"Jabberwocky" is a poem of nonsense verse written by Lewis Carroll, originally featured as a part of his novel ''Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There'' (1872). The book tells of Alice's travels within the back-to-front world through a looking glass.

While talking with the White King and White Queen (chess pieces), she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is mirror-writing. She finds a mirror and holds it up to a poem on one of the pages, to read out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape.

It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language. The playful, whimsical poem became a source of nonsense words and neologisms such as "galumphing", "chortle", and "Jabberwocky" itself.

Origin and publication

In 1855, when Carroll was 23, he printed the first stanza of the poem in ''Mischmasch'', a periodical that Carroll wrote and illustrated himself for the amusement of his family. It was entitled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry" and originally read: Twas bryllyg, and ye slythy toves Did gyre and gymble in ye wabe: All mimsy were ye borogoves; And ye mome raths outgrabe.

The spelling was altered when it was published as part of the later book. The first stanza was written in Croft on Tees, close to nearby Darlington, where Carroll lived as a boy. The rest of the poem was written during Lewis Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland. The story may have been partly inspired by the local Sunderland area legend of the Lambton Worm. Roger Lancelyn Green suggests that "Jabberwocky" is a parody of the old German ballad "The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains" in which a shepherd kills a griffin that is attacking his sheep. The ballad had been translated into English in blank verse by Lewis Carroll's cousin Menella Bute Smedley in 1846, many years before the appearance of the Alice books. Historian Sean B. Palmer suggests that Carroll was inspired by a section from Shakespeare's ''Hamlet'', citing the lines: "The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead/Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets" from Act I, Scene i.

John Tenniel reluctantly agreed to illustrate the book in 1871, and his illustrations are still the defining images of the poem. The illustration of the Jabberwock may reflect the contemporary Victorian obsession with natural history and the fast-evolving sciences of palaeontology and geology. Stephen Prickett notes that in the context of Darwin and Mantell's publications and vast exhibitions of dinosaurs, such as those at the Crystal Palace from 1845, it is unsurprising that Tenniel gave the Jabberwock "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod."

Lexicon

Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll's own invention, without intended explicit meaning. When Alice has finished reading the poem she gives her impressions:

'It seems very pretty,' she said when she had finished it, 'but it's rather hard to understand!' (You see she didn't like to confess, even to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) 'Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas---only I don't exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that's clear, at any rate'

This may reflect Carroll's intention for his readership; the poem is, after all, part of a dream. In later writings, he discussed some of his own created lexicon, commenting that he didn't know his source for some of the words; the linguistic ambiguity and uncertainty throughout both the book and the poem may largely be the point. In ''Through the Looking-Glass'', the character of Humpty Dumpty gives comments on the non-sense words from the first stanza of the poem; however, Carroll's personal commentary on several of the words differ from Humpty's. For example, following the poem, a "rath" is described by Humpty as "a sort of green pig". Carroll's notes for the original in ''Mischmasch'' suggest a "rath" is "a species of Badger" that "lived chiefly on cheese" and had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag. The appendices to certain ''Looking Glass'' editions, however, state that the creature is "a species of land turtle" that lived on swallows and oysters. Later commentators have added their own interpretations of the lexicon, often without reference to Carroll's own contextual commentary. An extended analysis of the poem and Carroll's commentary is given in the book ''The Annotated Alice'' by Martin Gardner.

In January 1868, Carroll wrote to his publisher Macmillan, asking, "Have you any means, or can you find any, for printing a page or two of the next volume of Alice in reverse?" This may suggest that Carroll was wanting to print the whole poem in mirror writing. Macmillian responded that it would cost a great deal more to do, and this may have dissuaded him.

In an author's note on ''Through the Looking-Glass'' dated Christmas 1896, Carroll wrote, "The new words, in the poem Jabberwocky, have given rise to some differences of opinion as to their pronunciation, so it may be well to give instructions on ''that'' point also. Pronounce 'slithy' as if it were the two words, 'sly, thee': make the 'g' ''hard'' in 'gyre' and 'gimble': and pronounce 'rath' to rhyme with 'bath.'" In the Preface to ''The Hunting of the Snark'', Carroll wrote, "[Let] me take this opportunity of answering a question that has often been asked me, how to pronounce "slithy toves." The "i" in "slithy" is long, as in "writhe", and "toves" is pronounced so as to rhyme with "groves." Again, the first "o" in "borogoves" is pronounced like the "o" in "borrow." I have heard people try to give it the sound of the "o" in "worry." Such is Human Perversity."

Possible interpretations of words

Bandersnatch: A swift moving creature with snapping jaws, capable of extending its neck. A 'bander' was also an archaic word for a 'leader', suggesting that a 'bandersnatch' might be an animal that hunts the leader of a group.

Beamish: Radiantly beaming, happy, cheerful. Although Carroll may have believed he had coined this word, it is cited in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1530.

Borogove: Following the poem Humpty Dumpty says, " 'borogove' is a thin shabby-looking bird with its feathers sticking out all round, something like a live mop." In explanatory book notes Carroll describes it further as "an extinct kind of Parrot. They had no wings, beaks turned up, made their nests under sun-dials and lived on veal." In ''Hunting of the Snark'', Carroll says that the initial syllable of ''borogove'' is pronounced as in ''borrow'' rather than as in ''worry''.

Brillig Following the poem, the character of Humpty Dumpty comments: " 'Brillig' means four o'clock in the afternoon, the time when you begin broiling things for dinner." According to ''Mischmasch'', it is derived from the verb to ''bryl'' or ''broil''.

Burbled. In a letter of December 1877, Carroll notes that "burble" could be a mixture of the three verbs 'bleat', 'murmer', and 'warble', although he didn't remember creating it.

Chortled: "Combination of 'chuckle' and 'snort'." (OED)

Frabjous: Possibly a blend of ''fair'', ''fabulous'', and ''joyous''. Definition from Oxford English Dictionary, credited to Lewis Carroll.

Frumious: Combination of "fuming" and "furious". ''In Hunting of the Snark'' Carroll comments, "[T]ake the two words 'fuming' and 'furious'. Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first. Now open your mouth and speak. If your thoughts incline ever so little towards 'fuming', you will say 'fuming-furious'; if they turn, by even a hair's breadth, towards 'furious', you will say 'furious-fuming'; but if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say 'frumious'."

Galumphing: Perhaps used in the poem a blend of 'gallop' and 'triumphant'. Used later by Kipling, and cited by Webster as "To move with a clumsy and heavy tread"

Gimble:"To make holes as does a gimlet."

Gyre: "To 'gyre' is to go round and round like a gyroscope." ''Gyre'' is entered in the OED from 1420, meaning a circular or spiral motion or form; especially a giant circular oceanic surface current. However, Carroll also wrote in ''Mischmasch'' that it meant to scratch like a dog. The ''g'' is pronounced like the /g/ in ''gold'', not like ''gem''.

Jabberwocky: When a class in the Girls' Latin School in Boston asked Carroll's permission to name their school magazine ''The Jabberwock'', he replied: "The Anglo-Saxon word 'wocer' or 'wocor' signifies 'offspring' or 'fruit'. Taking 'jabber' in its ordinary acceptation of 'excited and voluble discussion,'"

Jubjub bird: 'A desperate bird that lives in perpetual passion', according to the Butcher in Carroll's later poem ''The Hunting of the Snark''. 'Jub' is an ancient word for a jerkin or a dialect word for the trot of a horse (OED). It might make reference to the call of the bird resembling the sound "jub, jub".

Manxome: Possibly 'fearsome'; A portmanteau of "manly" and "buxom", the latter relating to men for most of its history; or relating to Manx people.

Mimsy: " 'Mimsy' is 'flimsy and miserable' ".

Mome rath: Humpty Dumpty says following the poem: "A 'rath' is a sort of green pig: but 'mome" I'm not certain about. I think it's short for 'from home', meaning that they'd lost their way". Carroll's notes for the original in ''Mischmasch'' state: "a species of Badger [which] had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag [and] lived chiefly on cheese" Explanatory book notes comment that 'Mome' means to seem 'grave' and a 'Rath': is "a species of land turtle. Head erect, mouth like a shark, the front forelegs curved out so that the animal walked on its knees, smooth green body, lived on swallows and oysters." In the 1951 film version, the mome raths are small, multi-colored creatures with tufty hair, round eyes, and long legs resembling pipe stems.

Outgrabe: Humpty says " 'outgribing' is something between bellowing and whistling, with a kind of sneeze in the middle". Carroll's book appendices suggest it is the past tense of the verb to 'outgribe', connected with the old verb to 'grike' or 'shrike', which derived 'shriek' and 'creak' and hence 'squeak'.

Slithy: Humpty Dumpty says: " 'Slithy' means 'lithe and slimy'. 'Lithe' is the same as 'active'. You see it's like a portmanteau, there are two meanings packed up into one word." The original in ''MischMasch'' notes that 'slithy' means "smooth and active" The ''i'' is long, as in ''writhe''.

Snicker-snack: possibly related to the large knife, the snickersnee.

Tove: Humpty Dumpty says " 'Toves' are something like badgers, they're something like lizards, and they're something like corkscrews. [...] Also they make their nests under sun-dials, also they live on cheese." Pronounced so as to rhyme with ''groves''. They "gyre and gimble," i.e. rotate and bore.

Tulgey: Carroll himself said he could give no source for Tulgey. Could be taken to mean thick, dense, dark.

Uffish: Carroll noted "It seemed to suggest a state of mind when the voice is gruffish, the manner roughish, and the temper huffish".

Vorpal: Carroll said he could not explain this word, though it has been noted that it can be formed by taking letters alternately from "verbal" and "gospel".

Wabe: The characters in the poem suggest it means "The grass plot around a sundial", called a 'wa-be' because it goes a long way before it, and a long way behind it". In the original ''MischMasch'' text, Carroll states a 'wabe' is "the side of a hill (from its being soaked by rain)".

Linguistics and poetics

Although the poem contains many nonsensical words, it holds to English syntax and poetic forms are observed, such as the quatrain verses, the general abab rhyme scheme, and the iambic meter. The linguist Lucas notes that the term "nonsense poem" is inaccurate. The poem relies on a distortion of sense rather than "non-sense", allowing the reader to infer meaning and therefore engage with narrative. Lexical allusions swim under the surface of the poem.

Parsons describes the work as a "semiotic catastrophe", since the words create a discernible narrative within the structure of the poem, but we don't accurately know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty tries, after the recitation, to "ground" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, but he cannot succeed, as both the book and the poem are a playground for the "carnivalised aspect of language". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first three lines of each stanza and trimeter in the last lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off balance, like the poem's hero.

Carroll wrote many poems parodies such as "Twinkle, twinkle little bat", "You are old, father William" and "How doth the little crocodile?" They have become generally more well known than the originals they are based on, and this is certainly the case with "Jabberwocky". The poems' success do not rely on any recognition or association of the poems they parody. Lucas suggests that the original poems provide a strong container but Carroll's works are famous precisely because of their random, surreal quality. Carroll's grave playfulness has been compared with that of the poet Edward Lear, though there is no evidence that Carroll knew of his work. There are also parallels with the work of Gerard Manley Hopkins in the high use of soundplay, alliteration, created-language and portmanteau. Both writers were Carroll's contemporaries.

Translations from English

"Jabberwocky" has been translated into many languages. The task of translation is more notable and difficult because the poems hold to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are created nonce words that had no previous meaning. Translators have generally dealt with these words by inventing words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's words while respecting the morphology of the language to be translated into. For example in Frank L. Warrin's French translation "'Twas brillig" is translated as "Il brilgue". In cases like this, both the original and the invented words echo actual words in Carroll's lexicon, but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have also invented words which draw on root words with meanings similar to the English roots used by Carroll. For example Douglas Hofstadter noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the word 'slithy' echoes English words including 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) in order to give an impression of a meaning similar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a word does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be better than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the way that it would if it were an English word ('lubricilious', perhaps)? ".

Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as part of a translation of the novel. In the latter case the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to be some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough isomorphism, partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers".

