Coordinates	40°42′15.0″N73°55′4.0″N
name	The Washington Post
type	Daily newspaper
format	Broadsheet
foundation	1877
staff	approx. 740 journalists
owners	The Washington Post Company
headquarters	1150 15th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C., United States
editor	Marcus Brauchli
publisher	Katharine Weymouth
issn	0190-8286
website	washingtonpost.com
circulation	545,345 Daily 764,666 Sunday }}

''The Washington Post'' is Washington, D.C.'s largest newspaper and its oldest still-existing paper, founded in 1877. Located in the capital of the United States, ''The Post'' has a particular emphasis on national politics. D.C., Maryland, and Virginia editions are printed for daily circulation. The newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and black and white.

Perhaps the most notable incident in ''The Post'' history was when, in the early 1970s, reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein led the American media's investigation into what became known as the Watergate scandal. The newspaper's reporting greatly contributed to the resignation of U.S. President Richard Nixon. In later years, its investigations led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The newspaper is also known as the namesake of "The Washington Post March", the 1889 march composed by John Phillip Sousa while he was leading the U.S. Marine Band; it became the standard music to accompany the two-step, a late 19th-century dance craze.

Since Leonard Downie, Jr. was named executive editor in 1991, ''The Post'' has won 25 Pulitzer Prizes, more than half of the paper's total collection of 47 Pulitzers. This includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number of Pulitzers ever given to a single newspaper in one year. ''The Post'' has also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, among others.

The newspaper is owned by The Washington Post Company, an education and media company that also owns Kaplan, Inc. and many media ventures aside from ''The Post''.

Overview

''The Post'' is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with ''The New York Times'', which is known for its general reporting and international coverage, and ''The Wall Street Journal'', which is known for its financial reporting. ''The Post'' has distinguished itself through its liberal political reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress, and other aspects of the U.S. government.

Unlike the ''Times'' and the ''Journal'', the ''Post'' does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its "National Weekly Edition," which combined stories from the week's print editions, due to shrinking circulation. The majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia.

The paper's weekday and Saturday printings include the following sections:

Main section, containing the front page, national and international news, business, politics, and editorials and opinions

Metro section, containing local news

Style section, with feature writing on pop culture, politics, fine and performing arts, film, fashion, and gossip, along with advice columns and comics

Sports section

Classified advertising

Sunday editions largely include the weekday sections as well as Outlook (opinion), Arts, Travel, Comics, TV Week, and the ''Washington Post Magazine''. The "Sunday Style" section differs slightly from the weekday Style section; it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational.

Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays: Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living (home and garden) on Thursday, and Weekend, with details about upcoming events in the local area, on Friday. The latter two are in a tabloid format. ''The Post'' is one of a few U.S. newspapers with foreign bureaus, located in Baghdad, Bogota, Cairo, Hong Kong, Islamabad, Jerusalem, Kabul, London, Mexico City, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi, Paris, Shanghai, Tehran, and Tokyo. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U.S. regional bureaus — Chicago, Los Angeles and New York — as part of an increased focus on "political stories and local news coverage in Washington." The paper has local bureaus in Maryland (Annapolis, Montgomery County, Prince George's County, Southern Maryland) and Virginia (Alexandria, Fairfax, Loudoun County, Richmond, and Prince William County).

, its average weekday circulation was 582,844, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, making it the fifth largest newspaper in the country by circulation, behind ''USA Today'', ''The Wall Street Journal'', ''The New York Times'', and the ''Los Angeles Times''. While its circulation (like that of almost all newspapers) has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily.

The paper is part of The Washington Post Company, a diversified education and media company that also owns educational services provider Kaplan, Inc., Post-Newsweek Stations, Cable One, the online magazine ''Slate'', The Gazette and Southern Maryland Newspapers, and ''The Herald'', a daily paper in Everett, Washington. The company also distributes the free daily Express newspaper in the D.C. area and runs its own syndication service for its columnists and cartoonists, The Washington Post Writers Group.

''The Post'' has its main office at 1150 15th St, N.W., and the newspaper has the exclusive ZIP code 20071.

History

Founding and early period

The paper was founded in 1877 by Stilson Hutchins and in 1880 added a Sunday edition, thus becoming the city's first newspaper to publish seven days a week. In 1889, Hutchins sold the paper to Frank Hatton, a former Postmaster General, and Beriah Wilkins, a former Democratic congressman from Ohio. To promote the paper, the new owners requested the leader of the Marine Band, John Philip Sousa, to compose a march for the newspaper's essay contest awards ceremony. Sousa composed ''The Washington Post'', which remains one of his best-known works. In 1899, during the Spanish–American War, ''The Post'' printed Clifford K. Berryman's classic illustration ''Remember the Maine,'' which became the battle-cry for American sailors during the War. In 1902, Berryman published another famous cartoon in ''The Post''— "Drawing the Line in Mississippi." This cartoon depicts President Theodore Roosevelt showing compassion for a small bear cub and inspired New York store owner Morris Michtom to create the teddy bear.

Wilkins acquired Hatton's share of the paper in 1894 at Hatton's death. After Wilkins' death in 1903, his sons John and Robert ran ''The Post'' for two years before selling it in 1905 to John Roll McLean, owner of the ''Cincinnati Enquirer''. During the Wilson presidency, ''The Post'' was credited with the "most famous newspaper typo" in D.C. history according to Reason magazine; ''The Post'' intended to report that President Wilson had been "entertaining" his future-wife Mrs. Galt, but instead wrote that he had been "entering" Mrs. Galt. When John McLean died in 1916, he put the paper in trust, having little faith that his playboy son Edward "Ned" McLean could manage his inheritance. Ned went to court and broke the trust, but, under his management, the paper slumped toward ruin.

Meyer-Graham period

The Washington Post was purchased in a bankruptcy auction in 1933 by a member of the Federal Reserve's board of governors, Eugene Meyer, who restored the paper's health and reputation. In 1946, Meyer was succeeded as publisher by his son-in-law Philip Graham.

In 1954, ''The Post'' consolidated its position by acquiring and merging with its last morning rival, the ''Washington Times-Herald''. (The combined paper would officially be named ''The Washington Post and Times-Herald'' until 1973, although the ''Times-Herald'' portion of the masthead became less and less prominent after the 1950s.) The merger left ''The Post'' with two remaining local competitors, the afternoon ''Washington Star'' (''Evening Star'') and ''The Washington Daily News'', which merged in 1972 and folded in 1981. ''The Washington Times'', established in 1982, has been a local rival with a circulation () about one-seventh that of ''The Post''. After Graham's death in 1963, control of The Washington Post Company passed to Katharine Graham, his wife and Meyer's daughter. No woman had ever run a nationally prominent newspaper in the United States. She described her own anxiety and lack of confidence based on her gender in her autobiography, and she did not assign duties to her daughter at the paper as she did to her son. She served as publisher from 1969 to 1979 and headed The Washington Post Company into the early 1990s as chairman of the board and CEO. After 1993, she retained a position as chairman of the executive committee until her death in 2001.

Her tenure is credited with seeing ''The Post'' rise in national stature through effective investigative reporting, most notably to ensure that ''The New York Times'' did not surpass its Washington reporting of the Pentagon Papers and Watergate scandal. Executive editor Ben Bradlee put the paper's reputation and resources behind reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who, in a long series of articles, chipped away at the story behind the 1972 burglary of Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate Hotel complex in Washington. ''The Post'' dogged coverage of the story, the outcome of which ultimately played a major role in the resignation of President Richard Nixon, won the paper a Pulitzer Prize in 1973.

In 1972, the "Book World" section was introduced. It featured Pulitzer Prize winning critics such as Jonathan Yardley and Michael Dirda, the latter of whom established his career as a critic at ''The Post''. In 2009, after 37 years, "Book World" as a standalone insert was discontinued, the last issue being Sunday, February 15, 2009. However, book reviews are still published in the Outlook section on Sundays and in the Style section the rest of the week, as well as online.

In 1980, ''The Post'' published a dramatic story called "Jimmy's World", describing the life of an eight-year-old heroin addict in Washington, for which reporter Janet Cooke won acclaim and a Pulitzer Prize. Subsequent investigation, however, revealed the story to be a fabrication. The Pulitzer Prize was returned.

