Coordinates	29°57′53″N90°4′14″N
title	Order of the British Empire
awarded by	the Sovereign, on the advice of the Government
type	Award
motto	For God and the Empire
day	NA
eligibility	British citizens
for	A national order of merit
status	Currently constituted
head title	Sovereign
head	Queen Elizabeth II
head2 title	Grand Master
head2	Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
commander	Sovereign
grades	Knight/Dame Grand Cross (GBE)Knight/Dame Commander (KBE/DBE)Commander (CBE)Officer (OBE)Member (MBE)
former grades	NA
date	1917
first induction	ND
last induction	ND
total	ND
recipients	ND
individual	ND
higher	Royal Victorian Order
lower	Varies, depending on rank
image2
caption2	Ribbons: civil (upper), military (lower) }}

The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V of the United Kingdom. The Order comprises five classes in civil and military divisions. In descending order of seniority, these are: ''Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire'' (GBE) or ''Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire'' (GBE)

''Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire'' (KBE) or ''Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire'' (DBE)

''Commander of the Order of the British Empire'' (CBE)

''Officer of the Order of the British Empire'' (OBE)

''Member of the Order of the British Empire'' (MBE)

Only the highest two ranks automatically cause an individual to become a knight or dame, an honour allowing the recipient to use the title "Sir" (male) or "Dame" (female) before their first name (though men can be knighted separately from this and other Orders of Chivalry). Honorary knighthoods, given to individuals who are not nationals of a realm where Queen Elizabeth II is Head of State, permit use of the honour as a post-nominal but not as a title before their name. Awards in the Order of the British Empire in the Commonwealth Realms were discontinued with the establishment of national systems of honours and awards such as the Order of Canada, the Order of Australia and the New Zealand Order of Merit. Foreign recipients are classified as honorary members of the Order they receive, and do not contribute to the numbers restricted to that Order as full members do.

There is also a related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are not members of the Order, but who are nonetheless affiliated with the Order. The British Empire Medal has not been used in the United Kingdom or its dependencies since 1993, but is still used by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations.

The Order's motto is ''For God and the Empire''. It is the most junior of the British orders of chivalry, and the largest, with over 100,000 living members worldwide.

History

King George V founded the order to fill gaps in the British honours system:

the Most Honourable Order of the Bath honoured only senior military officers and civil servants;

the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George honoured diplomats; and

the Royal Victorian Order honoured those who had personally served the Royal Family.

In particular, King George V wished to honour the many thousands of people who had served in numerous non-combatant capacities during the First World War. Originally, the Order included only one division; however, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was formally divided into Military and Civil Divisions.

This order has a more democratic character than the Order of the Bath or the Order of St Michael and St George, and in its early days was not held in high esteem. However, this has changed over the years.

Several past American statesmen and diplomats who have performed service for, or on behalf of, the United Kingdom have been given the designation of Knight Commander of the order. However, since membership requires swearing allegiance to a foreign head of state (currently Queen Elizabeth II), the title is officially considered "honorary", and the person is not entitled to be referred to as Sir or Dame. Occasionally the media incorrectly refer to foreign recipients with the prefix title, an example being Bob Geldof KBE, an Irish citizen.

Composition

The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all other members of the Order (by convention, on the advice of the Government). The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of which there have been three: Edward, Prince of Wales (1917–1936), Queen Mary (1936–1953), and the current Grand Master, The Duke of Edinburgh (1953–present).

The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1464 Members may be appointed per year. Appointments are made on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms. By convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor.

Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders. Most Knights Commander are honorary members or British citizens living abroad, with only a handful being residents of the United Kingdom. The grade of Dame Commander, on the other hand, is the most common grade of dame in the British honours system, and is awarded in circumstances in which men would be created Knights Bachelor.

Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the limited number of Commonwealth realms without their own national system of honours and awards. Citizens of other countries, however, may be admitted as "honorary members". They do not count towards the aforementioned numerical limits, and are not formally addressed as "Sir" or "Dame". They may be made full members if they subsequently become citizens of Commonwealth realms. See List of honorary British Knights.

At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted. In 1922, it was renamed the "British Empire Medal". Recipients, who are not members of the Order itself, are grouped into the Civil and Military Divisions. Only junior government and military officials are awarded the medal; senior officials are directly appointed to the Order of the British Empire. The United Kingdom's Government has not recommended the awarding of the medal since 1992, although some Commonwealth realms continue the practice.

The Order has six officials: the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ''ex officio'' the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not – unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

If one is appointed to a higher class within the order, one must return one's existing insignia in exchange for the more senior one, and cease using the junior post-nominal letters. Some people, however, have been appointed to both divisions, such as Dame Kelly Holmes, who has been appointed an MBE in the military division and a DBE in the civil division, and is therefore known as "Dame Kelly Holmes, DBE, MBE (Mil.)".