In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a Russian translation of "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"), which became popular for its nonsensical rhymes. "Barmaglot" becomes the word for the "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" and words like "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echo "mimsy". Yuen Ren Chao, a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford of National Public Radio refers to as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original". Satyajit Ray, a film-maker, translated the work into Bengali and concrete poet Augusto de Campos created a Brazilian Portuguese version. There is also an Arabic translation by Wael Al-Mahdi and multiple translations into Latin were made within the first weeks of Carroll's original publication.

Reception

According to Chesterton and Green, among others, the original purpose of "Jabberwocky" was to satirize pretentious poetry and ignorant literary critics; a work designed to show how not to write a poem, before it became the subject of pedestrian translations and explanations or incorporated into classroom learning. It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of Balliol, came to sign the Thirty Nine Articles, as an Anglican statement of faith, to save his job. The transformation of audience perception from satire to seriousness, was in a large part predicted by G. K. Chesterton, who wrote in 1932, "Poor, poor, little Alice! She has not only been caught and made to do lessons; she has been forced to inflict lessons on others."

It is often now cited as one of the greatest non-sense poems written in the English language, the source for countless parodies and tributes. In most cases the writers have changed the non-sense words into words relating to the parodied subject, as in Frank Jacobs's "If Lewis Carroll Were a Hollywood Press Agent in the Thirties" in ''Mad for Better or Verse''. Other writers use the poem as a form, much like a sonnet, and create their own words for it as in "Strunklemiss" by S. K. Azoulay or the poem "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" recited by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in Douglas Adams' ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'', a book which contains numerous other references and homages to Carroll's work. Oh freddled gruntbuggly thy micturations are to me As plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee. Groop I implore thee my foonting turlingdromes And hooptiously drangle me with crinkly bindlewurdles, Or I will rend thee in the gobberwarts with my blurglecruncheon, see if I don't!

Some of the words that Carroll created such as "chortled" and "galumphing" have entered the English language and are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary. The word "jabberwocky" itself has come to refer to non-sense language.

The song, "Beware the Jabberwock" was written for Disney's ''Alice in Wonderland'', to be sung by Stan Freberg with the Rhythmaires and Daws Butler. The song, written by Don Raye and Gene de Paul, was a musical rendition of the Jabberwocky verse . The song was not included in the final film, but a demo recording was included in the 2004 and 2010 DVD releases of the movie.

See also

Nonsense word

Works influenced by Alice in Wonderland

Lewis Carroll

Alice in Wonderland

References

Further reading

Dolitsky, Marlene (1984) ''Under the tumtum tree: from nonsense to sense, a study in nonautomatic comprehension. J. Benjamins Pub. Co. Amsterdam, Philadelphia .

Gardner, Martin (1999). ''The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition''. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.

Green, Roger Lancelyn (1970) ''The Lewis Carroll Handbook'', "Jabberwocky, and other parodies" : Dawson of Pall Mall, London

Lucas, Peter J. (1997) "Jabberwocky back to Old English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" in ''Language History and Linguistic Modelling'' ISBN 978-3-11-014504-5

Richards, Fran. "The Poetic Structure of Jabberwocky." ''Jabberwocky: The Journal of the Lewis Carroll Society''. 8:1 (1978/79). 16-19.

External links

Essay: "Translations of Jabberwocky". Douglas R. Hofstadter, 1980 from ''Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid'' ISBN 0-394-74502-7, Vintage Books, New York, NY

BBC Video

Poetry Foundation Biography of Lewis Caroll

''The Lewis Carroll Journal'' published by The Lewis Carroll Society.

Category:Works by Lewis Carroll Category:Alice in Wonderland Category:Fictional life forms Category:British poems Category:Nonce words Category:Victorian poetry Category:1871 poems Category:Humorous poems

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Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
name	Jan Švankmajer
birth date	September 04, 1934
birth place	Prague, Czechoslovakia
occupation	Film director
spouse	Eva Švankmajerová }}

Jan Švankmajer (; born 4 September 1934) is a Czech filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for his surreal animations and features, which have greatly influenced other artists such as Tim Burton, Terry Gilliam, the Brothers Quay, and many others.

Life and career

Jan Švankmajer was born in Prague. An early influence on his later artistic development was a puppet theatre he was given for Christmas as a child. He studied at the College of Applied Arts in Prague and later in the Department of Puppetry at the Prague Academy of Performing Arts. He contributed to Emil Radok's film ''Doktor Faust'' in 1958 and then began working for Prague's Semafor Theatre where he founded the Theatre of Masks. He then moved on to the Laterna Magika multimedia theatre, where he renewed his association with Radok. This theatrical experience is reflected in Švankmajer's first film ''The Last Trick'', which was released in 1964. Under the influence of theoretician Vratislav Effenberger Švankmajer moved from the mannerism of his early work to classic surrealism, first manifested in his film ''The Garden'' (1968), and joined the Czechoslovakian Surrealist Group.

He was married to Eva Švankmajerová, an internationally known surrealist painter, ceramicist, and writer until her death in October 2005. Švankmajerová collaborated on several of her husband's movies, including ''Alice'', ''Faust'', and ''Otesánek''. They had two children, Veronika (b. 1963) and Václav (b. 1975, an animator).

Švankmajer has gained a reputation over several decades for his distinctive use of stop-motion technique, and his ability to make surreal, nightmarish, and yet somehow funny pictures. He continues to make films in Prague.

Švankmajer's trademarks include very exaggerated sounds, often creating a very strange effect in all eating scenes. He often uses fast-motion sequences when people walk or interact. His movies often involve inanimate objects being brought to life through stop-motion. Many of his films also include clay objects in stop-motion, otherwise known as clay animation. Food is a favourite subject and medium.

Stop-motion features in most of his work, though recently his feature films have included much more live action sequences than animation.

Many of his movies, like the short film ''Down to the Cellar'', are made from a child's perspective, while at the same time often having a truly disturbing and even aggressive nature. In 1972 the communist authorities banned him from making films, and many of his later films were suppressed. He was almost unknown in the West until the early 1980s.

Today Švankmajer is one of the most celebrated animators in the world. Among his best known works are the feature films ''Alice'' (1988), ''Faust'' (1994), ''Conspirators of Pleasure'' (1996), ''Little Otik'' (2000) and ''Lunacy'' (2005), a surreal comic horror based on two works of Edgar Allan Poe and the life of Marquis de Sade. The two stories by Poe, "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" and "The Premature Burial", provide ''Lunacy'' its thematic focus, whereas the life of Marquis de Sade provides the film's blasphemy. Also famous (and much imitated) is the short ''Dimensions of Dialogue'' (1982), selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time. His films have been called "as emotionally haunting as Kafka's stories. His latest film is ''Surviving Life'' from 2010.

His next project is called ''Insects'' (''Hmyz''). It has a projected budget of 40 million CZK and a preliminary release set to 2015. The film will be based on the play ''Pictures from the Insects' Life'' by Karel Čapek, which Švankmajer describes as following: "This Čapek´s play is a very misanthropic, and I always liked it — bugs behave as a human beings, and people behave as insects. It also reminds one a lot of Franz Kafka and his famous ''Metamorphosis''."

Filmography

Feature-length films

''Faust (1994 film) ''[[Conspirators of Pleasure'' ''Little Otik'' ''Lunacy (film) ''Surviving Life'' ''Insects''

Year !! English title !! Original title !! Source material
1988	Alice (1988 film)>Alice''	''Něco z Alenky''
1994	Faust'' ||	''Lekce Faust''	The Faust legend, Goethe's Faust
1996	|	''Spiklenci slasti''	Original story
2000	|	''Otesánek''	''Otesánek'' by Karel Jaromír Erben
2005	Lunacy'' ||	''Šílení''	"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" and "The Premature Burial" by Edgar Allan Poe
2010	|	''Přežít svůj život''	Original story
2015	|	''Hmyz''	''Pictures from the Insects' Life'' by Karel Čapek and Josef Čapek

Short films

''Punch and Judy'' ''The Ossuary'' ''The Fall of the House of Usher'' ''The Pendulum, the Pit and Hope'' ''The Male Game''

Year !! English title !! Original title !! Notes
1964	''The Last Trick''	''Poslední trik pana Schwarcewalldea a pana Edgara''
1965	''Johann Sebastian Bach: Fantasy in G minor''
1965	''A Game with Stones''
1966	|	''Rakvičkárna''	Also known as ''The Coffin Factory'' and ''The Lych House''
1966	''Et Cetera''
1967	''Historia Naturae, Suita''
1968	''The Garden''
1968	''The Flat''
1968	''Picnic with Weissmann''
1969	''A Quiet Week in the House''
1969	Don Juan (1969 film)>Don Juan''
1970	|	''Kostnice''	About the Sedlec Ossuary
1971	Jabberwocky (1971 film)>Jabberwocky''
1972	''Leonardo's Diary''
1977	''Castle of Otranto''
1980	|	''Zánik domu Usherů''	Based on "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe
1982	''Dimensions of Dialogue''
1983	''Down to the Cellar''
1983	|	''Kyvadlo, jáma a naděje''	Based on "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Edgar Allan Poe
1988	|	''Mužné hry''	Also known as ''Virile Games''
1988	''Another Kind of Love''
1988	''Meat Love''
1989	''Darkness/Light/Darkness''
1989	''Flora''
1989	''Animated Self-Portraits''
1990	''The Death of Stalinism in Bohemia''
1992	Food (film)>Food''

Animation and gadgets

''The Mysterious Castle in the Carpathians'' ''Ferat Vampire'' ''Three Veterans''

Year !! English title !! Original title !! Director
1978	''Dinner for Adele''	''Adéla ještě nevečeřela''
1981	|	''Tajemství hradu v Karpatech ''	Oldřich Lipský
1982	|	''Upír z Feratu''	Juraj Herz
1984	|	''Tři veteráni ''	Oldřich Lipský

See also

Jiří Trnka, Czech animator and puppeteer

Karel Zeman, Czech animator and filmmaker

Jiří Barta, Czech stop-motion animator

Ladislaw Starewich, Polish animator and puppeteer

List of stop motion films

References

Further reading

Peter Hames: ''Dark Alchemy: The Films of Jan Svankmajer'', Praeger Paperback, 1995, ISBN 0275952991. Second updated edition published in 2007, ISBN 1905674457. Peter Hames is an expert on history of Central European cinema.

External links

Animation of Jan Svankmajer'' at Keyframe - the Animation Resource

Overview of his work

Jan Švankmajer - PL

On Svankmajer's Faust

The Works of Jan Svankmajer

Downing the Folk-Festive: Menacing Meals in the Films of Jan Svankmajer

Czech Animation, priv. blog

Category:1934 births Category:Living people Category:People from Prague Category:Czech animators Category:Czech film directors Category:Czechoslovak film directors Category:Surrealist filmmakers Category:Stop motion animators

cs:Jan Švankmajer de:Jan Švankmajer es:Jan Švankmajer fa:یان اشونک‌مایر fr:Jan Švankmajer it:Jan Švankmajer hu:Jan Švankmajer ja:ヤン・シュヴァンクマイエル no:Jan Švankmajer pl:Jan Švankmajer pt:Jan Švankmajer ru:Шванкмайер, Ян sk:Jan Švankmajer fi:Jan Švankmajer sv:Jan Švankmajer tr:Jan Švankmajer uk:Ян Шванкмаєр

Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
name	Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
alt	tinted monochrome 3/4-length photo portrait of seated Dodgson holding a book
pseudonym	Lewis Carroll
birth date	January 27, 1832
birth place	Daresbury, Halton, Cheshire, England
death date	January 14, 1898
death place	Guildford, Surrey, England
occupation	Novelist Author, mathematician, Anglican clergyman, photographer
nationality	British
genre	Children's literature, fantasy literature, poetry, literary nonsense
notableworks	''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', ''Through the Looking-Glass'', "The Hunting of the Snark", "Jabberwocky"
influences	Edward Lear
influenced	L. Frank Baum, Dr. Seuss}}

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ( ; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll ( ), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and its sequel ''Through the Looking-Glass'', as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand.