Donald Graham, Katharine's son, succeeded her as publisher in 1979 and in the early 1990s became both chief executive officer and chairman of the board. He was succeeded in 2000 as publisher and CEO by Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr., with Graham remaining as chairman.

Post-Graham period

In 1996, the newspaper established a web site, .

''The Post'' was slow in moving to color photographs and features. On January 28, 1999, its first color front-page photograph appeared. After that, color slowly integrated itself into other photographs and advertising throughout the paper.

In February 2008, Jones was named chairman of the newspaper, and Katharine Weymouth became publisher of ''The Washington Post'' and chief executive officer of Washington Post Media, a new unit that includes ''The Washington Post'' and the formerly independent washingtonpost.com.

On July 7, 2008, it was announced that former ''Wall Street Journal'' editor Marcus Brauchli would become the paper's top editor, succeeding Leonard Downie, Jr. in September.

In 2010, the paper cited its local focus as a reason for running its first-ever front page advertisement: the Capital One ad was being run to draw attention to the rebranding of Chevy Chase Bank, a bank Capital One bought in 2009. According to the Post's vice president of advertising, the page one advertisement is a "very local, useful-information-for-our-readers type of campaign."

Political stance

In the mid-1970s, some conservatives called ''The Washington Post'' "Pravda on the Potomac" due to its perceived left-wing bias in both reporting and editorials, This characterization referred to the official newspaper of the Soviet communist party. Since then, the appellation has been used by both liberal and conservative critics of ''The Post''. In 1963, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover reportedly told President Lyndon B. Johnson, "I don't have much influence with ''The Post'' because I frankly don't read it. I view it like the ''Daily Worker''."

As Katharine Graham noted in her autobiography ''Personal History'', the paper long had a policy of not making endorsements for political candidates. However, since at least 2000, ''The Washington Post'' has occasionally endorsed Republican politicians, such as Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich. In 2006, it repeated its historic endorsements of every Republican incumbent for Congress in Northern Virginia. There have also been times when ''The Post'' has specifically chosen not to endorse any candidate, such as in the 1988 presidential election when it refused to endorse then Governor Michael Dukakis or then Vice President George H.W. Bush. On October 17, 2008, ''The Post'' endorsed Barack Obama for President of the United States.

''The Post'' editorial positions on foreign policy and economic issues have seen a definitively conservative bent: it steadfastly supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, warmed to President George W. Bush's proposal to partially privatize Social Security, opposed a deadline for U.S. withdrawal from the Iraq War, and advocated free trade agreements, including CAFTA.

In "Buying the War" on PBS, Bill Moyers noted 27 editorials supporting George W. Bush's ambitions to invade Iraq. National security correspondent Walter Pincus reported that he had been ordered to cease his reports that were critical of Republican administrations.

In 1992, the PBS investigative news program ''Frontline'' suggested that ''The Post'' had moved to the right in response to its smaller, more conservative rival ''The Washington Times'', which is owned by News World Communications, an international media conglomerate owned by the Unification Church which also owns newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America. The program quoted Paul Weyrich, one of the founders of the conservative activist organization the Moral Majority, as saying "''The Washington Post'' became very arrogant and they just decided that they would determine what was news and what wasn't news and they wouldn't cover a lot of things that went on. And ''The Washington Times'' has forced ''The Post'' to cover a lot of things that they wouldn't cover if the ''Times'' wasn't in existence." In 2008, Thomas F. Roeser of the ''Chicago Daily Observer'' also mentioned competition from the ''Washington Times'' as a factor moving ''The Post'' to the right.

On March 26, 2007, Chris Matthews said on his television program, "Well, ''The Washington Post'' is not the liberal newspaper it was, Congressman, let me tell you. I have been reading it for years and it is a neocon newspaper". It has regularly published an ideological mixture of op-ed columnists, some of them liberal (including E.J. Dionne, Ezra Klein, Greg Sargent, and Eugene Robinson), and some on the right (including George Will, Marc Thiessen, Robert Kagan Robert Samuelson, Michael Gerson, and Charles Krauthammer).

In November 2007, ''The Post'' was criticized by independent journalist Robert Parry for reporting on anti-Obama chain e-mails without sufficiently emphasizing to its readers the false nature of the anonymous claims. In 2009, Parry criticized ''The Post'' for its allegedly unfair reporting on liberal politicians, including Vice President Al Gore and President Barack Obama.

In a November 19, 2008 column, ''The Washington Post'' ombudsman Deborah Howell stated: "I'll bet that most ''Post'' journalists voted for Obama. I did. There are centrists at ''The Post'' as well. But the conservatives I know here feel so outnumbered that they don't even want to be quoted by name in a memo". Responding to criticism of the newspaper's coverage during the run-up to the 2008 presidential election, Howell wrote: "The opinion pages have strong conservative voices; the editorial board includes centrists and conservatives; and there were editorials critical of Obama. Yet opinion was still weighted toward Obama. It's not hard to see why conservatives feel disrespected".

Commentator Glenn Greenwald has called its Op-Ed page the "leading outlet for neoconservative and related right-wing advocacy".

Notable contributors (past and present)

''Sources not listed here can be found on the referenced pages''

Joel Achenbach (writer)

Jaehoon Ahn (researcher, journalist)

Anne Applebaum (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Marie Arana (editor of Book World)

Cathy Areu (contributing editor, "First Person Singular")

Peter Baker (White House reporter)

Dan Balz (national political reporter)

Rankin Barbee (writer)

Carl Bernstein (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Andrew Beyer (horse racing columnist)

Herb Block (cartoonist, Pulitzer Prize)

Thomas Boswell (sports columnist)

David Broder (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Tina Brown (writer)

Art Buchwald (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Ron Charles (book critic)

Rajiv Chandrasekaran (editor)

Chris Cillizza (writer; author of The Fix weblog)

Libby Copeland (writer)

Richard L. Coe (theatre critic/writer)

Richard Cohen (columnist)

Steve Coll (editor, Pulitzer Prize)

Janet Cooke (writer, Pulitzer Prize; the prize was returned after her article was found to be fraudulent)

Lisa de Moraes (television columnist)

Ann Devroy (award winning journalist)

Helen Dewar (Senate political reporter)

E.J. Dionne (columnist)

Michael Dirda (book critic, Pulitzer Prize)

Leonard Downie, Jr. (editor)

Michel duCille (photo editor, photographer, Pulitzer Prize)

John Feinstein (sports columnist)

David Finkel (journalist, Pulitzer Prize)

Marc Fisher (writer, editor)

Thomas Francis Ford, West Coast correspondent, 1913–18

Dan Froomkin (columnist)

Joel Garreau (writer)

Barbara Garson (writer)

Robin Givhan (fashion editor, Pulitzer Prize)

Malcolm Gladwell (writer)

Peter S. Goodman, economics

Meg Greenfield (editor, Pulitzer Prize)

Carol Guzy, photographer, Pulitzer Prizes

Jim Hoagland (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Stephen Hunter (film critic, Pulitzer Prize)

Robert Kagan (columnist)

Glenn Kessler (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Colbert I. King (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Anne Kornblut (writer)

Tony Kornheiser (sports columnist)

Charles Krauthammer (columnist, Pulitzer Prize)

Howard Kurtz (media critic)

Charles Lane (writer)

Colman McCarthy (columnist)

Mary McGrory (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Anne Midgette (music critic)

Dana Milbank (writer)

Tim Page (music critic, Pulitzer Prize)

Philip P. Pan (writer, author)

Matthew Parris (columnist)

John Pomfret (writer and editor, author)

Shirley Povich (sports columnist)

Dana Priest (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

William Raspberry (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Thomas E. Ricks (military reporter, Pulitzer Prize)

Eugene Robinson (columnist and editor, Pulitzer Prize)

Harry M. Rosenfeld (editor)

Christine Sadler (writer and editor)

Anthony Shadid (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Tom Shales (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Howard Simons (editor)

Michael Specter (writer)

Emil Steiner (writer)

Barry Svrluga (sports writer)

Richard Thompson (cartoonist)

Patrick Tyler (writer)

Tom Toles (cartoonist, Pulitzer Prize)

Jim VandeHei (writer)

Gene Weingarten (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

James Russell Wiggins (editor)

Michael Wilbon (sports columnist)

Juan Williams (Writer)

George F. Will (columnist, Pulitzer Prize)

Bob Woodward (writer, Pulitzer Prize)

Robin Wright (writer)

Jonathan Yardley (book critic, Pulitzer Prize)

Steve LeVine (journalist and writer)

Jose Antonio Vargas (journalist, Pulitzer Prize)

Steven Goff (sports writer and blogger)

Executive officers and editors (past and present)

Philip Bennett

Benjamin C. Bradlee

Marcus Brauchli

Milton Coleman

Jackson Diehl

Leonard Downie, Jr.

