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- Anishinaabe
- Archeological
- Archeologist
- Assiginack, Ontario
- BCE
- Beaver Wars
- Billings, Ontario
- Blue Jay Creek
- Blueberries
- Brain drain
- Bruce Peninsula
- Calumet Shoreline
- Canadian
- Census division
- Coureur des bois
- Crystal Shawanda
- Daphne Odjig
- Detroit River
- District
- Dolomite
- Erie Canal
- Escarpment
- Eurasia
- Europe
- Firework
- France
- Freshwater
- Fur trade
- Georgian Bay
- Glenwood Shoreline
- Gordon Barrie Island
- Gore Bay, Ontario
- Great Lakes
- Great Lakes Basin
- Great Lakes region
- Great Lakes Treaty
- Great Lakes Waterway
- Hawberries
- Haweaters
- Indian reserve
- Infectious disease
- Iroquois
- Isabel Paterson
- Isle Royale
- Jean-Baptiste Proulx
- Jesuits
- Joseph Poncet
- Kagawong River
- Kevin Closs
- Lake Agassiz
- Lake Champlain
- Lake Chicago
- Lake Erie
- Lake Huron
- Lake island
- Lake Manitou
- Lake Maumee
- Lake Michigan
- Lake Michigan–Huron
- Lake Mindemoya
- Lake Nipigon
- Lake Nipissing
- Lake Ontario
- Lake Simcoe
- Lake Superior
- Lake Winnebago
- Lake-effect snow
- Last glacial period
- Long weekend
- M'Chigeeng, Ontario
- Mackinac Falls
- Manitoulin Island
- Manitoulin Transport
- Michaels Bay
- Mindemoya River
- Mission (Christian)
- MS Chi-Cheemaun
- Nameless Lake
- New York
- Niagara Escarpment
- Niagara Falls
- Niagara River
- Nipigon River
- North America
- Northern Ontario
- Odawa people
- Ojibwe
- Ojibwe language
- Ontario
- Paleo-Indian
- Parades
- Potawatomi
- Prehistoric
- Protestant
- Province
- Roman Catholic
- Rural
- Saint Lawrence River
- Salmon
- Sheguiandah
- Society of Jesus
- Soo Locks
- Southern Ontario
- Spawn (biology)
- St. Clair River
- Straits of Mackinac
- Tall ships
- Tehkummah, Ontario
- Template Greatlakes
- The Crown
- Thomas E. Lee
- Tobermory, Ontario
- Township (Canada)
- Trout
- Voyageurs
- War of 1812
- Welland Canal
- White people
- Wikitravel
- Wikwemikong
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Bruce Peninsula
The Bruce Peninsula is a peninsula in Ontario, Canada that lies between Georgian Bay and the main basin of Lake Huron. The peninsula extends roughly northwestwards from the rest of Southern Ontario, pointing towards Manitoulin Island, with which it forms the widest strait joining Georgian Bay to the rest of Lake Huron. The Bruce Peninsula contains part of the geological formation known as the Niagara Escarpment.
From an administrative standpoint, the Bruce Peninsula is part of Bruce County, named for James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (Lord Elgin), Governor General of the Province of Canada. A popular tourist destination for camping, hiking and fishing, the area has two national parks (Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park), more than half a dozen nature reserves, and the Bruce Peninsula Bird Observatory. The Bruce Trail runs through the region to its northern terminus in the town of Tobermory.
The Bruce Peninsula is a key area for both plant and animal wildlife. Part of the Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve, the peninsula has the largest remaining area of forest and natural habitat in Southern Ontario and is home to some of the oldest trees in eastern North America. An important flyway for migrating birds, the peninsula is habitat to a variety of animals, including black bear, massasauga rattlesnake, and barred owl.
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France
France (English
i/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gordon Barrie Island
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3). The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States.
The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the St. Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Michigan-Huron (in the hydrological sense, a single body of water), southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region contains not only the five themselves but also many thousands of smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. Of the five lakes, Lake Michigan is the only one that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water border between the United States and Canada.
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Isle Royale
Isle Royale /ˌaɪl ˈrɔɪ.əl/ is an island of the Great Lakes, located in the northwest of Lake Superior, and part of the state of Michigan. The island and the 450 surrounding smaller islands and waters make up Isle Royale National Park.
The island is 45 miles (72 km) long and 9 miles (14 km) wide, with an area of 206.73 square miles (535.43 km2), making it the largest natural island in Lake Superior, the second largest island in the Great Lakes (after Manitoulin Island), the third largest in the contiguous United States (after Long Island and Padre Island), and the 33rd largest island in the United States. It is defined by the United States Census Bureau as Census Tract 9603 of Keweenaw County, Michigan. As of the 2000 census there was no permanent population. After the island was made a national park, some existing residents were allowed to stay, and a few leases are still in effect. Ferries from Michigan and Minnesota land at Rock Harbor on the eastern end of the island; this has a lodge, campground, and information center. Ferries from Minnesota also run to Windigo on the western end, which has a visitor center and campground.
