Coordinates | °′″N°′″N |
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name | Howlin' Wolf |
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background | solo_singer |
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birth name | Chester Arthur Burnett |
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alias | Howlin' Wolf |
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born | June 10, 1910White Station, Mississippi, United States |
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died | January 10, 1976Hines, Illinois, United States |
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instrument | Vocals, guitar, harmonica |
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genre | Electric blues, Chicago blues |
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occupation | Musician, songwriter |
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years active | 1951–1976 |
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label | Chess |
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associated acts | Hubert Sumlin, Willie Dixon |
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notable instruments | }} |
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Chester Arthur Burnett (June 10, 1910 – January 10, 1976), better known as
Howlin' Wolf, was an influential American
blues singer, guitarist and harmonica player.
With a booming voice and looming physical presence, Burnett is commonly ranked among the leading performers in electric blues; musician and critic Cub Koda declared, "no one could match Howlin' Wolf for the singular ability to rock the house down to the foundation while simultaneously scaring its patrons out of its wits." A number of songs written or popularized by Burnett—such as "Smokestack Lightnin'", "Back Door Man", "Killing Floor" and "Spoonful"—have become blues and blues rock standards.
At 6 feet, 6 inches (198 cm) and close to 300 pounds (136 kg), he was an imposing presence with one of the loudest and most memorable voices of all the "classic" 1950s Chicago blues singers. This rough-edged, slightly fearsome musical style is often contrasted with the less crude but still powerful presentation of his contemporary and professional rival, Muddy Waters.
Howlin' Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller), Little Walter Jacobs, and Muddy Waters are usually regarded in retrospect as the greatest blues artists who recorded for Chess in Chicago. Sam Phillips once remarked, "When I heard Howlin' Wolf, I said, 'This is for me. This is where the soul of man never dies.'" In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked him #51 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".
Early life
Born in
White Station, Mississippi, near
West Point, he was named after
Chester A. Arthur, the 21st President of the United States, and was nicknamed
Big Foot Chester and
Bull Cow in his early years because of his massive size. He explained the origin of the name
Howlin' Wolf thus: "I got that from my grandfather [John Jones]." His Grandfather would often tell him stories about the wolves in that part of the country and warn him that if he misbehaved, the howling wolves would "get him". According to the documentary film ''
The Howlin' Wolf Story'', Howlin' Wolf's parents broke up when he was young. His very religious mother Gertrude threw him out of the house while he was still a child for refusing to work around the farm; he then moved in with his uncle, Will Young, who treated him badly. When he was 13, he ran away and claimed to have walked barefoot to join his father, where he finally found a happy home within his father's large family. During the peak of his success, he returned from Chicago to his home town to see his mother again, but was driven to tears when she rebuffed him and refused to take any money he offered her, saying it was from his playing the "Devil's music".
In 1930, Howlin' Wolf met
Charley Patton, the most popular bluesman in the Delta at the time. Wolf would listen to Patton play nightly from outside of a nearby juke joint. There he remembered Patton playing "Pony Blues," "High Water Everywhere," "A Spoonful Blues," and "Banty Rooster Blues." The two became acquainted and soon Patton was teaching him guitar. "The first piece I ever played in my life was ... a tune about hook up my pony and saddle up my black mare" (Patton's "Pony Blues"). Wolf also learned about showmanship from Patton: "When he played his guitar, he would turn it over backwards and forwards, and throw it around over his shoulders, between his legs, throw it up in the sky." "Chester [Wolf] could perform the guitar tricks he learned from Patton for the rest of his life." "Chester learned his lessons well and played with Patton often [in small Delta communities]."
Howlin' Wolf was also inspired by other popular blues performers of the time, including the Mississippi Sheiks, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Ma Rainey, Lonnie Johnson, Tampa Red, Blind Blake, and Tommy Johnson (two of the earliest songs he mastered were Jefferson's "Match Box Blues" and Leroy Carr's "How Long, How Long Blues"). Country singer Jimmie Rodgers, who was Wolf's childhood idol, was also an influence. Wolf tried to emulate Rodgers' "blue yodel," but found that his efforts sounded more like a growl or a howl. "I couldn't do no yodelin'," Barry Gifford quoted him as saying in Rolling Stone, "so I turned to howlin'. And it's done me just fine." His harmonica playing was modeled after that of Rice Miller (also known as Sonny Boy Williamson II), who had taught him how to play when Howlin Wolf had moved to Parkin, Arkansas, in 1933.
