A train is a connected series of vehicles for rail transport that move along a track (permanent way) to transport cargo or passengers from one place to another. The track usually consists of two rails, but might also be a monorail or maglev guideway.

Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive, or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most modern trains are powered by diesel locomotives or by electricity supplied by overhead wires or additional rails, although historically (from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century) the steam locomotive was the dominant form of locomotive power. Other sources of power (such as horses, rope or wire, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, and gas turbines) are possible.

The word 'train' comes from the Old French ''trahiner'', itself from the Latin ''trahere'' 'pull, draw'.

Types of trains

There are various types of train designed for particular purposes. A train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit (or occasionally a single or articulated powered coach, called a railcar). Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, or run downhill by gravity.

Special kinds of trains running on corresponding special 'railways' are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways.

A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches. Alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a "multiple unit". In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, high-speed rail is used extensively for passenger travel.

Freight trains comprise of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains (especially Travelling Post Offices) are outwardly more like passenger trains.

Trains can also be 'mixed', comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles. Such mixed trains are most likely to occur where services are infrequent, and running separate passenger and freight trains is not cost-effective, though the differing needs of passengers and freight usually means this is avoided where possible.

Special trains are also used for track maintenance; in some places, this is called maintenance of way.

In the United Kingdom, a train hauled by two locomotives is said to be "double-headed", and in Canada and the United States it is quite common for a long freight train to be headed by three or more locomotives. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as 'top and tailed', this practice typically being used when there are no reversing facilities available. Where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades (or down them by providing braking power) it is referred to as 'banking' in the UK, or 'helper service' in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the US have been made up with one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train, operated remotely from the lead cab. This is referred to as "DP" or "Distributed Power."

Terminology

The railway terminology that is used to describe a 'train' varies between countries. ;United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the interchangeable terms set and unit are used to refer to a group of permanently or semi-permanently coupled vehicles, such as those of a multiple unit. While when referring to a train made up of a variety of vehicles, or of several sets/units, the term formation is used. (Although the UK public and media often forgo 'formation', for simply 'train'.) The word rake is also used for a group of coaches or wagons.

In the United Kingdom Section 83(1) of the Railways Act 1993 defines "train" as follows: :a) two or more items of rolling stock coupled together, at least one of which is a locomotive; or :b) a locomotive not coupled to any other rolling stock.

;United States In the United States, the term consist is used to describe the group of rail vehicles which make up a train. When referring to motive power, consist refers to the group of locomotives powering the train. Similarly, the term trainset refers to a group of rolling stock that is permanently or semi-permanently coupled together to form a unified set of equipment (the term is most often applied to passenger train configurations).

The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway's 1948 operating rules define a train as: "An engine or more than one engine coupled, with or without cars, displaying markers."

Bogies

A bogie ( ) is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle. It can be fixed in place, as on a cargo truck, mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage or locomotive, or sprung as in the suspension of a caterpillar tracked vehicle.

Motive power

The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses. From the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. From the 1910s onwards the steam locomotives began to be replaced by less labour intensive and cleaner (but more complex and expensive) diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, while at about the same time self-propelled multiple unit vehicles of either power system became much more common in passenger service. In most countries dieselisation of locomotives in day-to-day use was completed by the 1970s. A few countries, most notably the People's Republic of China, where coal and labour are cheap, still use a few steam locomotives, but most have been phased out. Historic steam trains still run in many other countries, for the leisure and enthusiast market.

Electric traction offers a lower cost per mile of train operation but at a higher initial cost, which can only be justified on high traffic lines. Since the cost per mile of construction is much higher, electric traction is less viable for long-distance lines with the exception of long-distance high speed lines. Electric trains receive their current via overhead lines or through a third rail electric system.

A recent variation of the electric locomotive is the fuel cell locomotive. Fuel cell locomotives combine the advantage of not needing an electrical system in place, with the advantage of emissionless operation. However, the initial cost of such fuel cell vehicles is still substantial at the moment.