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Lake Agassiz
Coordinates: 51°N 98°W / 51°N 98°W / 51; -98
Lake Agassiz was an immense glacial lake located in the middle of the northern part of North America. Fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last glacial period, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined, and it held more water than contained by all lakes in the world today.
First postulated in 1823 by William H. Keating, it was named by Warren Upham in 1879 after Louis Agassiz, when Upham recognized the lake was formed by glacial action.
Geologists have come to a consensus on the likely geological history of Lake Agassiz.[citation needed]
During the last Ice Age, northern North America was covered by a glacier, which alternately advanced and deteriorated with variations in the climate. This continental ice sheet formed during the period now known as the Wisconsin glaciation, and covered much of central North America between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago. As the ice sheet disintegrated, it created at its front an immense proglacial lake, formed from its meltwaters.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Niagara River
The Niagara River flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the Province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and New York State in the United States. There are differing theories as to the origin of the name of the river. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, "Niagara" is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the "Niagagarega" people on several late 17th century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called "Ongniaahra", meaning "point of land cut in two".
The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 56 kilometres (35 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion.
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Northern Ontario
Northern Ontario is a geographic and administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario. The geographic region lies north of Lake Huron (including Georgian Bay), the French River, Lake Nipissing, and the Mattawa River. The administrative region has several boundaries further south that vary according to federal and provincial government policies and requirements. The geographic region (which for census purposes, includes a part of Nipissing District that lies south of the Mattawa River) has a land area of 802,000 km2 (310,000 mi2) and constitutes 87% of the land area of Ontario, although it contains only about 6% of the population. Most of Northern Ontario is situated on the Canadian Shield, a vast rocky plateau. The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature, extremely cold in winter and hot in summer. The principal industries are mining, forestry, and hydroelectricity.
For some purposes, Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario. When the region is divided in this way, the three westernmost districts (Rainy River, Kenora and Thunder Bay) constitute "Northwestern Ontario" and the other districts constitute "Northeastern Ontario." Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario's population.
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Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
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Sheguiandah
Coordinates: 45°54′36″N 81°55′30″W / 45.91°N 81.925°W / 45.91; -81.925
Sheguiandah is a Paleo-Indian archaeological site on the northeastern shore of Manitoulin Island, Manitoulin District, Ontario, Canada. It was originally discovered in 1951 by Thomas E. Lee, who led excavation teams for the next four years. He estimated the earliest occupation date of about 30 000 years BP, as well as noting Paleo-Indian and Archaic artifacts dating to about 10,000 BCE. Public interest in the finds was so high that it contributed to passage of legislation in 1953 to protect archeological sites in Ontario.
The site was studied later by other teams of specialists. In 1992 archeologist Peter L. Storck and geologist Patrick Julig led a team doing additional excavations. Drawing on new material from botany and related disciplines, they concluded that a more conservative estimate was justified, and estimated the site was almost certainly occupied 9 500 years BP by Paleo-Indians, making it significant in North American archaeology and the archaeology of Ontario. They also said that more research needed to be done.
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Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is a region of the province of Ontario, Canada. It is the most densely populated and southernmost region in Canada. Situated south of Algonquin Park it covers between 14 to 15% of the province, depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts.
Southern Ontario differs very greatly from Northern Ontario. The region has a larger population, different climate, and different culture than its northern counterpart. Southern Ontario can also be broken into smaller subregions, such as Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, and the Golden Horseshoe.
Southern Ontario can be distinguished from Northern Ontario because it is far more densely populated and contains the majority of the province's cities, major roads, and institutions. (The north, in contrast, contains more natural resources and remote wilderness.) Although it has no saltwater coastline, the region has an abundance of fresh water coastline on three Great Lakes (Huron, Erie and Ontario) as well as smaller lakes such as Lake Simcoe and Lake St. Clair. It is a major vineyard region and producer of Canadian wines.
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Straits of Mackinac
The Straits of Mackinac is the strip of water that connects two of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and separates the Lower Peninsula of Michigan from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It is a shipping lane providing passage for raw materials and finished goods, connecting, for instance, the iron mines of Minnesota to the steel mills of Gary, Indiana. Before the railroads reached Chicago from the east, most immigrants arrived in the Midwest and Great Plains by ships on the Great Lakes. The straits is five miles (8 km) wide at its narrowest point, where it is spanned by the Mackinac Bridge. Before the bridge was built, car ferries transported vehicles across the straits. Today passenger-only ferries carry people to Mackinac Island, which does not permit cars. Visitors can take their vehicles on a car ferry to Bois Blanc Island.
Islands in the Straits of Mackinac include the two populated islands, Bois Blanc and Mackinac, and two that are uninhabited: Round and St. Helena islands. At 11 miles (18 kilometers) in length, Bois Blanc is the largest island in the Straits.
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Welland Canal
The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Canada that extends 42 km (26 mi) from Port Weller, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, to Port Colborne, Ontario, on Lake Erie. As a part of the St. Lawrence Seaway, this canal enables ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment and to bypass Niagara Falls.
