Drawing of the Act I finale
The Pirates of Penzance; or, The Slave of Duty is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. The opera's official premiere was at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City on 31 December 1879, where the show was well received by both audiences and critics.[1] Its London debut was on 3 April 1880, at the Opera Comique, where it ran for a very successful 363 performances, having already been playing successfully for over three months in New York.
The story concerns Frederic, who, having completed his 21st year, is released from his apprenticeship to a band of tender-hearted pirates. He meets Mabel, the daughter of Major-General Stanley, and the two young people fall instantly in love. Frederic finds out, however, that he was born on 29 February, and so, technically, he only has a birthday each leap year. His apprenticeship indentures state that he remains apprenticed to the pirates until his 21st birthday, and so he must serve for another 63 years.[2] Bound by his own sense of duty, Frederic's only solace is that Mabel agrees to wait for him faithfully.
Pirates was the fifth Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration and introduced the much-parodied Major-General's Song. The opera was performed for a century by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Britain and many other opera companies and repertory companies worldwide.
It has received several modernised productions, including Joseph Papp's 1981 production on Broadway, which ran for 787 performances, winning the Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical, and spawned many imitations. Pirates remains popular today, taking its place along with The Mikado and H.M.S. Pinafore as one of the most frequently played Gilbert and Sullivan operas.
The Pirates of Penzance was the only Gilbert and Sullivan opera to have its official premiere in the United States. At the time, American law offered no copyright protection to foreigners. After their previous opera, H.M.S. Pinafore, was a hit in London, over a hundred American companies quickly mounted unauthorised productions, often taking considerable liberties with the text and paying no royalties to the creators.[3] Gilbert and Sullivan hoped to forestall further "copyright piracy" by mounting the first production of their next opera in America, before others could copy it, and by delaying publication of the score and libretto.[4] They succeeded in keeping for themselves the direct profits of the first production of the opera by opening the production themselves on Broadway, prior to the London production. They also operated U.S. touring companies.[3] However, Gilbert, Sullivan, and their producer, Richard D'Oyly Carte, failed in their efforts over the next decade to control the American performance copyrights over their operas.[5]
After the success of Pinafore, Gilbert was eager to get started on the next opera, and he began working on the libretto in December 1878.[6] He re-used several elements of his 1870 one-act piece, Our Island Home, which had introduced a pirate "chief", Captain Bang. Bang was mistakenly apprenticed to a pirate band as a child by his deaf nursemaid. Also, Bang, like Frederic, had never seen a woman before and was affected by a keen sense of duty, as an apprenticed pirate, until the passage of his twenty-first birthday freed him from his articles of indenture.[7] George Bernard Shaw wrote that Gilbert, who had earlier adapted Offenbach's Les brigands, drew on that work also for his new libretto.[8] Gilbert and Sullivan also inserted into Act II an idea they first considered for a one-act opera parody in 1876 about burglars meeting police, and their conflict escaping the notice of the father of a large family of girls.[9] The composition of the music for Pirates was unusual, in that Sullivan wrote the music for the acts in reverse, intending to bring the completed Act II with him to New York, with Act I existing only in sketches. When he arrived in New York, however, he found that he had left the sketches behind, and he had to reconstruct the first act from memory.[10]
Gilbert told a correspondent many years later that Sullivan was unable to recall his setting of the entrance of the women's chorus, so they substituted the chorus "Climbing over rocky mountain" from their earlier opera, Thespis.[11] Sullivan's manuscript for Pirates contains pages removed from a Thespis score, with the vocal parts altered from their original context as a four-part chorus. Some scholars (e.g. Tillett and Spencer, 2000) have offered evidence that Gilbert and Sullivan had planned all along to re-use "Climbing over rocky mountain," and perhaps other parts of Thespis, noting that the presence of the unpublished Thespis score in New York, when there were no plans to revive it, might not have been accidental. On 10 December 1879, Sullivan wrote a letter to his mother about the new opera, upon which he was hard at work in New York. "I think it will be a great success, for it is exquisitely funny, and the music is strikingly tuneful and catching."
The work's title is a multi-layered joke. On the one hand, Penzance was a docile seaside resort in 1879, and not the place where one would expect to encounter pirates.[12] On the other hand, the title was also a jab at the theatrical pirates who had staged unlicensed productions of H.M.S. Pinafore in America.[13] To secure British copyright, a D'Oyly Carte touring company gave a perfunctory performance of Pirates the afternoon before the New York premiere, at the Royal Bijou Theatre in Paignton, Devon, organised by Helen Lenoir (who would later marry Richard D'Oyly Carte). The cast, which was performing Pinafore in the evenings in Torquay, travelled to nearby Paignton for the matinee, where they read their parts from scripts carried onto the stage, making do with whatever costumes they had on hand.[14]
Pirates opened on 31 December 1879 in New York and was an immediate hit. On 2 January 1880, Sullivan wrote, in another letter to his mother from New York, "The libretto is ingenious, clever, wonderfully funny in parts, and sometimes brilliant in dialogue – beautifully written for music, as is all Gilbert does. ... The music is infinitely superior in every way to the Pinafore – 'tunier' and more developed, of a higher class altogether. I think that in time it will be very popular."[15] Sullivan's prediction was correct. After a strong run in New York and several American tours, Pirates opened in London on 3 April 1880, running for 363 performances there.[16] It remains one of the most popular G&S works.[17][18] The critics' notices were generally excellent in both New York and London.[19][20]
The character of Major-General Stanley was widely taken to be a caricature of the popular general Sir Garnet Wolseley. The biographer Michael Ainger, however, doubts that Gilbert intended a caricature of Wolseley, identifying instead General Henry Turner, uncle of Gilbert's wife, as the pattern for the "modern Major-General". Gilbert disliked Turner, who, unlike the progressive Wolseley, was of the old school of officers. Nevertheless, in the original London production, George Grossmith imitated Wolseley's mannerisms and appearance, particularly his large moustache, and the audience recognised the allusion. Wolseley himself, according to his biographer, took no offence at the caricature[21] and sometimes sang "I am the very model of a modern Major-General" for the private amusement of his family and friends.[22]
General Stanley's daughters:
- Mabel (soprano)
- Edith (mezzo-soprano)
- Kate (mezzo-soprano)
- Isabel (speaking role)
- Ruth, a Piratical Maid of all work (contralto)
- Chorus of Pirates, Police and General Stanley's Daughters
- Act I
On the coast of Cornwall, at the time of Queen Victoria's reign, Frederic, a young man with a strong sense of duty, celebrates the completion of his twenty-first year and the apparent end of his apprenticeship to a gentlemanly band of pirates ("Pour, oh pour the pirate sherry"). The pirates' maid of all work, Ruth, appears and reveals that, as Frederic's nursemaid long ago, she had made a mistake "through being hard of hearing": she had misheard Frederic's father's instructions and apprenticed him to a pirate, instead of to a ship's pilot ("When Frederic was a little lad").