Gallantry

From 1940, a person could be appointed a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry, for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) which were below the level required for the George Medal, with the grade being determined by the same criteria as usual and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958 these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry. Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If a recipient of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry was promoted within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to also wear the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves. However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.

Vestments and accoutrements

Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions (such as quadrennial services and coronations), which vary by rank (the designs underwent major changes in 1937):

The ''mantle'', worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, was originally made of yellow satin lined with blue silk, but is now made of purple satin lined with pearl-grey silk. On the left side is a representation of the cross (see below).

The ''collar'', also worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold. It consists of six medallions depicting the Royal Arms, alternating with six medallions depicting the Royal and Imperial Cypher of George V ("GRI", which stands for "Georgius Rex Imperator"). The medallions are linked with gold cables depicting lions and crowns.

On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, or evening wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. Collars are returned upon the death of their owners, but other insignia may be retained.

At less important occasions, simpler insignia are used:

The ''star'' is an eight-pointed silver star used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander. It is worn pinned to the left breast. Varying in size depending on class, it bears a crimson ring with the motto of the Order inscribed. Within the ring, a figure of Britannia was originally shown. Since 1937, however, the effigies of George V and his wife Queen Mary have been shown instead.

The ''badge'' is the only insignia used by all members of the Order. Until 1937, it was suspended on a purple ribbon, with a red central stripe for the military division; since then, the ribbon has been rose-pink with pearl-grey edges, with the addition of a pearl-grey central stripe for the military division. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commander and male Commanders wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; male Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest; all females other than Dames Grand Cross wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. The badge is in the form of a cross patonce (having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end), the obverse of which bears the same field as the star (that is, either Britannia or George V and Queen Mary); the reverse bears George V's Royal and Imperial Cypher. Both are within a ring bearing the motto of the Order. The size of the badges varies according to rank: the higher classes have slightly larger badges. The badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders are enamelled with pale blue crosses and crimson rings; those of Officers are plain gold; those of Members are plain silver.

The ''British Empire Medal'' is made of silver. On the obverse is an image of Britannia surrounded by the motto, with the words "For Meritorious Service" at the bottom; on the reverse is George V's Imperial and Royal Cypher, with the words "Instituted by King George V" at the bottom. The name of the recipient is engraved on the rim. This medal is nicknamed "the Gong", and comes in both a full-sized and miniature versions – the latter for formal white-tie and informal black-tie occasions.

A lapel pin for everyday wear was first announced at the end of December 2006, and will soon become available to recipients of all levels of the Order, as well as to holders of the British Empire Medal. The pin design is not unique to any level. The pin features the badge of the Order, enclosed in a circle of ribbon of its colours of pink and grey. Lapel pins must be purchased separately by a member of the Order at the fixed price of £15.00. The creation of such a pin was recommended in Sir Hayden Phillips' review of the honours system in 2004, not unlike many other countries.

{|align=center class=wikitable width=55% !colspan=4|Order of the British Empire ribbon bars |- !width=15% valign=center align=center| !width=20% valign=center align=center|civil !width=20% valign=center align=center|military |- !width=15% valign=center align=center|1917–1935 |width=20% valign=center align=center| |width=20% valign=center align=center| |- !width=15% valign=center align=center|since 1936 |width=20% valign=center align=center| |width=20% valign=center align=center| |- |}

Chapel

The chapel of the order is in the far eastern end of the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, but it holds its great services upstairs in the main body of the cathedral. (The Cathedral also serves as the home of the chapel of The Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George.) Religious services for the whole Order are held every four years; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. The chapel was dedicated in 1960.

Precedence and privileges

Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives (see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions).

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix "Sir", and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix "Dame", to their forenames (never surnames – thus Sir Antony Sher may be shortened to Sir Antony, but not to Sir Sher). Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Male clergy of the Church of England or the established Church of Scotland do not use the title "Sir" as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GBE", Knights Commander "KBE", Dames Commander "DBE", Commanders "CBE", Officers "OBE" and Members "MBE". The post-nominal for the British Empire Medal is "BEM".

Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander who are not citizens of Commonwealth realms can be awarded honorary titles but do not receive the accolade and are not entitled to the prefix "Sir" or "Dame", but may still use the post-nominal abbreviations. For example, American Bill Gates was made a Knight Commander, but is not entitled "Sir Bill" or "Sir Bill Gates", although he may use the title "Bill Gates, KBE". Bob Geldof, KBE received a knighthood in 1986 and although he is often referred to as "Sir Bob", he is not a citizen of a Commonwealth realm and he is not entitled to use the prefix "Sir". If recipients later become citizens of Commonwealth realms, then they are usually made substantive members of the Order, and are entitled to begin using the Sir prefix. For example, Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan was appointed an honorary KBE in 2005. He subsequently took dual British and Irish nationality, was made a substantive member, and is now entitled to use the name "Sir Terry Wogan".

Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to be granted heraldic supporters. They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.

Criticism

The order has attracted some criticism for its connection with the idea of the British Empire. Benjamin Zephaniah, a British Jamaican poet, publicly rejected an OBE in 2003 because, he said, it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality". He went on to say, "It reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised".

Others have declined honours, but, at the request of the Prime Minister's office, did not reveal the fact until some years later. In 2004, a House of Commons Select Committee recommended changing the name of the award to the "Order of British Excellence" and changing the rank of "Commander" to "Companion", as the former was said to have a "militaristic ring".

A notable person to decline the offer of an Order of the British Empire was the author C. S. Lewis (1898–1963), who had been named on the last list of honours by George VI in December 1951.

The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the order, saying "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people... [W]e received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more." Later, Lennon returned his MBE on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs. The civil service and judiciary receive far more Orders of the British Empire than leaders of other professions and charity workers.

Chin Peng, long-time leader of the Malayan Communist Party, was granted the OBE for his share in fighting against the Japanese during the Second World War, in close cooperation with the British commando Force 136. It was withdrawn by the British government (and became undesirable for Chin Peng himself) when the Communist leader headed his party's guerrilla insurgency against the British in the Malayan Emergency.

See also

British honours system

Knight Bachelor

List of celebrities appointed to the Order of the British Empire

List of Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire

List of Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

List of honorary British Knights

List of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

United Kingdom order of precedence

References

External links

Honours, Decorations & Awards UK Government

The London Gazette lists recipients of honours

Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society, (2002), "The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire"

"Knighthood and Chivalry" (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press

Velde, F. R. (2003). "Order of Precedence in England and Wales

'' The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire'' by Frederic Hood, with a foreword by Prince Philip

Search recommendations for the Order of the British Empire on The UK National Archives' website

The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – OBE Chapel Exterior detail

Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:Orders of knighthood of the United Kingdom Category:1917 establishments in the United Kingdom

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Coordinates	29°57′53″N90°4′14″N
playername	Clive Radley
country	England
fullname	Clive Thornton Radley
living	true
dayofbirth	13
monthofbirth	5
yearofbirth	1944
placeofbirth	Hertford
countryofbirth	England
batting	Right-hand bat
bowling	Legbreak
deliveries	balls
columns	2
column1	Tests
matches1	8
runs1	481
bat avg1	48.10
100s/50s1	2/2
top score1	158
deliveries1	–
wickets1	–
bowl avg1	–
fivefor1	–
tenfor1	–
best bowling1	–
catches/stumpings1	4/–
column2	ODIs
matches2	4
runs2	250
bat avg2	83.33
100s/50s2	1/1
top score2	117*
deliveries2	–
wickets2	–
bowl avg2	–
fivefor2	–
tenfor2	n/a
best bowling2	–
catches/stumpings2	–/–
date	1 January
year	2006
source	http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/19316.html }}

Clive Thornton Radley MBE (born 13 May 1944, Hertford, England) is an English former cricketer, who played eight Tests and four One Day Internationals for England. He was selected as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1979.

Career

His batting average in Tests (48.10) was substantially higher than he achieved in all first-class cricket (35.44), despite his not making his Test debut until the comparatively advanced age of thirty-three. After years of scurrying accumulation for Middlesex, Mike Brearley's accession to the England captaincy did his international cause no harm. His brief Test career, however, was ended prematurely by a bad blow to the head in the first match on the 1978-9 tour of Australia. He is one of the few international cricketers to make a century in his last One Day International, against New Zealand in 1978.

His long career with Middlesex lasted from 1964 to 1987, when he was in his mid forties. He scored 26,441 runs in first-class cricket of 559 matches, making 46 hundreds, with a best of 200. He also played for Auckland in New Zealand.

Post-retirement

On his retirement as a player, in 1991 he became MCC head coach, in succession to Don Wilson. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.

References

External links

Cricinfo profile

Category:1944 births Category:People from Hertford Category:Living people Category:English cricketers Category:England Test cricketers Category:England One Day International cricketers Category:Auckland cricketers Category:Middlesex cricketers Category:Norfolk cricketers Category:International Cavaliers cricketers Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:Old Norvicensians Category:MCC cricketers

ta:மார்க் ராம்பிரகாஷ்

Coordinates	29°57′53″N90°4′14″N
name	Jet Harris
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Terence Harris
born	July 06, 1939Kingsbury, North London, England
died	March 18, 2011Winchester, England
instrument	Bass guitar (4 & 6 string), guitar
occupation	Bassist
years active	1952–2010
associated acts	The Shadows, Jeff Beck Group, The Vipers Skiffle Group
website	}}

Jet Harris, MBE (born Terence Harris; 6 July 1939 – 18 March 2011) was an English musician. He was the bass guitarist of The Shadows until April 1962, and had subsequent success as a soloist and as a duo with the drummer Tony Meehan.