Antecedents

Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections. Conservative and High Church Anglican, most of Dodgson's ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergymen. His great-grandfather, also Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become a bishop. His grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, killed in action in 1803 during the Napoleonic Wars, when his two sons were hardly more than babies. His mother's name was Frances Jane Lutwidge.

The elder of these sons – yet another Charles – was Carroll's father. He reverted to the other family business and took holy orders. He went to Rugby School, and thence to Christ Church, Oxford. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career. Instead he married his first cousin in 1827 and became a country parson.

Young Charles' father was an active and highly conservative clergyman of the Anglican church who later became Archdeacon of Richmond and involved himself, sometimes influentially, in the intense religious disputes that were dividing the Anglican church. He was High Church, inclining to Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of Newman and the Tractarian movement, and did his best to instill such views in his children. Young Charles was to develop an ambiguous relationship with his father's values and with the Anglican church as a whole.

Dodgson was born in the little parsonage of Daresbury near Warrington, Cheshire, the eldest boy but already the third child of the four-and-a-half-year-old marriage. Eight more children were to follow. When Charles was 11, his father was given the living of Croft-on-Tees in North Yorkshire, and the whole family moved to the spacious Rectory. This remained their home for the next twenty-five years.

Education

Home life

During his early youth, young Dodgson was educated at home. His "reading lists" preserved in the family archives testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of seven the child was reading ''The Pilgrim's Progress''. He also suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by his siblings – that often influenced his social life throughout his years. At age twelve he was sent to Richmond Grammar School (now part of Richmond School) at nearby Richmond.

Rugby

In 1846, young Dodgson moved on to Rugby School, where he was evidently less happy, for as he wrote some years after leaving the place: }} Scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. "I have not had a more promising boy his age since I came to Rugby", observed R.B. Mayor, the Mathematics master.

Oxford

He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and, after an interval that remains unexplained, went on in January 1851 to Oxford, attending his father's old college, Christ Church. He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons home. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of forty-seven.

His early academic career veered between high promise and irresistible distraction. He did not always work hard, but was exceptionally gifted and achievement came easily to him. In 1852 he received a First in Honours Mathematics, and was shortly thereafter nominated to a Studentship by his father's old friend, Canon Edward Pusey. A little later he failed an important scholarship through his self-confessed inability to apply himself to study. Even so, his talent as a mathematician won him the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship, which he continued to hold for the next twenty-six years. The income was good, but the work bored him. Many of his pupils were older and richer than he was, and almost all of them were uninterested. Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson was to remain at Christ Church, in various capacities, until his death.

Character and appearance

Health challenges

The young adult Charles Dodgson was about six feet tall, slender, and had curling brown hair and blue or grey eyes (depending on the account). He was described in later life as somewhat asymmetrical, and as carrying himself rather stiffly and awkwardly, though this may be on account of a knee injury sustained in middle age. As a very young child, he suffered a fever that left him deaf in one ear. At the age of seventeen, he suffered a severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably responsible for his chronically weak chest in later life. Another defect he carried into adulthood was what he referred to as his "hesitation", a stammer he acquired in early childhood and which plagued him throughout his life.

The stammer has always been a potent part of the conceptions of Dodgson; it is part of the belief that he stammered only in adult company and was free and fluent with children, but there is no evidence to support this idea. Many children of his acquaintance remembered the stammer while many adults failed to notice it. Dodgson himself seems to have been far more acutely aware of it than most people he met; it is said he caricatured himself as the Dodo in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', referring to his difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but this is one of the many "facts" often-repeated, for which no firsthand evidence remains. He did indeed refer to himself as the dodo, but that this was a reference to his stammer is simply speculation.

Although Dodgson's stammer troubled him, it was never so debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other personal qualities to do well in society. At a time when people commonly devised their own amusements and when singing and recitation were required social skills, the young Dodgson was well-equipped to be an engaging entertainer. He reportedly could sing tolerably well and was not afraid to do so before an audience. He was adept at mimicry and storytelling, and was reputedly quite good at charades.

Social connections

In the interim between his early published writing and the success of the ''Alice'' books, Dodgson began to move in the Pre-Raphaelite social circle. He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became friendly with him. He developed a close relationship with Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his family, and also knew William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Arthur Hughes, among other artists. He also knew the fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was the enthusiastic reception of ''Alice'' by the young MacDonald children that convinced him to submit the work for publication.

Politics, religion and philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative. Martin Gardner labels Dodgson as a Tory who was "awed by lords and inclined to be snobbish towards inferiors." The Revd W. Tuckwell in his ''Reminiscences of Oxford'' (1900) regarded him as "austere, shy, precise, absorbed in mathematical reverie, watchfully tenacious of his dignity, stiffly conservative in political, theological, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape." However, Dodgson also expressed interest in philosophies and religions that seem at odds with this diagnosis. For example, he was a founding member of the Society for Psychical Research and he based the entirety of his last novel, the two-volume Sylvie and Bruno, on certain aspects of Theosophy. It has been argued by the proponents of the 'Carroll Myth' that these factors require a reconsideration of Gardner's diagnosis, and that perhaps, Dodgson's true outlook was more complex than previously believed (see 'the Carroll Myth' below).

Dodgson wrote some studies of various philosophical arguments. In 1895, he developed a philosophical regressus-argument on deductive reasoning in his article "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", which appeared in one of the early volumes of the philosophical journal ''Mind''. The article was reprinted in the same journal a hundred years later, in 1995, with a subsequent article by Simon Blackburn titled ''Practical Tortoise Raising''.

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, both contributing heavily to the family magazine ''Mischmasch'' and later sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success. Between 1854 and 1856, his work appeared in the national publications, ''The Comic Times'' and ''The Train'', as well as smaller magazines like the ''Whitby Gazette'' and the ''Oxford Critic''. Most of this output was humorous, sometimes satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not include the ''Whitby Gazette'' or the ''Oxonian Advertiser''), but I do not despair of doing so some day," he wrote in July 1855. Sometime after 1850, he did write puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived, La Guida di Bragia.

In 1856 he published his first piece of work under the name that would make him famous. A romantic poem called "Solitude" appeared in ''The Train'' under the authorship of "Lewis Carroll." This pseudonym was a play on his real name; ''Lewis'' was the anglicised form of ''Ludovicus'', which was the Latin for ''Lutwidge'', and ''Carroll'' an Irish surname similar to the Latin name ''Carolus'', from which the name ''Charles'' comes.

Alice

In the same year, 1856, a new Dean, Henry Liddell, arrived at Christ Church, bringing with him his young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life and, over the following years, greatly influence his writing career. Dodgson became close friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly the three sisters: Lorina, Edith and Alice Liddell. He was for many years widely assumed to have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell. This was given some apparent substance by the fact the acrostic poem at the end of ''Through the Looking Glass'' spells out her name, and that there are many superficial references to her hidden in the text of both books. It has been pointed out that Dodgson himself repeatedly denied in later life that his "little heroine" was based on any real child, and frequently dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poems at the beginning of the text. Gertrude Chataway's name appears in this form at the beginning of The Hunting of the Snark, and no one has ever suggested this means any of the characters in the narrative are based on her.

Though information is scarce (Dodgson's diaries for the years 1858–1862 are missing), it does seem clear that his friendship with the Liddell family was an important part of his life in the late 1850s, and he grew into the habit of taking the children (first the boy, Harry, and later the three girls) on rowing trips accompanied by an adult friend to nearby Nuneham Courtenay or Godstow.

It was on one such expedition, on 4 July 1862, that Dodgson invented the outline of the story that eventually became his first and largest commercial success. Having told the story and been begged by Alice Liddell to write it down, Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, illustrated manuscript entitled ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' in November 1864.

Before this, the family of friend and mentor George MacDonald read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and the enthusiasm of the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication. In 1863, he had taken the unfinished manuscript to Macmillan the publisher, who liked it immediately. After the possible alternative titles ''Alice Among the Fairies'' and ''Alice's Golden Hour'' were rejected, the work was finally published as ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' in 1865 under the Lewis Carroll pen-name, which Dodgson had first used some nine years earlier. The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently thought that a published book would need the skills of a professional artist.

The overwhelming commercial success of the first Alice book changed Dodgson's life in many ways. The fame of his alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon spread around the world. He was inundated with fan mail and with sometimes unwanted attention. Indeed, according to one popular story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed ''Alice In Wonderland'' so much that she suggested he dedicate his next book to her, and was accordingly presented with his next work, a scholarly mathematical volume entitled ''An Elementary Treatise on Determinants''. Dodgson vehemently denies this story, commenting "''...It is utterly false in every particular: nothing even resembling it has occurred''"; and it is unlikely for other reasons: as T.B. Strong comments in a Times article, "It would have been clean contrary to all his practice to identify [the] author of Alice with the author of his mathematical works". He also began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued with his seemingly disliked post at Christ Church.

Late in 1871, a sequel – ''Through the Looking-Glass And What Alice Found There'' – was published. (The title page of the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date of publication.) Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects the changes in Dodgson's life. His father had recently died (1868), plunging him into a depression that lasted some years.

''The Hunting of the Snark''

In 1876, Dodgson produced his last great work, ''The Hunting of the Snark'', a fantastical "nonsense" poem, exploring the adventures of a bizarre crew of tradesmen, and one beaver, who set off to find the eponymous creature. The painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti reputedly became convinced the poem was about him.

Photography

In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form of photography, first under the influence of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later his Oxford friend Reginald Southey. He soon excelled at the art and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed with the idea of making a living out of it in his very early years.

A recent study by Roger Taylor and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over fifty percent of his surviving work depicts young girls, though this may be a highly distorted figure as approximately 60% of his original photographic portfolio is now missing, so any firm conclusions are difficult. Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, male children and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues and paintings, and trees. His studies of nude children were long presumed lost, but six have since surfaced, five of which have been published and are available online. His pictures of children were taken with a parent in attendance and many of the pictures were taken in the Liddell garden, because natural sunlight was required for good exposures.

He also found photography to be a useful entrée into higher social circles. During the most productive part of his career, he made portraits of notable sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday and Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

Dodgson abruptly ceased photography in 1880. Over 24 years, he had completely mastered the medium, set up his own studio on the roof of Tom Quad, and created around 3,000 images. Fewer than 1,000 have survived time and deliberate destruction. He reported that he stopped taking photographs because keeping his studio working was difficult (he used the wet collodion process) and commercial photographers (who started using the dry plate process in the 1870s) took pictures more quickly.

With the advent of Modernism, tastes changed, and his photography was forgotten from around 1920 until the 1960s.

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented ''The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case'' in 1889. This was a cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting the then most commonly used penny stamp, and one each for the other current denominations to one shilling. The folder was then put into a slip case decorated with a picture of Alice on the front and the Cheshire Cat on the back. All could be conveniently carried in a pocket or purse. When issued it also included a copy of Carroll's pamphletted lecture, ''Eight or Nine Wise Words About Letter-Writing''.

Another invention is a writing tablet called the nyctograph for use at night that allowed for note-taking in the dark; thus eliminating the trouble of getting out of bed and striking a light when one wakes with an idea. The device consisted of a gridded card with sixteen squares and system of symbols representing an alphabet of Dodgson's design, using letter shapes similar to the Graffiti writing system on a Palm device.

Among the games he devised outside of logic there are a number of word games, including an early version of what today is known as Scrabble. He also appears to have invented, or at least certainly popularised, the Word Ladder (or "doublet" as it was known at first); a form of brain-teaser that is still popular today: the game of changing one word into another by altering one letter at a time, each successive change always resulting in a genuine word. For instance, CAT is transformed into DOG by the following steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.

Other items include a rule for finding the day of the week for any date; a means for justifying right margins on a typewriter; a steering device for a velociam (a type of tricycle); new systems of parliamentary representation; more nearly fair elimination rules for tennis tournaments; a new sort of postal money order; rules for reckoning postage; rules for a win in betting; rules for dividing a number by various divisors; a cardboard scale for the college common room he worked in later in life, which, held next to a glass, ensured the right amount of liqueur for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip for things like the fastening of envelopes or mounting things in books; a device for helping a bedridden invalid to read from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.