Passenger trains

A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles. It may be a self-powered multiple unit or railcar, or else a combination of one or more locomotives and one or more unpowered trailers known as coaches, cars or carriages. Passenger trains travel between stations or depots, at which passengers may board and disembark. In most cases, passenger trains operate on a fixed schedule and have superior track occupancy rights over freight trains.

Oversight of a passenger train is the responsibility of the conductor. He or she is usually assisted by other crew members, such as service attendants or porters. During the heyday of North American passenger rail travel, long distance trains carried two conductors: the aforementioned train conductor, and a Pullman conductor, the latter being in charge of sleeping car personnel.

Many prestigious passenger train services have been given a specific name, some of which have become famous in literature and fiction. In past years, railroaders often referred to passenger trains as the "varnish", alluding to the bygone days of wooden-bodied coaches with their lustrous exterior finishes and fancy livery. "Blocking the varnish" meant a slow-moving freight train was obstructing a fast passenger train, causing delays.

Some passenger trains, both long distance and short distanced, may use bi-level (double-decker) cars to carry more passengers per train. Car design and the general safety of passenger trains have dramatically evolved over time, making travel by rail remarkably safe.

Long-distance trains

Long-distance trains travel between many cities and/or regions of a country, and sometimes cross several countries. They often have a dining car or restaurant car to allow passengers to have a meal during the course of their journey. Trains travelling overnight may also have sleeping cars.

High-speed rail

One notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. Generally, high speed rail runs at speeds above and often operates on dedicated track that is surveyed and prepared to accommodate high speeds. Japan's Shinkansen ("bullet-train") commenced operation in 1964, and was the first successful example of a high speed passenger rail system.

The fastest wheeled train running on rails is France's TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, literally "high speed train"), which achieved a speed of , twice the takeoff speed of a Boeing 727 jetliner, under test conditions in 2007. The highest speed currently attained in scheduled revenue operation is on the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Rail and Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway systems in China. The TGV runs at a maximum revenue speed of , as does Germany's Inter-City Express.

In most cases, high-speed rail travel is time- and cost-competitive with air travel when distances do not exceed , as airport check-in and boarding procedures may add as many as two hours to the actual transit time. Also, rail operating costs over these distances may be lower when the amount of fuel consumed by an airliner during takeoff and climbout is considered. As travel distance increases, the latter consideration becomes less of the total cost of operating an airliner and air travel becomes more cost-competitive.

Some high speed rail equipment employs tilting technology to improve stability in curves. Examples of such equipment are the Advanced Passenger Train (APT), the Pendolino, the N700 Series Shinkansen, Amtrak's Acela Express and the Talgo. Tilting is a dynamic form of superelevation, allowing both low- and high-speed traffic to use the same trackage (though not simultaneously, of course), as well as producing a more comfortable ride for passengers.

Maglev

In order to achieve much faster operation over , innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. The Shanghai Maglev Train, opened in 2003, is the fastest commercial train service of any kind, operating at speeds of up to . So far, however, Maglev has not been used for inter-city mass transit routes.

Inter-city trains

Passenger trains can be divided into three major groups:

Intercity trains: connecting cities in the fastest time possible, by passing all intermediate stations

Fast trains: calling at larger intermediate stations between cities, serving large urban communities

Regional trains: calling at all intermediate stations between cities, serving all lineside communities

The distinction between the types can be thin or even non-existent. Trains can run as Intercity services between major cities, then revert to a fast or even regional train service to serve communities at the extremity of their journey. This practice allows marginal communities remaining to be served while saving money at the expense of a longer journey time for those wishing to travel to the terminus station.

Regional trains

Regional trains usually connect between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs like inter-city train, and serve local traffic demand in relatively rural area.