Frederic has never seen any woman other than Ruth, and he believes her to be beautiful. The pirates know better and suggest that Frederic take Ruth with him when he returns to civilisation. Frederic announces that, although it pains him to do so, such is his sense of duty that, once free from his apprenticeship, he will be forced to devote himself to the pirates' extermination. He points out that they are not very successful pirates, since, being orphans themselves, they allow their prey to go free if they too are orphans. Frederic notes that word of this has got about, so captured ships' companies routinely claim to be orphans. Frederic invites the pirates to give up piracy and go with him, so that he need not destroy them, but the Pirate King notes that, compared with respectability, piracy is comparatively honest ("Oh! better far to live and die"). The pirates depart, leaving Frederic and Ruth. Frederic sees a group of beautiful young girls approaching the pirate lair, and realises that Ruth lied to him about her appearance ("Oh false one! You have deceived me!"). Sending Ruth away, Frederic hides before the girls arrive.
The girls burst exuberantly upon the secluded spot ("Climbing over rocky mountain"). Frederic reveals himself ("Stop, ladies, pray!") and appeals to them to help him reform ("Oh! is there not one maiden breast?"). One of them, Mabel, responds to his plea, and chides her sisters for their lack of charity ("Oh sisters deaf to pity's name for shame!"). She sings to him ("Poor wand'ring one"), and Frederic and Mabel quickly fall in love. The other girls contemplate whether to eavesdrop or to leave the new couple alone ("What ought we to do?"), and eventually decide to "talk about the weather," although they steal a glance or two at the affectionate couple ("How beautifully blue the sky").
Frederic warns the girls of the pirates nearby ("Stay, we must not lose our senses"), but before they can flee, the pirates arrive and capture all the girls, intending to marry them ("Here's a first rate opportunity"). Mabel warns the pirates that the girls' father is a Major-General ("Hold, monsters!"), who soon arrives and introduces himself ("I am the very model of a modern Major-General"). He appeals to the pirates not to take his daughters, leaving him to face his old age alone. Having heard of the famous Pirates of Penzance, he pretends that he is an orphan to elicit their sympathy ("Oh, men of dark and dismal fate"). The soft-hearted pirates are sympathetic and release the girls ("Hail, Poetry!"), making Major-General Stanley and his daughters honorary members of their band ("Pray observe the magnanimity").
- Act II
The Major-General sits in a ruined chapel on his estate, surrounded by his daughters. His conscience is tortured by the lie that he told the pirates, and the girls attempt to console him ("Oh dry the glist'ning tear"). The Sergeant of Police and his corps arrive to announce their readiness to go forth to arrest the pirates ("When the foeman bares his steel"). The girls loudly express their admiration of the police for facing likely slaughter at the hands of fierce and merciless foes. The police are unnerved by this, and remain around (to the Major-General's frustration) but finally leave.
Left alone, Frederic, who is to lead the group, pauses to reflect on his opportunity to atone for a life of piracy ("Now for the pirate's lair"), at which point he encounters Ruth and the Pirate King. It has occurred to them that his apprenticeship was worded so as to bind him to them until his twenty-first birthday – and, because that birthday happens to be on 29 February (in a leap year), it means that technically only five birthdays have passed ("When you had left our pirate fold"), and he will not reach his twenty-first birthday until he is in his eighties. Frederic is convinced by this logic that he must rejoin the pirates, and thus he sees it as his duty to inform the Pirate King of the Major-General's deception. The outraged outlaw declares that their "revenge will be swift and terrible" ("Away, away, my heart's on fire").
Frederic meets Mabel ("All is prepared"), and she pleads with him to stay ("Stay Frederic, stay"), but he explains that he must fulfil his duty to the pirates until his 21st birthday in 1940. He promises to return then and claim her. They agree to be faithful to each other until then, though to Mabel "It seems so long" ("Oh here is love and here is truth"), and Frederic departs. Mabel steels herself ("No, I'll be brave") and tells the police that they must go alone to face the pirates. They muse that an outlaw might be just like any other man, and it is a shame to deprive him of "that liberty which is so dear to all" ("When a felon's not engaged in his employment"). The police hide on hearing the approach of the pirates ("A rollicking band of pirates we"), who have stolen onto the grounds, meaning to avenge themselves for the Major-General's lie ("With cat-like tread").
The police and the pirates prepare for the fight ("Hush, hush! not a word"). Just then, the Major-General appears, sleepless with guilt, and the pirates also hide, while General Stanley listens to the soothing sighing of the breeze ("Sighing softly to the river"). The girls come looking for him ("Now what is this and what is that"). The pirates leap to the attack, and the police rush to the defence; but the police are easily defeated, and the Pirate King urges the captured Major-General to prepare for death. The Sergeant plays his trump card, demanding that the pirates yield "in Queen Victoria's name"; the pirates, overcome with loyalty to their Queen, do so. Ruth appears and reveals that the orphan pirates are in fact "all noblemen who have gone wrong". The Major-General is impressed by this and all is forgiven. Frederic and Mabel are reunited, and the Major-General is happy to marry his daughters to the noble pirates after all.
