Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure, are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions. One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also called bone tissue, that gives it rigidity and a honeycomb-like three-dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum and periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage. At birth, there are over 270 bones in an infant human's body, but many of these fuse together as the child grows, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in an adult. The largest bone in the human body is the femur.

Functions

Bones have eleven main functions:

Mechanical

Protection — bones can serve to protect internal organs, such as the skull protecting the brain or the ribs protecting the heart and lungs.

Shape — bones provide a frame to keep the body supported.

Movement — bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints function together to generate and transfer forces so that individual body parts or the whole body can be manipulated in three-dimensional space. The interaction between bone and muscle is studied in biomechanics.

Sound transduction — bones are important in the mechanical aspect of overshadowed hearing.

Synthetic

Blood production — the marrow, located within the medullary cavity of long bones and interstices of cancellous bone, produces blood cells in a process called haematopoiesis.

Metabolic

Mineral storage — bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most notably calcium and phosphorus.

Growth factor storage — mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such as insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic proteins and others.

Fat storage — the yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acids.

Acid-base balance — bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts.

Detoxification — bone tissues can also store heavy metals and other foreign elements, removing them from the blood and reducing their effects on other tissues. These can later be gradually released for excretion.''' Endocrine organ — bone controls phosphate metabolism by releasing fibroblast growth factor – 23 (FGF-23), which acts on kidneys to reduce phosphate reabsorption. Bone cells also release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.

Mechanical properties

The primary tissue of bone, osseous tissue, is a relatively hard and lightweight composite material, formed mostly of calcium phosphate in the chemical arrangement termed calcium hydroxylapatite (this is the osseous tissue that gives bones their rigidity). It has relatively high compressive strength, of about 170 MPa (1800 kgf/cm²) but poor tensile strength of 104–121 MPa and very low shear stress strength (51.6 MPa), meaning it resists pushing forces well, but not pulling or torsional forces. While bone is essentially brittle, it does have a significant degree of elasticity, contributed chiefly by collagen. All bones consist of living and dead cells embedded in the mineralized organic ''matrix'' that makes up the osseous tissue.

Structure

Gross anatomy

Bone structure

Bone is not a uniformly solid material, but rather has some spaces between its hard elements.

Compact (cortical) bone

The hard outer layer of bones is composed of compact bone tissue, so-called due to its minimal gaps and spaces. Its porosity is 5–30%. This tissue gives bones their smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult skeleton. Compact bone may also be referred to as dense bone.

Trabecular (cancellous) bone

Filling the interior of the bone is the trabecular bone tissue (an open cell porous network also called cancellous or spongy bone), which is composed of a network of rod- and plate-like elements that make the overall organ lighter and allow room for blood vessels and marrow. Trabecular bone accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass but has nearly ten times the surface area of compact bone. Its porosity is 30–90%. (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) with lower crystallinity. The matrix is initially laid down as unmineralised osteoid (manufactured by osteoblasts). Mineralisation involves osteoblasts secreting vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase. This cleaves the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition. The vesicles then rupture and act as a centre for crystals to grow on. More particularly, bone mineral is formed from globular and plate structures, distributed among the collagen fibrils of bone and forming yet larger structure.

Organic

The organic part of matrix is mainly composed of Type I collagen. This is synthesised intracellularly as tropocollagen and then exported, forming fibrils. The organic part is also composed of various growth factors, the functions of which are not fully known. Factors present include glycosaminoglycans, osteocalcin, osteonectin, bone sialo protein, osteopontin and Cell Attachment Factor. One of the main things that distinguishes the matrix of a bone from that of another cell is that the matrix in bone is hard.