Mathematical work

Within the academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson worked primarily in the fields of geometry, matrix algebra, mathematical logic and recreational mathematics, producing nearly a dozen books which he signed with his real name. Dodgson also developed new ideas in the study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of this work was not published until well after his death. He worked as a mathematics tutor at Oxford, an occupation that gave him some financial security.

The later years

Over the remaining twenty years of his life, throughout his growing wealth and fame, his existence remained little changed. He continued to teach at Christ Church until 1881, and remained in residence there until his death. His last novel, the two-volume ''Sylvie and Bruno'', was published in 1889 and 1893 respectively. It achieved nowhere near the success of the ''Alice'' books. Its intricacy was apparently not appreciated by contemporary readers. The reviews and its sales, only 13,000 copies, were disappointing.

The only occasion on which (as far as is known) he travelled abroad was a trip to Russia in 1867, which he recounts in his "Russian Journal" which was first commercially published in 1935.

He died on 14 January 1898 at his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts" in Guildford, of pneumonia following influenza. He was 2 weeks away from turning 66 years old. He is buried in Guildford at the Mount Cemetery.

Controversies and mysteries

The 'Carroll Myth'

The accepted view of Dodgson's biography has received a major challenge recently by a group of scholars, notably Hugues Lebailly and Karoline Leach and, latterly, Sherry L. Ackerman, John Tufail, Douglas Nickel and others, who argue that what they term the 'Carroll Myth' has wildly distorted biographical perception of his life and his work. Leach's book, ''In the Shadow of the Dreamchild'', in particular has raised a considerable amount of controversy. In brief they claim:

In general terms Dodgson's life has been simplified and 'infantilised' by a combination of inaccurate biography and the longstanding unavailability of key evidence, which allowed legends to proliferate unchecked.

By the time the evidence did become available the 'mythic' image of the man had become so embedded in scholastic and popular thinking it remained unquestioned, despite the fact the evidence failed to support it.

If the evidence is examined dispassionately it shows many of the most famous legends about the man (e.g. his 'pedophilia', and his exclusive adoration of small girls) are untrue, or at least grossly simplified.

In more detail, Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's child-photography within the "Victorian Child Cult", which perceived child-nudity as essentially an expression of innocence. Lebailly claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream and fashionable in Dodgson's time and that most photographers, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander and Julia Margaret Cameron, made them as a matter of course. Lebailly continues that child nudes even appeared on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very different social and aesthetic assessment of such material. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th or 21st century eyes, and to have presented it as some form of personal idiosyncrasy, when it was in fact a response to a prevalent aesthetic and philosophical movement of the time.

Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular on his controversial sexuality. She argues that the allegations of paedophilia rose initially from a misunderstanding of Victorian morals, as well as the mistaken idea, fostered by Dodgson's various biographers, that he had no interest in adult women. She termed the traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention to the large amounts of evidence in his diaries and letters that he was also keenly interested in adult women, married and single, and enjoyed several scandalous (by the social standards of his time) relationships with them. She also pointed to the fact that many of those he described as "child-friends" were girls in their late teens and even twenties. She argues that suggestions of paedophilia evolved only many years after his death, when his well-meaning family had suppressed all evidence of his relationships with women in an effort to preserve his reputation, thus giving a false impression of a man interested only in little girls. Similarly, Leach traces the claim that many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14 to a 1932 biography by Langford Reed.

The concept of the Carroll Myth has produced polarised reactions from Carroll scholars. In 2004 the Association for new Lewis Carroll studies''. was established, and scholars such as Carolyn Sigler and Cristopher Hollingsworth have joined the ranks of those calling for a major reassessment. But the concept of the Myth has been opposed by some leading Carroll scholars, in particular Morton N. Cohen and Martin Gardner (their comments, and those of more positive reviewers, can be found on Karoline Leach's own page). Biographer Jenny Woolf, while agreeing that Carroll's image has been comprehensively misrepresented in the past, believes that this can be attributed partly to Carroll's own behaviour and in particular his tendency to self-caricature in later life

Priesthood

Dodgson had been groomed for the ordained ministry in the Anglican Church from a very early age and was expected, as a condition of his residency at Christ Church, to take holy orders within four years of obtaining his master's degree. He delayed the process for some time but eventually took deacon's orders on 22 December 1861. But when the time came a year later to progress to priestly orders, Dodgson appealed to the dean for permission not to proceed. This was against college rules, and initially Dean Liddell told him he would have to consult the college ruling body, which would almost undoubtedly have resulted in his being expelled. For unknown reasons, Dean Liddell changed his mind overnight and permitted Dodgson to remain at the college, in defiance of the rules. Uniquely amongst Senior Students of his time Dodgson never became a priest.

There is currently no conclusive evidence about why Dodgson rejected the priesthood. Some have suggested his stammer made him reluctant to take the step, because he was afraid of having to preach. Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing difficulty in reading lessons and prayers rather than preaching in his own words. But Dodgson did indeed preach in later life, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems unlikely his impediment was a major factor affecting his choice. Wilson also points out that the then Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, had strong views against members of the clergy going to the theatre, one of Dodgson's great interests. Others have suggested that he was having serious doubts about the Anglican church. He was interested in minority forms of Christianity (he was an admirer of F.D. Maurice) and "alternative" religions (theosophy). Dodgson became deeply troubled by an unexplained sense of sin and guilt at this time (the early 1860s), and frequently expressed the view in his diaries that he was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of the priesthood, and this sense of sin and unworthiness may well have affected his decision to abandon the priesthood.

The missing diaries

At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of text are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries. The loss of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been deliberately removed by an unknown hand. Most scholars assume the diary material was removed by family members in the interests of preserving the family name, but this has not been proven. Except for one page, the period of his diaries from which material is missing is between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old). This was a period when Dodgson began suffering great mental and spiritual anguish and confessing to an overwhelming sense of his own sin. This was also the period of time when he composed his extensive love poetry, leading to speculation that the poems may have been autobiographical.

Many theories have been put forward to explain the missing material. A popular explanation for one particular missing page (27 June 1863) is that it might have been torn out to conceal a proposal of marriage on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell; there has never been any evidence to suggest this was so, and a paper discovered by Karoline Leach in the Dodgson family archive in 1996 offers some evidence to the contrary.

This paper, known as the "cut pages in diary document", was compiled by various members of Carroll's family after his death. Part of it may have been written at the time the pages were destroyed, though this is unclear. The document offers a brief summary of two diary pages that are now missing, including the one for 27 June 1863. The summary for this page states that Mrs. Liddell told Dodgson there was gossip circulating about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well as about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister, Lorina Liddell. The "break" with the Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably in response to this gossip. An alternate interpretation has been made regarding Carroll's rumoured involvement with "Ina": Lorina was also the name of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial and surprising is that the document seems to imply Dodgson's break with the family was not connected with Alice at all. Until a primary source is discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 remain inconclusive.

Migraine and epilepsy

In his diary for 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of migraine with aura, describing very accurately the process of 'moving fortifications' that are a manifestation of the aura stage of the syndrome. Unfortunately there is no clear evidence to show whether this was his first experience of migraine ''per se'', or if he may have previously suffered the far more common form of migraine without aura, although the latter seems most likely, given the fact that migraine most commonly develops in the teens or early adulthood. Another form of migraine aura, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, has been named after Dodgson's little heroine, because its manifestation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. Also known as micropsia and macropsia, it is a brain condition affecting the way objects are perceived by the mind. For example, an afflicted person may look at a larger object, like a basketball, and perceive it as if it were the size of a golf ball. Some authors have suggested that Dodgson may have suffered from this type of aura, and used it as an inspiration in his work, but there is no evidence that he did.

Dodgson also suffered two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by three different doctors; a Dr. Morshead, Dr. Brooks, and Dr. Stedman, believed the attack and a consequent attack to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some have concluded from this he was a lifetime sufferer of this condition, but there is no evidence of this in his diaries beyond the diagnosis of the two attacks already mentioned. Some authors, in particular Sadi Ranson, have suggested Carroll may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is not always completely lost, but altered, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the same experiences as Alice in Wonderland. Carroll had at least one incidence in which he suffered full loss of consciousness and awoke with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his diary and noted that the episode left him not feeling himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform" and Carroll himself later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary.

Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not available in the nineteenth century. Recently, Dr Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at the Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 biography, is that Dodgson very likely had migraine, and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about making a diagnosis of epilepsy without further information.

===Suggestions of paedophilia===

Stuart Dodgson Collingwood (Dodgson's nephew and biographer) wrote: :''And now as to the secondary causes which attracted him to children. First, I think children appealed to him because he was pre-eminently a teacher, and he saw in their unspoiled minds the best material for him to work upon. In later years one of his favourite recreations was to lecture at schools on logic; he used to give personal attention to each of his pupils, and one can well imagine with what eager anticipation the children would have looked forward to the visits of a schoolmaster who knew how to make even the dullest subjects interesting and amusing.''

Despite comments like this, Dodgson's friendships with young girls and psychological readings of his work – especially his photographs of nude or semi-nude girls – have all led to speculation that he was a paedophile. This possibility has underpinned numerous modern interpretations of his life and work, particularly Dennis Potter's play ''Alice'' and his screenplay for the motion picture, ''Dreamchild'', and even more importantly Robert Wilson's ''Alice'', and a number of recent biographies, including Michael Bakewell's ''Lewis Carroll: A Biography'' (1996), Donald Thomas's ''Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background'' (1995), and Morton N. Cohen's ''Lewis Carroll: A Biography'' (1995). All of these works more or less unequivocally assume that Dodgson was a paedophile, albeit a repressed and celibate one. Cohen claims Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", and further writes:

Cohen notes that Dodgson "apparently convinced many of his friends that his attachment to the nude female child form was free of any eroticism", but adds that "later generations look beneath the surface" (p. 229).

Cohen and other biographers argue that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell, and that this was the cause of the unexplained "break" with the family in June 1863. But there has never been significant evidence to support the idea, and the 1996 discovery of the "cut pages in diary document" (see above) seems to make it highly probable that the 1863 "break" had nothing to do with Alice, but was perhaps connected with rumours involving her older sister Lorina, or possibly their governess.

Some writers, e.g., Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green, stop short of identifying Dodgson as a paedophile, but concur that he had a passion for small female children and next to no interest in the adult world.

The basis for Dodgson's perceived 'obsession' with female children has been challenged in the last ten years by several writers and scholars (see the 'Carroll Myth' above).

Works

Literary works

''La Guida di Bragia, a Ballad Opera for the Marionette Theatre'' (around 1850)

''A Tangled Tale''

''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (1865)

''Facts''

''Rhyme? And Reason?'' (also published as ''Phantasmagoria'')

''Pillow Problems''

''Sylvie and Bruno''

''Sylvie and Bruno Concluded''

''The Hunting of the Snark'' (1876)

''Three Sunsets and Other Poems''

''Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There'' (includes "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter") (1871)

''What the Tortoise Said to Achilles''

Mathematical works

''A Syllabus of Plane Algebraic Geometry'' (1860)

''The Fifth Book of Euclid Treated Algebraically'' (1858 and 1868)

''An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, With Their Application to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraic Equations''

''Euclid and his Modern Rivals'' (1879), both literary and mathematical in style

''Symbolic Logic Part I''

''Symbolic Logic Part II'' (published posthumously)

''The Alphabet Cipher'' (1868)

''The Game of Logic''

''Some Popular Fallacies about Vivisection''

''Curiosa Mathematica I'' (1888)

''Curiosa Mathematica II'' (1892)

''The Theory of Committees and Elections'', collected, edited, analysed, and published in 1958, by Duncan Black

See also

Barbershop paradox

Dodgson condensation

Lewis Carroll identity

Lewis Carroll Shelf Award

RGS Worcester and The Alice Ottley School – Miss Ottley, the first Headmistress of The Alice Ottley School, was a friend of Lewis Carroll, and as such, one of the school's houses was named after him.