Early life and career with the Shadows

Harris, the only child of Bill and Winifred Harris, was born Terence Harris at Honeypot Lane, Kingsbury, North London, England. His prowess as a sprinter at Dudden Hill secondary modern school earned him the nickname Jet. Although he learned to play clarinet as a teenager, he made his own four-string double bass to play in a jazz group and later graduated to a professionally made double bass. In 1958, while playing jazz with drummer Tony Crombie and his group the Rockets, Crombie got a Framus bass guitar for Harris, making him one of the first British exponents of the instrument.

He played in several groups including the Vipers Skiffle Group and the Most Brothers before, in 1959, joining Cliff Richard's backing group the Drifters, who later changed their name to The Shadows at Harris's suggestion. In 1959, after the neck of his Framus was terminally damaged in a dressing room accident, he was presented by the importers with a Fender Precision Bass, one of the first to come to Britain from the United States.

Harris also contributed vocally, adding backup harmonies and occasional lead vocals. He had a trademark scream used in the Shadows' "Feeling Fine" and Cliff Richard's "Do You Wanna Dance?"

In Mike Read's book ''The Story of the Shadows'' Harris lays the blame for the start of his depression and related alcohol addiction with Carol Costa, whom he married in 1959. She, the first of Harris’s four wives, had an affair with Cliff Richard, and remains the only woman known definitively to have slept with Richard.

In 1962, he left the Shadows following disagreements (documented in ''The Story of The Shadows'', written by the group with Mike Read). He had been forced to resign after Bruce Welch made an off-hand remark about his wife's ongoing affair with Richard. He had never been given time off from the Shadows during 1959-62 to facilitate a reconciliation with his wife and/or deal with his depression and alcoholism.

With Tony Meehan

He signed with Decca and released solo instrumental and vocal work with some success. Then, as part of a duo with former Shadows drummer Tony Meehan, he topped the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in early 1963 with "Diamonds". There were several court appearances involving drunkenness and violent behaviour before the partnership with Meehan came to an abrupt end in September 1963 when a car crash (in which his girl-friend, singer Billie Davis, was also injured), meant that this success did not last long. Harris attempted a solo comeback in 1966 and was briefly in the line-up of the Jeff Beck Group in 1967, but somewhat fell out of the music industry. He then worked variously as a labourer, bricklayer, porter in a hospital, bus conductor, and as a seller of cockles on the beach in Jersey.

Later career

Harris was declared bankrupt in 1988. The BBC reported that it took Harris 30 years of heavy drinking before he finally admitted to being an alcoholic and sought help. For many years Harris made a point in his stage shows of saying how long it had been since he quit drinking, winning applause from audiences who knew how it had wrecked his career in the 60s. But fans noted that from 2007 Harris stopped saying he no longer drank. Harris still played occasionally, with backing band the Diamonds or as a guest with the Rapiers, and teamed up with Tony Meehan for a support performance in Cliff Richard's 1989 'The Event' concerts.

In 1998, he was awarded a Fender Lifetime Achievement Award for his role in popularising the bass guitar in Britain. He appeared annually in Bruce Welch's 'Shadowmania' and tours each year with the Rapiers (a Shadows tribute band) who are recording artists in their own right. He recorded continuously from the late 1980s with a variety of collaborators including Tangent, Alan Jones (also an ex-Shadows bassist who retired due to a serious car accident), Bobby Graham and the Local Heroes. His previous problems with stage nerves had seemingly disappeared, and 2006 saw Harris's first single release in over forty years, "San Antonio".

In 2007 Harris was invited by legendary UK singer Marty Wilde to be special guest on his 50th Anniversary tour. This culminated in an evening at the London Palladium with other guests including Wilde's daughters Kim and Roxanne, Justin Hayward of the Moody Blues, members of the original Wildcats - Big Jim Sullivan, Licorice Locking and Brian Bennett, who also joined Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch of the Shadows on stage with Wilde and his band the Wildcats (Neville Marten and Eddie Allen on guitar, Roger Newell bass, John Dutton keyboards and Bryan Fitzpatrick, drums). The show's finale featured the closest thing to a Shadows reunion possible with Marvin, Welch, Harris and Brian Bennett (who in 1962 had replaced the late Tony Meehan) all appearing on stage with the show's company.

The evening was filmed and a DVD released, with Harris playing three tunes - "Diamonds", "Theme From Something Really Important" and "Scarlett O'Hara" - backed by the Wildcats.

So successful was this tour that Wilde repeated the invitation to join him on his 2010 ''Born To Rock And Roll'' tour, which finished in Basingstoke on November 20. Harris has said that this was his most enjoyable working experience in years.