Short-distance trains

Commuter trains

For shorter distances many cities have networks of commuter trains, serving the city and its suburbs. Trains are a very efficient mode of transportation to cope with large traffic demand in a metropolis. Compared with road transport, it carries many people with much smaller land area and little air pollution.

Some carriages may be laid out to have more standing room than seats, or to facilitate the carrying of prams, cycles or wheelchairs. Some countries have double-decked passenger trains for use in conurbations. Double deck high speed and sleeper trains are becoming more common in mainland Europe.

Sometimes extreme congestion of commuter trains becomes a problem. For example, an estimated 3.5 million passengers ride every day on Yamanote Line in Tokyo, Japan, with its 29 stations. For comparison, the New York City Subway carries 4.8 million passengers per day on 24 services serving 468 stations. To cope with large traffic, special cars in which the bench seats fold up to provide standing room only during the morning rush hour (until 10 a.m.) are operated in Tokyo (E231 series train). In the past this train has included 2 cars with six doors on each side to shorten the time for passengers to get on and off at station.

Passenger trains usually have emergency brake handles (or a "communication cord") that the public can operate. Misuse is punished by a heavy fine.

Rapid transit

Large cities often have a metro system, also called underground, subway or tube. The trains are electrically powered, usually by third rail, and their railroads are separate from other traffic, usually without level crossings. Usually they run in tunnels in the city centre and sometimes on elevated structures in the outer parts of the city. They can accelerate and decelerate faster than heavier, long-distance trains.

The term rapid transit is used for public transport such as commuter trains, metro and light rail. However, in New York City, services on the New York City Subway have been referred to as "trains".

Tram

In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law. In the US and Canada such street railways are mostly referred to as trolleys. The key difference between a railroad and a trolley system is the latter running primarily on public streets, whereas trains have a right of way separated from the public. Often the US style interurban and modern light rail are confused with a trolley system, as it too may run on on the street for short or medium long sections. In some languages the word tram also refers to interurban and light rail -style networks, in particular Dutch.

The length of a tram or trolley may be determined by national regulations. Germany has the so-called Bo-Strab standard, restricting the length of a tram to 75 metres, while in the US, vehicle length is normally restricted by local authorities, often allowing only a single type of vehicle to operate on the network.

Light rail

The term light rail is sometimes used for a modern tram system, but it may also mean an intermediate form between a tram and a train, similar to a subway except that it may have level crossings. These are then usually protected with crossing gates. In US terminology these systems are often referred to as interurban, as they connect larger urban areas in the vicinity of a major city to that city. Modern light rail systems often use abandoned heavy rail rights of way (e.g. former railway lines) to revitalize deprived areas and redevelopment sites in and around large agglomerations.

Monorail

Monorail was developed to meet medium-demand traffic in urban transit, but represents a relatively small part of the overall railway field.

Named trains

Railway companies often give a name to a train service as a marketing exercise, to raise the profile of the service and hence attract more passengers (and also to gain kudos for the company). Usually, naming is reserved for the most prestigious trains: the high-speed express trains between major cities, stopping at few intermediate stations. The names of services such as the Orient Express, the Flying Scotsman, the Flèche d'Or and the Royal Scot have passed into popular culture.

A somewhat less common practice is the naming of freight trains, for the same commercial reasons. The "Condor" was an overnight London-Glasgow express goods train, in the 1960s, hauled by pairs of "Metrovick" diesel locomotives. In the mid-1960s, British Rail introduced the "Freightliner" brand, for the new train services carrying containers between dedicated terminals around the rail network. The Rev. W. Awdry also named freight trains, coining the term ''The Flying Kipper'' for the overnight express fish train that appeared in his stories in The Railway Series books.

Other types

;Heritage trains Heritage trains are operated by volunteers, often railfans, as a tourist attraction. Usually trains are formed from historic vehicles retired from national commercial operation.

;Airport trains Airport trains transport people between terminals within an airport complex.

;Mine trains Mine trains are operated in large mines and carry both workers and goods. ;Overland trains Overland trains are used to carry cargo over rough terrain.

