A
dragon is a
legendary creature, typically with
serpentine or otherwise
reptilian traits, that feature in the
myths of many cultures.
There are two distinct cultural traditions of dragons: the European dragon, derived from European folk traditions and ultimately related to Greek and Middle Eastern mythologies, and the Chinese dragon, with counterparts in Japan, Korea and other East Asian countries. The two traditions may have evolved separately, but have influenced each to a certain extent, particularly with the cross-cultural contact of recent centuries. The English word "dragon" derives from Greek δράκων (''drákōn''), "dragon, serpent of huge size, water-snake", which probably comes from the verb δρακεῖν (''drakeîn'') "to see clearly".
In the New Testament, the Devil takes the form of a red dragon with seven heads and ten horns, in his battle against Archangel Michael.
Overview
Dragons are usually shown in modern times with a body like a huge lizard, or a snake with two pairs of lizard-type legs, and able to emit fire from their mouths. The
European dragon has bat-type wings growing from its back. A dragon-like creature with no front legs is known as a
wyvern. Following discovery of how
pterosaurs walked on the ground, some dragons have been portrayed without front legs and using the wings as front legs pterosaur-fashion when on the ground.
Although dragons occur in many legends around the world, different cultures have varying stories about monsters that have been grouped together under the dragon label. Some dragons are said to breathe fire or to be poisonous, such as in the Old English poem Beowulf. They are commonly portrayed as serpentine or reptilian, hatching from eggs and possessing typically scaly or feathered bodies. They are sometimes portrayed as having especially large eyes or watching treasure very diligently, a feature that is the origin of the word dragon (Greek ''drakeîn'' meaning "to see clearly"). Some myths portray them with a row of dorsal spines. European dragons are more often winged, while Chinese dragons resemble large snakes. Dragons can have a variable number of legs: none, two, four, or more when it comes to early European literature.
Dragons are often held to have major spiritual significance in various religions and cultures around the world. In many Asian cultures dragons were, and in some cultures still are, revered as representative of the primal forces of nature, religion and the universe. They are associated with wisdom—often said to be wiser than humans—and longevity. They are commonly said to possess some form of magic or other supernatural power, and are often associated with wells, rain, and rivers. In some cultures, they are also said to be capable of human speech. In some traditions dragons are said to have taught humans to talk.
The term ''dragoon'', for infantry that moved around on horseback yet still fought as foot soldiers, is derived from their early firearm, the "dragon", a wide-bore musket that spat flame when it fired, and was thus named for the mythical creature.
Origin and etymology
Origin and etymology
The word ''dragon'' entered the English language in the early 13th century from Old French ''dragon'', which in turn comes from Latin ''draconem'' (nominative ''draco'') meaning "huge serpent, dragon," from the Greek word δράκων, ''drakon'' (genitive ''drakontos'', δράκοντος) "serpent, giant seafish", which is believed to have come from an earlier stem ''drak-'', a stem of ''derkesthai'', "to see clearly," from Proto-Indo-European ''derk-'' "to see" or "the one with the (deadly) glance." The Greek and Latin term referred to any great serpent, not necessarily mythological, and this usage was also current in English up to the 18th century.
The association of the serpent with a monstrous opponent overcome by a heroic deity has its roots in the mythology of the Ancient Near East, including Canaanite (Hebrew, Ugaritic), Hittite and Mesopotamian. The ''Chaoskampf'' motif entered Greek mythology and ultimately Christian mythology, although the serpent motif may already be part of prehistoric Indo-European mythology as well, based on comparative evidence of Indic and Germanic material. It has been speculated that accounts of spitting cobras may be the origin of the myths of fire-breathing dragons.
Oriental dragon
The earliest depiction of the oriental dragon was the Chinese dragon (
traditional:龍;
simplified:龙), with examples dating back to the 16th century BC. Archaeologist Zhōu Chong-Fa believes that the Chinese word for dragon is an
onomatopoeia of the sound thunder makes. The Chinese name for dragon is pronounced "lóng" in
Mandarin Chinese or "lùhng" in the
Cantonese. Sometime after the 9th century AD, Japan adopted the Chinese dragon through the spread of Buddhism. Although the indigenous name for a dragon in Japanese is , a few of the Japanese words for dragon stem from the Chinese word for dragon, namely, or (
traditional:龍;
simplified:竜). The
Vietnamese word for dragon is "rồng" (
hán tự:龍) and the
Korean word for dragon is "ryong" (
hangul:용) (
hanja:龍).