- Overture (includes "With cat-like tread", "Ah, leave me not to pine", "Pray observe the magnanimity", "When you had left our pirate fold", "Climbing over rocky mountain", and "How beautifully blue the sky")
Act I
- 1. "Pour, oh pour, the pirate sherry" (Samuel and Chorus of Pirates)
- 2. "When Fred'ric was a little lad" (Ruth)
- 3. "Oh, better far to live and die ...I am a pirate king!" (Pirate King and Chorus of Pirates)
- 4. "Oh! false one, you have deceiv'd me" (Frederic and Ruth)
- 5. "Climbing over rocky mountain" (Chorus of Girls)
- 6. "Stop, ladies, pray" (Edith, Kate, Frederic, and Chorus of Girls)
- 7. "Oh, is there not one maiden breast?" (Frederic and Chorus of Girls)
- 8. "Poor wand'ring one" (Mabel and Chorus of Girls)
- 9. "What ought we to do?" (Edith, Kate, and Chorus of Girls)
- 10. "How beautifully blue the sky" (Mabel, Frederic, and Chorus of Girls)
- 11. "Stay, we must not lose our senses" ... "Here's a first-rate opportunity to get married with impunity" (Frederic and Chorus of Girls and Pirates)
- 12. "Hold, monsters" (Mabel, Major-General, Samuel, and Chorus)
- 13. "I am the very model of a modern Major-General" (Major-General and Chorus)
- 14. Finale Act I (Mabel, Kate, Edith, Ruth, Frederic, Samuel, King, Major-General, and Chorus)
- "Oh, men of dark and dismal fate"
- "I’m telling a terrible story"
- "Hail, Poetry"
- "Oh, happy day, with joyous glee"
- "Pray observe the magnanimity"
Act II
- 15. "Oh, dry the glist'ning tear" (Mabel and Chorus of Girls)
- 16. "Then, Frederic, let your escort lion-hearted" (Frederic and Major-General)
- 17. "When the foeman bares his steel" (Mabel, Edith, Sergeant, and Chorus of Policemen and Girls)
- 18. "Now for the pirates' lair!" (Frederic, Ruth, and King)
- 19. "When you had left our pirate fold" ("A paradox") (Ruth, Frederic, and King)
- 20. "Away, away! My heart's on fire!" (Ruth, Frederic, and King)
- 21. "All is prepar'd; your gallant crew await you" (Mabel and Frederic)
- 22. "Stay, Fred'ric, stay" ... "Oh, here is love, and here is truth" (Mabel and Frederic)
- 23. "No, I'll be brave" ... "Though in body and in mind" (Reprise of "When the foeman bares his steel") (Mabel, Sergeant, and Chorus of Police)
- 23a. "Sergeant, approach!" (Mabel, Sergeant of Police, and Chorus of Police)
- 24. "When a felon's not engaged in his employment" (Sergeant and Chorus of Police)
- 25. "A rollicking band of pirates we" (Sergeant and Chorus of Pirates and Police)
- 26. "With cat-like tread, upon our prey we steal" (Samuel and Chorus of Pirates and Police)
- 27. "Hush, hush, not a word!" (Frederic, King, Major-General, and Chorus of Police and Pirates)
- 28. Finale, Act II (Ensemble)
- "Sighing softly to the river"
- "Now what is this, and what is that?"
- "Frederic here! Oh, joy! Oh, rapture!"
- "With base deceit you worked upon our feelings!"
- "You/We triumph now"
- "Away with them, and place them at the bar!"
- "Poor wandering ones!"
The notices from critics were generally excellent in both New York and London in 1880.[24] In New York, the Herald and the Tribune both dedicated considerable space to their reviews. The Herald took the view that "the new work is in every respect superior to the Pinafore, the text more humorous, the music more elegant and more elaborate."[25] The Tribune called it "a brilliant and complete success", commenting, "The humor of the Pirates is richer, but more recondite. It demands a closer attention to the words [but] there are great stores of wit and drollery ... which will well repay exploration. ... The music is fresh, bright, elegant and merry, and much of it belongs to a higher order of art than the most popular of the tunes of Pinafore."[26] The New York Times also praised the work, writing, "it would be impossible for a confirmed misanthrope to refrain from merriment over it", though the paper doubted if Pirates could repeat the prodigious success of Pinafore.[19]
After the London premiere, the critical consensus, led by the theatrical newspaper The Era, was that the new work marked a distinct advance on Gilbert and Sullivan's earlier works.[20] The Pall Mall Gazette said, "Of Mr. Sullivan's music we must speak in detail on some other occasion. Suffice it for the present to say that in the new style which he has marked out for himself it is the best he has written."[27] The Graphic wrote, "That no composer can meet the requirements of Mr. Gilbert like Mr. Sullivan, and vice versa, is a fact universally admitted. One might fancy that verse and music were of simultaneous growth, so closely and firmly are they interwoven. Away from this consideration, the score of The Pirates of Penzance is one upon which Mr. Sullivan must have bestowed earnest consideration, for independently of its constant flow of melody, it is written throughout for voices and instruments with infinite care, and the issue is a cabinet miniature of exquisitely defined proportions. … That the Pirates is a clear advance upon its precursors, from Trial by Jury to H.M.S. Pinafore, cannot be denied; it contains more variety, marked character, careful workmanship, and is in fact a more finished artistic achievement … a brilliant success."[28]
There were a few dissenting comments: The Manchester Guardian thought both author and composer had drawn on the works of their predecessors: "Mr. Gilbert ... seems to have borrowed an idea from Sheridan's The Critic; Mr. Sullivan's music is sprightly, tuneful and full of 'go', although it is certainly lacking in originality."[29] The Sporting Times noted, "It doesn't appear to have struck any of the critics yet that the central idea in The Pirates of Penzance is taken from Our Island Home, which was played by the German Reeds some ten years ago."[30] The Times thought Gilbert's wit outran his dramatic invention, and Sullivan's music was not quite as good as that of The Sorcerer, which the Times critic called a masterpiece.[31]
The overture to The Pirates of Penzance was composed by Sullivan and his musical assistant Alfred Cellier. It follows the pattern of most Savoy opera overtures: a lively opening (the melody of "With cat-like tread"), a slow middle section ("Ah, leave me not to pine alone"), and a concluding allegro in a compressed sonata form, in which the themes of "How beautifully blue the sky" and "A paradox, a paradox" are combined.[32]
The score parodies several composers, most conspicuously Verdi. "Come, friends, who plough the sea" and "You triumph now" are burlesques of Il trovatore,[33] and one of the best-known choral passages from the finale to Act I, "Hail Poetry", is, according to the Sullivan scholar, Arthur Jacobs, a burlesque of the prayer scene, "La Vergine degli Angeli", in Verdi's La forza del destino.[34] However, another musicologist, Nicholas Temperley, writes, "The choral outburst 'Hail, Poetry' in The Pirates of Penzance would need very little alteration to turn it into a Mozart string quartet."[35] Another well-known parody number from the work is the song for coloratura, "Poor wand'ring one", which is generally thought to burlesque Gounod's waltz-songs,[36] though the music critic of The Times called it "mock-Donizetti".[37] In a scene in Act II, Mabel addresses the police, who chant their response in the manner of an Anglican church service.[38]
Sullivan even managed to parody two composers at once. The critic Rodney Milnes describes the Major-General's Act II song, "Sighing softly to the river", "as plainly inspired by – and indeed worthy of – Sullivan's hero Schubert",[39] and Amanda Holden speaks of the song's "Schubertian water-rippling accompaniment", but adds that it simultaneously spoofs Verdi's Il trovatore, with the soloist unaware of a concealed male chorus singing behind him.[40]
Writing about patter songs, Bernard Shaw, in his capacity as a music critic, praised "the time-honored lilt which Sir Arthur Sullivan, following the example of Mozart and Rossini, chose for the lists of accomplishments of the Major-General in The Pirates or the Colonel in Patience."[41]
