostly discuss doctrinal and interpretative differences between the two principal sects of a major Tantric form of Shaktism called Shri Vidya upasana. The many extant lists of authentic ''Shakta Upaniṣads'' vary, reflecting the sect of their compilers, so that they yield no evidence of their "location" in Tantric tradition, impeding correct interpretation. The Tantra content of these texts also weaken its identity as an Upaniṣad for non-Tantrikas and therefore, its status as shruti and thus its authority.

Philosophy

Two words that are of paramount importance in grasping the Upanishads are ''Brahman'' and ''Atman''. The Brahman is the universal spirit and the Atman is the individual Self. Differing opinions exist amongst scholars regarding the etymology of these words. Brahman probably comes from the root ''brh'' which means "The Biggest ~ The Greatest ~ The ALL". Brahman is "the infinite Spirit Source and fabric and core and destiny of all existence, both manifested and unmanifested and the formless infinite substratum and from whom the universe has grown". Brahman is the ultimate, both transcendent and immanent, the absolute infinite existence, the sum total of all that ever is, was, or shall be. The word ''Atman'' means the immortal perfect Spirit of any living creature, being, including trees etc. The idea put forth by the Upanishadic seers that Atman and Brahman are One and the same is one of the greatest contributions made to the thought of the world.

The ''Brihadaranyaka'' and the ''Chandogya'' are the most important of the mukhya Upanishads. They represent two main schools of thought within the Upanishads. The Brihadaranyaka deals with acosmic or ''nis-prapancha'', whereas the Chandogya deals with the cosmic or ''sa-prapancha''. Between the two, the Brihadaranyaka is considered more original.

The Upanishads also contain the first and most definitive explications of the divine syllable Aum, the cosmic vibration that underlies all existence. The mantra ''Aum Shānti Shānti Shānti'', translated as "the soundless sound, peace, peace, peace", is often found in the Upanishads. The path of ''bhakti'' or "Devotion to God" is foreshadowed in Upanishadic literature, and was later realized by texts such as the ''Bhagavad Gita''.

{|class="wikitable" |+Some of the Mahāvākyas (Great Sayings) from the Upanishads !Sanskrit quote!!English meaning!!Upanishad |- |Prajñānam brahma||"Consciousness is Brahman" || Aitareya Upanishad |- |Aham brahmāsmi ||"I am Brahman" ||Brihadaranyaka |- |Tat tvam asi ||"Thou art that" ||Chandogya |- |Ayamātmā brahmā ||"This Atman is Brahman" ||Mandukya |}

Metaphysics

The three main approaches in arriving at the solution to the problem of the Ultimate Reality have traditionally been the theological, the cosmological and the psychological approaches. The cosmological approach involves looking outward, to the world; the psychological approach meaning looking inside or to the Self; and the theological approach is looking upward or to God. Descartes takes the first and starts with the argument that the Self is the primary reality, self-consciousness the primary fact of existence, and introspection the start of the real philosophical process. According to him, we can arrive at the conception of God only through the Self because it is God who is the cause of the Self and thus, we should regard God as more perfect than the Self. Spinoza on the other hand, believed that God is the be-all and the end-all of all things, the alpha and the omega of existence. From God philosophy starts, and in God philosophy ends. The manner of approach of the Upanishadic philosophers to the problem of ultimate reality was neither the Cartesian nor Spinozistic. The Upanishadic philosophers regarded the Self as the ultimate existence and subordinated the world and God to the Self. The Self to them, is more real than either the world or God. It is only ultimately that they identify the Self with God, and thus bridge over the gulf that exists between the theological and psychological approaches to reality. They take the cosmological approach to start with, but they find that this cannot give them the solution of the ultimate reality. So, Upanishadic thinkers go back and start over by taking the psychological approach and here again, they cannot find the solution to the ultimate reality. They therefore perform yet another experiment by taking the theological approach. They find that this too is lacking in finding the solution. They give yet another try to the psychological approach, and come up with the solution to the problem of the ultimate reality. Thus, the Upanishadic thinkers follow a cosmo-theo-psychological approach. A study of the mukhya Upanishads show that the Upanishadic thinkers progressively build on each others' ideas. They go back and forth and refute improbable approaches before arriving at the solution of the ultimate reality.

Schools of Vedānta

The source for all schools of Vedānta are the three texts – the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutras. Two different types of the non-dual Brahman-Atman are presented in the Upanishads:

The one in which the non-dual Brahman-Atman is the all inclusive ground of the universe and

The one in which all reality in the universe is but an illusion

The later theistic (''Dvaita'' and ''Visistadvaita'') and absolutist (''Advaita'') schools of Vendanta are made possible because of the difference between these two views. The three main schools of Vedanta are Advaita, Dvaita and Vishishtadvaita. Other schools of Vedanta made possible by the Upanishads include Nimbarka's ''Dvaitadvaita'', Vallabha's ''Suddhadvaita'' and Chaitanya's ''Acintya Bhedabheda''. The philosopher Adi Sankara has provided commentaries on 11 mukhya Upanishads.