Notes

References

Black, Duncan (1958). The Circumstances in which Rev. C. L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) wrote his Three Pamphlets and Appendix: Text of Dodgson's Three Pamphlets and of 'The Cyclostyled Sheet' in ''The Theory of Committees and Elections'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bowman, Isa (1899), ''The Story of Lewis Carroll, Told by the Real Alice in Wonderland'', London: Dent

Cohen, Morton N. (1995), ''Lewis Carroll: A Biography'', London: Macmillan. (ISBN 0-333-62926-4)

Collingwood, Stuart Dodgson (1898), ''The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll'', London: T. Fisher Unwin

Dogson, Charles L., ''Euclid and His Modern Rivals''; Macmillan, 1879 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 9781108001007)

Graham-Smith, Darien (2005), ''Contextualising Carroll'', University of Wales, Bangor: PhD Thesis ()

Huxley, Francis (1976), ''The Raven and the Writing Desk''. (ISBN 0-06-012113-0).

Kelly, Richard, ''Lewis Carroll''. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990.

Kelly, Richard, ed. ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2000.

Leach, Karoline (1999), ''In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll'', London: Peter Owen Publishers

Lennon, Florence Becker (1947), ''Lewis Carroll'', London: Cassell

Reed, Langford (1932), ''The Life of Lewis Carroll'', London: W. and G. Foyle

Sunghyun Kim, 'Political Unconscious in Fantastic Narrative: Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' , Yonsei University Graduate School, 2005

Taylor, Alexander L., Knight (1952), ''The White Knight'', Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd

Taylor, Roger & Wakeling, Edward, ''Lewis Carroll, Photographer''. Princeton University Press, 2002. (ISBN 0691074437). Catalogues nearly every Carroll photograph known to be still in existence.

Wullschläger, Jackie, ''Inventing Wonderland'', (ISBN 0-7432-2892-8)—also looks at Edward Lear (of the "nonsense" verses), J. M. Barrie (''Peter Pan''), Kenneth Grahame (''The Wind in the Willows''), and A. A. Milne (''Winnie-the-Pooh'').

n.n., ''Dreaming in Pictures: The Photography of Lewis Carroll''. Yale University Press & SFMOMA, 2004. (Places Carroll firmly in the art photography tradition.)

External links

The Fales Library Guide to the Alfred C. Berol Collection of Lewis Carroll

Contrariwise: the Association for New Lewis Carroll Studies articles by leading members of the 'new scholarship'

Edward Wakeling's Lewis Carroll site Extensive information on Lewis Carroll by scholar Edward Wakeling.

Lewis Carroll: Reality & Myth comparing some of the legends with the factual reality.

The Poems of Lewis Carroll

The Nude Photography of Lewis Carroll

The Lewis Carroll Society

Lewis Carroll Society of North America

Lewis Carroll at victorianweb.org

Lewis Carroll online exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

Lewis Carroll's Shifting Reputation

Guide to The Alfred C. Berol Collection of Lewis Carroll in the Fales Library at New York University

Lists and images of 1st editions

Images of the illustrated editions of 'Alice in Wonderland' from 1899 to the present day

illustrators of 'The Hunting of the Snark' https://sites.google.com/site/lewiscarrollillustratedsnark/

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Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
name	Tim Burton
birth name	Timothy Walter Burton
birth date	August 25, 1958
birth place	Burbank, California, U.S.
residence	London, England
alma mater	California Institute of the Arts
occupation	Film director, film producer, writer, artist
years active	1982–present
notable works	''The Nightmare Before Christmas'', ''Beetlejuice'', ''Batman'', ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'', ''Corpse Bride'', ''Big Fish'', ''Edward Scissorhands''
influences	Edgar Allan Poe, Stanley Kubrick, Christopher Lee, Wes Craven, Vincent Price, Ray Harryhausen, Roger Corman, Alan Moore, Ed Wood, Stephen King, John Carpenter, Edward Gorey
influenced	Shane Acker, Zack Snyder, Len Wiseman, Daniel Knauf, David Slade, Joss Whedon
spouse	Lena Gieseke (1989–1993)
partner	Lisa Marie (1993–2001) Helena Bonham Carter (2001–present)
children	Billy Ray Burton Nell Burton
parents	Bill Burton Jean Burton (''née'' Erickson)
awards	See below
website
footnotes	}}

Timothy Walter "Tim" Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American film director, film producer, writer and artist. He is famous for dark, quirky-themed movies such as ''Beetlejuice'', ''Edward Scissorhands'', ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'', ''Ed Wood'', ''Sleepy Hollow'', ''Corpse Bride'' and ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'', and for blockbusters such as ''Pee-wee's Big Adventure'', ''Batman'', ''Batman Returns'', ''Planet of the Apes'', ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'' and ''Alice in Wonderland'', his most recent film, that was the second highest-grossing film of 2010 as well as the ninth highest-grossing film of all time. Among Burton's many collaborators are Johnny Depp, who became a close friend since their first film together, musician Danny Elfman (who has composed for all but five of the films Burton has directed and/or produced) and domestic partner Helena Bonham Carter. He also wrote and illustrated the poetry book ''The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories'', published in 1997, and a compilation of his drawings, entitled ''The Art of Tim Burton'', was released in 2009.

Burton has directed 14 films as of 2010, and has produced 10 as of 2009. His next films are an adaptation of the soap opera ''Dark Shadows'', scheduled to be released on May 11, 2012, and a remake of his 1984 short, ''Frankenweenie'', scheduled to be released on October 5, 2012.

Early life

Burton was born in 1958, in the city of Burbank, California, to Jean Burton (''née'' Erickson), the owner of a cat-themed gift shop, and Bill Burton, a former minor league baseball player who would later work for the Burbank Park and Recreation Department. As a young man, Burton would make short films in his backyard on Evergreen Street using crude stop motion animation techniques or shoot them on 8 mm film without sound. (One of his most famous juvenile films is ''The Island of Doctor Agor'', that he made when he was 13 years old.) Burton studied at the Burbank High School, but he was not a particularly good student. He was a very introspective person, and found his pleasure in painting, drawing and watching movies. His future work would be heavily influenced by the works by Edgar Allan Poe he read, and the horror and science fiction films he watched, such as ''Godzilla'', the films made by Hammer Film Productions, the works of Ray Harryhausen and Vincent Price.

After graduating from Burbank High School with Jeff Riekenberg, Burton attended the California Institute of the Arts to study character animation. Some of his classmates were John Lasseter, Brad Bird, John Musker and Henry Selick. (In the future, Selick and Burton would work together in ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'' and ''James and the Giant Peach''.)

As a student in CalArts, Burton made the shorts ''Stalk of the Celery Monster'' and ''King and Octopus''. They remain only in fragments today.

Early career: 1980s

Burton graduated from CalArts in 1979. The success of his short film ''Stalk of the Celery Monster'' attracted the attention of the Walt Disney Animation Studios, who offered young Burton an animator's apprenticeship at their studio. He worked as an animator, storyboard artist and conceptual artist in films such as ''The Fox and the Hound'', ''The Black Cauldron'' and ''Tron''. However, Burton's personal style clashed with Disney's own standards, and he longed to work on solo projects.

While at Disney in 1982, Burton made his first short, ''Vincent'', a six minute black and white stop motion film based on a poem written by the filmmaker, and depicting a young boy who fantasizes that he is his (and Burton's) hero Vincent Price, with Price himself providing narration. The film was produced by Rick Heinrichs, whom Burton had befriended while working in the concept art department at Disney. The film was shown at the Chicago Film Festival and released, alongside the teen drama ''Tex'', for two weeks in one Los Angeles cinema. This was followed by Burton's first live-action production ''Hansel and Gretel'', a Japanese-themed adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale for the Disney Channel, which climaxes in a kung-fu fight between Hansel and Gretel and the witch. Having aired once at 10:30 pm on Halloween 1983 and promptly shelved, prints of the film are extremely difficult to locate, which contributes to the rumor that this project does not exist. (In 2009, the short went on display in the Museum of Modern Art.)

Burton's next live-action short, ''Frankenweenie'', was released in 1984. It tells the story of a young boy who tries to revive his dog after it is run over by a car. Filmed in black-and-white, it stars Barret Oliver, Shelley Duvall (with whom he would work again in 1986, directing an episode of her ''Faerie Tale Theatre'') and Daniel Stern. After ''Frankenweenie'' was completed, Disney fired Burton, under the pretext of him spending the company's resources on doing a film that would be too dark and scary for children to see.

Pursuing then an opportunity to make a full-length film, he was approached by Griffin Dunne to direct the black comedy film ''After Hours''. However, after Martin Scorsese's project ''The Last Temptation of Christ'' was cancelled, he showed an interest on directing it, and Burton bowed out in respect for Scorsese.

''Pee-wee's Big Adventure''

Not long after, actor Paul Reubens saw ''Frankenweenie'' and chose Burton to direct the cinematic spin-off of his popular character Pee-wee Herman. Pee-wee Herman gained mainstream popularity with a successful stage show at the Roxy which was later turned into an HBO special. The film, ''Pee-wee's Big Adventure'' (1985), was made on a budget of $8 million and grossed more than $40 million at the box office. Burton, a fan of the eccentric musical group Oingo Boingo, asked songwriter Danny Elfman to provide the music for the film. Since then, Elfman has provided the score for all but five of the films Burton has directed and/or produced, those exceptions being ''Cabin Boy'', ''Ed Wood'', ''James and the Giant Peach'', ''Batman Forever'' and ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''.

''Beetlejuice''

After directing episodes for the revitalized TV series ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' and Shelley Duvall's ''Faerie Tale Theatre'', Burton received his next big project: ''Beetlejuice'' (1988), a supernatural comedy horror about a young couple forced to cope with life after death, as well as a family of pretentious yuppies invading their treasured New England home including their teenage daughter Lydia (Winona Ryder) whose obsession with death allows her to see them. Starring Alec Baldwin and Geena Davis, and featuring Michael Keaton as the obnoxious bio-exorcist Betelgeuse, the film grossed $80 million on a relatively low budget and won a Best Makeup Design Oscar. It would be converted into a cartoon of the same name, with Burton playing a role as executive producer, that ran on ABC and later Fox.

''Batman''

Burton's ability to produce hits with low budgets impressed studio executives, and he received his first big budget film, ''Batman''. The production was plagued with problems. Burton repeatedly clashed with the film's producers, Jon Peters and Peter Guber, but the most notable debacle involved casting. For the title role, Burton chose to cast Michael Keaton as Batman following their previous collaboration in ''Beetlejuice'', despite Keaton's average physique, inexperience with action films, and reputation as a comic actor. Although Burton won in the end, the furor over the casting provoked enormous fan animosity, to the extent that Warner Brothers' share price slumped. Burton had considered it ridiculous to cast a bulked-up he-man as Batman, insisting that the Caped Crusader should be an ordinary (albeit fabulously wealthy) man who dressed up in an elaborate bat costume to frighten criminals. Burton cast Jack Nicholson as The Joker (Tim Curry being his second choice) in a move that helped assuage fans' fears, as well as attracting older audiences not as interested in a superhero film.

When the film opened in June 1989, it was backed by the biggest marketing and merchandising campaign in film history at the time, and became one of the biggest box office hits of all time, grossing well over US$250 million in the U.S. alone and $400 million worldwide (numbers not adjusted for inflation) and earning critical acclaim for the performances of both Keaton and Nicholson, as well as the film's production aspects, which won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. The success of the film helped establish Burton as a profitable director, and it also proved to be a huge influence on future superhero films, which eschewed the bright, all-American heroism of Richard Donner's ''Superman'' for a grimmer, more realistic look and characters with more psychological depth. It also became a major inspiration for the successful 1990s cartoon ''Batman: The Animated Series'', in as much as the darkness of the picture and its sequel allowed for a darker Batman on television.

Burton claimed that ''The Killing Joke'' was a major influence on his film adaptation of ''Batman'':

"I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and The Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan—and I think it started when I was a child—is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved ''The Killing Joke'', because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable."