Freight trains

A freight train (also known as goods train) uses freight cars (also known as wagons or trucks) to transport goods or materials (cargo) – essentially any train that is not used for carrying passengers. Much of the world's freight is transported by train, and in the United States the rail system is used more for transporting freight than passengers.

Under the right circumstances, transporting freight by train is highly economic, and also more energy efficient than transporting freight by road. Rail freight is most economic when freight is being carried in bulk and over long distances, but is less suited to short distances and small loads. Bulk aggregate movements of a mere twenty miles (32 km) can be cost effective even allowing for trans-shipment costs. These trans-shipment costs dominate in many cases and many modern practices such as Intermodal container freight are aimed at minimizing these.

The main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the freight business to road competition. Many governments are now trying to encourage more freight onto trains, because of the benefits that it would bring.

There are many different types of freight trains, which are used to carry many different kinds of freight, with many different types of wagons. One of the most common types on modern railways are container trains, where containers can be lifted on and off the train by cranes and loaded off or onto trucks or ships.

In the U.S. this type of freight train has largely superseded the traditional boxcar (wagon-load) type of freight train, with which the cargo has to be loaded or unloaded manually. In Europe the sliding wall wagon has taken over from the ordinary covered goods wagon.

In some countries "piggy-back" trains or rolling highways are used: In the latter case trucks can drive straight onto the train and drive off again when the end destination is reached. A system like this is used through the Channel Tunnel between England and France, and for the trans-Alpine service between France and Italy (this service uses Modalohr road trailer carriers). "Piggy-back" trains are the fastest growing type of freight trains in the United States, where they are also known as "trailer on flatcar" or TOFC trains. Piggy-back trains require no special modifications to the vehicles being carried. An alternative type of "inter-modal" vehicle, known as a Roadrailer, is designed to be physically attached to the train. The original trailers were fitted with two sets of wheels — one set flanged, for the trailer to run connected to other such trailers as a rail vehicle in a train; and one set tyred, for use as the semi-trailer of a road vehicle. More modern trailers have only road wheels and are designed to be carried on specially adapted bogies (trucks) when moving on rails.

There are also many other types of wagons, such as "low loader" wagons for transporting road vehicles. There are refrigerator cars for transporting foods such as ice cream. There are simple types of open-topped wagons for transporting minerals and bulk material such as coal, and tankers for transporting liquids and gases. Today, however, most coal and aggregates are moved in hopper wagons that can be filled and discharged rapidly, to enable efficient handling of the materials.

Freight trains are sometimes illegally boarded by passengers who do not wish to pay money, or do not have the money to travel by ordinary means. This is referred to as "freighthopping" and is considered by some communities to be a viable form of transport. A common way of boarding the train illegally is by sneaking into a train yard and stowing away in an unattended boxcar; a more dangerous practice is trying to catch a train "on the fly", that is, as it is moving, leading to occasional fatalities. Railroads treat it as trespassing and may prosecute it as such.

Trains in popular culture

See:

See also

Rail accidents

Lists of rail accidents

References

Further reading

, 256 pp.

External links

Category:Rail transport

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Coordinates	54°59′″N73°22′″N
Name	All Angels
Background	group_or_band
Origin	London, England
Genre	Classical crossover, Operatic pop
Years active	2006-present
Current members	Melanie NakhlaCharlotte RitchieDaisy ChuteRachel Fabri|Previous_members Laura Wright }}