Woven or lamellar

Two types of bone can be identified microscopically according to the pattern of collagen forming the osteoid (collagenous support tissue of type I collagen embedded in glycosaminoglycan gel):

Woven bone, which is characterised by haphazard organisation of collagen fibers and is mechanically weak

Lamellar bone, which has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets (lamellae) and is mechanically strong

Woven bone is produced when osteoblasts produce osteoid rapidly, which occurs initially in all fetal bones (but is later replaced by more resilient lamellar bone). In adults woven bone is created after fractures or in Paget's disease. Woven bone is weaker, with a smaller number of randomly oriented collagen fibers, but forms quickly; it is for this appearance of the fibrous matrix that the bone is termed ''woven''. It is soon replaced by lamellar bone, which is highly organized in concentric sheets with a much lower proportion of osteocytes to surrounding tissue. Lamellar bone, which makes its first appearance in the fetus during the third trimester, is stronger and filled with many collagen fibers parallel to other fibers in the same layer (these parallel columns are called osteons). In cross-section, the fibers run in opposite directions in alternating layers, much like in plywood, assisting in the bone's ability to resist torsion forces. After a fracture, woven bone forms initially and is gradually replaced by lamellar bone during a process known as "bony substitution." Compared to woven bone, lamellar bone formation takes place more slowly. The orderly deposition of collagen fibers restricts the formation of osteoid to about 1 to 2 µm per day. Lamellar bone also requires a relatively flat surface to lay the collagen fibers in parallel or concentric layers.

These terms are histologic, in that a microscope is necessary to differentiate between the two.

Types

There are five types of bones in the human body: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

Long bones are characterized by a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much longer than it is wide. They are made up mostly of compact bone, with lesser amounts of marrow, located within the medullary cavity, and spongy bone. Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones. The exceptions are those of the wrist, ankle and kneecap.

Short bones are roughly cube-shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones, as are the sesamoid bones.

Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the sternum.

Irregular bones do not fit into the above categories. They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. As implied by the name, their shapes are irregular and complicated. The bones of the spine and hips are irregular bones.

Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the leverage of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the patella and the pisiform.

Formation

The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by two processes: Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Intramembranous ossification

Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The steps in intramembranous ossification are: # Development of ossification center # Calcification # Formation of trabeculae # Development of periosteum

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification, on the other hand, occurs in long bones and most of the rest of the bones in the body; it involves an initial hyaline cartilage that continues to grow. The steps in endochondral ossification are: # Development of cartilage model # Growth of cartilage model # Development of the primary ossification center # Development of the secondary ossification center # Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called "primary ossification centers." They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth. They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and certain parts of irregular bones. Secondary ossification occurs after birth, and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones. The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the epiphyseal plate). When the child reaches skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all of the cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure).

Bone marrow

Bone marrow can be found in almost any bone that holds cancellous tissue. In newborns, all such bones are filled exclusively with red marrow, but as the child ages it is mostly replaced by yellow, or ''fatty'' marrow. In adults, red marrow is mostly found in the marrow bones of the femur, the ribs, the vertebrae and pelvic bones.

Remodeling

''Remodeling'' or ''bone turnover'' is the process of resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change in shape and occurs throughout a person's life. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts, coupled together via paracrine cell signalling, are referred to as bone remodeling units.

Purpose

The purpose of remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis, repair micro-damaged bones (from everyday stress) but also to shape and sculpture the skeleton during growth.

Calcium balance

The process of bone resorption by the osteoclasts releases stored calcium into the systemic circulation and is an important process in regulating calcium balance. As bone formation actively ''fixes'' circulating calcium in its mineral form, removing it from the bloodstream, resorption actively ''unfixes'' it thereby increasing circulating calcium levels. These processes occur in tandem at site-specific locations.

Repair

Repeated stress, such as weight-bearing exercise or bone healing, results in the bone thickening at the points of maximum stress (Wolff's law). It has been hypothesized that this is a result of bone's piezoelectric properties, which cause bone to generate small electrical potentials under stress.

Paracrine cell signalling

The action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are controlled by a number of chemical factors that either promote or inhibit the activity of the bone remodeling cells, controlling the rate at which bone is made, destroyed, or changed in shape. The cells also use paracrine signalling to control the activity of each other.

Osteoblast stimulation

Osteoblasts can be stimulated to increase bone mass through increased secretion of osteoid and by inhibiting the ability of osteoclasts to break down osseous tissue.