Advaita is considered the most influential sub-school of the ''Vedānta'' school of Hindu philosophy, though it does not represent the mainstream Hindu position. Gaudapada was the first person to expound the basic principles of the Advaita philosophy in a commentary on the apparently conflicting statements of the Upanishads. Advaita literally means non-duality, and it is a monistic system of thought. It deals with the non-dual nature of Brahman and Atman. The Advaita school is said to have been consolidated by Shankara. He was a pupil of Gaudapada's pupil. Radhakrishnan believed that Shankara's views of Advaita are straightforward developments of the Upanishads and the ''Brahmasutra'' and he offered no innovations to these, while other scholars found sharp differences between Shankara's writings and the ''Brahmasutra'', and that there are many ideas in the Upanishads at odds with those of Shankara. Gaudapada lived in a time when Buddhism was widely prevalent in India, and he was at times conscious of the similarity between his system to some phases of Buddhist thought. His main work is infused with philosophical terminology of Buddhism, and uses Buddhist arguments and analogies. Towards the end of his commentary on the topic, he clearly said, "This was not spoken by Buddha". Although there are a wide variety of philosophical positions propounded in the Upanishads, commentators since Adi Shankara have usually followed him in seeing idealist monism as the dominant force.|group=note}}|group=note}}|group=note}}|group=note}}|group=note}}

The Dvaita school was founded by Madhvacharya. Born in 1138 near Udipi, Dvaita is regarded as the best philosophic exposition of theism. Sharma points out that Dvaita, a term commonly used to designate Madhava's system of philosophy, translates as "dualism" in English. The Western understanding of dualism equates to two independent and mutually irreducible substances. The Indian equivalent of that definition would be ''Samkya Dvaita''. Madhva's Dvaita differs from the Western definition of dualism in that while he agrees to two mutually irreducible substances that constitute reality, he regards only one – God, as being independent.

The third school of Vedanta is the Vishishtadvaita, which was founded by Ramanuja. Traditional dates of his birth and death are given as 1017 and 1137, though a shorter life span somewhere between these two dates has been suggested. Modern scholars conclude that on the whole, Ramanuja's theistic views may be closer to those of the Upanishads than are Shankara's, and Ramanuja's interpretations are in fact representative of the general trend of Hindu thought. Ramanuja strenuously refuted Shankara's works. Visistadvaita is a synthetic philosophy of love that tries to reconcile the extremes of the other two monistic and theistic systems of vedanta. It is called Sri-Vaisanavism in its religious aspect. Chari claims that has been misunderstood by its followers as well as its critics. Many, including leading modern proponents of this system, forget that ''jiva'' is a substance as well as an attribute and call this system "qualified non-dualism" or the adjectival monism. While the Dvaita insists on the difference between the Brahman and the Jiva, Visistadvaita states that God is their inner-Self as well as transcendent.

Development

Chronology and geography

Scholars disagree about the exact dates of the composition of the Upanishads. Different researchers have provided different dates for the Vedic and Upanashic eras. Ranade criticizes Deussen for assuming that the oldest Upanishads were written in prose, followed by those that were written in verse and the last few again in prose. He proposes a separate chronology based on a battery of six tests. The tables below summarize some of the prominent work: {| | {|class="wikitable" |+ Dates proposed by scholars for the Vedic and/or Upanishadic era ! Author!! Start (BC)!!End (BC)||Method employed |- |Tilak (Winternitz expresses agreement)||6000||200||Astronomical |- |B. V. Kameshwara Aiyar||2300||2000||Astronomical |- |Max Muller||1000||800||Linguistic |- |Ranade||1200||600||Linguistic, ideological development, etc. |- |Radhakrishnan||800||600||Ideological development |} || {|class="wikitable" |+ Dates and chronology of the Principal Upanishads ! Deussen (1000 or 800 – 500 BC)!! Ranade (1200 – 600 BC) !! Radhakrishnan (800 – 600 BC) |- | Ancient prose Upanishads: Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, KenaPoetic Upanishads: Kena, Katha, Isa, Svetasvatara, MundakaLater prose: Prasna, Maitri, Mandukya||Group I: Brihadaranyaka, Group II: Isa, KenaGroup III: Aitareya, Taittiriya, KaushitakiGroup IV: Katha, Mundaka, SvetasvataraGroup V: Prasna, Mandukya, Maitrayani||Pre-Buddhist, prose: Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Taittiriya, , Brihadaranyaka, KenaTransitional phase: Kena (1–3), Brihadaranyaka (IV 8–21), Katha, MandukyaElements of Samkhya and Yoga: Maitri, Svetasvatara |} |} thumb|350px|Map of northern India showing kingdoms in which the oldest Upanishads – the Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya were composed. River Indus is shown by its Sanskrit name ''Sindhu''The general area of the composition of the early Upanishads was northern India, the region bounded on the west by the Indus valley, on the east by lower Ganges river, on the north by the Himalayan foothills, and on the south by the Vindhya mountain range. There is confidence about the early Upanishads being the product of the geographical center of ancient Brahmanism, comprising the regions of Kuru-Panchala and Kosala-Videha together with the areas immediately to the south and west of these. While significant attempts have been made recently to identify the exact locations of the individual Upanishads, the results are tentative. Witzel identifies the center of activity in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad as the area of Videha, whose king, Janaka, features prominently in the Upanishad. Yajnavalkya is another individual who features prominently, almost as the personal theologian of Janaka. Brahmins of the central region of Kuru-Panchala rightly considered their land as the place of the best theological and literary activities, since this was the heartland of Brahmanism of the late Vedic period. The setting of the third and the fourth chapters of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishads were probably intended to show that Yajnavalkya of Videha defeated all the best theologians of the Kuru Panchala, thereby demonstrating the rise of Videha as a center of learning. The Chandogya Upanishad was probably composed in a more Western than an Eastern location, possibly somewhere in the western region of the Kuru-Panchala country. The great Kuru-Panchala theologian Uddalaka Aruni who was vilified in the Brihadaranyaka features prominently in the Chandogya Upanishad. Compared to the Principal Upanishads, the new Upanishads recorded in the belong to an entirely different region, probably southern India, and are considerably relatively recent.

Development of thought

While the hymns of the Vedas emphasize rituals and the Brahmanas serve as a liturgical manual for those Vedic rituals, the spirit of the Upanishads is inherently opposed to ritual. The older Upanishads launch attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Upanishad parodies those who indulge in the acts of sacrifice by comparing them with a procession of dogs chanting ''Om! Let's eat. Om! Let's drink''. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.