Donald Graham

Katharine Graham

Philip Graham

Fred Hiatt

Stephen P. Hills

Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr.

Colbert I. King

Eugene Meyer

Florence Meyer

Katharine Weymouth

Honors and achievements

References

External links

The Washington Post Company official website

"The Washington Post Company history"

Scott Sherman, ''Columbia Journalism Review'', May 2002, "Donald Graham's ''Washington Post''" ''Columbia Journalism Review''. September / October 2002.

Video Interview with then-Baghdad Bureau Chief Rajiv Chandrasekaran

Jaffe, Harry. "Post Watch: Family Dynasty Continues with Katharine II", ''Washingtonian'', February 26, 2008.

Category:1877 establishments in the United States Category:Investigative news sources Category:National newspapers published in the United States Category:Newspapers published in Washington, D.C. Category:Publications established in 1877 Category:Pulitzer Prize winning newspapers * Category:Worth Bingham Prize recipients

ar:واشنطن بوست az:Vaşinqton post bn:দ্য ওয়াশিংটন পোস্ট bg:Вашингтон Поуст ca:The Washington Post cv:The Washington Post cs:The Washington Post cy:The Washington Post da:The Washington Post de:The Washington Post es:The Washington Post eo:The Washington Post eu:The Washington Post fa:واشینگتن پست fr:The Washington Post ko:워싱턴 포스트 hr:The Washington Post io:The Washington Post id:The Washington Post is:The Washington Post it:The Washington Post he:וושינגטון פוסט ka:ვაშინგტონ პოსტი (გაზეთი) hu:The Washington Post mr:वॉशिंग्टन पोस्ट mzn:واشنگتن پست nl:The Washington Post ja:ワシントン・ポスト no:The Washington Post pl:The Washington Post pt:The Washington Post ro:The Washington Post ru:The Washington Post simple:The Washington Post sr:Вашингтон пост sh:The Washington Post fi:The Washington Post sv:The Washington Post te:వాషింగ్టన్ పోస్ట్ tr:The Washington Post uk:Вашингтон пост (газета) vi:The Washington Post zh:华盛顿邮报

Coordinates	40°42′15.0″N73°55′4.0″N
name	Joshua Bell
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth date	December 09, 1967
origin	Bloomington, Indiana, United States
instrument	Violin
genre	Classical music
occupation	Violinist
years active	1980s–present
website	http://www.joshuabell.com/
notable instruments	Gibson Stradivarius }}

Joshua David Bell (born December 9, 1967) is an American Grammy Award-winning violinist.

Childhood

Bell was born in Bloomington, Indiana, United States, the son of a psychologist and a therapist. Bell's father is the late Alan P. Bell, Professor Emeritus of Indiana University, in Bloomington, a former Kinsey researcher.

Bell began taking violin lessons at the age of four after his mother discovered her son had taken rubber bands from around the house and stretched them across the handles of his dresser drawer to pluck out music he had heard her play on the piano. His parents got a scaled-to-size violin for their then five-year-old son and started giving him lessons. A bright student, Bell took to the instrument but lived an otherwise normal midwest Indiana life playing video games and excelling at sports, namely tennis and bowling, even placing in a national tennis tournament at the age of ten.

Bell studied as a boy first under Donna Bricht, widow of Indiana University music faculty member Walter Bricht. His second teacher was Mimi Zweig, and then he switched to the violinist and pedagogue Josef Gingold after Bell's parents assured Gingold that they were not interested in pushing their son in the study of the violin but simply wanted him to have the best teacher for his abilities. Satisfied that the boy was living a normal life, Gingold took Bell on as his student. By age 12, Bell was serious about the instrument, thanks in large part to Gingold's inspiration.

At the age of 14, Bell appeared as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Muti. He studied the violin at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, while managing to graduate from Bloomington High School North in 1984, In 1989, Bell received an Artist Diploma in Violin Performance from Indiana University. His alma mater also honored him with a Distinguished Alumni Service Award only two years after his graduation. He has been named an “Indiana Living Legend” and received the Indiana Governor’s Arts Award.

Career

Joshua Bell made his Carnegie Hall debut in 1985 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. He has since performed with almost all of the world's major orchestras and conductors. As well as the standard concerto repertoire, Bell has performed new works—Nicholas Maw's violin concerto is dedicated to him, the recording of which won Bell a Grammy and gave the world premiere of the work in 1993. He performed the solo part on John Corigliano's Oscar-winning soundtrack for the film ''The Red Violin'' and was also featured in ''Ladies in Lavender''. Bell also made an appearance in the movie ''Music of the Heart'', a story about the power of music, with other notable violinists.

Bell's instrument is a 300-year-old Stradivarius violin called the Gibson ex Huberman, which was made in 1713 during what is known as Antonio Stradivari's "Golden Era." This violin had been stolen twice from the previous owner, Bronisław Huberman; the last time the thief confessed to the act on his deathbed. Bell had held and played the violin, and its owner at the time jokingly told Bell the violin could be his for four million dollars. Shortly thereafter, by chance, Bell came across the violin again and discovered it was about to be sold to a German industrialist to become part of a collection. According to the Joshua Bell website, Bell "was practically in tears." Bell then reportedly sold his current Stradivarius, the Tom Tyler, for a little more than two million dollars and made the purchase of the Gibson ex Huberman for a little under the four million dollar asking price. As with his previous Stradivarius violin, Bell entrusts the upkeep of the Gibson ex Huberman to expert luthier Emmanuel Gradoux-Matt. His first recording made with the Gibson ex Huberman was ''Romance of the Violin'' (under Sony Classical) in 2003. It sold more than 5 million copies and remained at the top of classical music charts for 54 weeks. Joshua Bell's most recent CD is called ''Vivaldi: The Four Seasons'' and was released near the end of summer in 2008. It features The Four Seasons, four concerti written by the baroque composer Antonio Vivaldi.

Bell is an artistic partner for the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra (starting in the 2004–2005 season) and a visiting professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London. He also serves on the artists selection committee for the Kennedy Center Honors and is an Adjunct Associate Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Bell was awarded the Avery Fisher Prize on April 10, 2007, at Lincoln Center in New York City. The prize is given once every few years to classical instrumentalists for outstanding achievement. On May 3, 2007, the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music announced that Bell had joined the faculty as a senior lecturer.

Bell collaborated with film composer Hans Zimmer by providing violin solos for the soundtrack for the 2009 film, ''Angels and Demons'', based on Dan Brown's 2000 novel of the same name.

On May 27, 2011, Joshua Bell was named Music Director of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields.

Washington Post experiment

In an experiment initiated by ''Washington Post'' columnist Gene Weingarten, Bell donned a baseball cap and played as an incognito street busker at the Metro subway station L'Enfant Plaza in Washington, D.C. on January 12, 2007. The experiment was videotaped on hidden camera; among 1,097 people who passed by, only seven stopped to listen to him, and only one recognized him. For his nearly 45-minute performance, Bell collected $32.17 from 27 passersby (excluding $20 from the passerby who recognized him). Weingarten won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for feature writing for his article on the experiment.

Personal life

Bell resides in Gramercy Park, Manhattan.