This opera contains two well-known examples of Sullivan's characteristic combination of two seemingly disparate melodies. Jacobs suggests that Berlioz's La damnation de Faust, a great favourite in Sullivan's formative years, may have been the model for Sullivan's trademark contrapuntal mingling of the rapid prattle of the women's chorus in Act I ("How beautifully blue the sky") in 2/4 time with the lovers' duet in waltz time. Jacobs writes that "the whole number [shifts] with Schubertian ease from B to G and back again."[17] In Act II, a double chorus combines the policemen's dogged tune, "When the foeman bares his steel" and the soaring line for the women, "Go, ye heroes, go to glory".[42] In adapting the four-part chorus "Climbing over rocky mountain" from Thespis for re-use in Pirates, Sullivan took less trouble: he wrote only a single vocal line, suitable for soprano voices.[43] Despite this, the number ends with another example of Sullivan's counterpoint, with the chorus singing the second melody of the piece ("Let us gaily tread the measure") while the orchestra plays the first ("Climbing over rocky mountain").[44]
Sullivan set a particular vocal challenge for the soprano who portrays Mabel. The Sullivan scholar Gervase Hughes writes, "Mabel ... must be a coloratura because of 'Poor wand'ring one!', yet 'Dear father, why leave your bed' demands steady beauty of tone throughout the octave F to F, and 'Ah, leave me not to pine' goes a third lower still."[45]
In The Music of Arthur Sullivan (1959), Hughes quotes four extracts from Pirates, saying that if hearing each out of context one might attribute it to Schubert, Mendelssohn, Gounod or Bizet respectively, "yet on learning the truth one would kick oneself for not having recognised Sullivan's touch in all four." Hughes concludes by quoting the introductory bars of "When a felon's not engaged in his employment", adding, "There could never be any doubt as to who wrote that, and it is as English as our wonderful police themselves."[46]
Because the work was premiered in three different places, there are more variations in the early libretto and score of The Pirates of Penzance than in other Gilbert and Sullivan works. Songs sent from New York to the D'Oyly Carte touring company in England for the Paignton premiere were then altered or omitted during Broadway rehearsals. Gilbert and Sullivan trimmed the work for the London premiere, and Gilbert made further alterations up to and including the 1908 Savoy revival. For example, early versions depicted the Pirate King as the servant of the pirate band,[47] and the words of the opening chorus were, "Pour, O King, the pirate sherry".[48] In the original New York production the revelation by Ruth that the pirates are "all noblemen who have gone wrong" prompted the following exchange (recalling a famous passage in H.M.S. Pinafore):
| GENERAL, POLICE & GIRLS: |
What, all noblemen? |
| KING & PIRATES: |
Yes, all noblemen! |
| GENERAL, POLICE & GIRLS: |
What, all? |
| KING: |
Well, nearly all! |
| ALL: |
. . . They are nearly all noblemen who have gone wrong.
- Then give three cheers, both loud and strong,
- For the twenty noblemen who have gone wrong....
|
In the original London production, this exchange was shortened to the following:
| GIRLS: |
Oh spare them! They are all noblemen who have gone wrong. |
| GENERAL: |
What, all noblemen? |
| KING: |
Yes, all noblemen! |
| GENERAL: |
What, all? |
| KING: |
Well, nearly all! |
Gilbert deleted the exchange in the 1900 revival, and the Chappell vocal score was revised accordingly. For the 1908 revival Gilbert had the pirates yielding "in good King Edward's name".[47] Despite Helen Carte's repeated urging, Gilbert did not prepare an authorised version of the libretti of the Savoy operas.[49]
In its 1989 production, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company restored one of the original versions of the finale, which finishes with a variation of "I am the very model of a modern major-general", rather than with the customary reprise of "Poor wand'ring one",[50] but in later revivals, it reverted to the more familiar text.[39]
From the beginning, The Pirates of Penzance has been one of Gilbert and Sullivan's most popular comic operas. After its unique "triple opening" in 1879–80, it was revived in London in 1888, in 1900, and for the Savoy repertory season of 1908–09. In the British provinces, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company toured it almost continuously from 1880–1884, and again in 1888. It re-entered the touring repertory in 1893, and was never again absent through to the company's closure in 1982.[51]
In America, after the New York opening on New Year's Eve, 1879, Richard D'Oyly Carte launched four companies that covered the United States on tours that lasted through the following summer.[52] Gilbert and Sullivan themselves trained each of the touring companies through January and early February 1880, and each company's first performance – whether it was in Philadelphia, Newark, or Buffalo – was conducted by the composer. In Australia, its first authorised performance was on 19 March 1881 at the Theatre Royal, Sydney, produced by J. C. Williamson. There was still no international copyright law in 1880, and the first unauthorised New York production was given by the Boston Ideal Opera Company at Booth's Theatre in September of that year. The first non-D'Oyly Carte professional production in a country that had been subject to Gilbert's copyright (other than Williamsons' authorised productions) was in Stratford, Ontario, Canada, in September 1961. In 1979, the Torbay branch of the Gilbert and Sullivan Society presented a centenary tribute to the world premiere performance of Pirates in Paignton, with a production at the Palace Avenue Theatre (situated a few metres from the former Bijou Theatre).
New York has seen over forty major revivals since the premiere.[53] As discussed below, Joseph Papp's 1980–83 Pirates on Broadway gave a boost to the opera's popularity. Professional and amateur productions of the opera continue with frequency. For example, the Chicago Lyric Opera and English National Opera staged the work in 2004,[54] and in 2007, the New York City Opera and Opera Australia both mounted new productions.[55][56]
The following table shows the history of the D'Oyly Carte productions in Gilbert's lifetime:
| Theatre |
Opening Date |
Closing Date |
Perfs. |
Details |
| Bijou Theatre, Paignton |
30 December 1879 |
30 December 1879 |
1 |
English copyright performance. |
| Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York |
31 December 1879 |
6 March 1880 |
100 |
Original run in New York. The company toured the Eastern seaboard between 8 March and 15 May. Three other touring companies were launched in January and February 1880. |
| 17 May 1880 |
5 June 1880 |
| Opera Comique |
3 April 1880 |
2 April 1881 |
363 |
Original London run. |
| Savoy Theatre |
23 December 1884 |
14 February 1885 |
37 |
Children's Pirates – series of matinées with a juvenile cast.[57] |
| Savoy Theatre |
17 March 1888 |
6 June 1888 |
80 |
First professional revival. |
| Savoy Theatre |
30 June 1900 |
5 November 1900 |
127 |
Second professional revival. |
| Savoy Theatre |
1 December 1908 |
27 March 1909 |
43 |
Second Savoy repertory season; played with five other operas. (Closing date shown is of the entire season.) |
The following tables show the casts of the principal original productions and D'Oyly Carte Opera Company touring repertory at various times through to the company's 1982 closure:
[edit] Joseph Papp's Pirates
In 1980, Joseph Papp and the Public Theater of New York City brought a new production of Pirates, directed by Wilford Leach and choreographed by Graciela Daniele, to the Delacorte Theatre in Central Park, one of the series of annual Shakespeare in the Park summer events. The show played for 10 previews and 35 performances. It then transferred to Broadway, opening on 8 January 1981 for a run of 20 previews and 787 performances at the Uris and Minskoff Theatres. This take on Pirates earned enthusiastic reviews[73] and several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical.