All Angels are a British classical crossover group formed in 2006, consisting of Daisy Chute, Rachel Fabri, Melanie Nakhla and Charlotte Ritchie The group's style is classical crossover music and close harmony arrangement, with a repertoire spanning classical, choral, opera and pop including Franz Schubert's ''Ellens dritter Gesang'', ''Agnus Dei'' (the choral arrangement of Samuel Barber's ''Adagio for Strings'') and the ''Sancta Maria intermezzo'' from Pietro Mascagni's ''Cavalleria rusticana'', along with the ''Flower Duet'' from Léo Delibes' ''Lakmé'' and the ''Barcarolle'' from Jacques Offenbach's ''The Tales of Hoffmann'', plus pop songs such as Robbie Williams' ''Angels'', Fleetwood Mac's ''Songbird'', Coldplay's ''The Scientist'', True Colours, Goodnight my Angel (Billy Joel) Muses' Starlight and Prince's ''Nothing Compares 2 U''. They have also performed the National Anthem at Twickenham and at the England vs. USA football match in Wembley Stadium in the summer of 2008.

They recorded their first three albums with Universal and have over 1 million sales. Their self-titled debut album, ''All Angels'' was released in 2006, and their second album, ''Into Paradise'' was released on 26 November 2007. A third album ''Fly away'' was released in January 2010. Songs on this album include Norah Jones's Come Away With Me, Send In The Clowns, Bob Dylan's Blowin' In The Wind, Eric Whitacre's Sleep, and a duet with The Harlem Gospel Choir on I'll Fly Away. They have sold over 1,000,000 albums to date. All Angels are managed by TCB Group.

They undertook a UK tour supporting Katherine Jenkins in Summer 2009 and completed an arena tour later that year with Young Voices. The have been invited to perform in Los Angeles as part of the Inspiration Awards raising money for a Breast Cancer charity they have been affiliated with for the last four years.

History

All Angels signed a five album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz in 2006 to be targeted at the populist classical crossover market. Each of the groups members had to go through an audition process in order to join the group, and were selected from 120 auditionees. Their first live performance was at Cadogan Hall in Chelsea, London.

The group released their first album at the end of 2006, entering the United Kingdom (UK) charts at number nine. It was the UK's fastest selling debut for a classical act and won them a platinum disc, and was also nominated in the Classical BRIT Awards album of the year category in 2007. They sang in front of the Queen at the Festival of Remembrance held at the Royal Albert Hall on 9 November and at ''Silence in the Square'', a concert held in Trafalgar Square on 11 November. In December 2006 they released the single ''Angels'', the first ever Christmas single to be released in association with the Royal British Legion and their Poppy Appeal.

They sang at the Classical BRIT Award ceremony held on 3 May and broadcast on ITV on 6 May.

They made a cameo appearance in the British soap opera, Emmerdale during a wedding on 9 October 2007 singing ''Songbird''. They again sang at the Festival of Remembrance on 10 November. On 26 November they released a second album, ''Into Paradise'', which features ''Nothing Compares 2 U'' and ''Sancte Deus''. At the same time the album was released the winner was announced of the national ''Angel Idol'' competition, run in conjunction with Classic FM to find a fifth member for the group. The winner was Alexandra Lawrie who then had the opportunity to record a track and perform with the girls at a concert in London on 28 November.

They appeared on the BBC Radio 4 2007 Christmas Service, held at Wesley's Chapel in London and on the BBC 2007 New Year's Eve show, singing ''Nothing Compares 2 U''.

On 14 January 2008 All Angels sang ''The Sound of Silence'' and ''Pie Jesu'' in a one-off concert at the International Eisteddfod’s launch in Cardiff. They appeared at the International Eisteddfod in Llangollen on 11 July 2008. On 27 January they appeared on Songs of Praise on BBC One. In 2008 they embarked on a Cathedral tour in the Spring and further touring at open air concerts venues including Sandringham and Gawsworth Hall. They performed for the "Make a wish Foundation Summer Ball at Blenheim Palace. They went into the recording studio at the end of 2008 and into early 2009 recording tracks for their third cd.

On 13 October 2009 All Angels performed a concert at Paisley Abbey with the Glasgow-based Les Sirènes Female Chamber Choir as part of the Paisley Choral Festival. The two groups collaborated on the song I'll Fly Away as a joint finale. They also performed their own concert at The Thaxted Festival.