Bone building through increased secretion of osteoid is stimulated by the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary, thyroid hormone and the sex hormones (estrogens and androgens). These hormones also promote increased secretion of osteoprotegerin. Osteoblasts can also be induced to secrete a number of cytokines that promote reabsorbtion of bone by stimulating osteoclast activity and differentiation from progenitor cells. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and stimulation from osteocytes induce osteoblasts to increase secretion of RANK-ligand and interleukin 6, which cytokines then stimulate increased reabsorbtion of bone by osteoclasts. These same compounds also increase secretion of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by osteoblasts, which promotes the differentiation of progenitor cells into osteoclasts, and decrease secretion of osteoprotegerin.

Osteoclast inhibition

The rate at which osteoclasts resorb bone is inhibited by calcitonin and osteoprotegerin. Calcitonin is produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland, and can bind to receptors on osteoclasts to directly inhibit osteoclast activity. Osteoprotegerin is secreted by osteoblasts and is able to bind RANK-L, inhibiting osteoclast stimulation.

Disorders

There are many disorders of the skeleton. One of the more prominent is osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone, leading to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass (20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average) as measured by DEXA; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a fragility fracture. Osteoporosis is most common in women after the menopause, when it is called postmenopausal osteoporosis, but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other chronic diseases or as a result of smoking and medications, specifically glucocorticoids, when the disease is called steroid- or glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP or GIOP).

Osteoporosis can be prevented with lifestyle advice and medication, and preventing falls in people with known or suspected osteoporosis is an established way to prevent fractures. Osteoporosis can be treated with bisphosphonates and various other medical treatments.

Other

Other disorders of bone include:

Bone fracture

Bone mineral

Osteomyelitis

Osteosarcoma

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteochondritis dissecans

Bone metastases

Neurofibromatosis type I

Osteology

The study of bones and teeth is referred to as osteology. It is frequently used in anthropology, archeology and forensic science for a variety of tasks. This can include determining the nutritional, health, age or injury status of the individual the bones were taken from. Preparing fleshed bones for these types of studies can involve maceration – boiling fleshed bones to remove large particles, then hand-cleaning.

Typically anthropologists and archeologists study bone tools made by ''Homo sapiens'' and ''Homo neanderthalensis''. Bones can serve a number of uses such as projectile points or artistic pigments, and can be made from endoskeletal or external bones such as antler or tusk.

Alternatives to bony endoskeletons

There are several evolutionary alternatives to mammillary bone; though they have some similar functions, they are not completely functionally analogous to bone.

Exoskeletons offer support, protection and levers for movement similar to endoskeletal bone. Different types of exoskeletons include shells, carapaces (consisting of calcium compounds or silica) and chitinous exoskeletons.

A true endoskeleton (that is, protective tissue derived from mesoderm) is also present in Echinoderms. Porifera (sponges) possess simple endoskeletons that consist of calcareous or siliceous spicules and a spongin fiber network.

Exposed bone

Bone penetrating the skin and being exposed to the outside can be both a natural process in some animals, and due to injury: A deer's antlers are composed of bone.

Instead of teeth, the extinct predatory fish ''Dunkleosteus'' had sharp edges of hard exposed bone along its jaws.

A compound fracture occurs when the edges of a broken bone puncture the skin.

Though not strictly speaking exposed, a bird's beak is primarily bone covered in a layer of keratin over a vascular layer containing blood vessels and nerve endings.

==Terminology== Several terms are used to refer to features and components of bones throughout the body:

!Bone feature
''articular process''	A projection that contacts an adjacent bone.
''articulation''	The region where adjacent bones contact each other — a joint.
''canal''	A long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels.
''condyle''	A large, rounded articular process.
''crest''	A prominent ridge.
''eminence''	A relatively small projection or bump.
''epicondyle''	A projection near to a condyle but not part of the joint.
''facet''	A small, flattened articular surface.
''foramen''	An opening through a bone.
''fossa''	A broad, shallow depressed area.
''fovea''	A small pit on the head of a bone.
''labyrinth''	A cavity within a bone.
''line''	A long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. Also known as a ''ridge''.
''malleolus''	One of two specific protuberances of bones in the ankle.
''meatus''	A short canal that finishes as a dead end, so it has only the entrance.
''process''	A relatively large projection or prominent bump.(gen.)
''ramus''	An arm-like branch off the body of a bone.
''sinus''	skull>cranial bone.
''spine''	A relatively long, thin projection or bump.
''suture''	Articulation between cranial bones.
''trochanter''	One of two specific tuberosities located on the femur.
''tubercle''	A projection or bump with a roughened surface, generally smaller than a tuberosity.
''tuberosity''	A projection or bump with a roughened surface.

Several terms are used to refer to specific features of long bones: {|class="wikitable" |- ! Bone feature||Definition |- | ''diaphysis'' | The long, relatively straight main body of a long bone; region of primary ossification. Also known as the ''shaft''. |- | ''epiphysis'' | The end regions of a long bone; regions of secondary ossification. |- | ''epiphyseal plate'' | Also known as the ''growth plate'' or ''physis''. In a long bone it is a thin disc of hyaline cartilage that is positioned transversely between the epiphysis and metaphysis. In the long bones of humans, the epiphyseal plate disappears by twenty years of age. |- | ''head'' | The proximal articular end of the bone. |- | ''metaphysis'' | The region of a long bone lying between the epiphysis and diaphysis. |- | ''neck'' | The region of bone between the head and the shaft. |}

See also

List of bones of the human skeleton

Terms for anatomical location

Orthopaedics

Artificial bone

National Bone Health Campaign

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

Bone marrow

Bone mineral

Mineralized tissues

Footnotes

References

External links

Educational resource materials (including animations) by the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

Review (including references) of piezoelectricity''' and bone remodelling

A good basic overview of bone biology from the Science Creative '''Quarterly

Bone Health at Got Bones?

Osteopathic physicians

*Bone Category:Osteology *Bone

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name	Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
background	group_or_band
alias	B.O.N.E. Enterprise, Bone Thugs
origin	Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
genre	Hip hop
years active	1991–present
label	Ruthless, BTNH Worldwide, Full Surface, Warner Music Group
associated acts	Mo Thugs, Eazy-E, Bone Brothers, 2Pac, The Notorious B.I.G, Mariah Carey, Akon, Swizz Beatz
current members	Layzie BoneBizzy BoneFlesh-n-BoneKrayzie BoneWish Bone
Website	}}

Bone Thugs-n-Harmony is an American hip hop band from Cleveland, Ohio formed in 1991. It originally consisted of rappers Layzie Bone, Flesh-n-Bone, Bizzy Bone, Krayzie Bone, and Wish Bone. Rapper Eazy-E of the group N.W.A signed Bone Thugs-n-Harmony to Ruthless Records in 1994, when Bone Thugs debuted with EP ''Creepin on ah Come Up''. The EP included the hit single "Thuggish Ruggish Bone.

In 1995, the group released its second album, ''E. 1999 Eternal'', which included hits "1st of tha Month" and "Tha Crossroads." A tribute to the recently deceased Eazy-E, "Tha Crossroads," won a Grammy award in 1997. ''The Art of War'', the group's third album, was also released in 1997.

In 2000 ''BTNHResurrection'' reached platinum in one month and ''Thug World Order'' (2002) received more moderate sales and promotion. After the album the group went on hiatus and released their sixth studio album ''Thug Stories'' independently before returning in 2007 with the major label release ''Strength & Loyalty'', this time released by Swizz Beatz's label Full Surface Records. Bone Thugs-n-Harmony officially returned with their new album ''Uni-5: The World's Enemy'', released in 2010 by their own record label, BTNH Worldwide, with distribution by Warner Bros.. Due to internal conflicts with the group, longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011. Despite speculation that the group was splitting up, Flesh-n-Bone announced that a new album with him, Layzie and Bizzy will be released soon. Krayzie and Wish are currently working with upcoming artists on their label The Life Ent.