Approximately 40,000,000 tonnes of cargo are carried through the Welland Canal annually by a traffic of about 3,000 ocean and Great Lakes vessels. This canal was a major factor in the growth of the city of Toronto. The original canal and its successors allowed goods from such Great Lakes ports as Detroit, Cleveland, Windsor, and other heavily industrialized areas of the United States and Ontario to be shipped to the port of Montreal or to Quebec City, where they were usually reloaded onto ocean-going vessels for international shipping.
The completion of the Welland Canal made the Trent-Severn Waterway, that connected Lake Ontario with Lake Huron, obsolete as a commercial traffic route for Great Lakes navigation.
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Anishinaabe
Anishinaabe or Anishinabe—or more properly Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek, which is the plural form of the word—is the autonym often used by the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Algonquin peoples. They all speak closely related Anishinaabemowin/Anishinaabe languages, of the Algonquian language family.
The meaning of Anishnaabeg is "First" or "Original-Peoples". Another definition - possibly reflecting a traditionalist's viewpoint with a certain moral dimension - refers to "the good humans", or good people, meaning those who are on the right road/path given to them by the Creator or Gichi-Manidoo (Great Spirit). The Ojibwe scholar, linguist and author Basil Johnston, who explains the name in a creationist context, states that its literal translation is "Beings Made Out of Nothing", or "Spontaneous Beings", since they had been created by divine breath and were made up of flesh and blood and a soul or spirit - instead of rock, or fire, or water, or wind.
Not all Anishinaabemowin speakers, however, call themselves Anishinaabeg. The Ojibwe people who moved to what are now the prairie provinces of Canada call themselves Nakawē(-k) and their branch of the Anishinaabe language, Nakawēmowin. (The French ethnonym for the group was the Saulteaux). Particular Anishinaabeg groups have different names from region to region.
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Beaver Wars
The Beaver Wars, also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars, commonly refers to a series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. The conflict pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant Mohawk, against the French-backed and largely Algonquian-speaking tribes of the Great Lakes region.
The wars were brutal and are considered one of the bloodiest series of conflicts in the history of North America. As the Iroquois succeeded in the war and enlarged their territory, they realigned the tribal geography of North America, and destroyed several large tribal confederacies—including the Huron, Neutral, Erie, and Susquehannock—and pushed some eastern tribes west of the Mississippi River, or southward into the Carolinas. The Iroquois also controlled the Ohio Valley lands as hunting ground, from about 1670 onward, as far as can be determined from contemporary French (Jesuit) accounts. The Ohio Country and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan were virtually emptied of Native people as refugees fled westward to escape Iroquois warriors. (Much of this region was later repopulated by Native peoples nominally subjected to the Six Nations; see Mingo)
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Coureur des bois
A coureur des bois (French pronunciation: [kuʁœʁ de bwa]) or coureur de bois (French pronunciation: [kuʁœʁ də bwa]), woodlands runner; plural: coureurs de bois) was an independent entrepreneurial French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior of North America. They ventured into the woods to trade various European items for furs, especially beaver pelts, and along the way, learned the trades and practices of the Native people who inhabited there.
“Coureurs des Bois came from all social ranks and all succumbed to the lure of the wilderness.” In 1680, the intendant Duchesneau estimated that there was not one family in New France who did not have a “son, brother, uncle or nephew” among the Coureur des Bois. It was not just the promise of adventure or the freedom to roam that enticed the Coureur des Bois; it was the profits earned by purchasing valuable pelts from natives in return for European goods.
A coureur des bois was an adventurer with many skills, including those of businessman, and of an expert canoeist. They engaged in a range of activities including fishing, snowshoeing and hunting. All these activities depended on skills learned through close contact with the indigenous peoples of North America. Native peoples were essential to the fur trade because they actually trapped the fur-bearing animals (above all beaver) and prepared the skins. The coureurs des bois were purchasers rather than producers of pelts. Often transactions took the form of reciprocal gift-giving. Radisson and his companions, for instance, “struck agreeable relations with Natives inland by giving European goods as gifts”. Relations between the coureur de bois and the Natives often included a sexual dimension; marriage "à la façon du pays" was common. Although the term "Coureurs des Bois" is most strongly associated with those who engaged in the fur trade, the most prominent coureurs des bois gained fame as explorers.
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Crystal Shawanda
Crystal Shawanda (born in Wikwemikong, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian country music artist.CMT documented her rise to fame in the six-part series Crystal: Living the Dream, which aired in February 2008. Signed to RCA Records in 2007, she released her debut single, "You Can Let Go," in Canada in January 2008. It was the fastest climbing single on the Canadian Country Singles Chart since Carolyn Dawn Johnson's "Georgia" in 2000, reaching the Top 10 in 5 weeks. It was released in the United States on March 17, 2008.
Shawanda's debut album, Dawn of a New Day, was released in Canada on June 24, 2008; it was later released in the United States on August 19. The album debuted at number 2 on the Canadian Country Albums chart, and number 16 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and became the highest charted album by a full-blooded Canadian First Nations country artist in the SoundScan era.