Selected discography

{|class="wikitable" |- !Year !Album !''Billboard'' Classical !Billboard 200 |- |1988 |''Bruch Mendelssohn Violin Concertos'', London Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1989 |''Faure Debussy Franck Violin Sonatas'' with Jean-Yves Thibaudet, Decca Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1990 |''Presenting Joshua Bell'', Polygram Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1991 |''Chausson Concerto, Ravel Piano Trio'', London Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1992 |''Saint-Saens: Violin Concerto #3 /Chausson: Poeme, London Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1995 |''Prokofiev: Violin Concertos & Sonatas'', London Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1995 |''Brahms /Schumann Violin Concertos'', London Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1996 |''The Kreisler Album'', London Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1997 |''Barber / Walton/ Bloch Violin Concertos'', Decca Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1997 |''Shostakovich Piano Trio No. 2'', London Records | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1999 |''Nicholas Maw Violin Concertos'', Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1999 |''Gershwin Fantasy'', Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2000 |''Jean Sibelius & Karl Goldmark: Violin Concertos'', Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2000 |''Short Trip Home'', with Edgar Meyer, Sam Bush, Mike Marshall, Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|7 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2001 |''Leonard Bernstein West Side Story Suite'', Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|3 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2002 |''Ludwig van Beethoven & Felix Mendelssohn: Violin Concertos'', Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|18 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2004 |''Romance of the Violin'', Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|176 |- |2005 |''Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Violin Concerto, Op. 35; Melodie; Danse Russe from ''Swan Lake'' (Act III)'', Sony Classical | style="text-align:center;"|9 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2006 |''Voice of the Violin'', Sony | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2007 | ''Corigliano The Red Violin'', Sony | style="text-align:center;"|7 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2007 |''The Essential Joshua Bell'', Sony BMG Masterworks | style="text-align:center;"|19 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2008 |''Antonio Vivaldi: The Four Seasons'', Sony BMG Masterworks | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|134 |- |2009 |''The Best of Joshua Bell'', Sony BMG Masterworks | style="text-align:center;"|12 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2009 |''At Home with Friends'', Sony BMG Masterworks | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|118 |}

''Soundtrack Albums''

''Angels & Demons Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'', 2009

: Joshua Bell, featured violinist

: Music composed by Hans Zimmer

''''Defiance'' OST, 2008

''Ladies in Lavender Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'', 2005: Joshua Bell, featured violinist

''The Red Violin featured violinist

References

External links

Official Website

"Bell Man", by Mandy Katz; in-depth profile in ''moment'' magazine

Interview on ''The Diane Rehm Show'' radio program

Recording of Bell's performance in L'Enfant Plaza.

BACH & friends Documentary

Classical Archives Interview

Category:1967 births Category:Academics of the Royal Academy of Music Category:American classical violinists Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Jacobs School of Music alumni Category:Indiana University faculty Category:Jewish American musicians Category:Jewish classical musicians Category:Jewish violinists Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Indiana Category:People from Bloomington, Indiana Category:Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Category:Performing arts pages with videographic documentation

ar:جوشوا بيل ca:Joshua Bell cs:Joshua Bell de:Joshua Bell es:Joshua Bell eo:Joshua Bell fa:جاشوا بل fr:Joshua Bell it:Joshua Bell he:ג'ושוע בל ka:ჯოშუა ბელი nl:Joshua Bell ja:ジョシュア・ベル oc:Joshua Bell pl:Joshua Bell pt:Joshua Bell ru:Белл, Джошуа simple:Joshua Bell fi:Joshua Bell sv:Joshua Bell zh:約夏·貝爾

Coordinates	40°42′15.0″N73°55′4.0″N
name	Nora Roberts
pseudonym	Nora RobertsJ.D. RobbJill MarchSarah Hardesty
birth name	Eleanor Marie Robertson
birth date	October 10, 1950
birth place	Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
occupation	Novelist
nationality	American
period	1981–present
genre	Romance, fantasy, suspense
spouse	Ronald Aufdem-Brinke (1968–1983),Bruce Wilder (1985–present)
children	2
website	http://www.noraroberts.com/
portaldisp	}}

Nora Roberts (born Eleanor Marie Robertson, October 10, 1950 in Silver Spring, Maryland, USA) is a bestselling American author of more than 209 romance novels. She writes as J.D. Robb for the "In Death" series, and has also written under the pseudonym Jill March. Additionally, some of her works were published in the UK as Sarah Hardesty.

Nora Roberts was the first author to be inducted into the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame. As of 2011, her novels had spent a combined 861 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller List, including 176 weeks in the number-one spot. Over 400 million copies of her books are in print, including 12 million copies sold in 2005 alone.

Biography

Personal life

Early years

Eleanor Marie Robertson was born on October 10, 1950 in Silver Spring, Maryland, the only daughter and the youngest of five children. She is of Irish descent as both of her parents have Irish ancestors, and has described herself as "an Irishwoman through and through". Her family were avid readers, so books were always important in her life. Although she had always made up stories in her head, Roberts did not write as a child, other than essays for school. She does claim to have "told lies. Really good ones -- some of which my mother still believes." She attended a Catholic school and credits the nuns with instilling in her a sense of discipline. During her sophomore year in high school, Roberts transferred to a local public school, Montgomery Blair High School, where she met her first husband, Ronald Aufdem-Brinke. They married, against her parents' wishes, in 1968, as soon as she had graduated from high school.

The newly married couple settled in Keedysville, Maryland. Roberts' husband worked at his father's sheet-metal business before joining her parents in their lighting company. She stayed home with their sons, Dan and Jason. Calling this her "Earth Mother" years, Roberts spent much of her time doing crafts, including ceramics and sewing her children's clothes. In 1983, the marriage ended in divorce.

Present

Roberts met her second husband, Bruce Wilder, a carpenter, when she hired him to build her bookshelves. They were married in July 1985. Her husband owns and operates a bookstore in Boonsboro, Maryland called Turn the Page Books. The Wilders also owned the nearby historic Boone Hotel, that was undergoing renovations when it was destroyed by a fire in February, 2008. After 3 million dollars in renovations, Inn Boonsboro opened on February 17, 2009

Roberts believes that pursuing a career as a writer requires discipline: "You're going to be unemployed if you really think you just have to sit around and wait for the muse to land on your shoulder." She concentrates on one novel at a time, writing eight hours a day, every day, even while on vacation. Rather than begin with an outline or plot summary, Roberts instead envisions a key incident, character, or setting. She then writes a short first draft that has the basic elements of a story. After finishing the first draft, Roberts goes back to the beginning of the novel. The second draft usually sees the addition of details, the "texture and color" of the work, as well as a more in-depth study of the characters. She then does a final pass to polish the novel before sending it to her agent, Amy Berkower. She often writes trilogies, finishing the three books in a row so that she can remain with the same characters. When possible, she does the same with the "In Death" books, writing three in a row before returning to contemporary romances. Her trilogies are all released in paperback, as Roberts believes the wait for hardcover editions is too long for the reader.

Roberts does much of her research over the internet, as she has an aversion to flying. Despite this she owns property in County Clare, Ireland and visits the country regularly. Some of her novels are set in Ardmore, County Waterford.

Writing career

The beginning

She began to write during a blizzard in February, 1979 while housebound with her two small boys. Roberts states that with three feet of snow, a dwindling supply of chocolate, and no morning kindergarten she had little else to do. While writing down her ideas for the first time, she fell in love with the writing process, and quickly produced six manuscripts. She submitted her manuscripts to Harlequin, the leading publisher of romance novels, but was repeatedly rejected. Roberts says, "I got the standard rejection for the first couple of tries, then my favorite rejection of all time. I received my manuscript back with a nice little note which said that my work showed promise, and the story had been very entertaining and well done. But that they already had their American writer. That would have been Janet Dailey."

Pseudonyms

Nora Roberts

In 1980, a new publisher, Silhouette books, formed to take advantage of the pool of manuscripts from the many American writers that Harlequin had snubbed. Roberts found a home at Silhouette, where her first novel, ''Irish Thoroughbred'', was published in 1981. She used the pseudonym Nora Roberts, a shortened form of her birth name Eleanor Marie Robertson, because she assumed that all authors had pen names.

Between 1982 and 1984, Roberts wrote 23 novels for Silhouette. They were published under various Silhouette imprints: Silhouette Sensation, Silhouette Special Edition and Silhouette Desire, as well as Silhouette Intrigue, and MIRA's reissue program. Despite the large number of books she had produced, Roberts did not have real success until 1985, when she released ''Playing the Odds,'' the first novel in her MacGregor family series. The book was an immediate bestseller. Sequels followed, and romance readers began to associate her name with multigenerational sagas.

Roberts was instrumental in helping shift the romance novel away from virginal, eighteen-year-old heroines and superficial male portrayals. Her early heroines were much less passive than the norm. Her novels also featured a more in-depth characterization of the hero, because "the books are about two people, and readers should be allowed into the heads and hearts of both." The years spent writing category romance helped hone her ability to create realistic characters. The category romance's short page count forces writers to be able to "paint" their characters "quickly and clearly in a short amount of time." In 1987, she began writing single title books for Bantam. Five years later she moved to Putnam to write single title hard covers as well as original paperbacks. She reached the hardcover bestseller lists with her fourth hardcover release, 1996's ''Montana Sky''. Despite her hardcover success, Roberts has continued to release single-title novels in paperback. Unlike many of her peers who have crossed from category romance to single-title, she still occasionally writes shorter category romances. Her attachment to the shorter category books stems from her years as a young mother of two boys without much time to read, as she "[remembers] exactly what it felt like to want to read and not have time to read 200,000 words."