In a December 2008 interview for the ''Daily Mail'', Harris spoke about not having been invited to join the Shadows for their 50th anniversary, at the Royal Variety Performance.

His fan club arranged a 70th birthday party for him on 5 July 2009, at the Winter Gardens, Weston-Super-Mare. He resided in Bembridge, Isle of Wight, while receiving treatment for throat cancer.

MBE

He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours.

In 2010, Harris was presented with a special award from the US Fender guitar company for his services to their company in effectively launching their bass guitar in the UK in 1960.

Personal life and death

Harris had 4 sons. He was a heavy smoker and died on 18 March 2011, two years after being diagnosed with throat cancer, at the home of his partner Janet Hemingway, in Winchester.

Members of pre-Shadows groups

;1952 - School band

Peter Newman (saxophone) + John Welsh (clarinet) + Jet Harris (bass) + Ray Edmunds (drums)

;1956 - The Delinquents (jazz trio) ? (vocals) + ? (guitar) + Jet Harris (bass) + ? (drums)

;1956-57 - Wee Willee Harris & Tony Crombie's Rockets

? (vocals) + ? (guitar) + Jet Harris (bass) + Tony Crombie (drums)

;1958 - The Vipers (aka The Vipers Skiffle Group)

7" single (Liverpool Blues/Summertime Blues on Parlophone)

Wally Whyton (vocals) + Johnny Booker (guitar) + Freddie Floyd (guitar) + Jet Harris (bass) + Tony Meehan (drums)

1958 - The Vipers - live concert

Wally Whyton (vocals) + Johnny Booker (guitar) + Hank Marvin (guitar) + Jet Harris (bass) + Johnny Pilgrim (wb)

Discography

Singles

"Besame Mucho" (solo) - May 1962 (Decca F11466) UK #22

"Main Title Theme (from The Man With the Golden Arm)" (solo) - August 1962 (Decca F11488) UK #12

"Diamonds" b/w "Footstomp" (with Tony Meehan) - January 1963 (Decca F11563) UK #1

"Scarlett O'Hara" b/w "(Doing the) Hully Gully" (with Tony Meehan) - April 1963 (Decca F11644) UK #2

"Applejack" (with Tony Meehan) - September 1963 (Decca F11710) UK #4

"Theme For a Fallen Idol" / "Guitar Man"

"Big Bad Bass" / "Rifka"

"Diamonds" / "Big Bad Bass From Texas"

"My Lady" / "You Don't Live Twice" - 1967 (Fontana TF 849) (arranged by Tony Meehan)

"San Antonio" (solo) - 2006

"Jet Harris / Wild One (Real Wild Child) - Decca

EPs

''Jet Harris'' - Decca DFE 8502

Albums

''Inside Jet Harris'' - Ellie Jay Records/ Castle Records (1977)

''Diamonds and Other Gems'' - Deram 820634-2 (1989)

''The Anniversary Album'' - Q Records (1992)

''Twelve Great Guitar Gems'' - Zing Records (1994)

''Live Over England'' - Zing Records (1996)

''Beyond The Shadow of a Doubt'' - Zing Records (1993)

''Two of a Kind'' (with Alan Jones) - Zing Records (1997)

''Tributes and Rarities'' - Zing Records (1995)

''One of Our Shadows is Missing'' (with The Local Heroes) (1998)

''The Phoenix Rises'' - Mustang Music (2001)

''Diamonds are Trumps'' - Solent Records (2002)

''The Journey'' - Crazy Lighthouse Records (2007)

Bibliography

;Books

''Driftin' with Cliff Richard'', by J. Harris, R. Ellis and C. Richard

''The Shadows by Themselves'' by Royston Ellis with The Shadows. Consul Books. 1961. No ISBN.

''The Story of the Shadows'' by Mike Read. 1983. Elm Tree books. ISBN 0-241-10861-6.

''That Sound (From "Move It" on, the story of the magic sound of The Shadows)'', by R.Pistolesi, M.Addey & M.Mazzini. Publ: Vanni Lisanti. June 2000. No ISBN.

''The Complete Rock Family Rock Trees'', by Pete Frame. Omnibus. ISBN 0711968799.

''Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums'' (19th Edn), David Roberts. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.

''The Complete Book of the British Charts Singles and Albums'', by Neil Warwick, Jon Kutner & Tony Brown, 3rd Edn. ISBN 978-1844490585.

''Jet Harris — Survivor'', by Dave Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-9562679-0-0, 31 October 2009.