The opposition to the ritual is not explicit all the time. On several occasions the Upanishads extend the task of the Aranyakas by making the ritual allegorical and giving it a philosophical meaning. For example, the Brihadaranyaka interprets the practice of horse-sacrifice or ''ashvamedha'' allegorically. It states that the over-lordship of the earth may be acquired by sacrificing a horse. It then goes on to say that spiritual autonomy can only be achieved by renouncing the universe which is conceived in the image of a horse.

In similar fashion, the pattern of reducing the number of gods in the Vedas becomes more emphatic in the Upanishads. When Yajnavalkaya is asked how many gods exist, he decrements the number successively by answering thirty-three, six, three, two, one and a half and finally one. Vedic gods such as the ''Rudras'', ''Visnu'', ''Brahma'' are gradually subordinated to the supreme, immortal and incorporeal Brahman of the Upanishads. In fact Indra and the supreme deity of the Brahamanas, Prajapati, are made door keepers to the Brahman's residence in the Kausitaki Upanishad.

In short, the one reality or ''ekam sat'' of the Vedas becomes the ''ekam eva a-dvitiyam'' or "the one and only and sans a second" in the Upanishads.

Worldwide transmission

left|thumb|The Upanishads impressed Schopenhauer. He called them "the production of the highest human wisdom"

The Upanishads have influenced world culture in part through later Hindu texts, such as the Bhagavad Gītā, which Radhakrishnan says conveyed a "message based on the ancient wisdom, ''prajñā purāņī'', of the Upaniṣads." The ''Gītā Dhyānam'', a 9-verse poetic invocation that is often published with the ''Gītā'', celebrates the purported Upanishadic influence in a famous verse stating that "The Upaniṣads are the cows... and the nectar-like gitā is the excellent milk."

Given that Indian Brahmin seers are reputed to have visited Greece, it may be that the Upanishadic sages influenced Ancient Greek philosophy. Many ideas in Plato's Dialogues, particularly, have Indian analogues – several concepts in the Platonic psychology of reason bear resemblance to the gunas of Indian philosophy. Professor Edward Johns Urwick conjectures that ''The Republic'' owes several central concepts to Indian influence. Garb and West have also concluded that this was due to Indian influence.

A. R. Wadia dissents in that Plato's metaphysics were rooted in ''this'' life, the primary aim being an ideal state. He later proposed a state less ordered but more practicable and conducive to human happiness. As for the Upanishadic thinkers, their goal was not an ideal state or society, but ''moksha'' or deliverance from the endless cycle of birth and death. Wadia concludes that there was no exchange of information and ideas between Plato and the Upanishadic thinkers: Plato remains Greek and the Indian sages remain Indian.

The Upanishads were a part of an oral tradition. Their study was confined to the higher castes of Indian society. Sudras and women were not given access to them soon after their composition. The Upanishads have been translated in to various languages including Persian, Italian, Urdu, French, Latin, German, English, Dutch, Polish, Japanese and Russian. The Moghul Emperor Akbar's reign (1556–1586) saw the first translations of the Upanishads into Persian, and his great-grandson, Dara Shikoh, produced a collection called ''Sirr-e-Akbar'' (The Greatest Mysteries) in 1657, with the help of Sanskrit Pandits of Varansi. Its introduction stated that the Upanishads constitute the Qur'an's "''Kitab al-maknun''" or ''hidden book''. But Akbar's and Sikoh's translations remained unnoticed in the Western world until 1775.

Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron, a French Orientalist who had lived in India between 1755 and 1761, received a manuscript of the Upanishads in 1775 from M. Gentil, and translated it into French and Latin, publishing the Latin translation in two volumes in 1802–1804 as ''Oupneck'hat''. The French translation was never published. The first German translation appeared in 1832 and Roer's English version appeared in 1853. However, Max Mueller's 1879 and 1884 editions were the first systematic English treatment to include the 12 Principal Upanishads. After this, the Upanishads were rapidly translated into Dutch, Polish, Japanese and Russian.

Global scholarship and praise

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer read the Latin translation and praised the Upanishads in his main work, ''The World as Will and Representation'' (1819), as well as in his ''Parerga and Paralipomena'' (1851). He found his own philosophy was in accord with the Upanishads, which taught that the individual is a manifestation of the one basis of reality. For Schopenhauer, that fundamentally real underlying unity is what we know in ourselves as "will". Schopenhauer used to keep a copy of the Latin ''Oupnekhet'' by his side and is said to have commented, "It has been the solace of my life, it will be the solace of my death". Another German philosopher, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, praised the mystical and spiritual aspects of the Upanishads. Schelling and other philosophers associated with German idealism were dissatisfied with Christianity as propagated by churches. They were fascinated with the Vedas and the Upanishads. In the United States, the group known as the Transcendentalists were influenced by the German idealists. These Americans, such as Emerson and Thoreau, were not satisfied with traditional Christian mythology and therefore embraced Schelling's interpretation of Kant's Transcendental idealism, as well as his celebration of the romantic, exotic, mystical aspect of the Upanishads. As a result of the influence of these writers, the Upanishads gained renown in Western countries. Erwin Schrödinger, the great quantum physicist said, "The multiplicity is only apparent. This is the doctrine of the Upanishads. And not of the Upanishads only. The mystical experience of the union with God regularly leads to this view, unless strong prejudices stand in the West." Eknath Easwaran, in translating the Upanishads, articulates how they "form snapshots of towering peaks of consciousness taken at various times by different observers and dispatched with just the barest kind of explanation".