Compared with traditional productions of the opera, Papp's Pirates featured a more swashbuckling Pirate King and Frederic, and a broader, more musical comedy style of humour. It did not significantly change the libretto, but it used an adapted orchestration and made a number of key changes and other minor changes in the score. The "Matter Patter" trio from Ruddigore and "Sorry her lot" from H.M.S. Pinafore were interpolated into the show. The production also restored Gilbert and Sullivan's original New York ending, with a reprise of the Major-General's song in the Act II finale.
Linda Ronstadt starred as Mabel, Rex Smith as Frederic, Kevin Kline as the Pirate King, Patricia Routledge as Ruth (replaced by Estelle Parsons for the Broadway transfer), George Rose as the Major-General, and Tony Azito as the Sergeant of Police. Notable replacements during the Broadway run included Pam Dawber, Karla DeVito and Maureen McGovern as Mabel; Robby Benson, Patrick Cassidy and Peter Noone as Frederic; James Belushi, Gary Sandy, Wally Kurth, and Treat Williams as the Pirate King; David Garrison as the Sergeant; George S. Irving as the Major-General; and Kaye Ballard as Ruth. The Los Angeles cast of the production featured Barry Bostwick as the Pirate King, Jo Anne Worley as Ruth, Clive Revill as the Major-General, Dawber as Mabel, Paxton Whitehead as the Sergeant, and Andy Gibb as Frederic.
The production opened at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, on 26 May 1982 to generally warm reviews for a run of 601 performances. Notable among the cast were George Cole and Ronald Fraser as the Major-General; Michael Praed and Noone as Frederic; Tim Curry, Timothy Bentinck, Oliver Tobias and Paul Nicholas as the Pirate King; Chris Langham as the Sergeant of Police; Pamela Stephenson as Mabel; Annie Ross as Ruth; Bonnie Langford as Kate; and Louise Gold as Isabel.[74]
The Australian production opened in Melbourne in January 1984, opening the new Victorian Arts Centre, directed by John Feraro. It starred Jon English as the Pirate King, Simon Gallaher as Frederic,[75] June Bronhill as Ruth, David Atkins as the Sergeant of Police and Marina Prior as Mabel. The six week limited season was followed by an Australian national tour from 1984 to 1986 and another come-back tour with same cast in the mid 1990s.[citation needed] In 1985, Pirates opened the new Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane, setting attendance records that were not surpassed until many years later by The Phantom of the Opera.[citation needed]
The Papp production was turned into a film in 1983, with the original Broadway principal cast reprising their roles, except that Angela Lansbury replaced Estelle Parsons as Ruth. The minor roles used British actors miming to their Broadway counterparts. The film has been shown occasionally on television. Another film based loosely on the opera and inspired by the success of the Papp version, The Pirate Movie, was released during the Broadway run.[76]
The Papp production design has been widely imitated in other modern productions of Pirates, even where traditional orchestration and standard score are used. Many modern productions are also influenced by the popular Disney film franchise Pirates of the Caribbean, combining aspects of the Papp production with the Disney design concepts. Not all of these revivals have generated the same enthusiasm as Papp's 1980s productions. A 1999 UK touring production received this critique: "No doubt when Papp first staged this show in New York and London it had some quality of cheek or chutzpah or pizzazz or irony or something that accounted for its success. But all that's left now ... is a crass Broadway-style musical arrangement ground out by a seven-piece band, and the worst kind of smutty send-up of a historic piece of art.[77]
The Pirates of Penzance has been recorded many times, and the critical consensus is that it has fared well on record.[78] The first complete recording of the score was in 1921, under the direction of Rupert D'Oyly Carte, but with established recording singers rather than D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performers.[79] In 1929, The Gramophone said of a new set with a mainly D'Oyly Carte cast, "This new recording represents the high-water mark so far as Gilbert and Sullivan opera is concerned. In each of the previous Savoy albums there have been occasional lapses which prevented one from awarding them unqualified praise; but with the Pirates it is happily otherwise; from first to last, and in every bar, a simply delightful production."[80] Of later recordings by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, the 1968 recording (with complete dialogue) is highly regarded: The online Gilbert and Sullivan Discography says, "This recording is one of the best D'Oyly Carte sets of all time, and certainly the best Pirates",[81] and the Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Disc also recommends it.[82] So too does the Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music, alongside the 1993 Mackerras recording.[83] The opera critic Alan Blyth recommended the D'Oyly Carte recording of 1990: "a performance full of the kind of life that can only come from the experience of stage performances".[84] The online Discography site also mentions the 1981 Papp recording as "excellent", despite its inauthentic 1980 re-orchestrations that "changed some of the timbres so as to appeal to a rock-oriented public".[85] Of the available commercial videos, the Discography site considers the Brent Walker better than the Papp version.[86]
- Selected recordings
- 1929 D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: Malcolm Sargent[87]
- 1957 D'Oyly Carte – New Symphony Orchestra of London; Conductor: Isidore Godfrey[88]
- 1961 Sargent/Glyndebourne – Pro Arte Orchestra, Glyndebourne Festival Chorus; Conductor: Sir Malcolm Sargent[89]
- 1968 D'Oyly Carte (with dialogue) – Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; Conductor: Isidore Godfrey[90]
- 1981; 1983 Papp's Pirates (with dialogue) – Director: Wilford Leach; Musical Director: William Elliott; Choreographer: Graciela Daniele[91]
- 1982 Brent Walker Productions (with dialogue) – Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Symphony Orchestra; Conductor: Alexander Faris; Stage Director: Michael Geliot[92]
- 1990 New D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: John Pryce-Jones[93]
- 1993 Mackerras/Telarc – Orchestra and Chorus of the Welsh National Opera; Conductor: Sir Charles Mackerras[94]
- 1994 Essgee Entertainment (video adaptation) – Director and Choreographer: Craig Schaefer; Orchestrator and Conductor: Kevin Hocking; Additional Lyrics: Melvyn Morrow[95]
Pirates is one of the most frequently referenced works of Gilbert and Sullivan. The Major-General's Song, in particular, is frequently parodied, pastiched and used in advertising.[96] Parody versions have been used in political commentary as well as entertainment media.[97] Its challenging patter has proved interesting to comedians; notable examples include Tom Lehrer's song "The Elements" and David Hyde Pierce's monologue, as host of Saturday Night Live.[98] In 2010, comedian Ron Butler released a YouTube video pastiche of the song in character as President Obama which, as of May 2012, had garnered more than 1,750,000 total views.[99][100]
Pastiche examples include the Animaniacs version, "I am the very model of a cartoon individual", in the episode "H.M.S. Yakko";[101] the Doctor Who audio "I am the very model of a Gallifreyan buccaneer" in Doctor Who and the Pirates;[102] the Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip version in the episode "The Cold Open" (2006), where the cast performs "We'll be the very model of a modern network TV show";[103][104] and the Mass Effect 2 video game version, where the character Mordin Solus sings: "I am the very model of a scientist Salarian".[105]
The song is often used in film and on television, unchanged in many instances, as a character's audition piece, or seen in a "school play" scene. Examples include a VeggieTales episode entitled "The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment!"; the Frasier episode "Fathers and Sons"; The Simpsons episode "Deep Space Homer"; and the Mad About You episode "Moody Blues", where Paul directs a charity production of Penzance starring his father, Burt, as the Major-General. In The Muppet Show (season 3, episode 52) guest host, comedienne Gilda Radner, sings the song with a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) talking carrot (Parodying the pilot/pirate confusion in Pirates, Radner had requested a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) talking parrot, but was misheard).[106] In an episode of Home Improvement, Al Borland begins to sing the song when tricked into thinking he is in a soundproof booth. In the Babylon 5 episode "Atonement", Marcus Cole uses the song to drive Dr Stephen Franklin crazy on a long journey to Mars.