Animals that may have inspired dragons
Nile crocodiles, today very restricted in range, was in ancient times occasionally found in Southern Europe, having swam across the
Mediterranean. Such wayward crocodiles may have inspired dragon myths. Skeletons of whales, as well as dinosaur and mammalian fossils were occasionally mistaken for the bones of dragons and other mythological creatures; for example, a discovery in 300 BC in
Wucheng,
Sichuan,
China, was labeled as such by
Chang Qu.
Adrienne Mayor has written on the subject of fossils as the inspiration for myths in her book ''The First Fossil Hunters'', and in an entry in the ''Encyclopedia of Geology'' she wrote: "Fossil remains generated a variety of
geomyths speculating on the creatures' identity and cause of their destruction. Many ancient cultures, from China and India to Greece, America, and Australia, told tales of dragons, monsters, and giant heroes to account for fossils of animals they had never seen alive." In Australia, stories of such creatures may have referred to the land crocodiles, ''
Quinkana'' sp., a terrestrial crocodile which grew to 5 to possibly 7 metres long, or the 4 tonne monitor lizard ''
Varanus priscus'' (formerly ''Megalania prisca'') a giant carnivorous
goanna that might have grown to 7 metres, and weighed up to 1,940 kilograms, or rainbow serpents (possibly ''
Wonambi naracoortensis'') that were part of the extinct
megafauna of Australia. Today the Komodo monitor lizard ''Varanus komodoensis'' is known in English as the
Komodo dragon.
The ''King James Bible'' uses the words "serpent", "dragon" and "Devil" in a fairly interchangeable manner.
In the book ''An Instinct for Dragons'' anthropologist David E. Jones suggests a hypothesis that humans just like monkeys have inherited instinctive reactions to snakes, large cats and birds of prey. Dragons have features that are combinations of these three. An instinctive fear for these three would explain why dragons with similar features occur in stories from independent cultures on all continents. Other authors have suggested that especially under the influence of drugs or in dreams, this instinct may give rise to fantasies about dragons, snakes, spiders, etc., which would explain why these symbols are popular in drug culture. The traditional mainstream explanation to the folklore dragons does however not rely on human instinct, but on the assumption that fossil remains of dinosaurs gave rise to similar speculations all over the world.
By region
Greek mythology
In
Ancient Greece the first mention of a "dragon" is derived from the ''
Iliad'' where
Agamemnon is described as having a blue dragon motif on his sword belt and a three-headed dragon emblem on his breast plate. However, the Greek word used (δράκων ''drákōn'',
genitive δράκοντοϛ ''drákontos'') could also mean "snake". Δράκων ''drákōn'' is a form of the
aorist participle active of Greek δέρκομαι ''dérkomai'' = "I see", ''derkeîn'' = "to see", and originally likely meant "that which sees", or "that which flashes or gleams" (perhaps referring to reflective scales). This is the origin of the word "dragon". (See also
Hesiod's ''
Theogony'', 322.)
In 217 A.D., Flavius Philostratus () discussed dragons (δράκων, drákōn) in India in The Life of Apollonius of Tyana (II,17 and III,6–8). The Loeb Classical Library translation (by F.C. Conybeare) mentions (III,7) that “In most respects the tusks resemble the largest swine’s, but they are slighter in build and twisted, and have a point as unabraded as sharks’ teeth.”
According to a collection of books by Claudius Aelianus () called ''On Animals'', Ethiopia was inhabited by a species of dragon that hunted elephants. It could grow to a length of 180 feet and had a lifespan rivaling that of the most enduring of animals.
European
European dragons exist in folklore and mythology among the overlapping
cultures of Europe. Dragons are generally depicted as living in rivers or having an underground lair or cave. They are commonly described as having hard or armoured hide, and are rarely described as flying, despite often depicted with wings.
European dragons are usually depicted as malevolent though there are exceptions (such as Y Ddraig Goch, the Red Dragon of Wales).
Chinese
Chinese dragons () can take on human form and are usually seen as benevolent. Dragons are particularly popular in China and the five-clawed dragon was a symbol of the Chinese emperors, with the mythical bird fenghuang the symbol of the Chinese empress. Dragon costumes manipulated by several people are a common sight at Chinese festivals.