Shawanda is a First Nations member of the Ojibwe band. Her surname translates to "Dawn of a New Day."
Shawanda toured Canada and the United States with Brad Paisley and Dierks Bentley as a special guest on the Paisley Party 2009 tour. She had previously toured with various artists across Canada and the northern United States in 2008. Her first single, "You Can Let Go," peaked at number 21 on the Hot Country Songs charts. In mid-2009, Shawanda parted ways with RCA Nashville and through her own record label, New Sun Records, and a distribution deal with EMI/On Ramp Records, released a Christmas album, titled I'll Be Home for Christmas.
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Daphne Odjig
Daphne Odjig, CM, LL.D. (b. September 11, 1919), is an influential Canadian First Nations artist of Odawa-Potawatomi-English heritage. Her many awards include the Order of Canada and the Governor General's Award. Her painting is often characterized as Woodlands Style. Daphne Odjig was the driving force behind the Indian Group of Seven.
Daphne was born in Wikwemikong, the principal village on the Manitoulin Island Unceded Indian Reserve, to parents Dominic and Joyce. She is the eldest of four children with siblings Stanley, Winnie and Donald. She is descended on her father's side from the great Potawatomi Chief Black Partridge. Her mother (née Peacy) met and married Dominic in England where he was serving during the war.
Daphne's first and perhaps biggest artistic influence was her paternal grandfather Jonas with whom the young family lived. “My grandfather played a great role in my life – he nurtured my creative spirit – he was the first one I ever drew with...he was my first mentor". Daphne was also influenced by her mother who did embroidery work and her father who liked to draw war scenes and his officers from the First World War. Daphne asserts: “Art was always a part of our lives”.
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Iroquois
The Iroquois (
/ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are a league of several nations and tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples of present-day central and upstate New York coalesced as distinct tribes, by the 16th century or earlier, they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems. Other Iroquian peoples lived along the St. Lawrence River, around the Great Lakes and in the American Southeast, but they were not part of the Haudenosaunee and often competed and warred with these tribes.
When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Haudenosaunee were based in what is now the northeastern United States, primarily in what is referred to today as upstate New York west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region. Today, the Iroquois live primarily in New York, Quebec, and Ontario.
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Isabel Paterson
Isabel Paterson (January 22, 1886, – January 10, 1961) was a Canadian-American journalist, novelist, political philosopher, and a leading literary critic of her day. Along with Rose Wilder Lane and Ayn Rand, who both acknowledged an intellectual debt to Paterson, she is one of the three founding mothers of American libertarianism. Paterson's best-known work, her 1943 book The God of the Machine, a treatise on political philosophy, economics, and history, reached conclusions and espoused beliefs that many libertarians credit as a foundation of their philosophy. Her biographer Stephen D. Cox (2004) believes Paterson is the "earliest progenitor of libertarianism as we know it today." Ayn Rand wrote in a letter in the 1940s that The God of the Machine "does for capitalism what Das Kapital does for the Reds and what the Bible did for Christianity."
Born Isabel Mary Bowler in rural Manitoulin Island, Ontario, she moved with her family to the west when she was very young. She grew up on a cattle ranch in Alberta. Paterson's family was quite poor and she had eight siblings. A voracious reader who was largely self-educated, she had brief and informal public schooling during these years: about three years in a country school, from the ages of 11 to 14. In her late teen years, Bowler left the ranch for the city of Calgary, where she took a clerical job with the Canadian Pacific Railway. As a teenager, she worked as a waitress, stenographer, and bookkeeper, working at one point as an assistant to future Canadian Prime Minister R. B. Bennett.
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Joseph Poncet
Joseph Anthony de la Rivière Poncet (b. at Paris, 17 May 1610; d. at Martinique, 18 June 1675) was a French Jesuit missionary to Canada.
He entered the Jesuit novitiate in Paris at nineteen, as a student in rhetoric and philosophy. He pursued his studies at Clermont, Rome, and Rouen, and taught at Orléans (1631-4).
In 1638 he met Madame de la Pettrie and accompanied her and Marie de l'Incarnation to Canada in the following year. He was sent immediately to the Huron mission.
In 1645 he founded an Algonquin mission on the Island of St. Mary. After returning to Quebec he was captured by the Iroquois; he was being tortured when a rescue party arrived in time to save his life. His companion, Mathurin Franchelot, was burned at the stake.
In 1657, as he became involved in ecclesiastical disputes, he was sent back to France. He held the position of French penitentiary at Loreto, and was later sent to the Island of Martinique, where he died.
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Kevin Closs
Kevin Closs is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Manitowaning, Ontario. Born in Sault Ste. Marie in 1963, Closs was raised on Manitoulin Island, and currently lives in Onaping Falls. An independent recording artist since 1987, he works both as a solo performer and with his rock band The Nobs.
Closs is best known for his song "Erica", a Canadian Top 40 hit in 1994. He has also toured as a supporting musician in Charlie Major's band.