On 10 December 2009, they participated in the Birmingham Young Voices concert. They sang with VV Brown, a singer from Northampton. All Angels are preparing for an EP to come out in november-december time of 2010. They are also returning for a secound year to participate in the yound voices tour 2010 which kicked off in Birmingham where they shared the stage with Island artists such as Dionne Bromfield (Amy Winehouse's goddaughter) and Josh Osho. They have performed several times at charity dinners at The Houses of Parliament and at many private corporate occasions. They were honoured to be performing in the Spring of 2011 for the 90th Anniversary for the Royal British Legion in Alicante, Spain. All Angels were thrilled to be asked to record the theme to the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final and to perform it at the match at Wembley Stadium between Barcelona and Manchester United.

Members

Daisy Chute

Daisy Chute (born 17 August 1989) is from Edinburgh. She studied at St Mary's Music School Edinburgh,where she was a chorister at St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral and Loretto School and began her performing career at the age of nine as the young Cosette in the touring production of Les Misérables. At the age of thirteen she appeared as a young Judy Garland in Stars In Their Eyes Kids, and made her first appearance on the Edinburgh Fringe. At fifteen she recorded her debut album, ''Simply Jazz'' after she performed with a trio at a jazz cabaret show at the Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival and Edinburgh Fringe. A track from her ''Simply Jazz'' album was played by Humphrey Lyttelton on his BBC Radio 2 ''Best of Jazz'' show making Chute the youngest performer to ever be showcased on his show. Chute finished her secondary schooling at the Purcell School of Music in Bushey, Hertfordshire where she studied voice, piano and composition and gained 3 A's at A level examinations. In 2005 she was a joint winner, of a Scottish songwriting competition for the music festival ''Burnsong'', with her song, ''Promises to Keep''. All the winning songs were performed professionally and broadcast live on BBC Radio Scotland.

After meeting composer, Howard Goodall at the Royal Albert Hall's School Proms where she was fronting Loretto School ensemble, she was asked to sing on his television show, ''How Music Works'' where she performed the Shaker song '''Tis A Gift To Be Simple'' with Anastacia Nosobin on guitar on the first programme of the series. She also recorded the theme tune for the BBC Radio series ''What is Melody'' written by Dr Richard Niles.

In June 2006 she was a "Highly Commended" finalist in the joint BBC Proms and The Guardian newspaper Young Composer Competition.

On 24 September 2006 she performed at Wigmore Hall in London, giving a solo recital of Alec Wilder songs. She was signed to Universal Classics and Jazz (UCJ) on the day she turned seventeen, as part of All Angels. Chute has also had a brief stint presenting the CBBC news programme, Newsround at the Pop Poll Awards and interviewed Ronan Keating, Billie Piper and Westlife. In summer 2008, she was featured in ''Highland Heartbeat'', a Scottish music special filmed by American broadcaster PBS and broadcast throughout the USA in the Spring of 2009. She performed last year touring the music societies as guest vocalist with classical guitarist, Simon Thacker and Camerata Ritmata.

In 2008 Chute won the Scottish Music Centre's Young Composer's competition.

She has now received a Bachelor of Music degree at King's College, University of London.

Melanie Nakhla

Melanie Nakhla (born 29 December 1988 in Malta) She moved with her family to Shrewsbury, Shropshire when she was three years old, where she attended Prestfelde School. She began singing at a young age, joining the Shrewsbury Children's Choir when she was eight years old. She competed in the Oswestry Eisteddfod when she was ten years old coming first in a singing competition. She was a student at Wycombe Abbey in High Wycombe where she was head of choir. She has also appeared at the opening of the Severn Theatre in Shrewsbury. She is studying French and Spanish at University College London.