During the 1930s, Wolf performed in the South as a solo performer and with a number of blues musicians, including
Floyd Jones,
Johnny Shines,
Honeyboy Edwards, Sonny Boy Williamson II,
Robert Johnson,
Robert Jr. Lockwood,
Willie Brown,
Son House,
Willie Johnson. On April 9, 1941, at age thirty, he was inducted into the U.S. Army and was stationed at several army bases. Finding it difficult to adjust to military life, Wolf was discharged November 3, 1943, during the middle of World War II, without ever being sent overseas. Wolf returned to his family and helped with farming, while performing as he had done in the 1930s with Floyd Jones and others. In 1948 he formed a band which included guitarists Willie Johnson and
Matt "Guitar" Murphy, harmonica player
Junior Parker, a pianist remembered only as "Destruction" and drummer Willie Steele. He began broadcasting on KWEM in
West Memphis, Arkansas, alternating between performing and pitching equipment on his father's farm after his family's move to this area in the same year. Eventually,
Sam Phillips discovered him and ended up signing him for Memphis Recording Service in 1951.
Matt "Guitar" Murphy played with Wolf teaching him to play on time. Matt says sometimes he played 13 bars and sometimes 14 and Murphy would cut through to show him how to stay in time, getting it down to 12 bars. Wolf regularly made up lyrics about the band on stage, sometimes in jest and sometimes hurtful. Murphy arranged for Junior Parker to join Wolf's band. Later Parker and Murphy both left to form "The Blue Flames", the name chosen by Murphy.
Career
1950s
Howlin' Wolf quickly became a local celebrity, and soon began working with a band that included Willie Johnson, and guitarist
Pat Hare. His first recordings came in 1951, when he recorded sessions for both the
Bihari brothers at
RPM Records and
Leonard Chess'
Chess Records. Chess issued Howlin' Wolf's "Moanin' At Midnight" b/w "How Many More Years" on August 15, 1951; Wolf also recorded sides for RPM, with
Ike Turner, in late 1951 and early 1952. Chess eventually won the war over the singer, and Wolf settled in
Chicago, Illinois c. 1953. arriving in Chicago, he assembled a new band, recruiting Chicagoan
Jody Williams from Memphis Slim's band as his first guitarist. Within a year Wolf enticed guitarist
Hubert Sumlin to leave Memphis and join him in Chicago; Sumlin's terse, curlicued solos perfectly complemented Burnett's huge voice and surprisingly subtle phrasing. Although the line-up of Wolf's band would change regularly over the years, employing many different guitarists both on recordings and in live performance including Willie Johnson, Jody Williams, Lee Cooper, L.D. McGhee,
Otis "Big Smokey" Smothers, his brother
Little Smokey Smothers,
Jimmy Rogers, Freddie "Abu Talib" Robinson, and
Buddy Guy, among others, with the exception of a couple of brief absences in the late '50s Sumlin remained a member of the band for the rest of Wolf's career, and is the guitarist most often associated with the Chicago Howlin' Wolf sound.
In the 1950s Wolf had four songs that qualified as "hits" on the Billboard national R&B; charts: "How Many More Years", his first and biggest hit, made it to #4 in 1951; its flip side, "Moanin' at Midnight", made it to #10 the same year; "Smokestack Lightning" charted for three weeks in 1956, peaking at #8; and "I Asked For Water (She Gave Me Gasoline)" appeared on the charts for one week in 1956, in the #8 position. In 1959, Wolf's first album, ''Moanin' in the Moonlight'', a compilation of previously released singles, was released.