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Odawa people
The Odawa or Ottawa (pronounced /oʊˈdɒwə/ in Canadian English) , said to mean "traders," are a Native American and First Nations people. They are one of the Anishinaabeg, related to but distinct from the Ojibwe nation. Their original homelands are located on Manitoulin Island, near the northern shores of Lake Huron, on the Bruce Peninsula in present day province of Ontario and in the state of Michigan. There are approximately 15,000 Ottawa living in Michigan, Ontario, and Oklahoma. The Ottawa language is considered a divergent dialect of the Ojibwe, characterized by frequent syncope. The Ottawa language, like the Ojibwe language, is part of the Algonquian language family. They also have a smaller tribal groups or “bands” commonly called “Tribe” in the United States and “First Nation” in Canada. The Odawa nation formerly lived along the Ottawa River but now live especially on Manitoulin Island.
Odaawaa (syncoped as Daawaa, supposedly from the Anishinaabe word adaawe, meaning “to trade,” or “to buy and sell”) is a term common to the Cree, Algonquin, Nipissing, Montagnais, Ottawa, and Ojibwa. The Potawatomi spelling of Odawa and the English derivative “Ottawa” are also common. The actual Anishinaabe word for "Those men who trade, or buy and sell" is Wadaawewinini(wag), which has been recorded by Fr. Frederic Baraga in his A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language as "Watawawininiwok" but was recorded to mean "men of the bulrushes", from the many bulrushes in Ottawa River, though this recorded meaning is associated with the Matàwackariniwak, a historical band of Algonquins living about the Ottawa River. Nonetheless, the "Trader" name was applied to the Ottawa because in early traditional times and also during the early European contact period, they were noted among their neighbors as intertribal traders and barterers, dealing "chiefly in cornmeal, sunflower oil, furs and skins, rugs and mats, tobacco, and medicinal roots and herbs."
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Potawatomi
The Potawatomi /ˌpɑːtəˈwɑːtəmiː/, also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi (among many variations), are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied to them by their Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) cousins. They originally called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word Anishinaabe. The Potawatomi were part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe (Chippewa) and Ottawa. In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi were considered the "youngest brother."
The English "Potawatomi" is derived from the Ojibwe Boodawaadamii(g) (syncoped in the Ottawa as Boodwadmii(g)). The Potawatomi's name for themselves (autonym) is Bodéwadmi (without syncope: Bodéwademi; plural: Bodéwadmik), a cognate of the Ojibwe form. Their name means “those who keep/tend the hearth-fire,” which refers to the hearth of the Council of Three Fires. The word comes from “to keep/tend the hearth-fire,” which is bodewadm (without syncope: bodewadem) in the Potawatomi language; the Ojibwe and Ottawa forms are boodawaadam and boodwaadam, respectively.
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Voyageurs
The Voyageurs were the people who engaged in the transportation of furs by canoe during the fur trade era. Voyageur is a French word which literally means "traveler". This article covers the emblematic meaning of the term which applies to places (Canada and the upper Midwest of the US) and times (zenith in the 18th and early 19th centuries) where transportation was for longer distances, and this major and challenging task of the fur trading business was done by canoe and largely by French Canadians. The term in its fur trade context applied to a lesser extent to other fur trade activities (such as trading and soldiering), to those in the fur trade industry that traveled by dog sled, those engaged in fur trade travel on inland waterways in other parts of what is now the US, to the individuals who practiced it even when they were not doing so, and to individuals engaged in wilderness exploration whose involvement in fur trade was secondary to that. The emblematic meaning at the time also included being a part of a licensed, organized effort, a distinction that sets them apart from the Coureur des bois engaged in the fur trade at that time.