Japanese
Japanese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about dragons from China, Korea and India. Like these other Asian dragons, most Japanese ones are
water deities associated with rainfall and
bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet. Gould writes (1896:248), the Japanese dragon is "invariably figured as possessing three claws".
India
In the
early Vedic religion,
Vritra (
Sanskrit: वृत्र (
Devanāgarī) or (
IAST)) "the enveloper", was an
Asura and also a "
naga" (serpent) () or possibly dragon-like creature, the personification of
drought and enemy of
Indra. Vritra was also known in the
Vedas as
Ahi ("snake") (), and he is said to have had three heads.
The ''Life of Apollonius of Tyana'' by Flavius Philostratus: contains a long detailed description of India heavily infested with dragons, but this does not correspond with modern Indian belief, and likely not with Indian belief as it was in his time, whether Apollonius invented this story, or whether he believed someone else who told him it.
Persian
Aži Dahāka is the source of the
modern Persian word azhdahā or ezhdehā اژده ها (Middle Persian azdahāg) meaning "dragon", often used of a dragon depicted upon a banner of war. The Persians believed that the baby of a dragon will be the same color as the mother's eyes. In
Middle Persian he is called Dahāg or Bēvar-Asp, the latter meaning "[he who has] 10,000 horses."
Several other dragons and dragon-like creatures, all of them malevolent, are mentioned in
Zoroastrian scripture. (See
Zahhāk).
Jewish
In Jewish religious texts, the first mention of a dragon-like creature is in the
Biblical works of
Job (26:13), and
Isaiah (27:1) where it is called ''Nachash Bare'ach'', or a "
Pole Serpent". This is identified in the
Midrash Rabba to Genesis 1:21 as
Leviathan from the word ''Taninim'' (תנינים) "and God created the great sea-monsters." In
modern Hebrew the word ''Taninim'' is used for
Crocodiles but this is a 20th century usage unconnected with the original Biblical meaning.
In later Biblical texts, the Book of Isaiah, the Book of Job, and Psalm 89 refer to a sea-demon called Rahab (not to be confused with Rahab, the woman of Jericho mentioned in the Book of Joshua). equates this Rahab with a dragon or monster. "Rahab" is the English transliteration of רהב (''reb'') with the several meanings: pride, a mythical sea-monster, or Egypt (as an emblematic name). In the Douay-Rheims version, translated via Medieval Latin from the Vulgate, the word ''reb'' is rendered "the proud one" in and and "the power of the sea" in (Psalm 88 is equivalent to Psalm 89 in other versions due to different verse numbering in the Vulgate). The connection between the sea-monster and "Leviathan the serpent" is made in .
In Jewish astronomy this is also identified with the North Pole, the star Thuban which, around 4,500 years ago, was the star in the Draco constellation's "tail". However this can also have been either the celestial pole or the ecliptic pole. The ancient observers noted that Draco was at the top of the celestial pole, giving the appearance that stars were "hanging" from it, and in Hebrew it is referred to as ''Teli'', from talah (תלה) – to hang. Hebrew writers from Arabic-speaking locations identified the ''Teli'' as ''Al Jaz'har'', which is a Persian word for a "knot" or a "node" because of the intersection of the inclination of the orbit of a planet from the elliptic that forms two such nodes. In modern astronomy these are called the ascending node and the descending node, but in medieval astronomy they were referred to as "dragon's head" and "dragon's tail".
The Merthyr Synagogue features a dragon on the front gable.
Modern depictions
In the early 20th century sculpture of the Norwegian artist
Gustav Vigeland, inspired by
Medieval art, dragons are a frequent theme—as symbols of
sin but also as a nature force, fighting against man.
There are numerous examples of dragons in modern media, especially the fantasy genre. In the 1937 fantasy novel ''The Hobbit'' by J.R.R. Tolkien, the major antagonist is a dragon named Smaug. Other dragons appearing in Tolkien's works include Glaurung, the "father of dragons" created by Morgoth, along with Ancalagon the Black and Scatha. Also, in Tolkien's ''Farmer Giles of Ham'', a dragon named Chrysophylax Dives is encountered.