1960s
His 1962 album ''
Howlin' Wolf'' is a famous and influential blues album, often referred to as "The Rocking Chair album" because of its cover illustration depicting an acoustic guitar leaning against a rocking chair. This album contained "
Wang Dang Doodle", "
Goin' Down Slow", "
Spoonful", and "
Little Red Rooster" (titled "The Red Rooster" on this album), songs which found their way into the repertoires of British and American bands infatuated with
Chicago blues. In 1964 he toured Europe as part of the American Folk Blues Festival tour produced by German promoters
Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. In 1965 he appeared on the television show ''Shindig'' at the insistence of
The Rolling Stones, who were scheduled to appear on the same program and who had covered "Little Red Rooster" on an early album. He was often backed on records by bassist and songwriter
Willie Dixon who is credited with such Howlin' Wolf standards as "Spoonful", "
I Ain't Superstitious", "Little Red Rooster", "
Back Door Man", "
Evil", "Wang Dang Doodle" (later recorded by
Koko Taylor), and others.
In September 1967, he joined forces with Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters for ''The Super Super Blues Band'' album of Chess blues standards, including "The Red Rooster" and "Spoonful".
1970s
In May 1970, Howlin' Wolf, his long-time guitarist
Hubert Sumlin, and the young Chicago blues harmonica player Jeff Carp traveled to London along with Chess Records producer Norman Dayron to record the
Howlin' Wolf London Sessions LP, accompanied by British blues/rock musicians
Eric Clapton,
Steve Winwood,
Ian Stewart,
Bill Wyman,
Charlie Watts and others. He recorded his last album for Chess, ''The Back Door Wolf'', in 1973.
Later personal life
Unlike many other blues musicians, after he left his impoverished childhood to begin a musical career, Howlin' Wolf was always financially successful. Having already achieved a measure of success in Memphis, he described himself as "the onliest one [to] drive outta the South like a gentleman" to Chicago, which he did, in his own car on the
Blues Highway and with four thousand dollars in his pocket, a rare distinction for a black blues man of the time. In his early career, this was the result of his musical popularity and his ability to avoid the pitfalls of alcohol, gambling and the various dangers inherent in what are vaguely described as "loose women", to which so many of his peers fell prey. Though functionally illiterate into his 40s, Burnett eventually returned to school, first to earn a
G.E.D., and later to study accounting and other business courses aimed to help his business career.
Wolf met his future wife, Lillie, when she attended one of his performances in a Chicago club. She and her family were urban and educated, and not involved in what was generally seen as the unsavory world of blues musicians. Nonetheless, immediately attracted when he saw her in the audience as Wolf says he was, he pursued her and won her over. According to those who knew them, the couple remained deeply in love until his death. Together they raised Bettye and Barbara, Lillie's two daughters from an earlier relationship.
After he married Lillie, who was able to manage his professional finances, Wolf was so financially successful that he was able to offer band members not only a decent salary, but benefits such as health insurance; this in turn enabled him to hire his pick of the available musicians, and keep his band one of the best around. According to his daughters, he was never financially extravagant, for instance driving a Pontiac station wagon rather than a more expensive and flashy car.
Wolf's health declined in the late 1960s through 1970s. He suffered several heart attacks and in 1970 his kidneys were severely damaged in an automobile accident. He died in 1976 from complications of kidney disease.
Legacy
Burnett died at Hines VA Hospital in
Hines, Illinois on January 10, 1976 and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Hillside, Cook County, Illinois in a plot in Section 18, on the east side of the road. His large gravestone, allegedly purchased by
Eric Clapton, has an image of a guitar and harmonica etched into it.
The Howlin' Wolf Memorial Blues Festival is held each year in West Point, Mississippi. Wolf's Juke Joint Jam is another annual Howlin' Wolf tribute festival held in West Point. Some of the artists who have played 'Wolf Jam' include Wolf's lead guitarist Hubert Sumlin, Muddy Waters' back band of Willie "Big Eyes" Smith, Calvin "Fuzz" Jones and "Steady Rollin" Bob Margolin, Willie King, Blind Mississippi Morris, Kenny Brown, Burnside Exploration, etc. The festival is held at the festival grounds known as Waverly Waters Resort.
A popular music venue in New Orleans, Louisiana was named The Howlin' Wolf when it opened in 1988.
Burnett was portrayed by Eamonn Walker in the 2008 motion picture ''Cadillac Records''.