Examples of the use of the song in advertising include Martyn Green's pastiche of the song listing all of the varieties of Campbell's Soup[107] and a 2011 Geico commercial in which a couple that wants to save money, but still listen to musicals, finds a roommate, dressed as the Major General, who awkwardly begins the song while dancing on a coffee table.[108] Gimbels department store had a campaign sung to the tune of the Major-General's Song that began, "We are the very model of a modern big department store."[109]
Other film references to Pirates include Kate and Leopold, where there are multiple references, including a scene where Leopold sings "I Am The Very Model of A Modern Major General" while accompanying himself on the piano; and in Pretty Woman, Edward Lewis (Richard Gere) covers a social gaffe by prostitute Vivian Ward (Julia Roberts), who comments that the opera La Traviata was so good that she almost "peed [her] pants", by saying that she had said that she liked it almost as much as The Pirates of Penzance". In Walt Disney's cartoon Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004), there is a performance of Pirates that becomes the setting for the climactic battle between the Musketeers and Captain Pete. Pirates songs sung in the cartoon are "With cat-like tread", "Poor wand'ring one", "Climbing over rocky mountain" and the Major General's song. "Poor wand'ring one" was used in the movie An American Tail.[110] The soundtrack of the 1992 film The Hand That Rocks the Cradle includes"Poor Wand'ring One" and "Oh Dry the Glistening Tear".[111]
Television references, in addition to those mentioned above, included the series The West Wing, where Pirates and other Gilbert and Sullivan operas are mentioned in several episodes, especially by Deputy Communications Director, Sam Seaborn, who was recording secretary of his school's Gilbert and Sullivan society. In Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, a poster from Pirates hangs on Matt Albie's office wall. Both TV series were created by Aaron Sorkin. In the pilot episode of the 2008 CBS series Flashpoint, a police officer and his partner sing the policeman's song. In an Assy McGee episode entitled "Pegfinger", Detective Sanchez's wife is a member of a community theatre that performs the opera. In a 1986 episode of the animated television adaptation of The Wind in the Willows entitled A Producer's Lot, several characters put on a production of Pirates.[112] In Family Guy episode "Peter's Got Woods", Brian Griffin sings "Sighing Softly", with Peter Griffin's assistance. In the 2009 Criminal Minds episode "The Slave of Duty", Hotch quotes the opening lines of "Oh dry the glist'ning tear". In the 1992 episode "The Understudy" of Clarissa Explains it All, the title character is chosen to understudy Mabel in a school production of Pirates and is unprepared when she must go on; a scene from The Mikado is also heard.[113]
Other notable instances of references to Pirates include a New York Times article on 29 February 1940, memorialising that Frederic was finally out of his indentures.[114] Six years previously, the arms granted to the municipal borough of Penzance in 1934 contain a pirate dressed in Gilbert's original costuming, and Penzance had a rugby team called the Penzance Pirates, which is now called the Cornish Pirates. In 1980, Isaac Asimov wrote a short story called "The Year of the Action", concerning whether the action of Pirates took place on 1 March 1873, or 1 March 1877 (depending on whether Gilbert took into account the fact that 1900 was not a leap year).[115] In the popular video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, a casino is called "Pirates in Men's Pants", a crude play on the title of the opera.
The music from the chorus of "With cat-like tread", which begins "Come, friends, who plough the sea," was used in the popular American song, "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here." "With cat-like tread" is also part of the soundtrack, along with other Gilbert and Sullivan songs, in the 1981 film, Chariots of Fire, and it was pastiched in the "HMS Yakko" episode of Animaniacs in a song about surfing a whale.[116]
- Di Yam Gazlonim, a Yiddish adaptation of Pirates by Al Grand[104] that continues to be performed in North America. The 2006 production at the National Yiddish Theater Folksbiene was nominated for the 2007 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival. The Montreal Express wrote in 2009, "Grand's adaptation is a delightfully whimsical treatment".[117]
- The Parson's Pirates by Opera della Luna
- The Pirate Movie
- Pirates! Or, Gilbert And Sullivan Plunder'd (2006), is a musical comedy set on a Caribbean island, involving a voodoo curse that makes the pirates "landsick". It was first presented 1 November 2006 at Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, then in 2007 at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey, and in 2009 at the Huntington Theatre Company in Boston, Massachusetts. Other Gilbert and Sullivan numbers, such as the Nightmare song from Iolanthe are interpolated.[118][119]
- Pirates of Penzance - The Ballet!
- Essgee Entertainment produced an adapted version of Pirates in 1994 in Australia and New Zealand.[120] Their producer, Simon Gallaher (Frederic in the Australian Papp production), produced another adaptation of Pirates that toured Australia from 2001 to 2003[citation needed]
- The Pirates of Penzance (1983 film), a film version of Papp's Broadway production.