Criticism of the Upanishads

thumb|right|The Indian constitution of January 26, 1950 outlaws the caste system, a system that finds mention in the Vedas and the Upanishads The Brihadaranyaka gives an unorthodox explanation of the origin of the caste-system. It says that a similar four-tier caste system existed in heaven which is now replicated on earth. This has been criticized by the Dalit leader Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. He studied the philosophy of the Upanishads pragmatically and concluded that they were most ineffective and inconsequential piece of speculation and that they had no effect on the moral and social order of the Hindus. Ambedkar implies that the voluminous Upanishads are a useless work because of their inability to effect any change in the caste-biased, inherently unequal Hindu society. He dismisses the Upanishads by quoting Huxley in saying that Upanishadic philosophy can be reduced to very few words. Ambedkar agrees with Huxley: }}

John Murray Mitchell, a Western writer, asserts that by suggesting that all appearance is an illusion, the Upanishads are potentially overturning ethical distinctions. Dr. A.E. Gough, an early European orientalist, remarked that the Upanishads were "the work of a rude age, a deteriorated race, and a barbarous and unprogressive community." According to another writer, David Kalupahana, the Upanishadic thinkers came to consider change as a mere illusion, because it could not be reconciled with a permanent and homogeneous reality. They were therefore led to a complete denial of plurality. He states that philosophy suffered a setback because of the transcendentalism resulting from the search of the essential unity of things. Kalupahana explains further that reality was simply considered to be beyond space, time, change, and causality. This caused change to be a mere matter of words, nothing but a name and due to this, metaphysical speculation took the upper hand. As a result, the Upanishads fail to give any rational explanation of the experience of things. Paul Deussen criticized the idea of unity in the Upanishads as it excluded all plurality, and therefore, all proximity in space, all succession in time, all interdependence as cause and effect, and all opposition as subject and object.

Association with Vedas

All Upanishads are associated with one of the five Vedas—Rigveda, Samaveda, Shukla Yajurveda, Krishna Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. The Upanishad's list of 108 Upanishads groups the first 10 as ''mukhya'', 21 as Sāmānya Vedānta, 23 as Sannyāsa, nine as Shākta, 13 as Vaishnava, 14 as Shaiva and 17 as Yoga. The 108 Upanishads as recorded in the are shown in the table below. The mukhya Upanishads are highlighted.

, Ātmabodha, Mudgala Tripura, Saubhāgya, Bahvṛca style="background: yellow; color: black" Āruṇeya, , Maitreyi, Sannyāsa, Kuṇḍika style="background: yellow; color: black" style="background: yellow; color: black" Jābāla, Paramahaṃsa, Advayatāraka, Bhikṣu, Turīyātīta, Yājñavalkya, Śāṭyāyani style="background: yellow; color: black"

+ Veda-Upanishad association	Veda !!style="background: yellow; color: black"	Mukhya!!Sāmānya !!Sannyāsa !!Śākta !!Vaiṣṇava !!Śaiva !!Yoga
Ṛgveda	Aitareya	|	Nirvāṇa
Samaveda	Chāndogya, Kena||	Vajrasūchi, Mahad, Sāvitrī
Krishna Yajurveda	Taittirīya, Śvetāśvatara, Kaṭha||	Sarvasāra, Śukarahasya, Skanda (Tripāḍvibhūṭi), Śārīraka, Ekākṣara, Akṣi, Prāṇāgnihotra	Brahma, Śvetāśvatara, Garbha, Tejobindu, Avadhūta, Kaṭharudra, Varāha	Sarasvatīrahasya	Nārāyaṇa (Mahānārāyaṇa), Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa (Kali)	Kaivalya, Kālāgnirudra, Dakṣiṇāmūrti, Rudrahṛdaya, Pañcabrahma	Amṛtabindu, Amṛtanāda, Kṣurika, Dhyānabindu, Brahmavidyā, Yogatattva, Yogaśikhā, Yogakuṇḍalini
Shukla Yajurveda	Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Īśa||	Subāla, Mantrikā, Nirālamba, Paiṅgala, Adhyātmā, Muktikā
Atharvaveda	Muṇḍaka, Māṇḍūkya, Praśna||	Sūrya, Ātmā	Parivrāt (Nāradaparivrājaka), Paramahaṃsaparivrājaka, Parabrahma	Sītā, Annapūrṇa, Devī, Tripurātapani, Bhāvana	Nṛsiṃhatāpanī, Mahānārāyaṇa (Tripādvibhuti), Rāmarahasya, Rāmatāpaṇi, Gopālatāpani, Kṛṣṇa, Hayagrīva, Dattātreya, Gāruḍa	Śira, Atharvaśikha, Bṛhajjābāla, Śarabha, Bhasma, Gaṇapati	Śāṇḍilya, Pāśupata, Mahāvākya

See also

100 Most Influential Books Ever Written

Bhagavad Gita

Hinduism

Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

Max Müller, translator, '''', Part I, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1962, ISBN 0-486-20992-X. Max Müller, translator, '''', Part II, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1962, ISBN 0-486-20993-8.

''Three Upanisads of The Vedanta'' by J.L. Bansal

External links

Complete set of 108 Upanishads and other documents

Complete set of 108 Upanishads with Sanskrit Commentaries of Upanishad Brahma Yogin

Upanishads at Sanskrit documents site

Complete translation on-line into English of all 108 Upaniṣad-s

Category:Yoga texts and documentation Category:Hindu texts Category:Sanskrit texts Category:Sanskrit words and phrases

ar:الأوبانيشاد bn:উপনিষদ্‌ bg:Упанишади ca:Upanixad cs:Upanišady de:Upanishaden el:Ουπανισάδες et:Upanišadid es:Upanishad eo:Upaniŝadoj fa:اوپانیشاد fr:Upanishad fy:Upanishad gu:ઉપનિષદ ko:우파니샤드 hi:उपनिषद् सूची id:Upanisad is:Upanishad it:Upaniṣad he:אופנישדות kn:ಉಪನಿಷತ್ la:Upanishad lv:Upanišadas lt:Upanišados hu:Upanisádok ml:ഉപനിഷത്ത് mr:उपनिषदे ms:Upanishad nl:Upanishad ne:उपनिषद् new:उपनिषद धलः ja:ウパニシャッド no:Upanishadene nn:Upanisjad nds:Upanischaden pl:Upaniszady pt:Upanixade ro:Upanișade ru:Упанишады sa:उपनिषद simple:Upanishad sk:Upanišády sl:Upinšade ckb:ئوپانیشادەکان sr:Упанишаде sh:Upanišade fi:Upanishad sv:Upanishaderna tl:Upanishad ta:உபநிடதம் te:ఉపనిషత్తు th:อุปนิษัท tr:Upanişad uk:Упанішади ur:اپنیشد vi:Áo nghĩa thư fiu-vro:Upanišadiq zh:奥义书