1990s

''Edward Scissorhands''

In 1990, Burton co-wrote (with Caroline Thompson) and directed ''Edward Scissorhands'', re-uniting with Winona Ryder from ''Beetlejuice''. His friend Johnny Depp, a teen idol at the end of the 1980s due primarily to his work on the hit TV series ''21 Jump Street'', was cast in the title role of Edward, who was the creation of an eccentric and old-fashioned inventor (played by Vincent Price in one of his last screen appearances). Edward looked human, but was left with scissors in the place of hands due to the untimely death of his creator. Set in suburbia (the film was shot in Lutz, Florida), the film is largely seen as Burton's autobiography of his own childhood in the suburb of Burbank. Price at one point is said to have remarked, "Tim is Edward." Depp wrote a similar comment in the foreword to Mark Salisbury's book, ''Burton on Burton'', regarding his first meeting with Burton over the casting of the film. ''Edward'' is considered Burton's best movie by many critics. Following this collaboration with Burton, Depp starred in ''Ed Wood'', ''Sleepy Hollow'', ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'', ''Corpse Bride'', ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'', ''Alice in Wonderland'' and ''Dark Shadows''.

In 2004, Matthew Bourne came to Burton with the idea to turn the story of Edward into a ballet. In 2005, the ballet first aired. It has now toured the UK, the U.S., Canada, Australia and parts of Europe.

''Batman Returns''

The day Warner Brothers had declined to make the more personal ''Scissorhands'' even after the success of ''Batman'', Burton finally agreed to direct the sequel for Warner Brothers on the condition that he would be granted total control. The result was ''Batman Returns'' which featured Michael Keaton returning as the Dark Knight, and a new triad of villains: Danny DeVito (as the Penguin), Michelle Pfeiffer (as Catwoman) and Christopher Walken as Max Shreck, an evil corporate tycoon and original character created for the film (similar to ''Superman III's'' Ross Webster). Darker and considerably more personal than its predecessor, concerns were raised that the film was too scary for children. Audiences were even more uncomfortable at the film's overt sexuality, personified by the sleek, fetish-inspired styling of Catwoman's costume. One critic remarked, "too many villains spoiled the Batman", highlighting Burton's decision to focus the storyline more on the villains instead of Batman. The film also polarized the fanbase, with some loving the darkness and quirkiness, while others felt it was not true to the core aspects of the source material. Burton made many changes to the Penguin which would be applied to the Penguin in both comics and television. While in the comics, he was an ordinary man, Burton created a freak of nature resembling a penguin with webbed, flipper-like fingers, a hooked, beak-like nose, and a penguin-like body. Released in 1992, ''Batman Returns'' grossed $282.8 million worldwide, making it another financial success, though not to the extent of its predecessor. This would also be the last ''Batman'' film to feature Burton and Keaton as director and lead actor respectively. Paul Reubens a.k.a. Pee-Wee from ''Pee-Wee's Big Adventure'' has a cameo as the Penguin's father.

''The Nightmare Before Christmas''

Next, Burton wrote and produced (but did not direct, due to schedule constraints on ''Batman Returns'') ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'' (1993), originally meant to be a children's book in rhyme. The film was directed by Henry Selick and written by Michael McDowell and Caroline Thompson, based on Burton's original story, world and characters. The film received positive reviews for the film's stop motion animation, musical score and original storyline and was a box office success, grossing $50 million. Burton collaborated with Selick again for ''James and the Giant Peach'' (1996), which Burton co-produced. The movie helped to generate a renewed interest in stop-motion animation.

A deleted scene from ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'' features a group of vampires playing hockey on the frozen pond with the decapitated head of Burton. The head was replaced by a jack-o'-lantern in the final version.

''Cabin Boy''

In 1994, Burton and frequent co-producer Denise Di Novi produced the 1994 fantasy-comedy ''Cabin Boy'', starring comedian Chris Elliott and directed/written by Adam Resnick. Burton was originally supposed to direct the film after seeing Elliott perform on ''Get a Life'', but handed the directing responsibility to Resnick once he was offered ''Ed Wood''. The film was almost entirely panned by critics, even earning Chris Elliott a 1995 Razzie Award for "Worst New Star". The film also has a 45% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

''Ed Wood''

His next film, ''Ed Wood'' (1994), was of a much smaller scale, depicting the life of Ed Wood, a filmmaker sometimes called "the worst director of all time". Starring Johnny Depp in the title role, the film is an homage to the low-budget science fiction and horror films of Burton's childhood, and handles its comical protagonist and his motley band of collaborators with surprising fondness and sensitivity. Owing to creative squabbles during the making of ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'', Danny Elfman declined to score ''Ed Wood'', and the assignment went to Howard Shore. While a commercial failure at the time of its release, ''Ed Wood'' was well received by critics. Martin Landau received an Academy Award in the Best Supporting Actor category for his portrayal of Béla Lugosi. Gene Siskel once said that two films, Ed Wood and Citizen Kane, be mandatory films to see in film classes.

''Batman Forever''

Despite his intention to still lead the ''Batman'' franchise, Warner Bros. considered ''Batman Returns'' too dark and unsafe for children. To attract the young audience, it was decided that Joel Schumacher, who had directed films like ''The Client'', lead the third film, while Burton would only produce it in conjunction with Peter McGregor-Scott. Following this change and the changes made by the new director, Michael Keaton resigned from the lead role and was succeeded by Val Kilmer. Filming began in late 1994 and recognized with new actors: Tommy Lee Jones, Nicole Kidman, Chris O'Donnell and Jim Carrey; the only two actors who returned were Pat Hingle and Michael Gough. The film, a mixture of darkness that characterized the saga with colors and neon signs proposed by Schumacher, was a huge box office success of $336 million, despite controversy over the characters and plot. Despite their friendship, Burton often disagreed with Schumacher's decisions, especially in the filming of several scenes which were removed from the final cut (later added as deleted scenes on the 2005 DVD release). Warner Bros. demanded Schumacher delete those scenes so the film did not have the same tone as its predecessor ''Batman Returns''. According to an interview with Janet Scott Batchler, Tim Burton's only involvement as producer with ''Batman Forever'' was approving Joel Schumacher as director and Lee and Janet Scott Batchler as the writers. Burton did not contribute story ideas and the Riddler was not considered for the villain until Schumacher and the Batchlers were at the development stage. Schumacher was rehired to lead another sequel, the infamous ''Batman & Robin'', in which Burton, for unknown reasons, did not participate.

''James and the Giant Peach''

In 1996, Burton and Selick reunited for the musical fantasy ''James and the Giant Peach'', based on the book by Roald Dahl. The film starred Richard Dreyfuss, Susan Sarandon, David Thewlis, Simon Callow and Jane Leeves among others, with Burton producing and Selick directing. The film was mostly praised by critics, and was nominated for the Academy Award Best Music, Best Original Musical or Comedy Score (by Randy Newman).

''Mars Attacks!''

Elfman and Burton reunited for ''Mars Attacks!'' (1996). Based on a popular science fiction trading card series, the film was a hybrid of 1950s science fiction and 1970s all-star disaster films. Coincidence made it an inadvertent spoof of the blockbuster, ''Independence Day'', made around the same time and released five months earlier. Although the film boasted an all-star cast, including Jack Nicholson, Pierce Brosnan, Michael J. Fox, Sarah Jessica Parker, Natalie Portman, Lukas Haas, Glenn Close, Martin Short, Rod Steiger and Jack Black, the film received mixed reviews by American critics and was mostly ignored by American audiences. It was more successful elsewhere.

''Sleepy Hollow''

''Sleepy Hollow'', released in late 1999, had a supernatural setting and another offbeat performance by Johnny Depp as Ichabod Crane, now a detective with an interest in forensic science rather than the schoolteacher of Washington Irving's original tale. With ''Hollow'', Burton paid homage to the horror movies of the English company Hammer Films. Christopher Lee, one of Hammer's stars, was given a cameo role. A host of Burton regulars appeared in supporting roles (Michael Gough, Jeffrey Jones and Christopher Walken, among others) and Christina Ricci was cast as Katrina van Tassel. Mostly well-received by critics, and with a special mention to Elfman's Gothic score, the film won an Academy Award for Best Art Direction, as well as two BAFTAs for Best Costume Design and Best Production Design. A box office success, ''Sleepy Hollow'' was also a turning point for Burton. Along with change in his personal life (separation from actress Lisa Marie), Burton changed radically in style for his next project, leaving the haunted forests and colorful outcasts behind to go on to directing ''Planet of the Apes'' which, as Burton had repeatedly noted, was "not a remake" of the earlier film.

2000s

''Planet of the Apes''

''Planet of the Apes'' was a commercial success, grossing $68 million in its opening weekend. The film has received mixed reviews and is widely considered inferior to the first adaptation of the novel. One criticism was that the movie went for a more watered down "popcorn" feel than the dark, cerebral and nihilistic tone of the 1968 film. The film was a significant departure from Burton's usual style, and there was much subsequent debate about whether the film was really Burton's, or if he was just a "hired gun" who did what he was asked. Burton reportedly clashed with the studio during the whole making of the film, once going as far as abruptly leaving the set for the day. There were also many reports about last minute changes in the movie. The movie enjoyed commercial success and had an ending that clearly suggested the possibility of a sequel, but neither the studio nor Burton gave indications of making another ''Apes'' movie (which later became ''Rise of the Planet of the Apes''). The ending was also closer to that of the novel. During the making of the film, Burton met actress Helena Bonham Carter, who would later become his long-term domestic partner.

''Big Fish''

In 2003, Burton directed ''Big Fish'', based on the novel ''Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions'' by Daniel Wallace. The film is about a father telling the story of his life to his son using exaggeration and color. Starring Ewan McGregor as young Edward Bloom and Albert Finney as an older Edward Bloom, the film also stars Jessica Lange, Billy Crudup, Danny DeVito, Alison Lohman and Marion Cotillard. ''Big Fish'' received four Golden Globe nominations as well as an Academy Award nomination for the musical score by Danny Elfman. ''Big Fish'' was also the second collaboration with Burton and Helena Bonham Carter, who played the characters of Jenny and the Witch.

''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory''

''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'' (2005) is an adaptation of the book of the same name by Roald Dahl. Starring Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka, Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket and Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Bucket, the film generally took a more faithful approach to the source material than the 1971 adaptation, ''Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory'', although some liberties were taken, such as adding Wonka's issue with his father (played by Christopher Lee). ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'' was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design. The film made over $207 million domestically.

''Corpse Bride''

''Corpse Bride'' (2005) was Burton's first full-length stop-motion film as a director, featuring the voices of Johnny Depp as Victor and Helena Bonham Carter (for whom the project was specifically created) as Emily in the lead roles. In this movie, Burton was able again to use his familiar styles and trademarks, such as the complex interaction between light and darkness, and of being caught between two irreconcilable worlds.

"Bones"

"Bones" (2006) is the only music video Burton has directed to date. The song "Bones" is the third single from The Killers, off of their second studio album, ''Sam's Town''. Starring in this video were actors Michael Steger and Devon Aoki. There are various scenes from films like ''Creature from the Black Lagoon'', ''Jason and the Argonauts'' and ''Lolita''.

The band, as well as Steger and Aoki, change into partial skeletons through out the video, and everyone is a skeleton by the end of the video. At the 2007 Shockwaves NME Awards it won the award for Best Video.

''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''

The DreamWorks/Warner Bros. production was released on December 21, 2007. Burton's work on ''Sweeney Todd'' won the National Board of Review Award for best director and received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Director and won an Academy Award for Best Achievement in Art Direction. Helena Bonham Carter won an Evening Standard British Film Award for her portrayal of Mrs. Lovett, as well as a Golden Globe nomination. The film is a devastating blend of explicit gore and Broadway tunes. Johnny Depp was nominated for the Best Actor Oscar for the role of Sweeney Todd. Depp won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical/Comedy, as well as the award for Best Villain as Todd in the 2008 MTV Awards.

''9''

In 2005, filmmaker Shane Acker released his short film ''9'', a story about a sentient rag doll living in a post-apocalyptic world who tries to stop machines from destroying the rest of his eight fellow rag dolls. The film won numerous awards and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. After seeing the short film, Burton and Timur Bekmambetov, director of ''Wanted'', showed interest in producing a feature-length adaptation of the film. Also directed by Acker, the film was written by Acker (story) & Pamela Pettler (screenplay, co-writer of ''Corpse Bride'') and starred Elijah Wood, John C. Reilly, Jennifer Connelly and Christopher Plummer, among others. This was Burton's first animated movie aside from his stop-motion films.