Charlotte Ritchie

Charlotte Ritchie, (born 29 August 1989 in Clapham, London) joined the National Youth Music Theatre (NYMT) aged eleven and performed in a touring production of ''Pendragon'' in Japan, as well as appearing in summer productions in London, Devon and Edinburgh with the NYMT and Youth Music Theatre:UK. Educated at James Allen's Girls' School in Dulwich South London, she appeared as an extra in Harry Potter: The Goblet of Fire and went on to play the lead character in a short film ''The Open Doors'' with Michael Sheen and Cherie Lunghi. She appeared in ''The Pierglass'', at the Young Pleasance Theatre at the Edinburgh Fringe in August 2006.

Ritchie was presenter on ''Boomerang'' and played a neighbour in the BBC's ''Life of Riley''. She is has now completed her degree in English and Drama at Bristol University.

Rachel Fabri

Rachel Fabri (born 12 September 1985 in Malta) - Raised in Malta, she trained at the Masquerade Theatre Arts School. She also trained privately under the tuiton of soprano Gillian Zammit. She later received a masters degree in musical theatre at the Guildford School of Acting. She is an actor as well as a singer singing all kinds of different styles. Rachel is the newest member of the group, having joined the All Angels in July 2010. Rachel is a Psychology graduate from the University of Malta. Rachel's roles have included performances at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival as the lead role in 'Persephone', the London Palladium in 'Me and My Girl' and Abdel Akle in the Lee Tamahori film 'The Devil's Double'

Laura Wright

Laura Wright, (born 17 June 1990) left the group in Spring 2010 but continued performing with the group until June 2010.

Discography

Albums

2006: ''All Angels''

2007: ''All Angels (Revised) - Digital release''

2007: ''Into Paradise''

2009: ''Fly Away''

2010: "Starlight" (EP Digital Release 22 November)

Singles

2006: ''Songbird''

2006: ''Angels''

2007: ''Nothing Compares 2 U''

Featured

2007: ''The Number One Classical Album 2008'' - "Sancte Deus (Nimrod)

2008: ''Tenor at the Movies'' - "Vois Sur Ton Chemin" from Les Choristes with Jonathan Ansell

2008: ''A New World'' - "Anytime Anywhere" with Will Martin

References

External links

Official website

All Angels International Online

Official MySpace site

Daisy Chute's Myspace musician page

Rachel Fabri's Myspace page

Interview 2007 on ilikemusic.com

All Angels on classicalx.com

All Angels interview on classicalx.com

Category:British vocal groups Category:Girl groups Category:Opera crossover singers Category:People educated at James Allen's Girls' School Category:British girl groups Category:Malta

de:All Angels fi:All Angels

Coordinates

54°59′″N73°22′″N

{{infobox musical artist |name

Paul Kalkbrenner |image Paul Kalkbrenner at Alte Diamantbrauerei.jpg |caption Paul Kalkbrenner at Alte Diamantbrauerei (old diamond brewery), Magdeburg, in 2007 |image_size |birth_name Paul Kalkbrenner |background solo_singer |Born 1977Leipzig, Germany |Married to [Simina Grigoriu] |instrument Turntables, keyboard, Ableton Live |genre Techno Electronica Downbeat |occupation electronic musician, actor |years_active 1999–present |label BPitch Control, Paul Kalkbrenner Musik |website myspace.com/paulkalkbrenner }}

Paul Kalkbrenner () (born 1977 in Leipzig, Germany) is a German electronic musician and actor from Berlin.

History

As of 2010, Paul Kalkbrenner has tallied up more than 15 years of experience as a producer and live act. The early 90s after the Berlin Wall fell were formative years for Paul, and after spending many long and sleepless nights on the dancefloors of E-Werk, Planet and Whale, the dream was born to make music himself. A job as TV editor got him through the mid-90s and financed his first music gear. By this point Paul had already decided that he did not want to be a typical DJ playing other people's records, but rather to play only his own music, live in a club setting. His first tracks as Paul Kalkbrenner were released in 1999 on Berlin-based BPitch Control (the newly founded label from Ellen Allien) as the Friedrichshain EP, titled after his home district in the city's east. A series of further singles and two full-lengths (''Superimpose'' and ''Time'') followed, plus continuous live performances.