;Sheet music books

''The Jet Harris Guitar Book'' Francis Day & Hunter Ltd. No ISBN. (16 pages)

References

External links

jetharris.biz Official Site

International Jet Harris fan club

Category:1939 births Category:2011 deaths Category:Cancer deaths in England Category:Deaths from esophageal cancer Category:English rock bass guitarists Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:Musicians from London Category:People from Kingsbury Category:The Shadows members

cs:Jet Harris da:Jet Harris de:Jet Harris fr:Jet Harris lt:Jet Harris nl:Jet Harris ja:ジェット・ハリス pl:Jet Harris pt:Jet Harris fi:Jet Harris sv:Jet Harris

Coordinates	29°57′53″N90°4′14″N
name	Tony Meehan
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Daniel Joseph Anthony Meehan
born	March 02, 1943New End, Hampstead, North London
died	November 28, 2005Paddington, London
instrument	Drums
occupation	Drummer, Lecturer in Psychology
years active	Late 1950s–2005
associated acts	The Shadows, The Vipers Skiffle Group}}

Daniel Joseph Anthony "Tony" Meehan (2 March 1943 – 28 November 2005) was a founder member of the British group The Shadows with Jet Harris, Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch. He played drums on early Cliff Richard and The Shadows hits and on early Shadows instrumentals.

Meehan was professionally nicknamed "The Baron" by his many admirers and friends within the British pop/rock music industry. He is reckoned to have influenced many thousands of teenage boys and adolescents to take up music as a career including Mick Fleetwood of Fleetwood Mac as a result of his iconic film performance in Cliff Richard's film The Young Ones. His drumming style (qv Bongo Blues, Apache) is noticeably different to the other drummers that the Shadows employed during 1958-2010 such as Brian Bennett, Clem Cattini and Trevor Spencer. Preferring a more simpler 1950s jazz style kit rather than a voluminous 1970/80s rock/metal drum kit. Thus his drum kit was significantly more spartan in terms of quantity of drums and accessories compared to Brian Bennett's modern expansive drum kits through the decades. In his contribution to the 1961 book "The Shadows by Themselves" Meehan gives very useful, timely and helpful advice to all would-be drummers on drum-kit care and maintenance.

Biography

Tony Meehan was born at New End Hospital, New End, Hampstead, North London, England. He was 10 when he became interested in playing drums. By 13, he had his first job with a band playing in a dance hall at Willesden, London. He also played timpani with the London Youth Orchestra. When he was 15, Meehan was set on becoming a lawyer but he was offered a job at £25 per week in a touring show. He was given six months' holiday. The tour never materialised but he did not go back to school. Unlike other members of the Shadows he was never short of work, playing cabaret at Churchill's and the Stork Club. He also played with Jet Harris in The Vipers.

Meehan left the Shadows in October 1961 to work as an arranger/producer and session drummer for Joe Meek (John Leyton, Michael Cox: "Young Only Once", Andy Cavell) and from early 1962 at Decca Records. He teamed again with Harris (who had also left the Shadows and moved to Decca) and as a duo had success with "Diamonds" which also included Jimmy Page on acoustic rhythm guitar. "Diamonds" was a number one hit in the UK. Harris and Meehan had two further hit singles together - "Scarlett O'Hara" and "Applejack".

On 1 January 1962, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison and Pete Best were auditioned at Decca by Meehan, performing a selection of covers that The Beatles had performed in various clubs over the years, interspersed with three Lennon/McCartney originals. The Beatles later found out that their manager Brian Epstein had paid Meehan to produce the recordings made that day. Eventually, Decca rejected the Beatles and instead chose The Tremeloes, who had auditioned the same day as The Beatles.

Meehan briefly played with The Shadows some years later when Brian Bennett was hospitalised. At one point, John Rostill was in hospital at the same time, and The Shadows were playing live with Brian Locking on bass and Meehan on drums.

Meehan quit the music industry in the 1990s for a major career change as a psychologist, as a result of a lifelong hobby/interest. He worked in London at a local college lecturing psychology until his death.

Early career groups (pre-Shadows/Drifters)

;1956 - (Skiffle Trio):

John Kessler (g/v), Tony Kessler (guitar) and Tony Meehan (drums)

;1956-57 - (Trad-Irish-band):

Billy Flynn (g/v), Raymond Cleary (g), David Rees (b) and Tony Meehan (wb)

;1958 - The Vipers:

Wally Wyton (vocals/guitar), Johnny Booker (guitar), Freddie Lloyd (b), Jet Harris (b) and Tony Meehan (drums)

Drums career usage

1954-1958: Ajax

1959-1961: Gretsch (The Drifters); (The Shadows)

196?-196?: Trixon (The Shadows)

196?-196?: Ludwig (The Shadows)

1962-1963: Gretsch (Jet Harris and Tony Meehan)

1963-1964: Gretsch (Tony Meehan)

1964-1970: Gretsch (Tony Meehan)

Death

On 29 November 2005, BBC News quoted Bruce Welch as saying that Meehan had died the previous day, as a result of head injuries, following a fall down the main staircase at his London flat in Maida Vale. Meehan died at St Mary's Hospital South Wharf Road, Paddington, London.