name	Felicia Day
birth name	Kathryn Felicia Day
birth date	June 28, 1977
birth place	Huntsville, Alabama, United States
residence	Los Angeles, California
nationality	American
occupation	Actress
website	http://www.feliciaday.com/
yearsactive	2001-present }}

Kathryn Felicia Day (born on June 28, 1977 in Huntsville, Alabama) is an American actress, known for her work as "Vi" on the TV series ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' and for parts in movies such as ''Bring It On Again'' and ''June'', as well as the Internet musical, ''Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog''. Day is also the star, script writer and producer of the original web series ''The Guild'', a show loosely based on her life as a gamer, which is directed by Sean Michael Becker. She is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Academy of Web Television.

Personal life and education

Day began her acting career at the age of 7 when she starred as Scout in a local production of ''To Kill a Mockingbird''. She studied operatic singing and ballet professionally, performing at concerts and competitions nationwide. Home-schooled throughout much of her childhood, she began college at the age of 16. An accomplished violinist, Day was accepted to the Juilliard School of Music but chose to attend the University of Texas at Austin on a full scholarship in violin performance. She double majored in mathematics and music performance. Day was a National Merit Scholar (1995) and graduated as valedictorian of her class.

She is an avid player of a wide variety of video game genres. Much of her work on ''The Guild'' web series was based on her personal experience with video games.

Career

Early career

After graduation, Day moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting. She landed several roles in various short and independent films, as well as commercials and guest spots on television shows, including ''Undeclared'' and ''Maybe It's Me''. These parts propelled her to larger roles: a part in the film ''Bring It On Again'', the starring role in ''June'', and a recurring guest spot as potential Slayer Vi on television's ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', a recurring role that is still occasionally utilized in that show's eighth season comic book series.

''The Guild''

Day is the creator, writer, and star of ''The Guild'', a web series which started airing its fifth season in July 2011. The first season was primarily hosted on YouTube where it garnered millions of views. Its second season premiered on Microsoft's three major video channels Xbox Live, MSN Video and The Zune Marketplace after Microsoft made a deal with ''The Guild'', allowing Day, her cast, and her crew to receive financial remuneration for their work. Day also created a song and music video called "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar", featuring the cast dressed up as their in-game personae. The final moments of the music video itself also detailed that the release date for the 3rd season of Day's ''The Guild'' would be August 25, 2009. A second song and video "Game On" was released previous to the premiere of the 4th season of ''The Guild''.

''The Guild'' has won multiple awards, including the Greenlight Award for Best Original Digital Series Production at the South by Southwest festivals, the YouTube Video Award for Best Series, the Yahoo! Video Award for Best Series, and 2009 Streamy Awards for Best Comedy Web Series, Best Female Actor in a Comedy Web Series, and Best Ensemble Cast in a Web Series.

Other work

In July 2008, Day starred as Penny in the three-part web based musical ''Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog'' (created by Joss Whedon, who also created ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''). Day was featured as a patient in the episode "Not Cancer" of the medical drama ''House'', and had a guest starring role in the sci-fi drama ''Dollhouse'''s unaired episode "Epitaph One", as well as its series finale "Epitaph Two." In 2008, Day was featured in a series of commercials for Sears. She also appeared in the first of the revitalized Cheetos commercials. In the series ''Lie to Me'', on the episode called "Tractor Man", airing December 14, 2009, Day sang a song called "White Lie" alongside Brendan Hines. Day starred in the Syfy film adaption of the saga Red Riding Hood, called ''Red''; it was produced by Angela Mancuso.

Day also starred in ''Guild'' co-star Sandeep Parikh's web-series ''The Legend of Neil'', in which she portrayed a Fairy. She sings in the second season musical episode, in which she obliquely references her history of internet musicals.

Day lent her voice as Veronica Santangelo in ''Fallout: New Vegas''.

In February 2011, Day announced that she would be starring in a new web miniseries. Called ''Dragon Age: Redemption'', it is based on the Dragon Age videogames made by Bioware. It is due to air in Summer 2011.

Awards

In September 2008, ''TV Week'' included her in their list of Top 10 Web Video Creators.

During the inaugural Streamy Awards held in Los Angeles on March 28, 2009, Day received the award for the "Best Female Actor in a Comedy" for her work as protagonist Cyd Sherman in ''The Guild,'' and won the same award again in 2010. She was also recognized for her work on ''Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog'' in 2009.

Filmography

''Strings'' ''They Shoot Divas, Don't They?'' ''Backslide'' ''The Mortician's Hobby'' ''Mystery Woman ''God's Waiting List'' ''Splitting Hairs'' ''Prairie Fever''Red: Werewolf Hunter ''Rock Jocks''

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
2000	''Delusional''	???
2001	|	???	unknown part
rowspan="2"	2002	|	Call Girl	TV movie/Supporting Lead
''House Blend''	Pam
2003	|	Maddie
rowspan="4"	2004	|	Tiffany
''Bring It On Again''	Penelope
''June''	June Marie Jacobs
''Final Sale''	Felicia
rowspan="3"	2005	Mystery Woman: Vision of a Murder''||	Emily	TV movie/Lead
''Warm Springs (film)	Warm Springs''	Eloise Hutchinson
''Short Story Time''	Felicia
2006	|	Trixie
2007	|	Sugar Girl
rowspan="2"	2008	|	Blue
''Dear Me''	Pipsy
2010	|	Virginia Sullivan	Lead
2011	|	???	???