Roberts and her career were featured in Pamela Regis's ''A Natural History of the Romance Novel.'' Regis calls Roberts "a master of the romance novel form, because she "has a keen ear for dialogue, constructs deft scenes, maintains a page-turning pace, and provides compelling characterization." ''Publishers Weekly'' lauds her "wry humor and the use of different narrators, two devices that were once rarities" in the romance novel genre.

Many of Roberts's novels deal extensively with families. Roberts believes that her sense of family is an important part of her life and how she developed. Because family is so important in her life, it is also often reflected in her books. Her "characters come from somewhere, and where they come from, good or bad, has a large part in forming who they are and who they can become."

J.D. Robb

Roberts had long wanted to write romantic suspense novels in the vein of Mary Stewart, but, at the urging of her agent, she concentrated on classic contemporary romance novels while she built a following of readers. After moving to Putnam in 1992, the publishing company quickly realized that they were unable to keep up with Roberts's prolific output. They suggested that she adopt a second pseudonym so that they would be able to publish more of her work each year. Her agent, Amy Berkover, convinced the publishers to allow Roberts to write romantic suspense novels under the new name. Her first romantic suspense novel was published in 1995 under the pseudonym J.D. Robb. The initials "J.D." were taken from her older sons, Jason and Dan, while "Robb" is a shortened form of Roberts. She first decided to use the pseudonym D.J. MacGregor, but right before publication, she discovered that this pseudonym was used by another author.

As J.D. Robb, Roberts has published a series of futuristic science fiction police procedurals. These books, all part of the "In Death" series, feature NYPSD Detective Eve Dallas and her husband Roarke and are set in a mid-21st century New York City. Despite the emphasis on solving a crime in each of the books, the overall theme of the series is the development of the relationship between Eve and Roarke. When the "In Death" series began, neither Roberts nor her publisher acknowledged that she was in fact the author. They hoped to allow the series to stand on its own merits and build its own following.

After publishing 18 novels in the "In Death" series, Putnam published the nineteenth, ''Divided in Death'' first in hardcover. The book became Roberts's first bestselling novel of 2004.

As of December 2009, Roberts had published 36 books in the In Death series, with more scheduled.

Other pseudonyms

She wrote a story for a magazine titled "Melodies of Love" under the pseudonym Jill March.

Roberts has also been known as Sara Hardesty. When the "Born In" series was released in Britain it carried that name instead of Nora Roberts. She has since changed publishers.

Success

Roberts is remarkably prolific—in 1996 she passed the hundred-novel mark with ''Montana Sky.'' In both 1999 and 2000, four of the five novels that ''USA Today'' listed as the best-selling romance novels of the year were written by Roberts. Her first appearance on the ''New York Times'' Bestseller List came in 1991, and between 1991 and 2001, she had 68 New York Times Bestsellers, counting hardbacks and paperbacks. The ''New York Times'' did not review any of those novels. In 2001, Roberts had 10 best-selling mass-market paperbacks, according to ''Publishers Weekly'', not counting those books written under the J.D. Robb name. In September 2001, for the first time Roberts took the numbers 1 and 2 spots on the ''Publishers Weekly'' bestseller list, as her romance ''Time and Again'' was number one, and her J.D. Robb release ''Seduction in Death'' was number two.

Since 1999, every one of Roberts's novels has been a ''New York Times'' bestseller, and 124 of her novels have ranked on the ''Times'' bestseller list, including twenty-nine that debuted in the number-one spot. As of 2006, Roberts's novels had spent a combined 660 weeks on the ''New York Times'' Bestseller List, including 100 weeks in the number-one spot. Outside of the United States she is marketed by a single woman, Judy Piatkus of the independently-run company Piatkus Books, which publishes about 150 books a year. Over 280 million copies of her books are in print, including 12 million copies sold in 2005 alone. Her novels have been published in 35 countries.

A founding member of the Romance Writers of America (RWA), Roberts was the first inductee in the organization's Hall of Fame. As of 2006, she has won an unprecedented 19 of the RWA's RITA Awards, the highest honor given in the romance genre.

Two of Roberts' novels, ''Sanctuary'' and ''Magic Moments'', had previously been made into TV movies. In 2007, Lifetime Television adapted four Nora Roberts novels into TV movies: ''Angels Fall'' starring Heather Locklear, ''Montana Sky'' starring Ashley Williams, ''Blue Smoke'' starring Alicia Witt, and ''Carolina Moon'' starring Claire Forlani. This was the first time that Lifetime had adapted multiple works by the same author. Four more films were released on four consecutive Saturdays in March and April 2009. The 2009 collection included ''Northern Lights'' starring LeAnn Rimes and Eddie Cibrian, ''Midnight Bayou'' starring Jerry O'Connell, ''High Noon'' starring Emilie de Ravin, and ''Tribute'' starring Brittany Murphy.

''Time'' named Roberts one of their 100 Most Influential People in 2007, saying she "has inspected, dissected, deconstructed, explored, explained and extolled the passions of the human heart." Roberts was one of only two authors on the list, the other being David Mitchell.

Victim of plagiarism

In 1997, another best-selling romance writer, Janet Dailey, admitted to repeatedly plagiarizing Roberts' work. The practice came to light after a reader read Roberts' ''Sweet Revenge'' and Dailey's ''Notorious'' back-to-back; she noticed several similarities and posted the comparable passages on the Internet. Calling the plagiarism "mind rape," Roberts sued Dailey. Dailey acknowledged the plagiarism and blamed it on a psychological disorder. She admitted that both ''Aspen Gold'' and ''Notorious'' lifted heavily from Roberts' work. Both of those novels were pulled from print after Dailey's admission. In April 1998, Dailey settled the case. Although terms were not released, Roberts had previously indicated that any settlement funds should be donated to the Literacy Volunteers of America.

In January 2008, Roberts joined the chorus strongly criticizing fellow romance writer Cassie Edwards, who had lifted many passages from much older sources (many in the public domain), without giving credit, forcing Edwards out of the business.

Works

Screen adaptations

''Magic Moments'': 1989

''Sanctuary'': 2001

''Angels Fall'': 2007

''Montana Sky'': 2007

''Carolina Moon'': 2007

''Blue Smoke'': 2007

''Northern Lights: 2009

''Midnight Bayou: 2009

''High Noon: 2009

''Tribute: 2009

''Carnal Innocence'': 2011

Lifetime Movie Channel

Several of Roberts' books, have been adapted into made-for-tv movies and aired on Lifetime.

The 2007 Collection featured:

''Angels Fall''

''Montana Sky''

''Carolina Moon''

''Blue Smoke''

The 2009 Collection featured:

''Northern Lights''

''Midnight Bayou''

''High Noon''

''Tribute''

Peter Guber's Mandalay TV and Stephanie Germain Prods., produced the eight adaptations.

Awards

As Nora Roberts

Golden Medallion awards

Golden Medallion awards were awarded by the Romance Writers of America.

''The Heart's Victory'': 1983 Golden Medallion for Best Contemporary Sensual Romance

''Untamed'': 1984 Golden Medallion for Best Traditional Romance

''This Magic Moment'': 1984 Golden Medallion for Best Contemporary 65-80,000 words, shared with Deirdre Mardn's ''Destiny's Sweet Errand''

''Opposites Attract'': 1985 Golden Medallion for Best Short Contemporary Romance

''A Matter of Choice'': 1985 Golden Medallion for Best Long Contemporary Series Romance

''One Summer'': 1987 Golden Medallion for Best Long Contemporary Series Romance

''Brazen Virtue'': 1989 Golden Medallion for Best Suspense

RITA Awards

RITA Awards are awarded by the Romance Writers of America.