"As the drummer with the Shadows, Tony Meehan helped to lay the foundations for British rock’n’roll, both backing Cliff Richard and on a long string of instrumental hits recorded under the group’s own name. John Lennon once claimed that before Cliff and the Shadows, there had been nothing worth listening to in British music. As the first backing band to emerge as stars in their own right, they were early trailblazers for the beat-group boom that eclipsed them." - Shadows drummer who became an A&R; man for Decca - The Times (Obituaries), Nov 30th, 2005.

At his death, Meehan was twice married (divorced once) and is survived by five children. At his untimely death he owned 3 homes in London, Australia and Ireland.

Groupography

The Vipers Skiffle Group

The Drifters

Cliff Richard and the Drifters

The Shadows

Cliff Richard and the Shadows

Jet Harris & Tony Meehan

The Tony Meehan Combo

Jet Harris and Tony Meehan

;Singles

"Diamonds" / "Footstomp" - 7" - Decca

"Scarlet O'Hara" / "Hully Gully" - 7" - Decca

"Applejack" / "Tall Texan" - 7" - Decca

;EPs

''Jet and Tony'' - EP - Decca

;Albums

''Remembering'' - LP - Decca

''Best of'' - CD

''Diamonds and Gems'' - CD

Solo

"Kings Go Fifth" / "Song of Mexico" - 7" - Decca - 1964

Production credits

;Singles

Louise Cordet -- "I'm Just a Baby" / "In A Matter of Moments" -- 1962 (Decca)

Jay and Tommy Scott -- "Angela" / "Did You" -- 1962 (Decca)

Jet Harris -- "My Lady" / "You Don't Live Twice" -- 1964 (Decca)

White Trash -- "Road To Nowhere" / "Illusions" -- 1969 (Apple)

Cody -- "I Belong With You" / "Wanna Make You Happy" -- 1971 (Polydor/Atco)

Darryl Read -- "High Rise Angry Young Man" -- 1981 (on "Collectomatic vol I" -- LP—1997 (White Label))

;Albums

Donal Donnelly -- ''Take the Name of Donnelly'' -- 1968 (Decca)

Tim Hardin -- ''Painted Head'' -- 1973 (CBS)

John Howard -- ''Kid in a Big World'' -- 1975 (CBS 80473)

Kevin Westlake -- ''Stars Fade (In Hotel Rooms)'' -- 1976 (UTOPIA 1-1388)

Roger Daltrey -- ''One of the Boys'' -- 1977 (MCA)

Eric Burdon - ''Darkness Darkness'' -- 1980 (Polydor)

Further reading

''Driftin' with Cliff Richard'', by J. Harris, R. Ellis and C. Richard

''The Shadows by Themselves'' by Royston Ellis with The Shadows. Consul Books. 1961. No ISBN.

''The Story of the Shadows'' by Mike Read. 1983. Elm Tree books. ISBN 0241108616

''That Sound (From Move It on, the story of the magic sound of The Shadows)'', by R.Pistolesi, M.Addey & M.Mazzini. Publ: Vanni Lisanti. June 2000. No ISBN.

''The Complete Rock Family Rock Trees'', by Pete Frame. Omnibus. ISBN 0711968799

''Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles & Albums'' (19th Edn), David Roberts. ISBN 1904994105

''The Complete Book of the British Charts (Singles and Albums)'', by Neil Warwick, Jon Kutner & Tony Brown, 3rd Edn. ISBN 9781844490585

''Jet Harris — Survivor'', by Dave Nicolson, ISBN 9780956267900, 31st Oct 2009.

References

External links

BBC News: The Shadows founder member dies

Category:1943 births Category:2005 deaths Category:Accidental deaths from falls Category:Accidental deaths in England Category:British drummers Category:People from Hampstead Category:People from Maida Vale

da:Tony Meehan de:Tony Meehan fr:Tony Meehan it:Tony Meehan lt:Tony Meehan nl:Tony Meehan pl:Tony Meehan pt:Tony Meehan sk:Tony Meehan fi:Tony Meehan sv:Tony Meehan

Coordinates	29°57′53″N90°4′14″N
Name	Isaac Kehinde Dairo
Background	solo_singer
Born	1930
Died	1996
Instrument	Accordion
Genre	Folk, Juju music
Occupation	Singer-songwriter
Years active	1957–1996
Past members	}}

Isaiah Kehinde Dairo (1930) MBE (1930–1996) was a notable Nigerian Jùjú musician.