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photo: AP / Mohamed Sheikh Nor
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Helicopter raid fails to rescue agent 'Denis Allex' from Islamist group al-Shabaab, as French combat pilot killed in Mali. French secret service hostage 'Denis Allex' pictured in Somalia in October 2012. Photograph. SITE Monitoring Service/AFP/Getty Images. A French hostage and two French soldiers have been killed during a failed secret service rescue mission in Somalia ... The group said it had also captured a wounded French commando ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
photo: AP / Adj Nicolas-Nelson Richard, ECPAD
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Bamako/Paris - French fighter jets pounded Islamist rebel strongholds deep in northern Mali on Sunday as Paris poured more troops into the capital, Bamako, awaiting a West African force to dislodge al-Qaeda-linked insurgents from the country’s north ... Defence Minister Jean-Yves le Drian said France’s intervention on Friday prevented the advancing rebels from seizing Bamako and vowed air strikes would continue ... – ... Doubt....(size: 6.6Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
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Allahabad. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims led by naked, ash-covered holy men streamed into the sacred river Ganges on Monday at the start of the world's biggest religious festival. The Kumbh Mela in the Indian town of Allahabad will see up to 100 million worshippers gather over the next 55 days to take a ritual bath in the holy waters, believed to cleanse sins and bestow blessings ... "I am ecstatic ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Gretchen Albrecht
13 Jan 2013
The draft version of the US National Climate Assessment, released on Friday, makes remarkable reading – not just for Americans but for all humanity. Put together by a special panel of more than 240 scientists, the federally commissioned report reveals that the US is already reeling under the impact of global warming ... Nor is there any doubt about the cause of these rising temperatures ... A bitter struggle lies ahead ... Sender's name ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
14 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama issued a strong warning to Republicans on Monday that he will not negotiate over the debt ceiling or allow Republicans to use it as a bargaining chip. "To even entertain the idea of the United States of America not paying our bills is irresponsible. It's absurd," Obama said in a press conference ... "They will not collect a ransom in exchange for not crashing the economy," Obama said ... Also on HuffPost ... ....(size: 10.3Kb)
Canada Newswire
14 Jan 2013
CBC
11 Jan 2013
It could be several more hours — or even Saturday — before a severed fibre optics cable causing landline phone disruption throughout the region is repaired ... The outage affects a number of communities, including Cutler, Elliot Lake, Espanola, Manitoulin Island, Massey, McKerral, Spanish, Webbwood, Whitefish and Killarney ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
CBC
10 Jan 2013
The parcel of land — located on Cockburn Island, off the western end of Manitoulin Island — has been bought by the Nature Conservancy of Canada from a lumber company ... interested in buying more property on Cockburn Island and also owns some land on Manitoulin Island....(size: 1.3Kb)
TSN Canada
29 Nov 2012
TORONTO – Resting nearly 600 kilometres north of Toronto is the rustic Manitoulin Island, a scenic setting in Lake Huron that recently played host to the head coach of the Maple Leafs. Randy Carlyle actually owns a cottage on what is known to be the biggest lake island on the planet and with the NHL lockout dragging on he's had the chance to pay it an uncommon winter visit ... You go away and your mind is in a different area ... Now?....(size: 5.8Kb)
Toronto Sun
28 Nov 2012
TORONTO - . The NHL lockout was bad news for the surplus deer population on Manitoulin Island. It enabled Maple Leafs coach Randy Carlyle to join the annual November hunt for four days, a time of year he’s usually holding a hockey stick at practice instead of a rifle ... It was very enjoyable ... (Carlyle has a summer cottage on the island.) It’s nice to be able to go, but nice to be able to come back here, too.” ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Chicago Tribune
06 Nov 2012
The wreck of the Titanic was discovered in 1985, a few hundred miles off the coast of Cape Race, which is on what island? ... Though most species of lemurs live only in Madagascar, two species also live in a group of islands off its northwest coast. Name this group of islands ... Manitoulin Island is the world's largest island in a freshwater lake....(size: 2.1Kb)
Canada Newswire
30 Oct 2012
TORONTO, Oct. 30, 2012 /CNW/ - Hydro One Networks Inc. (Hydro One) crews have restored power to 57,000 customers; 33,000 remain without power at this time ... Area Impacted Number of Hydro One. Customers Affected Algoma 2550 Bancroft 800 Bowmanville 600 Bracebridge 3400 Brockville 450 Clinton 3000 Huntsville 1300 Kent 4000 Lambton 5000 Manitoulin Island 1300 Minden 300 Owen Sound 1500 Parry Sound 3600 Peterborough 849 Sudbury 750 ... SOURCE ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
Stockhouse
26 Oct 2012
http.//at.marketwire.com/accesstracking/AccessTrackingLogServlet?docid=0811275001&sourceType=1http.//media3.marketwire.com/docs/DundeecorporationlogoLG.jpg ... FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS ... In the second quarter and through its investment in Blue Goose Capital Corporation, the Corporation acquired a rainbow trout fish farm operating as Meeker Aquaculture on Manitoulin Island, Ontario ... ABOUT THE CORPORATION ... Contacts.. Dundee Corporation ... ....(size: 9.7Kb)
Toronto Sun
24 Oct 2012
KAGAWONG, Ont. Article Tweet. Fashion sense on Manitoulin Island boils down to this. Don’t wear deer-coloured clothes in the fall. I hardly ever get to spread my fashionista wings during my treks up here looking for the “extinct” eastern cougar. There is only so much one can do with lumberjack plaid and hip waders. So I was tickled to hear the TTC has finally taken my advice on its pathetic and shabby uniforms ... Nope....(size: 6.0Kb)
CBC
23 Oct 2012