TV series/Internet productions

''Maybe It's Me (TV series) ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series) ''One on One (TV series) ''Monk (TV series) ''Windfall (TV series) ''The Guild ''House (TV series) ''Roommates (TV series) ''The Webventures of Justin & Alden'' ''Dragon Age: Redemption''

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
2001	Emeril (2001 TV series)>Emeril''	Cherie
2002	Maybe It's Me''||	Cookie
rowspan="3"	2003	Buffy the Vampire Slayer''||	Vi (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)>Vi	8 episodes
''For the People''	Nicole
''Century City''	Sheryl
rowspan="2"	2004	One on One''||	Sarah
''Strong Medicine''	Jesse's Friend
2005	Monk''||	Heidi Gefsky	"Mr. Monk Gets Drunk" / 1 episode
rowspan="2"	2006	Windfall''||	Danielle	2 episodes
''Love, Inc. (TV series)	Love, Inc.''	Natalie
2007	The Guild - Season 1''||	Cyd Sherman/Codex	YouTube production / All episodes
rowspan="4"	2008	House''||	Apple	"Not Cancer" / 1 episode
''The Legend of Neil''	Fairy
''Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog''	Penny
''The Guild	The Guild - Season 2''	Cyd Sherman/Codex
rowspan="8"	2009	Roommates''||	Alyssa	3 episodes
''My Boys''	Heather
''Dollhouse (TV series)	Dollhouse''	Mag
''The Guild	The Guild - Season 3''	Cyd Sherman/Codex
''IRrelevant Astronomy''	Felicia Day
''Lie To Me''	Ms. Angela
''The Legend of Neil	The Legend of Neil - Season 2''	The Fairy
''Three Rivers (TV series)	Three Rivers''	Jeni
rowspan="4"	2010	|	Herself
''The Guild	The Guild - Season 4''	Cyd Sherman/Codex
''The Legend of Neil	The Legend of Neil - Season 3''	The Fairy
''Generator Rex''	Annie
rowspan="5"	2011	|	Tallis
''Eureka (TV series)	Eureka''	Dr. Holly Marten
''Generator Rex''	Annie
''The Guild	The Guild - Season 5''	Cyd Sherman/Codex
''The Big Chew''	Marjorie

Video games

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Other notes
	''Rock of the Dead''	Mary Beth	game character voice over
''Fallout: New Vegas''	Veronica Santangelo	game character voice over
2011 (expected)	''Guild Wars 2''	Zojja	game character voice over (Still in development as of April 2011)

References

;Further Reading

Schramm, Mike. (Aug. 24, 2009) BlizzCon 2009: WoW.com interviews Felicia Day. (part 2)

External links

Felicia Day Online - official website and blog

Category:1979 births Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Huntsville, Alabama Category:Military brats Category:Actors from Alabama Category:American female singers

cs:Felicia Day de:Felicia Day es:Felicia Day fr:Felicia Day it:Felicia Day nl:Felicia Day pt:Felicia Day ru:Дэй, Фелиция sk:Felicia Dayová sv:Felicia Day tr:Felicia Day

name	Andrew Bynum
position	Center
height ft	7
height in	0
weight lb	285
number	17
team	Los Angeles Lakers
nationality	American
birth date	October 27, 1987
birth place	Plainsboro, New Jersey
high school	Solebury SchoolSt. Joseph (New Jersey)West Windsor-Plainsboro High School North
draft round	1
draft pick	10
draft year	2005
draft team	Los Angeles Lakers
career start	2005
years1	–present | team1 Los Angeles Lakers
highlights	2× NBA Champion (2009, 2010) }}

Andrew Bynum (born October 27, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted 10th overall by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2005. Bynum became the youngest player ever to play an NBA game later that year, breaking Jermaine O'Neal's record. Amidst the 2007–08 season, he suffered an injury on his left kneecap and eventually missed the rest of the season and all of the playoffs. He made a successful return at the beginning of the 2008–09 season. In January 2009, however, he suffered another injury, this time to his right knee. He was able to come back before the playoffs started and was part of the Lakers squad that won the 2009 NBA championship. In the 2010 post-season, Bynum played in every single playoff game with a torn meniscus and strained Achilles tendon and the Lakers repeated as NBA champions against the Boston Celtics.

Early years

Bynum was born in Plainsboro, New Jersey. His parents, Ernest Bynum and Janet McCoy, divorced when he was one year old. He spent summers visiting his father in North Carolina. Bynum has one older brother, Corey. Bynum grew up in East Orange, Irvington, and Plainsboro, New Jersey, where Bynum completed elementary school and began playing basketball.

High school

Bynum attended St. Joseph High School, in Metuchen, New Jersey during his junior and senior year. For most of his freshman year, he attended West Windsor Plainsboro High School North located in Plainsboro, NJ. For the remainder of his freshman year and his sophomore year he attended Solebury School in Solebury, PA. He was in the 2005 McDonald's All-American game where he tallied 9 points and 5 rebounds. In his junior year of high school Bynum averaged 16.0 points, 13.0 rebounds, and 6.0 blocks. As a senior, he averaged 22.4 points, 16.8 rebounds and 5.3 blocks per game. During his junior and senior year at St. Joseph High School, Bynum finished his high school career averaging 19.2 points, 14.9 rebounds, and 5.6 blocks in 32 appearances. He originally planned to attend the University of Connecticut; however, the 17-year-old made the decision to go directly into the NBA and made himself eligible for the 2005 NBA Draft, where he was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers.