- Several television adaptations of the opera have been made, beginning in 1939[121]
- Recent all-male versions of the opera include a long-running adaption by Sasha Regan at the Union Theatre in 2009, which transferred to Wilton's Music Hall in London in 2010.[122]
- ^ Helga Perry (27 November 2000). "Information from the Savoyoperas.org website". Savoy Operas. http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/pirates/pp2.html. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ This figure assumes that Gilbert was ignoring the fact that there was no leap year in 1900. Otherwise, the action of the play would take place in 1873 instead of 1877, and the figure would be 67 years. See Bradley (1996), p. 244
- ^ a b Prestige, Colin. "D'Oyly Carte and the Pirates", a paper presented at the International Conference of G&S held at the University of Kansas, May 1970
- ^ "Article about international copyright pirating, focusing on Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte's efforts". Edward Samuels. http://www.edwardsamuels.com/illustratedstory/isc10.htm. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ The Twilight of the Opera Pirates: A Prehistory of the Right of Public Performance for Musical Compositions. SSRN - Social Science Research Network. SSRN 963540.
- ^ Ainger, p. 166
- ^ Our Island Home. Libretto at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 2 July 2010
- ^ Shaw (Vol. 1), p. 784. He quotes a relevant line from Gilbert's adaptation: "Marry my daughter to an honest man! NEVER!"
- ^ "A Talk With Mr. Sullivan", The New York Times, 1 August 1879, p. 3, accessed 22 May 2012
- ^ Ainger, p. 177
- ^ Ainger, p. 179
- ^ From medieval times and in later centuries, however, Penzance was subject to frequent raiding by Turkish pirates, according to Canon Diggens Archive 1910.
- ^ Dexter, Gary. "Title Deed: How the Book Got its Name". The Telegraph, 7 July 2010
- ^ Ainger, pp. 180–81
- ^ Jacobs, p. 133
- ^ Bradley (1982), pp. 86–87
- ^ a b Jacobs, Arthur. "Sullivan, Sir Arthur." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, accessed 30 June 2010 (Subscription required)
- ^ Smith, Tim. "A consistent Pirates of Penzance", The Baltimore Sun, 16 July 2009
- ^ a b "Amusements; Fifth-Avenue Theatre". The New York Times, 1 January 1880, p. 5
- ^ a b "Opera Comique", The Era, 11 April 1880 p. 5
- ^ See Ainger, pp. 181-82, and Kochanski, Halik. Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian hero, p. 73, London, Hambledon Press, 1999. ISBN 1-85285-188-0
- ^ Bradley (1982), p. 118
- ^ a b In the first night version of the libretto, the Sergeant of Police was named Edward, and the Pirate King was named Richard and was titled "A Pirate Chief". See Allen (1975), p. 112
- ^ The London theatrical newspaper The Era even gave the ad hoc performance in Paignton a good review: see "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera", The Era, 4 January 1880, p. 5
- ^ "The Pirates of Penzance", The Daily News, 15 January 1880, p. 6
- ^ "The Pirates of Penzance". New York Tribune, 1 January 1880, accessed 27 August 2010
- ^ "The Pirates of Penzance", The Pall Mall Gazette, 6 April 1880, p. 12
- ^ "Music", The Graphic, 10 April 1880, p. 371
- ^ "From Our London Correspondent", The Manchester Guardian, 5 April 1880, p. 4
- ^ The Sporting Times, 10 April 1880, p. 1
- ^ The Times, 5 April 1880, p. 4
- ^ Hughes, p. 134
- ^ Hulme, David Russell. "The Pirates of Penzance". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, accessed 30 June 2010 (Subscription required)
- ^ Jacobs, p. 135
- ^ Temperley, Nicholas. "Mozart's Influence on English Music". Music & Letters, October 1961, pp. 307–18, Oxford University Press, accessed 1 July 2010 (Subscription required)
- ^ Hughes, p. 151
- ^ "Guthrie's Irreverent Pirates", The Times, 16 February 1962, p. 15
- ^ Maddocks, Fiona. "These pirates have real swagger". Evening Standard, 20 February 2008, accessed 2 July 2010
- ^ a b "Putting the Jolly in Roger", The Times, 26 April 2001
- ^ Holden, p. 402
- ^ Shaw (Vol. 2) p. 492
- ^ Hughes, p. 80
- ^ Hughes, p. 88
- ^ Rees, pp. 62-63 suggests that in the original Thespis version, for male as well as female voices, the men would have sung the first theme while the women sang the second.
- ^ Hughes, pp. 92-93
- ^ Hughes, pp. 50–51
- ^ a b Bradley (1982) pp. 90–159
- ^ Anderson W. R. Changes in the " Pirates". The Gramophone, June 1950, p. 14
- ^ Bradley (1982), p. 7
- ^ See Bradley (1982), pp. 158–59
- ^ Rollins and Witts, pp. 11, 18, 22, 35 et passim
- ^ Bradley (1982), p. 86
- ^ Hischak, Thomas "Pirates of Penzance, The", The Oxford Companion to the American Musical. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online, accessed 2 July 2010 (Subscription required)
- ^ Hall, George. "Leave the laughs to us, you swabs!" The Independent, 12 December 2004, accessed 30 June 2010
- ^ Gates, Anita. "The Happy Return of the Pirate King and His Loyal Swashbucklers". The New York Times, 26 November 2006, accessed 30 June 2010
- ^ Posted by Michael (28 June 2007). "Review of Opera Australia production". On Stage (and Walls) Melbourne. http://onstagemelbourne.blogspot.com/2007/06/papp-smeared.html. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ The first performance was by invitation only. The official opening was on 26 December 1884. The Times announcement, 20 December 1884, p. 8
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 30
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 32
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 7
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 11
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 18
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 22
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 132
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 148
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 160
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 170
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 175
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. 183
- ^ Rollins and Witts, 2nd Supplement, p. 15
- ^ Rollins and Witts, 3rd Supplement, p. 28
- ^ Rollins and Witts, 4th Supplement, p. 42
- ^ Rich, Frank. "Stage: Pirates of Penzance on Broadway". The New York Times, 9 January 1981, accessed 2 July 2010
- ^ Theatre Record, 19 May 1982 to 2 June 1982, p. 278
- ^ "Information about Simon Gallaher". Essgee.com. http://essgee.com/html/Simon/Simon%20intro.html. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The G&S Operas on Film". A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 3 September 2008, accessed 2 July 2010
- ^ McMillan, Joyce. "Sinking a Victorian classic – The Pirates of Penzance", The Scotsman, 31 October 2001 p. 11
- ^ Lamb, Andrew. "The Pirates of Penzance", Gramophone, November 1993, p. 162
- ^ Rollins and Witts, p. x
- ^ The Gramophone, September 1929, p. 25
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The 1968 D'Oyly Carte Pirates". A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 September 2008, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ March (1993), pp. 437-38
- ^ March (2007), p. 1338
- ^ Blyth, p. 109