A project aimed at reducing what one doctor says is an alarming trend when it comes to cancer rates on northeastern Ontario First Nations is taking root at Health Sciences North in Sudbury.Dr ... (Markus Schwabe/CBC). Dr. Amanda Hey is with the Lending a Hand to Take a Stand project with First Nations on Manitoulin Island, the north shore of Lake Huron, and the James Bay Coast ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
noodls
23 Oct 2012
Until 1985, First Nations women who married non-status men lost their status under Canada's Indian Act, even though men who married non-status women were able to pass their status on to their wives and children ... In a free public event, "Aboriginal Women v ... Lavell, an Anishnabe woman of the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve on Manitoulin Island, is a former president of the Native Women's Association of Canada ... It runs 11.30 a.m ... (noodl....(size: 3.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
15 Oct 2012
Embeds CAISO Reporting Capability in its Site Monitoring and Control Solutions ... About Draker ... For more information, visit http.//www.drakerenergy.com ... New Manitoulin Island Hotel and Conference …. Eclipsall, a leading manufacturer of solar PV panels announced today that the new $10.8 million dollar … Full Story »New Manitoulin Island Hotel and Conference Centre to be Powered by Eclipsall Solar PV Panels ... ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)
Canada Newswire
04 Oct 2012
SUDBURY, ON, Oct ... The conference provides the opportunity for delegates to visit community partners across the City of Thunder Bay and surrounding area, and travel to Nipigon, Cochrane, Hearst, Manitoulin Island, Marathon, Sioux Lookout, Sudbury, and Wawa to experience first-hand NOSM's distributed model in action ... Rendez-Vous 2012 will bring together the Wonca World Rural Health and The Network ... Roger Strasser, NOSM Dean ... SOURCE ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
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 Satellite image of Manitoulin Island. |
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| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Lake Huron |
| Coordinates | 45°46′N 82°12′W / 45.767°N 82.2°W / 45.767; -82.2Coordinates: 45°46′N 82°12′W / 45.767°N 82.2°W / 45.767; -82.2 |
| Area | 2,766 km2 (1,068 sq mi) |
| Country | |
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Canada
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| Province |  Ontario |
| District | Manitoulin District |
| Largest city | Little Current |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 12,600 |
| Density | 4.56 /km2 (11.81 /sq mi) |
Manitoulin Island is a Canadian lake island in Lake Huron, in the province of Ontario. It is the largest island in a freshwater lake in the world.[1] In addition to the historic Anishinaabe and European settlement of the island, archeological discoveries at Sheguiandah have demonstrated Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures dating from 10,000 BCE to 2000 BCE.[2]
Contents |
Geography and geology[link]
The island has an area of 2,766 km2 (1,068 sq mi), making it the 172nd largest island in the world, and Canada's 31st largest island. The island separates the larger part of Lake Huron to its south and west from Georgian Bay to its east and the North Channel to the north. Manitoulin Island itself has 108 freshwater lakes, some of which have their own islands; in turn several of these "islands within islands" have their own ponds. Lake Manitou (about 104 km2 - 40.5 sq. mi.) is the largest lake in a freshwater island in the world,[3] and Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya is the largest island in a lake on an island in a lake in the world.[3] Nameless Lake is the island's only no-motor lake.
The island also has four major rivers: the Kagawong, Manitou River, Blue Jay Creek in Michaels Bay and Mindemoya Rivers, which provide spawning grounds for salmon and trout. The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association was formed in 2000 and incorporated in 2007. The organization rehabilitates streams, rivers and creeks on Manitoulin Island for the sake of water quality and the fisheries resource. They have conducted enhancement strategies for the Manitou River and Blue Jay Creek. They have rehabilitated 17 major sites on the Manitou River and three major sites on Blue Jay Creek and have completed work on Bass Lake Creek and Norton's Creek. The organization plans to start work on the Mindemoya River in 2010.
The island is physio-graphically part of Southern Ontario, an "eastward extension of the Interior Plains, a region characterized by low relief and sedimentary underpinnings". It consists mainly of dolomite. It is a continuation of the Bruce Peninsula and Niagara Escarpment, a geological rock formation running south into Niagara Falls and continuing into New York. The "Cup and Saucer Trail", which climbs the escarpment, provides a spectacular lookout over the island.
Culture[link]
The island has two incorporated towns (Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands and Gore Bay), eight townships (Assiginack, Billings, Burpee and Mills, Central Manitoulin, Dawson, Gordon/Barrie Island, Robinson and Tehkummah) and six Anishinaabe reserves (M'Chigeeng, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Aundeck Omni Kaning, Wikwemikong and Zhiibaahaasing.)
During the summer, the population (12,600 permanent residents) on the island grows by more than a quarter due to the popularity of boating and other activities offered to tourists. The island, along with several smaller neighbouring islands, constitutes the Manitoulin District census division of Ontario.
Year-round motor-vehicle access to the island is available via the one-lane Little Current Swing Bridge, which crosses the North Channel at Little Current. From late May to early October, a daily passenger-vehicle ferry, the MS Chi-Cheemaun (Ojibwe for "Big Canoe"), travels between Tobermory on the tip of the Bruce Peninsula and South Baymouth.
Manitoulin Island's soil is relatively alkaline, which precludes the growth of common Northern Ontario flora such as blueberries, but allows for the island's trademark hawberries. These berries are so distinctive that people born on the island are referred to as "Haweaters". Each year on the August long weekend, the island hosts the Haweater Festival. The festival is a large tourist draw and includes parades, firework shows, craft shows, and rural competitions, such as horse pulls.