NBA career

Rookie season

In the 2005 NBA Draft, Bynum was selected 10th overall by the Los Angeles Lakers. At age , Bynum was 12 days younger than former Indiana Pacers player and current Boston Celtics center, Jermaine O'Neal, the previous youngest player drafted by an NBA team. After selecting him in the draft, the Lakers hired Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to work with Bynum. On November 2, 2005, during the Lakers' season opener against the Denver Nuggets, Bynum played six minutes and became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game at age . During the game, he missed his two field goal attempts but had two rebounds and two blocks. In his second season, Bynum was still the youngest player in the league, due to his draft year being the last that a player could be drafted straight out of high school.

In a game against the Miami Heat on January 15, 2006, Bynum matched up against former Laker center Shaquille O'Neal for the first time. At one point, O'Neal dunked over Bynum on a putback attempt. On the next play, Bynum spun past O'Neal and dunked the ball. He then ran down the court and shoved O'Neal with his elbow, who retaliated by elbowing Bynum's upper chest. Teammate Kobe Bryant quickly stepped in between the two. Both Bynum and O'Neal received technical fouls for the incident.

Bynum showed flashes of dominance but was far from consistent. He had career highs of 16 rebounds and seven blocks on January 26, 2006 against the Charlotte Bobcats. His first career double-double on November 7 included a career-high 20 points, 14 rebounds and three blocks against the Minnesota Timberwolves, and he had 19 points, 10 rebounds and six blocks on January 5 against Denver Nuggets.

2006–07 season

With Lakers centers Chris Mihm and Kwame Brown injured at the start of the 2006–07, Bynum served as their starting center. Bynum scored 18 points and had 9 rebounds in 24 minutes against the Phoenix Suns on October 31, 2006, making seven of his eleven attempts from the field. He appeared in 82 games and started 53 and finished the season with averages of 7.8 points and 5.9 rebounds, in just over 21 minutes per game. He also averaged 1.6 blocks per game. During the season, the New Jersey Nets were interested in acquiring Bynum for Jason Kidd.

After the season, Coach Pete Newell was impressed with Bynum's development, and stated that teammate Kobe Bryant should back off on his negative treatment of Bynum on the court. Bryant was also shown on an infamous amateur video saying that center Bynum should have been traded for Kidd. The Indiana Pacers also made a trade offer for Bynum. The Lakers would exercise a fourth-year contract option on Bynum.

2007–08 season

Bynum's helped the Lakers start to a 26–11 record, which was at the time the best record in the Pacific Division. Bynum played 35 games and started in 25 games during the season. On Christmas Day against the Phoenix Suns, when he made 11-of-13 shots for 28 points to complement 12 boards, 4 assists and 2 blocks.

On January 13, 2008, he suffered an injury during a game against the Memphis Grizzlies. Bynum partially dislocated his left kneecap when he landed awkwardly on teammate Lamar Odom's left foot while attempting to grab a rebound. In March, there were reports that he could return before the end of the 2007–08 season or the first round of the playoffs; however, Lakers coach Phil Jackson said that he did not foresee Bynum making serious contributions any time soon in April. In May, rumors about his return were put to rest when Bynum underwent arthroscopic surgery on his kneecap. Bynum finished the season with averages of 13.1 points, 10.2 rebounds, and 2.1 blocks and a .636 field goal percentage.

In September 2008, Bynum said that he was 100% healthy and was ready to participate in training camp, which was scheduled to begin at the end of the month, after working with his trainer. On October 30, 2008, he agreed to sign a 4 year, $58 million contract with the Lakers.

2008–09 season

Bynum set a new career high in scoring with 42 points to go along with 15 rebounds, 8 offensive and 3 blocked shots on January 21, 2009 against the Los Angeles Clippers. On the next night, January 22, versus the Washington Wizards he scored 23 points to go along with 14 rebounds (4 offensive). During a game against the Charlotte Bobcats on January 27, 2009, in a double overtime loss against the Charlotte Bobcats, Bynum committed a flagrant foul, fracturing the rib and subsequently collapsing the lung of Gerald Wallace of the Charlotte Bobcats. While playing against the Memphis Grizzlies on January 31, 2009, Kobe Bryant had an off balanced shot, fell and collided with Bynum's right knee, resulting in a right knee sprain. On February 2, 2009 it was revealed that Bynum had suffered a torn MCL in his right knee and would be out 8–12 weeks. This was the second straight year that Bynum had suffered a knee injury against the Memphis Grizzlies. Bynum had averaged 26 points and 14 rebounds in his previous five games, posting five straight double-doubles.

On April 9, 2009, Bynum returned in a home game against the Denver Nuggets. He went 0–2 in the first half, but finished with 7–11 by the end of the game. With the 21 minutes that he played, Bynum scored 16 points and grabbed 7 rebounds. Bynum and the Lakers would go on to win the 2009 NBA Finals.

2009–10 season

In the 2010 NBA playoffs, Bynum injured his knee in Game 6 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round. However, he kept on playing, and the Lakers won their second championship in a row. Postponing surgery until after the playoffs, Bynum appeared in all 23 of the Lakers' playoff games, averaging 8.6 points and 6.9 rebounds. Teammate Pau Gasol called Bynum's "tenacity remarkable. He gave his best. He sacrificed himself in order to help the team and have a better chance to win the championship."

Before having surgery on his knee, Bynum attended the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and vacationed in Europe. "It's not the most serious (injury)," Bynum said of his torn meniscus. "I'm going to get it taken care of, and then everything is supposed to be cool." Bynum underwent surgery on July 28.

2010–11 season

A longer than expected recovery period was needed for Bynum's surgery that caused him to miss the beginning of the 2010–11 NBA season. Bynum gave the Lakers advance notice hours, not weeks, before the opening of training camp. He acknowledged that his doctor told him in advance that he might need more repair to the knee based on findings once the surgery began. Bynum said he would make the same decision again to delay the surgery until after his vacation, even with the knowledge that it would cost him a portion of the upcoming regular season. Kevin Ding of The Orange County Register and Michael Rosenberg of Sports Illustrated criticized Bynum for his summer activities and not expecting complications based on his history with injuries and recovery time.