B.O.N.E Enterpri$e Early years

The group formed the band B.O.N.E. Enterpri$e consisted of five members: Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, Bizzy Bone, Wish Bone and Flesh-n-Bone and recorded an album entitled Faces Of Death in the studio of their then mentor, Kermit Henderson (Krayzie Bone's younger brother) on his indie label Stoney Burke in 1993. The group renamed itself Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. In November 1993, the group auditioned backstage for rapper Eazy-E. Krayzie Bone performed his verse of "Flow Motion" from the Faces of Death album and Eazy-E was impressed. Eazy-E signed the group (minus Flesh-n-Bone) to his label Ruthless Records.

Ruthless Records

''Creepin on ah Come Up''

Released in June 1994, the EP ''Creepin on ah Come Up'', was Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's debut with Ruthless. Peaking at #12 on the ''Billboard'' 200 album chart and #2 on the Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums chart, it included the hit singles "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" and "Foe tha Love of $", the second of which featured a verse by Eazy-E. "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" peaked at #22 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, and "Foe tha Love of $" peaked at #41 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Rap Tracks. The EP marked a major change in style for the group, as they now fully embraced the G-Funk common in West Coast hip-hop of the time. It was the group's first collaboration with producer DJ U-Neek, who would craft the group's signature sound by producing the majority of their next two albums.

''E. 1999 Eternal''

In 1995, the group's second album ''E. 1999 Eternal'' was released. It included the singles "1st of tha Month", which peaked at #14 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Hot Rap Tracks, and "Tha Crossroads", which reached #1 on the Hot 100 and Hot Rap Tracks charts. The album name originated from Eazy-E's album, Eternal E, naming it after Eazy-E's album was just another way of showing respect and tribute to the rapper that helped make them big. In the same year, Flesh-n-Bone would become the first member of the group to release a debut album entitled T.H.U.G.S. Though not made official the album has sold well over 10 million and should have a Diamond status but the record label (Ruthless Records) are not paying to have it certified.

According to LA based recording engineer Dave 'rainman' Banta the album is nearing up to 20 Million Sales (2x Diamond) Making it one of the highest selling Rap/Hip-Hop Albums of all time. The information was passed onto him by both Group member Layzie bone and also the Co founder and CEO of Ruthless Records Jerry Heller

''The Art of War''

In 1997, the group released the double-disc set ''The Art of War''. The album was rumored to be called "DNA Level C" which is Cleveland backwards. The single "Look into My Eyes" appeared on the soundtrack of the film ''Batman & Robin''. It peaked at #4 on the Hot 100 and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. "If I Could Teach the World", the other single from ''The Art of War'', peaked at #27 on the Hot 100 and #3 on the Hot Rap Tracks.

''BTNHResurrection''

In 2000, the group released ''BTNHResurrection''. The album featured the single "Resurrection (Paper, Paper)", which peaked on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs chart at #52. Flesh-n-Bone was convicted for assault with a firearm and criminal possession of a weapon in June 2000. Pleading guilty, Flesh-n-Bone was sentenced to 11 years in prison. Bizzy Bone abstained from promoting ''BTNHResurrection'' because he felt that Ruthless Records owed him money. He dropped a million-dollar lawsuit he filed against Sony Music and Loud Records in exchange for a termination of his Sony contract. Three members of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony released solo albums in 2001: Bizzy Bone with ''The Gift'', Layzie Bone with ''Thug by Nature'', and Krayzie Bone with ''Thug on da Line''.

''Thug World Order''

In 2002, the group released ''Thug World Order''. The album debuted at #12 on the ''Billboard'' 200, and its single "Home" that featured Phil Collins performing part of his song "Take Me Home" peaked at #33 on the Rhythmic Top 40. Bizzy Bone was expelled from the group in January 2003 thus leaving only 3 active members Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone & Wish Bone.

After Ruthless

''Thug Stories''

''Thug Stories'', Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's sixth album was recorded on Koch Records and released on September 19, 2006. It marked the first time Bone Thugs-n-Harmony recorded as a trio. ''Thug Stories'' sold 38,000 in its first week and peaked at #25 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Independent Album Chart.