Early life

I.K. Dairo was born in the town of Offa, located in present day Kwara State; his family was originally from Ijebu-Ijesa before migrating to Offa. He attended a Christian Missionary primary school in Offa, however, he later quit his studies due to a lean year in his family's finances. He left Offa and traveled to Ijebu-Ijesa where he chose to work as a barber. On his journey, he took along with him a drum built by his father when he was seven years old. By the time he was residing in Ijebu Ijesa, he was already an avid fan of drumming. When he was unoccupied with work, he spent time listening to the early pioneers of Juju music in the area and experimented with drumming. His interest in Juju music increased over time, and in 1942, he joined a band led by Taiwo Igese but within a few short years, the band broke up. In 1948, he went to Ede, a town in present day Osun State where he started work there as a pedestrian cloth trader and played music with a local group on the side. One day, while his boss was away traveling, I.K. Dairo decided to join his fellow friends to play at a local ceremony, unknowing to him, his boss was coming back that same day, the boss was furious with the act and he was relieved of his job as a result.

IK Dairo later pursued various manual tasks after his firing and was able to save enough money to move to Ibadan, where Daniel Ojoge, a pioneer Juju musician usually played. He got a break to join a band with Daniel Ojoge and played for a brief period of time before returning to Ijebu-Ijesa.

Musical rise

I.K. Dairo's musical career entered the fast lane when he founded a ten piece band called the Morning Star Orchestra in 1957. In 1960, during the celebration of Nigeria's independence, the band was called on to play at a party hosted by a popular Ibadan based magistrate. With a lot of prominent Yoruba patrons at the venue, I.K. Dairo showcased his style of Juju music and earned attention and admiration from other Yoruba patrons present, many of whom later invited him to gigs during cultural celebrations or just lavish parties. In the early 1960s, he changed the band's name to Blue Spots and he also won a competition televised in Western Nigeria to showcase the various talents in Juju music. During the period, he was able to form his own record label in collaboration with Haruna Ishola and achieved critical and popular acclaim and fame.

Influences and inspiration

I.K Dairo emergence at the end of the 1950s coincided with the rising euphoria towards independence. He was seen then as a premier musician who could capture the exciting moment preceding the nation's independence and briefly after independence. The musical taste during the period had graduated from appreciation of solemn music to much more intensified sounds. The period was also one of lavish parties with musicians as a side attraction.

I.K. Dairo musical success in the 1960s, was influenced by different factors including a resort to include traditional sounds, the political life of the 1950s, which inspired him and a focus on Rhythm, beats and tempo that reflected different ethnic sounds and in the process leading to his appeal rising beyond his primary ethnic group. His band experimented and played with musical styles originating from different Yoruba areas and also utilized the Edo, Urhobo, Itsekiri and Hausa language in some of their lyrics. The band's well organized and slick arrangement, Yoruba and Latin America influenced dance rhythm and patronizing lyrics on the entrepreneur pursuits of patrons were factors that contributed in his rise to the height of the Juju and musical arena in the country. He also employed musical syncretism, mixing the Ijebu-Ijesa choral multi-part sound with melodies and text from Christian sources.

In 1962, he released the song 'Salome' under Decca records. The song mixed traditional elements in Yoruba culture and urban life as major themes. The song was a major hit of his. Another song of his which was quite popular was Ka Sora (Let Us Be Careful), the song is sometimes described as predictive of the Nigerian civil war in its warning about the pitfalls of unreasoned governance. He also released other popular hits including one about Chief Awolowo, who was incarcerated at the time the song was released.

Instruments

The band made use of an amplified accordion, which was played by I.k., and he was the first high profile musician to play the accordion. Other musical instruments used by the group includes, electric guitar, talking drum, double toy, akuba, ogido, clips, maracas, agogo(bell), samba([a square shaped drum]).

Later career

Dairo's stay at the top in the Nigerian music scene was short lived, by 1964, a new musician in the person of Ebenezer Obey was gaining ground and by the end of the 1960s, both Obey and King Sunny Ade had emerged as the popular acts of the period. However, Dairo continued with his music, touring Europe and North America in the 1970s and 1980s. He was also involved in a few interest groups dealing with the property rights of musicians. Between 1994-1995, he was a member of the Ethnomusicology department at the University of Washington, Seattle.

Partial discography of I.K. Dairo and the Blue Spots

CD

''Ashiko'', 1994, Xenophile Music

''Definitive Dairo'', Xenophile Music

''I Remember'', Music of the World

''Juju Master'', Original Music

Records

''Salome'' 92

''Ise Ori Ranmi Ni Mo Nse''

''I Remember My Darling'',

''Erora Feso Jaiye''

''Se B'Oluwa Lo Npese''

References

External links

IK Dairo biographia on Nigeria-Arts.net

Category:Nigerian musicians Category:Yoruba musicians Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:1930 births Category:1996 deaths

fr:Isaiah Kehinde Dairo yo:I. K. Dairo