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "Papp's Pirates (1980)". A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 September 2008, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. List and assessments of recordings of the opera. A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 9 July 2009, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The 1929 D'Oyly Carte Pirates", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 29 March 2009, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The 1957 D'Oyly Carte Pirates", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 23 December 2003, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Sargent/EMI Pirates (1961)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 12 July 2009, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The 1968 D'Oyly Carte Pirates", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 September 2008, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "Papp's Pirates (1980)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 September 2008, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Brent Walker Pirates (1982)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 13 April 2009, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The New D'Oyly Carte Pirates (1990)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 2 December 2001, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Mackerras/Telarc Pirates (1993)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 September 2008, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Essgee Pirates (1994)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 9 July 2009, accessed 20 August 2009
- ^ Zetland, Earl. "Modern Major General Parodies", accessed 7 May 2012
- ^ Hinkle, A. Barton. "Hinkle: The Attorney General’s Song". Richmond Times-Dispatch, 10 May 2010
- ^ "David Hyde Pierce's Monologue", SNL Transcripts, accessed 15 February 2010
- ^ Butler, Ron (11 October 2010). "Obama! A Modern U.S. President (musical spoof)". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y54FRMedT_s. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
- ^ Zacher, Scotty. "Gilbert and Sullivan spoof: A Modern US President. (Fun!!)", Chicago Theatre Beat, 18 October 2010, accessed 7 May 2012
- ^ "Animaniacs - Cartoon Individual", YouTube video, accessed 15 February 2010
- ^ "Doctor Who Gallifreyan Buccaneer", YouTube, accessed 15 February 2010. Other songs, from Pirates, Pinafore and Ruddigore, are also parodied in the recording
- ^ "The Cold Open" at hulu.com, song starts at 40:00; Accessed 15 February 2010
- ^ a b Schillinger, Liesl: "Dress British, Sing Yiddish" The New York Times, 22 October 2006
- ^ "Mass Effect 2 Mordin Singing". YouTube. 23 January 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-HgVM6JSIY. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "link" Information on Muppet Show from". TV.com. http://www.tv.com/the-muppet-show/gilda-radner/episode/176733/summary.html?tag=ep_list;ep_title;12. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ Stone, David. "Martyn Green", Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 2003, accessed 2 December 2011
- ^ "Roommate - Easier Way to Save - GEICO Commercial," Geico, accessed December 2, 2011
- ^ One of these ads ran in The New York Times on 27 October 1953 as a full-page advertisement.
- ^ "Soundtrack for An American Tail (1986)". IMDB database, accessed 22 April 2010
- ^ The Hand That Rocks the Cradle soundtrack". IMDB database, accessed 21 June 2010
- ^ "A Producer's Lot". TV.com, accessed 14 March 2011
- ^ "The Understudy". Episode Summary, TV.com, accessed 26 July 2011
- ^ "Frederic Goes Free", The New York Times, 29 February 1940, p. 18
- ^ Description of the story, which appears in Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984)
- ^ "G&S Pop culture references", Manchester Universities Gilbert and Sullivan Society, accessed 30 November 2011
- ^ "The Pirates of Penzance... in Yiddish?", Montreal Express, 25 May 2009
- ^ Saltzman, Simon: CurtainUp New Jersey Review 2007 CurtainUp, Retrieved 13 June 2009
- ^ Nesti, Robert: "Pirates! (Or, Gilbert and Sullivan Plunder’d)" EDGE, 8 June 2009
- ^ "Information about Essgee Entertainment's ''Pirates''". Simon Gallaher. http://essgee.com/html/PirateOLDHome.html. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ List of television and film adaptations
- ^ Church, Michael. "The Pirates of Penzance, Wilton’s Music Hall, London". The Independent, 14 April 2010
- Ainger, Michael (2002). Gilbert and Sullivan – A Dual Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514769-3.
- Allen, Reginald (1979). Gilbert and Sullivan in America, The Story of the First D'Oyly Carte Opera Company American Tour. New York: The Pierpont Morgan Library.
- Allen, Reginald (1975 (2nd Ed.)). The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan. Chappell & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-903443-10-4.
- Bond, Jessie (1930). The Life and Reminiscences of Jessie Bond, the Old Savoyard (as told to Ethel MacGeorge). London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. http://math.boisestate.edu/GaS/books/bond2/004.html.
- Blyth, Alan (1994). Opera on CD. London: Kyle Cathie. ISBN 1-85626-103-4.
- Bordman, Gerald (1981). American Operetta: From H. M. S. Pinafore to Sweeney Todd. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502869-4.
- Bradley, Ian (1982). The Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-070848-0.
- Bradley, Ian (2005). Oh Joy! Oh Rapture!: The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516700-7.
- Gänzl, Kurt (1986). The British Musical Theatre—Volume I, 1865–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Holden, Amanda (1997). The Penguin Opera Guide. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 01405`1385X.
- Hughes, Gervase (1959). The Music of Sir Arthur Sullivan. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd.
- Jacobs, Arthur (1986). Arthur Sullivan: A Victorian Musician. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282033-8.
- Lamb, Andrew (Spring, 1986). "From Pinafore to Porter: United States–United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater, 1879-1929". American Music (University of Illinois Press) 4 (1): 34–49. DOI:10.2307/3052183. JSTOR 3052183.
- March, Ivan, ed. (1993). The Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Discs. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-046957-5.
- March, Ivan, ed. (2007). The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-103336-3.
- Rees, Terence (1964). Thespis – A Gilbert & Sullivan Enigma. London: Dillon's University Bookshop.
- Rollins, Cyril; R. John Witts (1962). The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961. London: Michael Joseph. Also, five supplements, privately printed
- Tillett, Selwyn & Roderick Spencer (2002). Forty Years of Thespis Scholarship. http://www.chimesmusicaltheatre.co.uk/Thespis.pdf. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1981). Laurence, Dan H.. ed. Shaw's Music: The Complete Musical Criticism of Bernard Shaw. 1. London: Max Reinhardt. ISBN 0-370-31270-8.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1981). Laurence, Dan H.. ed. Shaw's Music: The Complete Musical Criticism of Bernard Shaw. 2. London: Max Reinhardt. ISBN 0-370-31271-6.
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![One Piece: Pirate Warriors Walkthrough - Episode 0: 2 Years Later [Tutorial] ワンピース 海賊無双](http://web.archive.org./web/20121229062823im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5JiTRbj7Pao/default.jpg "One Piece: Pirate Warriors Walkthrough - Episode 0: 2 Years Later [Tutorial] ワンピース 海賊無双")