Bynum came off the bench in his first game of the season on December 14 in a 103–89 win over the Wizards. He finished with 17 minutes, 1-of-5 from the field, seven points, four rebounds and two blocks. "I feel light-years better than back [in Game 7 of 2010 NBA Finals]," he said. In his first 24 games played during the season, Bynum averaged 24.6 minutes per game and 27.4 minutes in 17 games as a starter. Jackson was limiting Bynum's minutes in an attempt to minimize his risk of injury. At the All-Star break, Jackson discussed with Bynum his primary role to defend and rebound—not score. It was a role Bynum had previously resisted. On March 8, Bynum had his third straight game with at least 16 rebounds and had 50 rebounds and 12 blocks in that span. As the Lakers went 8–0 after the All-Star break, Bynum had 10 or more rebounds five times and blocked three or more shots four times while the Lakers held opponents to just 87 points per game. The Lakers revised their defense to have big men no longer were responsible for the perimeter against guards coming off screens, and Lakers' defenders would instead funnel the plays inside to Bynum. On March 14, Bynum tied his career high in rebounds with 18 against Dwight Howard and the Magic. On March 20, Bynum was suspended for two games by the NBA for a flagrant foul on Michael Beasley of the Minnesota Timberwolves. On April 5, in a loss to the Utah Jazz, he grabbed a career high 23 rebounds. On April 12 against the San Antonio Spurs, Bynum hyper-extended his right knee A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam revealed he had a bruised knee, and he missed the last game of the regular season. Bynum ended the season averaging 11 points, 12 rebounds and 2.4 blocks after the All-Star break. He returned to the lineup for the start of the playoffs. After the Lakers defeated the New Orleans Hornets in the first round, 4–2, Hornets head coach Monty Williams said, "Kobe's Kobe, but I thought Bynum decided the series. He was that good."

In the Lakers' second-round playoff series against the Dallas Mavericks, Bynum was ejected in the final game of the Mavericks' four-game sweep for a flagrant foul on J.J. Barea moments after teammate Lamar Odom was ejected for fouling Dirk Nowitzki. Bynum's actions were condemned by the sports news media, and on May 10, he was suspended 5 games for the next season and fined $25,000.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|- | style="text-align:left;"| 2005–06 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 46 || 0 || 7.3 || .402 || .000 || .296 || 1.7 || .2 || .1 || .5 || 1.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 82 || 53 || 21.9 || .558 || .000 || .668 || 5.9 || 1.1 || .2 || 1.6 || 7.8 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 35 || 25 || 28.8 || .636 || .000 || .695 || 10.2 || 1.7 || .3 || 2.1 || 13.1 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 50 ||50 || 28.9 || .560 || .000 || .707 || 8.0 || 1.4 || .4 || 1.8 || 14.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2009–10 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 65 ||65 || 30.4 || .570 || .000 || .739 || 8.3 || 1.0 || .5 || 1.4 || 15.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2010–11 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 54 || 47 || 27.8 || .574 || .000 || .660 || 9.4 || 1.4 || .4 || 2.0 || 11.3 |-class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:left;"| Career | style="text-align:left;"| | 332 || 240 || 24.3 || .569 || .000 || .686 || 7.1 || 1.1 || .3 || 1.5 || 10.5

Playoffs

|- | style="text-align:left;"| 2006 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 1 || 0 || 2.0 || .000 || .000 || .000 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 5 || 0 || 11.0 || .533 || .000 || .400 || 4.6 || .0 || .0 || .4 || 4.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2009 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 23 || 18 || 17.4 || .457 || .000 || .651 || 3.7 || .4 || .3 || .9 || 6.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 23 || 23 || 24.4 || .537 || .000 || .679 || 6.9 || .5 || .3 || 1.6 || 8.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| L.A. Lakers | 10 || 10 || 32.0 || .543 || .000 || .833 || 9.6 || .8 || .5 || 1.4 || 14.4 |-class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:left;"| Career | style="text-align:left;"| | 62 || 51 || 21.5 || .511 || .000 || .690 || 5.9 || .5 || .3 || 1.2 || 8.2

Notes

External links

Category:1987 births Category:African American basketball players Category:Basketball players from New Jersey Category:Centers (basketball) Category:Living people Category:Los Angeles Lakers draft picks Category:Los Angeles Lakers players Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans Category:National Basketball Association high school draftees Category:Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball) Category:People from East Orange, New Jersey Category:People from Middlesex County, New Jersey

da:Andrew Bynum de:Andrew Bynum es:Andrew Bynum fa:اندرو باینوم fr:Andrew Bynum gl:Andrew Bynum hr:Andrew Bynum it:Andrew Bynum he:אנדרו ביינום lv:Endrū Bainams ja:アンドリュー・バイナム pl:Andrew Bynum pt:Andrew Bynum ru:Байнум, Эндрю sl:Andrew Bynum fi:Andrew Bynum sv:Andrew Bynum tl:Andrew Bynum tr:Andrew Bynum zh:安德鲁·拜纳姆

{{infobox gridiron football person |name	Stu Smith |image |birth_dateFebruary 03, 1915 |birth_place Montour Falls, New York |death_date |PositionRunning back |CollegeBucknell University |DraftedYear |DraftedRound |Statsy |DatabaseFootballDIEHLWAL01 |PFR |ProBowls |years1937-1938 |teamsPittsburgh Steelers }}

Stu Smith is a former professional American football player who played running back for two seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Category:1915 births Category:American football running backs Category:Pittsburgh Steelers players Category:Bucknell Bison football players Category:Living people