Demographics[link]
Ethnic groups
- 61.1% White
- 38.9% Aboriginal[4]
Religious groups
- 42.3% Protestant
- 37.3% Roman Catholic
- 2.7% other Christian
- 17.7% other/none
Manitoulin Island, like many rural areas, is vulnerable to a large degree of brain drain, as young people move off the island in search of education and jobs. The effects of this brain drain are evident by looking at the average education levels.
Highest Education Received
- Grade 8 or less 16.4%
- High School Diploma 60.4%
- College Diploma 18.1%
- Bachelors Degree 4.6%
- Masters Degree or Higher 0.5%
History[link]
In 1952 archeologist Thomas E. Lee discovered Sheguiandah on the island, a prehistoric site with artifacts of the Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, dating at least to 10,000 BCE and possibly to 30,000 years ago.[2] Additional studies were undertaken by a team he led from the National Museum of Canada in succeeding years.[5] Popular interest in the finds was so high that it contributed to Ontario's passing legislation in 1953 to protect its archeological sites.[6] A team performed excavations again in the early 1990s, as well as being able to draw from new material in botany and other disciplines. They concluded the site was at least 9500 years old, making it one of the most significant in Ontario.[7]
Manitoulin means spirit island in Anishinaabemowin (the Ojibwe language). The island is considered sacred by the Native Anishinaabe people, who call themselves the "People of the Three Fires." They are generally known as the Ojibwe, Odawa and Potawatomi tribes.
The North Channel was part of the route used by the Voyageurs and Coureur des bois to reach Lake Superior. The first known European to settle on the island was Father Joseph Poncet, a French Jesuit, who set up a mission near Wikwemikong in 1648. The Jesuits called the island "Isle de Ste. Marie". Eurasian infectious diseases introduced by the visitors had a devastating effect on the island's population, as the Natives had no natural immunity to the new diseases.
In addition, the Five Nations of the Iroquois began raiding the island and area to try to control the fur trade with the French. As part of what was called the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois drove the Anishinaabe people from the island by 1650. According to Anishinaabe oral tradition, to purify the island from disease, the people burned their settlements as they left. The island was mostly uninhabited for nearly 150 years.
Native people (Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi) began to return to the island following the War of 1812. They ceded the island to the British Crown in 1836; the government set aside the land as a refuge for Natives. In 1838 Jean-Baptiste Proulx re-established a Roman Catholic mission. The Jesuits took over the mission in 1845.
In 1862, the government opened up the island to settlement by non-Native people by the Manitoulin Island treaty. As the Wikwemikong chief did not accept this treaty, his people's reserve was held back from being offered for development. That reserve remains unceded. On August 7, 1975 the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve reasserted their sovereignty over the islands off the east end of Manitoulin Island, declaring, "Wikwemikong Band has jurisdiction over its reservation lands and surrounding waters."[8]
The province erected an Ontario Historical Plaque on the grounds of the Assiginack Museum to commemorate the Manitoulin Treaties' role in Ontario's heritage.[9]
Notable residents[link]
- Daphne Odjig, artist, born and raised on the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve on Manitoulin Island.
- Kevin Closs, independent rock recording artist raised in Manitowaning.
- Crystal Shawanda, country music artist from Wikwemikong
- Writer Isabel Paterson was born on Manitoulin Island
- Doug Smith, founder of Manitoulin Transport, Order of Canada
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "CBC.CA - Seven Wonders of Canada - Your Nominations - Manitoulin Island, Ontario". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/sevenwonders/wonder_manitoulin_island.html. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ a b Lee, Thomas E. (1954). "The First Sheguiandah Expedition, Manitoulin Island, Ontario", American Antiquity 20:2, p. 101, accessed 13 Apr 2010
- ^ a b "The Island and Lake Combination". http://www.elbruz.org/islands/Islands%20and%20Lakes.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "Manitoulin Island", Census, Statcan
- ^ Robert E. Lee, Chapter 2, The Sheguiandah Site: Archaeological, geological and paleobotanical studies at a Paleoindian site on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, ed. Patrick Julig (2002), Toronto: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2002. ISBN 0-660-18755-8
- ^ Lee, Thomas E. (1955). "The Second Sheguiandah Expedition, Manitoulin Island, Ontario", American Antiquity 21:1, p. 63, accessed 13 Apr 2010
- ^ Patrick Julig and Peter Storck, Chapters 4 and 5, The Sheguiandah Site: Archaeological, geological and paleobotanical studies at a Paleoindian site on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, ed. Patrick Julig (2002), Toronto: Canadian Museum of Civilization. ISBN 0-660-18755-8
- ^ "Wikemikong History", Manitoulin Island
- ^ Ontario Plaque
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Manitoulin |
- Manitoulin Island travel guide from Wikitravel
- Manitoulin Tourism Information
- Manitoulin Tourism Association
- Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association
- Manitoulin, an essay about Ojibway Indians and Lumbermen by Harold Nelson Burden (1895)
- Ontario photos. Manitoulin Island
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