2010s

''Alice in Wonderland''

In Burton's version, the story is set 13 years after the original Lewis Carroll tales. Mia Wasikowska, who featured in the HBO series ''In Treatment'' and ''Defiance'', was cast as Alice. The original start date was May 2008. Torpoint and Plymouth were the locations used for filming from September 1 – October 14, and the film remains set in the Victorian era. During this time, filming took place in Antony House in Torpoint. 250 local extras were chosen in early August. Other production work took place in London. The film was originally to be released in 2009, but was pushed to March 5, 2010. Johnny Depp plays the Mad Hatter, Matt Lucas, star of ''Little Britain'', is both Tweedledee and Tweedledum, Helena Bonham Carter portrays Red Queen, Stephen Fry is the Cheshire Cat, Anne Hathaway as The White Queen, Alan Rickman as Absolem the Caterpillar, Michael Sheen as McTwisp the White Rabbit and Crispin Glover as the Knave of Hearts.

Tim Burton appeared at the 2009 Comic-Con in San Diego, California, to promote both ''9'' and ''Alice in Wonderland''. When asked about the filmmaking process by an attendee, he mentioned his "imaginary friend" who helps him out, prompting Johnny Depp to walk on stage to the applause of the audience.

''Dark Shadows''

''Dark Shadows'' is the next Tim Burton film to once again star Johnny Depp in the leading role. This movie is based on the original ''Dark Shadows'' soap opera. A few more members of the cast have been announced such as Michelle Pfeiffer, Eva Green, Jackie Earle Haley, Bella Heathcote, Thomas McDonell, Gulliver McGrath and Chloë Moretz. The filming began in April 2011 and is expected to be released sometime in 2012. Danny Elfman will compose and conduct the score and soundtrack for the film, and Colleen Atwood will be the costume designer.

"Tim Burton" at Museum of Modern Art

From November 22, 2009 to April 26, 2010, Burton had a retrospective at the MoMA in New York with over 700 "drawings, paintings, photographs, storyboards, moving-image works, puppets, maquettes, costumes, and cinematic ephemera," including many from the filmmaker's personal collection. The show also includes amateur and student films, music videos, commercials, and digital slide shows, as well as a complete set of features and shorts.

"Tim Burton" at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI)

From MoMA, the "Tim Burton" exhibition will travel directly to Australian Centre for the Moving Image in Melbourne. Running from June 24 to October 10, 2010, the ACMI exhibition will incorporate additional material from Burton's ''Alice in Wonderland'', which was released in March.

"Tim Burton" at the TIFF Bell Lightbox

The exhibition was displayed at the TIFF Bell Lightbox in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from November 26, 2010 to April 17, 2011. It was accompanied by several personal appearances by Burton as well as a retrospective of his films.

"Tim Burton" at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)

"The Art of Tim Burton" is now being exhibited at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. It will last from May 29 to October 31, 2011.

Future projects

Burton is remaking his 1984 short film ''Frankenweenie'' as a feature length stop motion film, distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is set to be released on October 5, 2012. He is also set to direct a film adaptation based on the television series ''Dark Shadows''. Johnny Depp will portray Barnabas Collins as well as co-produce the film, and Seth Grahame-Smith is currently writing the script. However, ''Dark Shadows'' will be pushed back due to Depp and Burton's commitments to other projects. During Comic-Con 2009, Burton confirmed that ''Dark Shadows'' will be his next film.

On January 19, 2010, it was announced that after ''Dark Shadows'', Burton's next project would be a ''Wicked''-like film that showed the origin and the past of ''Sleeping Beauty''s antagonist Maleficent. In an interview with Fandango published February 23, 2010, however, he denied he was directing any upcoming ''Sleeping Beauty'' movie. However, on November 23, 2010, in an interview with MTV, Burton confirmed that he was indeed putting together a script for ''Maleficent''. It was announced in ''The Hollywood Reporter'' on May 16, 2011 that Burton is no longer attached to ''Maleficent''.

Burton will also co-produce ''Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter'' with Timur Bekmambetov, who will also serve as director. The film is based on the novel by Seth Grahame-Smith, also author of ''Pride and Prejudice and Zombies'', who also wrote the film's screenplay. It has also been reported that Burton will be directing a 3-D stop-motion animation adaptation of ''The Addams Family'', which was confirmed by Christopher Meledandri. On July 19, 2010, he was announced as the director of the upcoming film adaptation of ''Monsterpocalypse''.

Personal life

Burton was married to Lena Gieseke, a German-born artist, for two years, whom he left to live with model and actress Lisa Marie; she acted in the films he made during their relationship from 1992 to 2001, most notably in ''Ed Wood'' and ''Mars Attacks!'' After leaving her, Burton then developed a romantic liaison with Helena Bonham Carter, whom he met while filming ''Planet of the Apes''. Lisa Marie responded in 2005 by holding an auction of personal belongings that Burton had left behind, much to his dismay.

Burton and Bonham Carter have two children: Billy Ray, born October 4, 2003; and Nell, born December 15, 2007. Close friend Johnny Depp is a godfather of Burton's son. In ''Burton on Burton'', Depp wrote the introduction, stating, "What more can I say about him? He is a brother, a friend, my godson's father. He is a unique and brave soul, someone that I would go to the ends of the earth for, and I know, full and well, he would do the same for me."

Burton was the President of the Jury for the 63rd annual Cannes Film Festival, which was held from May 12 to May 24, 2010 in Cannes, France.

On 15 March 2010, Burton received the insignia of Chevalier of Arts and Letters from Minister of Culture, Frédéric Mitterrand.

Recurring collaborators

! Actor

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! class="collapsible" >''Pee-wee's Big Adventure'' (1985)

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! ''Edward Scissorhands'' (1990)

! ''Batman Returns'' (1992)

! ''The Nightmare Before Christmas''1 (1993)

! ''Ed Wood (film)>Ed Wood'' (1994)

! ''Mars Attacks!'' (1996)

! ''Sleepy Hollow (film)>Sleepy Hollow'' (1999)

! ''Planet of the Apes (2001 film)>Planet of the Apes'' (2001)

! ''Big Fish'' (2003)

! ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)>Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'' (2005)

! ''Corpse Bride'' (2005)

! ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)>Sweeney Todd'' (2007)

! ''Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)>Alice in Wonderland'' (2010)

! ''Dark Shadows (film)>Dark Shadows'' (2012)

! ''Frankenweenie (2012 film)>Frankenweenie'' (2012)

! Helena Bonham Carter

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! Danny DeVito

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! Michael Gough

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! Pat Hingle

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¹Burton isn't responsible for direction of ''Nightmare Before Christmas'', but only for production and writing''.

²While Danny Elfman composed music for most of Burton's films, he is credited in the above table as a (voice) actor.

Bibliography

''Burton on Burton'', edited by Mark Salisbury (1995, revised editions 2000, 2006)

''The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories'' (1997)

''The Art of Tim Burton'', written by Leah Gallo (2009)

Filmography

! Year	! Film	! Director	! Producer	! Writer
1982
1984
1985	''Pee-wee's Big Adventure''
1988	''Beetlejuice''
1989
1990	''Edward Scissorhands''
1992	''Batman Returns''
1993	''The Nightmare Before Christmas''
	''Cabin Boy''
1995	''Batman Forever''
''Mars Attacks!''
2001
2003	''Big Fish''
''Corpse Bride''
2007
2009
2010
2011	''Big Eyes''
2013

Short films

''The Island of Doctor Agor'' (1971)

''Houdini: The Untold Story'' (1976)

''Stalk of the Celery Monster'' (1979)

''Doctor of Doom'' (1979)

''Luau'' (1982)

Animator filmography

''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978) (uncredited)

''Stalk of the Celery Monster'' (1979)

''The Fox and the Hound'' (1981) (uncredited)

''Tron'' (1982) (uncredited)

Cameos and other film work

''Singles'' (1992)

''Hoffa'' (1992)

''The Nightmare Before Christmas'' (deleted scene)

Art filmography

''Frankenweenie'' (1984) (storyboard artist, uncredited)

''The Black Cauldron'' (1985) (conceptual artist, uncredited)

Internet shorts

''The World of Stain Boy'' (2000)

Television

''Hansel and Gretel'' (1982) (director)

''Faerie Tale Theatre'' – episode ''Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp'' (1989) (director)

''The New Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' – episode ''The Jar'' (1984) (director)

''Beetlejuice: The Animated Series'' (1989–1991) (executive producer)

''Family Dog'' (1993) (animation designer, executive producer)

''Hollywood Gum'' – French commercial, director (1997)

''Kung Fu'' and ''Mannequin'' – Timex commercials, director (2001)

Music videos

"Bones" by The Killers (2006)

See also

List of unproduced Tim Burton projects

Awards

Academy Awards

(2006) Nominated — Best Animated Feature / ''Corpse Bride''

BAFTA Awards

(2004) Nominated — Best Direction / ''Big Fish''

Cannes Film Festival

(1994) Nominated — Palme d'Or / ''Ed Wood''

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards

(2004) Nominated — Best Director / ''Big Fish''

Golden Globe Awards

(2008) Nominated — Best Director – Motion Picture / ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''

National Board of Review Awards

(2008) Won — Best Director / ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''

Producers Guild of America Awards

(2006) Nominated — Animated Motion Picture / ''Corpse Bride''

(2008) Honored — Scream Awards: Scream Immortal Award, for his unique interpretation of horror and fantasy

64th Venice International Film Festival

(2007) Honored — Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement

Further reading

Bassil-Morozow, Helena (2010): ''Tim Burton: The Monster and the Crowd''. Routledge, London, ISBN 978-0-415-48971-3 Read Introduction at JungArena.com

Heger, Christian (2010): ''Mondbeglänzte Zaubernächte. Das Kino von Tim Burton''. Schüren, Marburg, ISBN 978-3-89472-554-9 Read Excerpts at Libreka.de

Gallo, Leah (2009): ''The Art of Tim Burton''. Steeles Publishing, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1-93553901-8

Magliozzi, Ron / He, Jenny (2009): ''Tim Burton''. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, ISBN 978-0-87070-760-5

Lynette, Rachel (2006): ''Tim Burton, Filmmaker''. KidHaven Press, San Diego, CA, ISBN 0-7377-3556-2

Page, Edwin (2006): ''Gothic Fantasy: The Films of Tim Burton''. Marion Boyars Publishers, London, ISBN 0-7145-3132-4

Salisbury, Mark (2006): ''Burton on Burton''. Revised Edition. Faber and Faber, London, ISBN 0-571-22926-3

Fraga, Kristian (2005): ''Tim Burton – Interviews''. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, ISBN 1-57806-758-8

Odell, Colin / Le Blanc, Michelle (2005): ''Tim Burton''. The Pocket Essentials, Harpenden 2005, ISBN 1-904048-45-5

McMahan, Alison (2005): ''The Films of Tim Burton: Animating Live Action in Contemporary Hollywood''. Continuum, New York, ISBN 0-8264-1566-0 Read Chapter 3 at FilmsOfTimBurton.com

Smith, Jim / Matthews, J. Clive (2002): ''Tim Burton''. Virgin, London, ISBN 0-7535-0682-3

Woods, Paul A, (2002): ''Tim Burton: A Child's Garden of Nightmares''. Plexus, London, ISBN 0-85965-310-2

Merschmann, Helmut (2000): ''Tim Burton: The Life and Films of a Visionary Director'' (translated by Michael Kane). Titan Books, London, ISBN 1-84023-208-0

Hanke, Ken (1999): ''Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker''. Renaissance Books, Los Angeles, ISBN 1-58063-046-4