''Night Shift'': 1992 RITA Award for Best Romantic Suspense

''Night Shield'':

''Divine Evil'': 1993 RITA Award for Best Romantic Suspense

''Nightshade'': 1994 RITA Award for Best Romantic Suspense

''Private Scandals'': 1994 RITA Award for Best Contemporary Single Title

''Hidden Riches'': 1995 RITA Award for Best Romantic Suspense

''Born in Ice'': 1996 RITA Award for Best Contemporary Single Title

''Born in Ice'': 1996 RITA Award for Best Romance of 1995

''Carolina Moon'': 2001 RITA Award for Best Romantic Suspense

''Three Fates'': 2003 RITA Award for Best Romantic Suspense

''Remember When - Part 1'': 2004 RITA Award for Best Romantic Suspense

''Birthright'': 2004 RITA Award for Best Contemporary Single Title

Quill awards

Quill awards are awarded by the Quills Foundation.

''Angels Fall'': 2006 Book of the year

''Angels Fall'': 2006 Romance

''Blue Smoke'': 2007 Romance

As J.D. Robb

''Remember When'': 2004 RITA Awards Best Novel winner

''Survivor in Death'': 2006 RITA Awards Best Novel winner

Bibliography

Many of Roberts' novels have been, or will be, reissued. To avoid confusion, all of Roberts's new releases include a logo that is a circle with the initials "NR" inside, indicating that the book has never been published before.

References and sources

External links

Official website

Official UK website

InDeath.net J.D. Robb Fan Forum - includes an In Death Fan Fiction Database and an In Death Wiki Database

Category:American novelists Category:American romantic fiction writers Category:American writers of Irish descent Category:Writers from Maryland Category:American people of Irish descent Category:People from Montgomery County, Maryland Category:People from Washington County, Maryland Category:RITA Award winners Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:Female authors who wrote under male or gender-neutral pseudonyms

bg:Нора Робъртс cs:Nora Robertsová de:Nora Roberts es:Eleanor Marie Robertson fr:Nora Roberts it:Nora Roberts lt:Nora Roberts hu:Nora Roberts nl:Nora Roberts no:Nora Roberts pl:Nora Roberts pt:Eleanor Marie Robertson ru:Нора Робертс fi:Nora Roberts sv:Nora Roberts tr:Nora Roberts

Coordinates	40°42′15.0″N73°55′4.0″N
Name	John Philip Sousa
Birth date	November 06, 1854
Death date	March 06, 1932
Birth place	Washington, D.C.
Death place	Reading, Pennsylvania
Placeofburial	Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
Placeofburial label	Place of burial
Nickname	The March King
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch	United States Marine CorpsUnited States Navy
Serviceyears	Marines: 1868–1875, 1880–1892; Navy: 1917–1918
Rank	Warrant Officer (Marines), Lieutenant Commander (Navy)
Commands	U.S. Marine Band, U.S. Navy Great Lakes Naval Station Band
Laterwork	}}

John Philip Sousa (; November 6, 1854 – March 6, 1932) was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era of the Victorian era and Edwardian era, known particularly for American military and patriotic marches. Because of his mastery of march composition, he is known as "The March King" or the "American March King" due to his British counterpart Kenneth J. Alford also being known as "The March King". His most famous marches are "The Washington Post", "Semper Fidelis" (Official March of the United States Marine Corps), and "The Stars and Stripes Forever" (National March of the United States of America).

Biography

John Philip Sousa was born in Washington, D.C., on November 6, 1854, to John Antonio Sousa and Maria Elisabeth Trinkhaus. He was of Portuguese and Bavarian descent. Sousa started his music education by playing the violin as a pupil of John Esputa and George Felix Benkert (born 1831) for harmony and musical composition at the age of six. He was found to have absolute pitch. When Sousa reached the age of 13, his father, a trombonist in the Marine Band, enlisted his son in the United States Marine Corps as an apprentice to keep him from joining a circus band. Sousa served his apprenticeship for seven years until 1875 and apparently learned to play all the wind instruments while honing his mettle with the violin.

On December 30, 1879, Sousa married Jane van Middlesworth Bellis (1862–1944). They had three children together: John Philip, Jr. (April 1, 1881 – May 18, 1937), Jane Priscilla (August 7, 1882 – October 28, 1958), and Helen (January 21, 1887 – October 14, 1975). All are buried in the John Philip Sousa plot in the Congressional Cemetery. Jane joined the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1907.

Several years after serving his apprenticeship, Sousa joined a theatrical (pit) orchestra where he learned to conduct. He returned to the U.S. Marine Band as its head in 1880 and remained as its conductor until 1892. Sousa led "The President's Own" band under five presidents from Rutherford B. Hayes to Benjamin Harrison. Sousa's band played at two Inaugural Balls, those of James Garfield in 1881, and Benjamin Harrison in 1889.

Sousa organized his own band the year he left the Marine Band. The Sousa Band toured from 1892–1931, performing at 15,623 concerts. In 1900, his band represented the United States at the Paris Exposition before touring Europe. In Paris, the Sousa Band marched through the streets including the Champs-Élysées to the Arc de Triomphe – one of only eight parades the band marched in over its forty years. In 1911 they went to Australia and performed in Sydney and Melbourne (then the national capital).

The marching brass bass, or sousaphone, a modified helicon, was created by J. W. Pepper – a Philadelphia instrument maker who created the instrument in 1893 at Sousa's request using several of his suggestions in its design. He wanted a tuba that could sound upward and over the band whether its player was seated or marching. The sousaphone was re-created in 1898 by C. G. Conn and this was the model that Sousa preferred to use.

Sousa repeatedly refused to conduct on the radio, fearing a lack of personal contact with the audience. He was finally persuaded to do so in 1929 and became a smash hit.

thumb|

''~ John Philip Sousa~''US Postage, [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#Famous Americans Series of 1940|Issue of 1940]]Sousa lived in Sands Point, New York. A school (John Philip Sousa Elementary) and a band shell are named after him and there is also a memorial tree planted in nearby Port Washington. Wild Bank, his seaside house on Hicks Lane, has been designated a National Historic Landmark, although it remains a private home and is not open to the public.

Sousa died of heart failure at the age of 77 on March 6, 1932, in his room at the Abraham Lincoln Hotel in Reading, Pennsylvania. He had conducted a rehearsal of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" the previous day with the Ringgold Band. He is buried in Washington, D.C.'s Congressional Cemetery.

Military service

Sousa served in the U.S. Marine Corps, first from 1868 to 1875 as an apprentice musician, and then as the head of the Marine Band from 1880 to 1892; he was a Sergeant Major for most of his second period of Marine service and was a Warrant Officer at the time he resigned.

During World War I, he was commissioned a Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve and led the Navy Band at the Great Lakes Naval Station near Chicago, Illinois. Being independently wealthy, he donated his entire naval salary minus one dollar a year to the Sailors' and Marines' Relief Fund. After returning to his own band at the end of the war, he continued to wear his naval uniform for most of his concerts and other public appearances.

Music

Marches

Sousa wrote 136 marches, published by the Sam Fox Publishing Company beginning in 1917 and continuing until his death. Some of his most popular and notable are:

"The Gladiator March" (1886)

"Semper Fidelis" (1888) (Official March of the United States Marine Corps)

"The Washington Post" (1889)

"The Thunderer" (1889)

"High School Cadets" (1890)

"The Liberty Bell" (1893) (credits theme for Monty Python's Flying Circus)

"Manhattan Beach March" (1893)

"King Cotton" (1895)

"Stars and Stripes Forever" (1896) (National March of the United States)

"El Capitan" (1896)

"Hands Across the Sea" (dedicated to the band of the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets – the Highty-Tighties) (1899)

"Hail to the Spirit of Liberty" March (1900)

"Invincible Eagle" (1901) (Dedicated to Pan-American Buffalo Exposition)

"Fairest of the Fair" (1908)

"Glory of the Yankee Navy" (1909)

"U.S. Field Artillery" (1917) (Modified version The Army Goes Rolling Along is the official song of the U.S. Army)

"Who's Who in Navy Blue" (1920)

"The Gallant Seventh" (1922)

"Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" (1923)

"The Black Horse Troop" (1924)

"Pride of the Wolverines" (1926)

"Minnesota March" (1927)

"New Mexico March" (1928)

"Salvation Army March" (1930) (dedicated to The Salvation Army's 50th anniversary in the USA)

Sousa wrote marches for several American universities, including University of Illinois, University of Nebraska, Kansas State University, Marquette University, and University of Minnesota.