Selective awards and recognitions
Grammy Hall of Fame
A recording of Howlin' Wolf was inducted into the
Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance."
{| class=wikitable
|-
| colspan=5 align=center | Howlin' Wolf Grammy Award History
|-
! Year
! Title
! Genre
! Label
! Year Inducted
|- align=center
| 1956
| Smokestack Lightning
| Blues (Single)
| Chess
| 1999
|- align=center
|}
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed three songs by Howlin' Wolf of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year Recorded
! Title
|- align=center
| 1956
| Smokestack Lightning
|- align=center
| 1960
| Spoonful
|- align=center
| 1962
| The Red Rooster
|- align=center
|}
The Blues Foundation Awards
{| class=wikitable
|-
| colspan=5 align=center |
Howlin' Wolf: Blues Music Awards
|-
! Year
! Category
! Title
! Result
|- align=center
| 2004
| Historical Blues Album of the Year
| ''
The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions''
| Nominated
|- align=center
| 1995
| Reissue Album of the Year
| ''Ain't Gonna Be Your Dog''
| Nominated
|- align=center
| 1992
| Vintage or Reissue Blues Album—US or Foreign
| ''The Chess Box—Howlin' Wolf''
| Winner
|- align=center
| 1990
| Vintage/Reissue (Foreign)
| ''Memphis Days''
| Nominated
|- align=center
| 1989
| Vintage/Reissue Album (US)
| ''Cadillac Daddy''
| Nominated
|- align=center
| 1988
| Vintage/Reissue Album (Foreign)
| ''Killing Floor: Masterworks Vol. 5''
| Winner
|- align=center
| 1987
| Vintage/Reissue Album (US)
| ''
Moanin' in the Moonlight''
| Winner
|- align=center
| 1981
| Vintage or Reissue Album (Foreign)
| ''
More Real Folk Blues''
| Nominated
|- align=center
|}
Honors and Inductions
On September 17, 1994 the
U.S. Post Office issued a Howlin' Wolf 29 cents commemorative postage stamp.
{| class=wikitable
|-
| colspan=5 align=center | Howlin' Wolf Inductions
|-
! Year
! Category
! Result
! Notes
|- align=center
| 2003
| Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame
| Inducted
|- align=center
| 1991
| Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
| Inducted
| Early Influences
|- align=center
| 1980
| Blues Hall of Fame
| Inducted
|- align=center
|}
Discography
1959: ''Moanin' in the Moonlight''
1962: ''Howlin' Wolf Sings the Blues''
1962: ''Howlin' Wolf''
1964: '''Rockin' The Blues - Live In Germany''
1966: ''The Real Folk Blues''
1966: ''Live In Cambridge''
1966: ''The Super Super Blues Band''
1967: ''More Real Folk Blues''
1969: ''The Howlin' Wolf Album''
1971: ''Message to the Young''
1971: ''The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions''
1972: ''Live and Cookin' (At Alice's Revisited)''
1973: ''Evil - Live at Joe's Place''
1973: ''The Back Door Wolf''
1974: ''London Revisited''
1975: ''Change My Way''
1990: ''Cadillac Daddy - Memphis Recordings 1952''
1997: ''His Best''
Notes
References
''The Howlin' Wolf Story - The Secret History of Rock & Roll'', ASIN: B0000DJZ81 (2003)
External links
Howlin' Wolf Memorial Blues Festival
Biography at HowlinWolf.com
Howlin' Wolf complete session discography
The Howling or, 100 Years of the Big Bad Wolf (PopMatters Article)
Wolf's Juke Joint Jam
Howlin' Wolf Gravesite
1980 Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction
Category:1910 births
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Category:African American musicians
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Category:African American guitarists
Category:African American songwriters
Category:Country blues singers
Category:Blues musicians from Mississippi
Category:American buskers
Category:American blues musicians
Category:American blues guitarists
Category:American male singers
Category:Songwriters from Mississippi
Category:Chicago blues musicians
Category:Electric blues musicians
Category:Blues Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Sun Records artists
Category:Charly Records artists
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Category:Chess Records artists
Category:People from Clay County, Mississippi
Category:People from Memphis, Tennessee
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