Together with Paul Kalkbrenner, BPitch Control gained a strong momentum. Paul's third album ''Self'' (2004) would mark the beginning of a new era. His melodic sound, with its affinity for grand emotional gestures, obeyed the logic of the dancefloor, but Self introduced a narrative aesthetic, serving as a soundtrack to a film that did not exist (at least, not yet). "Gebrünn Gebrünn", released one year later, became a crossover hit.

In early 2006, German director Hannes Stöhr, an avid fan of ''Self'', decided to get in contact with Kalkbrenner. His idea was to produce a film about a Berlin techno musician during the new millennium, and Paul would compose the soundtrack. The two met, traded ideas and experiences, and soon after began working on the screenplay's first draft. In the course of their exchange, Hannes had the realization that Paul should not just contribute the music, but that he would be the perfect choice as the film's star. Without hesitation, Paul accepted the offer. They decided to title the film ''Berlin Calling''.

For the soundtrack's production, Paul and his friend (and Bpitch colleague) Sascha Funke spent half a year in Aix-En-Provence in southern France. One song already had a title: "Sky and Sand" with vocals by brother Fritz Kalkbrenner. Upon Paul's return to Berlin in 2007, the filming began, and the finished work was brought to German theaters in October 2008. ''Berlin Calling'' and Paul's debut acting performance received positive reviews, and the film, thanks to its authentic depiction of the Berlin club scene and drug culture, became a cult classic.

The soundtrack and especially the single "Sky and Sand" broke many sales records. That track in particular went gold in Belgium where it remained in the charts' Top Ten for weeks. The 2009 DVD release of the film brought Paul to a new, much larger audience around the world. By the end of the year, Paul separated with BPitch Control after a decade-long relationship to take the next steps of his career alone. In early 2010 Paul completed a twelve-city live concert tour throughout Europe (with over 50,000 tickets sold within just a few weeks), followed by many headlining appearances at summer festivals.

Kalkbrenner uses software-synthesizers, sequencer (Ableton Live) in combination with midi-controllers, hardware-synthesizers and -drummachines for his live shows.

On April 12, 2011, Kalkbrenner announced the album ''Icke Wieder'', scheduled to be released on June 3, 2011 via his own new label Paul Kalkbrenner Musik. About the album, he stated: "There won't be any singing on the album, no music of tomorrow either, it feels generally more like... well, old times".

Discography

Albums

Zeit (BPitch Control, 2001)

Superimpose (BPitch Control, 2001)

Self (BPitch Control, 2004)

Maximalive (Minimaxima, 2005)

Reworks (BPitch Control, 2006)

Keule (BPitch Control, 2006)

Berlin Calling - The Soundtrack By Paul Kalkbrenner (BPitch Control, 2008)

Icke Wieder (2011)

EP's

DB+ (12") (BPitch Control, 2000)

Chrono (12") (BPitch Control, 2001)

Brennt (12") (BPitch Control, 2002)

F.FWD (12") (BPitch Control, 2003

Steinbeisser (12") (BPitch Control, 2003)

Press On (12") (BPitch Control, 2004)

Tatü-Tata (12") (BPitch Control, 2005)

Keule (12") (BPitch Control, 2006)

Altes Kamuffel (12") (BPitch Control, 2007)

Bingo Bongo (12") (BPitch Control, 2008)

Singles

Sky And Sand (BPitch Control, 2009)

Filmography

Berlin Calling (2008)

Paul Kalkbrenner 2010 - A Live Documentary (2010)

References

External links

Discogs.com - Paul Kalkbrenner

Biography and information at BPitch Control website

Live performance during the Astropolis music festival

Category:German electronic musicians Category:German DJs Category:1977 births Category:Living people

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