References

External links

Burton's official website

Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database – Tim Burton

|- ! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review |-

Category:1958 births Category:American animators Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:American film directors Category:American music video directors Category:American screenwriters Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni Category:Disney people Category:Gothic fiction Category:Living people Category:American agnostics Category:People from Burbank, California Category:People from Sutton Courtenay Category:Stop motion animators Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

ar:تيم برتون bn:টিম বার্টন be:Цім Бёртан bs:Tim Burton br:Tim Burton bg:Тим Бъртън ca:Tim Burton cs:Tim Burton co:Tim Burton cy:Tim Burton da:Tim Burton de:Tim Burton et:Tim Burton el:Τιμ Μπάρτον es:Tim Burton eo:Tim Burton eu:Tim Burton fa:تیم برتون fr:Tim Burton ga:Tim Burton gl:Tim Burton ko:팀 버튼 hr:Tim Burton id:Tim Burton is:Tim Burton it:Tim Burton he:טים ברטון ka:ტიმ ბარტონი la:Timotheus Burton lt:Tim Burton hu:Tim Burton mk:Тим Бартон nl:Tim Burton ja:ティム・バートン no:Tim Burton pl:Tim Burton pt:Tim Burton ro:Tim Burton ru:Бёртон, Тим sq:Tim Burton scn:Tim Burton simple:Tim Burton sk:Tim Burton sr:Тим Бертон sh:Tim Burton fi:Tim Burton sv:Tim Burton tt:Тим Бертон th:ทิม เบอร์ตัน tr:Tim Burton uk:Тім Бертон zh:蒂姆·伯顿

Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
name	Benedict Cumberbatch
birthname	Benedict Timothy Carlton Cumberbatch
birth date	July 19, 1976
birth place	London, England
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	2001–present
parents	Timothy CarltonWanda Ventham
spouse	}}

Benedict Timothy Carlton Cumberbatch (born 19 July 1976) is an English film, television, and theatre actor. His most acclaimed roles include: Stephen Hawking in the BBC drama ''Hawking'' (2004); William Pitt in the historical film ''Amazing Grace'' (2006); the protagonist Stephen Ezard in the miniseries thriller ''The Last Enemy'' (2008); Paul Marshall in ''Atonement'' (2007); Bernard in ''Small Island'' (2009); and Sherlock Holmes in the modern BBC adaptation series ''Sherlock'' (2010). He will also be the voices of both Smaug the Dragon and the Necromancer in ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey''.

Early life and education

Cumberbatch was born in London, England, the son of actors Timothy Carlton (birth name Timothy Carlton Cumberbatch) and Wanda Ventham.

Cumberbatch was educated at two independent schools, Brambletye School in West Sussex and Harrow School in northwest London, where he began performing as an actor. After school, he took a gap year to teach English in a Tibetan monastery. He then attended the University of Manchester, where he studied drama. After graduating, Cumberbatch continued his training as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

Career

Theatre

Since 2001, Cumberbatch has had major roles in a dozen classic plays at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, Almeida Theatre, Royal Court Theatre, and the National Theatre. He was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for his performance as Tesman in ''Hedda Gabler'', a role he performed at the Almeida Theatre on 16 March 2005, as well as at the Duke of York's Theatre when it transferred to the West End on 19 May 2005.

Cumberbatch acted in ''The Children’s Monologues'', a star-studded theatrical event at London's Old Vic Theatre on 14 November 2010. The show was produced by Dramatic Need. In February 2011, he began playing, on alternate nights, both Dr Frankenstein and his creature, opposite Jonny Lee Miller, in the stage adaptation of Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' at the National Theatre. ''Frankenstein'' was broadcast to cinemas as a part of National Theatre Live in March 2011. Both ''The Children’s Monologues'' and ''Frankenstein'' are directed by Danny Boyle.

Television

Cumberbatch's television roles include two separate guest roles in ''Heartbeat'' (2000, 2004), Freddy in ''Tipping the Velvet'' (2002), Edward Hand in ''Cambridge Spies'' (2003), and Rory in the ITV comedy drama series ''Fortysomething'' (2003). He was also featured in ''Spooks'' and ''Silent Witness''.

In 2004, he starred as Stephen Hawking in ''Hawking''. He was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor and won the Golden Nymph for Television Films – Best Performance by an Actor. (He later provided Hawking's voice in the first episode of the Curiosity television series.) He also appeared in the BBC miniseries Dunkirk as Lieutenant Jimmy Langley.

In 2005, Cumberbatch starred as the protagonist Edmund Talbot in the miniseries ''To The Ends of the Earth'', based on William Golding's trilogy. Director David Attwood said:

We found Benedict Cumberbatch fairly early. We needed a very good actor, someone young enough to be believable as an aristocratic, an almost slightly dislikeable character who is an adolescent in terms of his views of the world, his upbringing. But we also needed someone who could hold the screen for four and half hours, in every scene. We needed someone with experience who was not only a very good actor, but also with terrific comic timing. Benedict was the ideal answer to that.

Producer Lynn Horsford added:

Benedict was remarkable. He carried the Golding novels with him on set and constantly referred to them. We needed him every single day and he just didn't stop, nor complain. He simply became Edmund Talbot. And that commitment spread to every cast member. The process of making this film echoed the journey the characters went on in the story—we really got to know each other during our four months on location and we became very close.

He also made brief appearances in the comedy sketch show ''Broken News'' in 2005.

Cumberbatch next starred alongside Tom Hardy in the television adaptation of the book ''Stuart: A Life Backwards'', which aired on the BBC in September 2007. In 2008, he starred in the BBC miniseries drama ''The Last Enemy'', for which he was nominated for a Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film.

In 2009, Cumberbatch starred in ''Marple: Murder Is Easy'' as Luke Fitzwilliam. Also in 2009, he played Bernard in the TV adaptation of ''Small Island''; the performance earned him a nomination for BAFTA Television Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Cumberbatch narrated the 6-part series ''South Pacific'' (U.S. title: ''Wild Pacific''), which aired May to June 2009 on BBC 2.

Cumberbatch, a fan of long-running British science fiction show ''Doctor Who'', suggested in a July 2010 interview that he would be interested in appearing as a main or recurring character on the show, run by ''Sherlock'' producer and personal friend Steven Moffat. In 2008 he had discussed with David Tennant taking over the part of The Doctor but had decided not to try for the role.

In 2010, Cumberbatch portrayed Vincent van Gogh in ''Van Gogh: Painted with Words''. ''The Telegraph'' called his performance "[a] treat ... vividly bringing Van Gogh to impassioned, blue-eyed life." Also in 2010, Cumberbatch began playing Sherlock Holmes in the first series of the BBC television programme ''Sherlock'', to critical acclaim.

Film

In 2006, Cumberbatch played William Pitt in ''Amazing Grace''. The film is the story of William Wilberforce's intense and lengthy political fight in the late 18th century to eliminate slave trade in the British Empire. Pitt was Wilberforce's closest friend and staunchest political ally, and became Prime Minister at an early age. The role garnered Cumberbatch a nomination for the London Film Critics Circle British Breakthrough Acting Award.

Cumberbatch subsequently appeared in major roles in ''Atonement'' (2007) and ''The Other Boleyn Girl'' (2008). In 2009, he appeared in the Darwin bio-pic ''Creation'' as Darwin's friend Joseph Hooker. In 2010, he appeared in ''The Whistleblower''.

He is scheduled to appear in Steven Spielberg's ''War Horse'' (2011). He is also slated to play Peter Guillam in the 2012 adaptation of the John le Carré novel ''Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy'', directed by Tomas Alfredson, also starring Gary Oldman, Colin Firth and Tom Hardy. He will also voice the roles of Smaug the Dragon and the Necromancer in ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' in 2012.

Radio

In May 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of John Mortimer's novel ''Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders''. Cumberbatch played the "young Rumpole", and Timothy West took the part of the "old Rumpole". Cumberbatch plays Capt Martin Crieff in the BBC's Cabin Pressure.

Personal life

Cumberbatch was in a romantic relationship with actress Olivia Poulet, whom he met at university, for over 12 years. They separated in March 2011.

List of credits

Film credits

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes, awards and nominations
2002		The Man
2003	''To Kill a King''	Royalist
2006		Patrick Watts
2006		William Pitt the Younger
2007	''Inseparable'' (short)	Joe/Charlie
2007		Paul Marshall
2008
2008	''Burlesque Fairytales''	Henry Clark
2009
2010	''Four Lions''	Ed
2010	''Third Star''	James
2010	''The Whistleblower''	Nick Kaufman
2010	''Wreckers''	David
2011		Major Stewart	Post-production
2011		Peter Guillam	Post-production
2012-2013		Sauron (voice)Smaug (voice)	Filming

Television credits

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes	Awards and nominations
2002	''Fields of Gold''	Jeremy	TV film
2002		Freddy	Drama serial
2002	''Silent Witness''	Warren Reid	Drama series; 2 episodes
2003	''Cambridge Spies''	Edward Hand	Drama serial; 1 episode
2003	''Spooks''	Jim North	Drama series; 1 episode
2003		Rory	Comedy drama
2004		Lt. Jimmy Langley	Docu-drama
2004		Stephen Hawking	TV film	Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo
2005	''[[To the Ends of the Earth''	Edmund Talbot	Drama serial
2005	''Broken News''	Will Parker	Comedy series; 3 episodes
2005	''Nathan Barley''	Robin	Comedy series; 2 episodes
2007	''Stuart: A Life Backwards''	Alexander Masters	TV film
2008		Stephen Ezard	Drama serial
2009		Luke Fitzwilliam	TV film
2009		Bernard Bligh	Drama serial
2010	''Van Gogh: Painted with Words''	Vincent van Gogh	Docudrama
2010	''Have I Got News For You''	Guest host	Panel show
2010–			Drama series	Crime Thriller Awards – Best Actor (Won)National Television Awards – Outstanding Drama Performance (Nominated)Broadcasting Press Guild Awards – Best Actor (Won)BAFTA Television Award – Best Leading Actor (Nominated)	TV Choice>TV Choice Awards 2011 - Best Actor (Pending)
2011	''The Rattigan Enigma by Benedict Cumberbatch''	Presenter	Documentary
2012	''Parade's End''	Christopher Tietjens	Drama series

Theatre credits

! Year	! Title	! Role	Venue	Awards and nominations
2001	''Love's Labour's Lost''	Ferdinand	Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park
2001	''A Midsummer Night's Dream''	Demetrius	Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park
2002	''As You Like It''		Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park
2002	''Romeo and Juliet''	Benvolio	Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park
2002	''Oh, What a Lovely War!''		Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park
2004	''The Lady from the Sea''	Lyngstrand	Almeida Theatre
2005	''Hedda Gabler''	Tesman	Almeida TheatreDuke of York's Theatre
2006	''Period of Adjustment''	George	Almeida Theatre
2007		Bérenger	Royal Court Theatre
2007		Eisenring	Royal Court Theatre
2008	''The City''	Chris	Royal Court Theatre
2010		David Scott-Fowler
2011		The Creature/Victor Frankenstein

Voice credits

! Year	! Title	! Role	Format	Awards and nominations
2004	''The Raj Quartet''	Nigel Rowan	BBC Radio 4 series
2008	''Casanova''	Narrator	Audiobook
2008	''Death in a White Tie''	Narrator	Audiobook
2008–		Capt. Martin Crieff	BBC Radio 4 comedy series
2009		Narrator	TV documentary
2009	''Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders''	Young Rumpole	BBC Radio 4 series
2009	''Metamorphosis''	Narrator	BBC Radio 7
2010		Narrator	Discovery Channel/Channel 4 series
2010	Sherlock Holmes: The Rediscovered Railway and Other Stories	Narrator	Audiobook
2011	Tom and Viv	TS Eliot	BBC Radio 7
2011	''The Nightjar''	Narrator	Video game

References

External links

Benedict Cumberbatch unofficial website

Benedict Cumberbatch Online

Category:Living people Category:1976 births Category:English stage actors Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:English radio actors Category:English voice actors Category:Audio book narrators Category:Shakespearean actors Category:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester Category:People associated with the University of Manchester Category:Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Category:Old Harrovians

cs:Benedict Cumberbatch de:Benedict Cumberbatch eu:Benedict Cumberbatch fr:Benedict Cumberbatch it:Benedict Cumberbatch nl:Benedict Cumberbatch ja:ベネディクト・カンバーバッチ pl:Benedict Cumberbatch pt:Benedict Cumberbatch ru:Камбербэтч, Бенедикт fi:Benedict Cumberbatch sv:Benedict Cumberbatch zh:班奈狄克·康柏拜區