Operettas

''The Smugglers'' (1882)

''Désirée'' (1883)

''The Queen of Hearts'' (1885), also known as ''Royalty and Roguery''

''El Capitan'' (1896)

''The Bride Elect'' (1897), libretto by Sousa.

''The Charlatan'' (1898), also known as ''The Mystical Miss'', lyrics by Sousa

''Chris and the Wonderful Lamp'' (1899)

''The Free Lance'' (1905)

''The American Maid'' (1909), also known as ''The Glass Blowers''.

These operettas which Gervase Hughes calls "notable" (1) also show a variety of French, Viennese and British influences. (In his younger days, Sousa made an orchestration of H.M.S. Pinafore and played the first violin on the American tour of Jacques Offenbach.) The music of these operettas is light and cheerful. ''The Glass Blowers'' and ''Desirée'' have had revivals, the latter having been released on CD like ''El Capitan'', the best known of them. ''El Capitan'' has been in production somewhere in the world ever since it was written and makes fun of false heroes. Still more outspoken against militarism is ''The Free Lance'', the story of two kingdoms becoming united, which found its way to Germany (as ''"Der Feldhauptmann")'' by the time the Berlin Wall came down.

Marches and waltzes have been derived from many of these stage-works. Sousa also composed the music for six operettas that were either unfinished or not produced: ''The Devils' Deputy'', ''Florine'', ''The Irish Dragoon'', ''Katherine'', ''The Victory'', and ''The Wolf''.

In addition, Sousa wrote a march based on themes from Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Mikado, the elegant overture ''Our Flirtations'', a number of musical suites, etc. He also frequently added Sullivan opera overtures or other Sullivan pieces to his concerts. He is also widely quoted saying, "My religion lies in my composition."

Sousa also composed a march, "Nobles of the Mystic Shrine", dedicated to the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, also known as the Shriners.

Other writing, skills, and interests

Sousa exhibited many talents aside from music. He wrote three novels – ''The Fifth String,'' ''Pipetown Sandy,'' and ''The Transit of Venus'' – as well as a full-length autobiography, ''Marching Along'' and a great number of articles and letters-to-the-editor on a variety of subjects. His skill as a horseman met championship criteria. He was also a connoisseur of cheese.

As a trapshooter, he ranks as one of the all-time greats, and he is enshrined in the Trapshooting Hall of Fame. He even organized the first national trapshooting organization, a forerunner to today's Amateur Trapshooting Association. Sousa remained active in the fledgling ATA for some time after its formation. Some credit Sousa as the father of organized trapshooting in America. Sousa also wrote numerous articles about trapshooting.

Perhaps a quote from his Trapshooting Hall of Fame biography says it best: "Let me say that just about the sweetest music to me is when I call, ‘pull,’ the old gun barks, and the referee in perfect key announces, ‘dead’."

In his 1902 novel ''The Fifth String'' a young violinist makes a deal with the Devil for a magic violin with five strings. The strings can excite the emotions of Pity, Hope, Love and Joy – the fifth string is Death and can be played only once before causing the player's own death. He has a brilliant career, but cannot win the love of the woman he desires. At a final concert, he plays upon the death string.

In 1905, Sousa published the book ''Pipetown Sandy'', which included a satirical poem titled "The Feast of the Monkeys". The poem describes a lavish party attended by a variety of animals, but overshadowed by the King of Beasts, the lion…who allows the muttering guests the privilege of watching him eat the entire feast. At the end of his gluttony, the lion explains, "Come all rejoice, You’ve seen your monarch dine."

In 1920, he wrote another work called ''The Transit of Venus'', a 40,000-word story. It is about a group of misogynists called the Alimony Club who, as a way of temporarily escaping the society of women, embark on a sea voyage to observe the transit of Venus. The captain's niece, however, has stowed away on board and soon wins over the men.

Sousa held a very low opinion of the emerging and upstart recording industry. In a submission to a congressional hearing in 1906, he argued: :These talking machines are going to ruin the artistic development of music in this country. When I was a boy...in front of every house in the summer evenings, you would find young people together singing the songs of the day or old songs. Today you hear these infernal machines going night and day. We will not have a vocal cord left. The vocal cord will be eliminated by a process of evolution, as was the tail of man when he came from the ape.

Law professor Lawrence Lessig cited this passage to argue that in creating a system of copyrights in which control of music is in the hands of record labels, Sousa was essentially correct. Sousa also was credited with referring to records as "canned music," referring to the fact that cylinder records were sold in cans.

Sousa's antipathy to recording was such that he often refused to conduct his band if it was being recorded. Nevertheless, Sousa's band made numerous recordings, the earliest being issued on cylinders by several companies, followed by many recordings on discs by the Berliner Gramophone Company and its successor, the Victor Talking Machine Company (later RCA Victor). The Berliner recordings were conducted by Henry Higgins (one of Sousa's cornet soloists) and Arthur Pryor (Sousa's trombone soloist and assistant conductor), with Sousa quoted as saying, "I have never been in the gramophone company's office in my life." A handful of the Victor recordings were actually conducted by Sousa, but most were conducted by Pryor, Herbert L. Clarke, Edwin H. Clarke, or by four of Victor's most prolific house musicians: Walter B. Rogers (who had also been a cornet soloist with Sousa), Rosario Bourdon, Josef Pasternack, and Nathaniel Shilkret. Details of the Victor recordings are available in the external link below to the EDVR.

Sousa also appeared with his band in newsreels and on radio broadcasts (beginning with a 1929 nationwide broadcast on NBC). In 1999, Legacy Records released some of Sousa's historic recordings on CD.

In 1922, he accepted the invitation of the national chapter to become an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi, the national honorary band fraternity. Later, in 1925, he was initiated as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music, by the fraternity's Alpha Xi chapter at the University of Illinois.

In 1952, 20th Century Fox honored Sousa in their Technicolor feature film ''Stars and Stripes Forever'' with Clifton Webb portraying the composer. Fox music director Alfred Newman arranged the music and conducted the studio orchestra for the soundtrack. It was loosely based on Sousa's memoirs, ''Marching Along''.

Sousa also wrote "A manual for trumpet and drum" an excellent booklet, published by the Ludwig drum company, with fine advice for the playing of the drum and trumpet. An early version of the trumpet solo to "Semper Fidelis" is included in this volume.

See also

Notes

References

75 years after death here, Sousa sells out the Abe – Reading Eagle Newspaper

''Congressional hearing'': in Copyright's Communication Policy by Professor Tim Woo, University of Virginia, May 2004 – Caution, 560k PDF.

Berger, Kenneth. ''The March King and His Band: The Story of John Philip Sousa''. New York: Exposition Press, 1957.

Bierley, Paul E. “The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa”. University of Illinois Press, 2006.

Bierley, Paul E. ''John Philip Sousa, American Phenomenon''. Rev. ed. Miami: Warner Brothers Publications, 2001.

Bierley, Paul E. “The Works of John Philip Sousa” Integrity Press, 1984.

Delaphine, Edward S. ''John Philip Sousa and the National Anthem''. Frederick, MD: Great Southern Press, 1983.

Lingg, Ann M. ''John Philip Sousa''. New York: Henry Holt, 1954.

Newsom, John, ed. ''Perspectives on John Philip Sousa''. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1983.

John Philip Sousa was raised as a freemason at the Hiram-Takoma Lodge No.10 in the District of Washington

External links

The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music – Provides research-oriented management of band-related collections, including a large portion of Sousa's manuscripts and personal papers, held for use by students, scholars, and performing musicians

The Works of John Philip Sousa – Marches in MIDI format; from The John Philip Sousa Home Page by David Lovrien, hosted by the Dallas Wind Symphony

MIDI sequences of piano transcriptions of compositions by Sousa

Harris, Neil: "John Philip Sousa and the Culture of Reassurance"

Fennell, Frederick: "The Sousa March: A Personal View"

* ''The Experiences of a Bandmaster'' – Project Gutenberg e-text of book by Sousa

* ''The Fifth String'' – (ditto)

(audio recordings)

The Feast of the Monkeys – the "nonsense verse" that Sousa wrote.