The popular role playing game system Dungeons & Dragons (D&D;) makes heavy use of dragons, and has served as inspiration for many other games' dragons. In D&D;, dragons are typically associated with an element, which makes itself apparent in the dragon's color and the type of its breath weapon. Though dragons usually serve as adversaries, they can be both good and evil, with their alignment being determined by their color. For example, a Red Dragon is evil and associated with fire. Dragons in D&D; grow throughout their lives, both physically and mentally, and are capable of attaining weights in excess of a million pounds.
Dragons also appear frequently in the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling, and are described in the Harry Potter-related book, ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'' by the same author.
''Dragonriders of Pern'' is an extensive science fiction series of novels and short stories created and primarily written by Anne McCaffrey. Since 2004, McCaffrey's son, Todd McCaffrey, has also published Pern novels, both in collaboration with Anne and on his own. The Pernese use intelligent firebreathing creatures called ''dragons'', who have a telepathic bond with their riders, formed by mental impressions which the dragons receive when they hatch from their eggs.
Some modern pseudo-biological accounts of dragons give them the generic name ''Draco'', although the generic name ''Draco'' is used in real-world biology for a genus of small gliding agamid lizard. An infectious disease called Dracunculiasis, caused by infection with the Guinea worm which grows up to long before emerging from its host, also derives its name from dragons (literally "infestation with little dragons"), based on the burning pain experienced by sufferers.
Creationists' assertions
Some
creationists believe that dragons of mythology were actually
dinosaurs, and that they died out with other creatures around the end of the
ice age.
Cartography
There is a widespread belief that earlier
cartographers used the
Latin phrase
hic sunt dracones, i.e., "the dragons are here", or "here be dragons", to denote dangerous or unexplored territories, in imitation of the infrequent medieval practice of putting
sea serpents and other mythological creatures in blank areas of maps. However the only known use of this phrase is in the
Latin form "HC SVNT DRACONES" on the
Lenox Globe (ca. 1503–07).
See also
Bat (heraldry)
Dragonology
Dragons: A Fantasy Made Real
Ichneumon (medieval zoology)
Komodo Dragon
List of dragons in literature
List of dragons in mythology and folklore
Saint George and the Dragon
References
Sources
Drury, Nevill, The Dictionary of the Esoteric, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2003 ISBN 8120819896
Freedman, Rabbi Dr. H. (translation), Simon M., editor, Midrash Rabbah: Genesis, Volume one, The Soncino Press, London, 1983
Further reading
Knight, Peter. "Sacred Dorset – On the Path of the Dragon", 1998.
External links
Chinese Dragons in the news, BBC
''The Evolution of the Dragon'', by G. Elliot Smith, 1919, from Project Gutenberg
New York Times, April 29, 2003">From Many Imaginations, One Fearsome Creature, New York Times, April 29, 2003
Category:Cryptids
Category:Heraldic beasts
Category:Mythological hybrids
Category:Greek loanwords
af:Draak
als:Drache
ar:تنين
an:Dragón
ast:Dragón
az:Əjdaha
bn:ড্রাগন
bs:Zmaj (mitologija)
br:Aerouant
bg:Дракон
ca:Drac
cs:Drak
cy:Draig
da:Drage (fabeldyr)
de:Drache (Mythologie)
el:Δράκοντας
es:Dragón
eo:Drako (mitologio)
eu:Herensuge
fa:اژدها
fr:Dragon (mythologie)
fy:Draak
gl:Dragón
ko:드래곤
hi:अझ़दहा
hr:Zmaj
id:Naga
is:Dreki (goðsagnavera)
it:Drago
he:דרקון
kn:ಡ್ರ್ಯಾಗನ್
kw:Dragon
ku:Ejdî
la:Draco
lv:Pūķis
lb:Draach (Mythologie)
hu:Sárkány
ml:വ്യാളി
mzn:ایژدیها
ms:Naga
nl:Draak (fabeldier)
ja:ドラゴン
no:Drage
nrm:Dragon
nov:Drake
oc:Dragon
om:Dragon
pl:Smok
pt:Dragão
ro:Dragon
ru:Дракон
sco:Draigon
sq:Dragoi
simple:Dragon
sk:Drak
sl:Zmaj
sr:Змај
sh:Zmaj
fi:Lohikäärme
sv:Drake
tl:Dragon
te:డ్రాగన్
th:มังกร
tr:Ejderha
uk:Змій
vi:Rồng
zh-yue:西洋龍
zh:龙 (西方)