Sousa discography

Victor Records by Sousa's Band from the Encyclopedic Discography of Victor Recordings (EDVR)

Numerous Sousa photos

Free Brass Band version of Stars & Stripes Forever

;Historical recordings

Recordings by Sousa (archive.org)

Recordings by Sousa (Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project)

Category:American composers Category:American conductors (music) Category:American tubists Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Portuguese descent Category:Opera composers Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:Music of Washington, D.C. Category:Burials at the Congressional Cemetery Category:1854 births Category:1932 deaths Category:Vaudeville performers Category:American military personnel of World War I Category:United States Navy officers Category:United States Marine Corps officers Category:Romantic composers Category:20th-century classical composers Category:Military musicians

ca:John Philip Sousa da:John Philip Sousa de:John Philip Sousa es:John Philip Sousa eo:John Philip Sousa fr:John Philip Sousa ko:존 필립 수자 it:John Philip Sousa he:ג'ון פיליפ סוזה la:Ioannes Philippus Sousa nl:John Philip Sousa ja:ジョン・フィリップ・スーザ no:John Philip Sousa pl:John Sousa pt:John Philip Sousa ro:John Philip Sousa ru:Суза, Джон Филип sh:John Philip Souza fi:John Philip Sousa sv:John Philip Sousa th:จอห์น ฟิลิป ซูซา zh:約翰·菲利普·蘇沙

Coordinates	40°42′15.0″N73°55′4.0″N
name	Bradley Cooper
birth date	January 05, 1975
birth place	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
alma mater	Georgetown UniversityThe New School
occupation	Actor
years active	1999–present
spouse	Jennifer Esposito (2006–2007)
website	}}

Bradley Cooper (born January 5, 1975) is an American film, theater, and television actor. He is known for his roles in the films ''The Hangover'', ''The A-Team'', and ''Limitless''.

Early life

Cooper was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and grew up in nearby Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. His mother, Gloria (née Campano), is Italian-American, and his father, Charles J. Cooper, was Irish-American and worked as a stockbroker for Merrill Lynch. Cooper was raised Catholic. After graduating from Germantown Academy in 1993, he attended Villanova University for his freshman year, then transferred to Georgetown University, from which he graduated with a B.A. in English in 1997. Cooper became fluent in French at Georgetown and spent six months as an exchange student in Aix-en-Provence, France. Later, in 2000, he received an MFA in acting from Actors Studio Drama School at New School University in New York City.

Career

Cooper began his professional acting career on the television series ''Sex and the City'' in 1999, and also served as a presenter for ''Globe Trekker''. Cooper made his film debut in ''Wet Hot American Summer'' in 2001, before landing his role as Will Tippin in the successful television drama ''Alias''. He returned twice to ''Alias'' as a guest star after leaving the show in 2003, and he also guest-starred on the short-lived TV series ''Miss Match'' in the same year. Cooper shot scenes for the 2002 psychological thriller ''Changing Lanes''; the footage was removed from the finished film but is featured on the film's DVD and Blu-Ray releases.

Cooper starred in the ABC family film ''I Want to Marry Ryan Banks'', and appeared as a regular guest star in the WB series ''Jack & Bobby''. He played the popular villain Sack Lodge in the hit comedy ''Wedding Crashers'' and appeared in the film ''Failure to Launch'' as a friend of Matthew McConaughey's character. Cooper played the lead role in the Fox sitcom ''Kitchen Confidential'', based on a memoir by chef Anthony Bourdain, which debuted in September 2005. However, despite critical acclaim, Fox announced after just four episodes that the series had been canceled.

thumb|left|180px|Cooper at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival premiere of ''Whatever Works''In March 2006, Cooper starred in ''Three Days of Rain'' on Broadway with Julia Roberts and Paul Rudd at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theater. Cooper also appeared on stage as Jake in the 2008 production of Theresa Rebeck's play ''The Understudy'' at the Williamstown Theatre Festival alongside Kristen Johnston.

In 2007, Cooper starred in Season 5 of ''Nip/Tuck'' as Aidan Stone, a television star on the fictional show ''Hearts 'N Scalpels''. Cooper also starred in ''Yes Man'' with Jim Carrey. He also made an appearance in the movie ''The Rocker'' with Rainn Wilson in 2008.

On February 7, 2009, Cooper hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' with musical guest TV on the Radio. Cooper impersonated Christian Bale in a fake commercial for a DVD featuring celebrities yelling at movie crew members called, "No, Bruce! Let Me Finish! The Best of Celebrity Tirades." In 2009, Cooper starred in the films ''He's Just Not That into You'', ''Case 39'' and ''The Hangover''. The success of ''The Hangover'' led to new opportunities for Cooper, but in an interview with Shave Magazine, Cooper said: "It’s the same. I mean, look, more doors have been opened for sure but it’s not like I sit back with a cigar on Monday morning and go through the scripts that have been offered." In October 2009, Cooper received the Hollywood Comedy Award at the 13th Annual Hollywood Film Festival and Hollywood Awards.

In 2010, he starred in ''Valentine's Day'', and played the role of Templeton "Faceman" Peck in the feature film version of ''The A-Team''. He guest co-hosted ''WWE Raw'' on June 7, 2010 along with his ''The A-Team'' co-stars Sharlto Copley and Quinton Jackson.

Cooper starred in the 2011 techno-thriller ''Limitless'', based on the 2001 novel ''The Dark Fields'' by Alan Glynn.

Cooper is set to star as Satan in director Alex Proyas' film adaptation of John Milton's epic poem ''Paradise Lost''.

Personal life

Cooper married actress Jennifer Esposito in late 2006. In May 2007, it was announced that Esposito had filed for divorce.

In September 2010, it was reported that Cooper and actress Renée Zellweger had been in a relationship for over a year. On March 18, 2011, ''People'' reported that the couple had ended their relationship.

Filmography

+ Film
Year	Title	Role	Notes
	''Wet Hot American Summer''	Ben
	''My Little Eye''	Travis Patterson
	''Bending all the Rules''	Jeff
		Guy at Yoga class/Satan	Featured in short films "Yoga" and "Raking Leaves"
	''Wedding Crashers''	Zachary "Sack" Lodge
	''Failure to Launch''	Demo
	''''	Cowboy
	''Older Than America''	Luke
	''''	Trash Grice
	''''	Leon
		Peter
		Ben Gunders
	''''	Phil Wenneck	Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic PerformanceNominated — Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Rockstar MomentNominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Movie Star – Male
		Steve Muller	Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple
	''New York, I Love You''	Gus Cooper
	''Case 39''	Douglas J. Ames
		Holden Wilson
	''''	Templeton "Faceman" Peck
	''Brother's Justice''	Bradley
		Eddie Morra	Nominated—Teen Choice Awards
	''''	Phil Wenneck	Nominated — [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Chemistry
	''''		Filming

+ Television
Year	Title	Role	Notes
	''Sex and the City''	Jake
	''Globe Trekker''	Himself	Presenter
	''''	Clay Hammond	5 episodes
	''Miss Match''	Gary	Episode: "I Got You Babe"
	''''	Morgan Murphy	Television film
	''Touching Evil''	OSC Agent Mark Rivers	6 episodes
	''I Want to Marry Ryan Banks''	Todd Doherty	Television film
	''Jack & Bobby''	Tom Wexler Graham	14 episodes
	''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit''	Jason Whitaker
	''Law & Order: Trial by Jury''	Jason Whitaker	Episode: "Day"
		Will Tippin	46 episodes
		Jack Bourdain	13 episodes
	''Nip/Tuck''	Aidan Stone	6 episodes
	''Saturday Night Live''	Host/Himself
	''Inside the Actors Studio''	Himself	1 episode

References

External links

Category:1975 births Category:Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:American film actors Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Georgetown University alumni Category:Living people Category:The New School alumni Category:People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

cs:Bradley Cooper da:Bradley Cooper de:Bradley Cooper es:Bradley Cooper fa:بردلی کوپر fr:Bradley Cooper id:Bradley Cooper it:Bradley Cooper he:בראדלי קופר ka:ბრედლი კუპერი hu:Bradley Cooper arz:برادلي كوبر ms:Bradley Cooper nl:Bradley Cooper ja:ブラッドレイ・クーパー no:Bradley Cooper pl:Bradley Cooper pt:Bradley Cooper ro:Bradley Cooper ru:Купер, Брэдли sr:Бредли Купер sh:Bradley Cooper fi:Bradley Cooper sv:Bradley Cooper th:แบรดลีย์ คูเปอร์ tr:Bradley Cooper uk:Бредлі Купер zh:布萊德利·古柏