''Strength & Loyalty''

Originally to be called ''The Bone Thugs Story'', ''Strength & Loyalty'' was released on May 8, 2007. Being their first major album after an absence of nearly five years, the album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on iTunes and the Billboard Urban Music charts. The album contains guest appearances by Mariah Carey, The Game, will.i.am, Akon, Twista, Bow Wow, Yolanda Adams, and Felecia.

Producers on the album included Swizz Beatz, Akon, Pretty Boy & Bradd Young, DJ Toomp, Jermaine Dupri, will.i.am, and others. The executive producer of the album was Swizz Beatz. The first single was "I Tried", which was their first top 10 hit in 10 years, having peaked at number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. The second single was "Lil Love", which failed to reach the success of their first single. The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA.

''T.H.U.G.S.''

''T.H.U.G.S.'' is an album featuring previously unreleased, largely remixed Bone Thugs-n-Harmony songs that didn't make the final cut of ''BTNHResurrection'' and ''Thug World Order'' albums. It was released on November 13, 2007 by their former record label, Ruthless Records. The sole single off the album was "Young Thugs", which was accompanied by a newly-filmed music video featuring Krayzie, Layzie, Bizzy and Wish.

Reunion

In November 2007, Layzie Bone confirmed that he had completed the ''Bone Brothers III'' album with Bizzy Bone, spurring speculation of a full Bone reunion. In a video interview, Krayzie Bone stated that they all wanted to reunite but that record label issues may prevent an official reunion. Bizzy Bone had attended a Bone Thugs performance during the time and he and the three then-standing members had a "good conversation".

After nearly a decade of incarceration, Flesh-n-Bone was released from prison on July 13, 2008. In an interview, Bizzy confirmed his return to the group, after them all getting together by the time of Flesh's release.

''Uni5: The World's Enemy''

Bone Thugs-n-Harmony five members officially returned with their new album Uni-5: The World's Enemy, released in 2010 by their own record label, BTNH Worldwide, with distribution by Warner Bros. They released the singles See Me Shine featuring Lyfe Jennings and Rebirth. A third single, "Meet Me in the Sky", was released on March 22. ''Uni-5: The World's Enemy'' was released on May 4, 2010.

Style and technique

Bone's style and technique can be described as melodic, yet rapid-fire and aggressive. Their flow is often interwoven at a high-speed, melodic pace or slow, harmonic pace. They also tend to ride the beat that they're rapping over. Sometimes there are very few choruses separating their verses from one another. In the beginning, circa Faces of Death, Bone used a pseudo-Jamaican patois delivery with their trademark style, though they rarely do this now. Bone's subject matter has both spiritual and occult undertones (e.g., "Hell Sent", "Intro", "Mr. Ouija", "Mr. Ouija 2" and "Da Introduction"). At first, their subject matter was almost always exclusively about violence and smoking marijuana. Today, however, their subject matter includes other topics such as urban socio-political issues, their old friend and mentor Eazy-E and religion. Besides minor changes to subject matter and sound, their lyrical style, elocution, and overall methodology remain intact and have influenced many new artist's today who have picked up this unique style.

Krayzie Bone & Wish Bone Departure

On the 14th of April 2011, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony member Krayzie Bone announced he left the group after 20 years citing uncontrollable circumstances along with Wish Bone to pursue their solo careers further and release records on their label, The Life Entertainment. Flesh-n-Bone stated that him leaving the group was a serious disrespect mark towards Eazy-E and says "He might as well say fuck Eazy!" and that he (Krayzie) knows where home is if he wants to come back to the group. Due to Flesh being angered, his retaliation led him towards the idea of an album titled "Majority Rules" but Bizzy Bone in a later interview stated that this is not official and it was just his thoughts spoken out of anger towards Krayzie.

Discography

1993: ''Faces of Death''

1994: ''Creepin on ah Come Up''

1995: ''E. 1999 Eternal''

1997: ''The Art of War''

2000: ''BTNHResurrection''

2002: ''Thug World Order''

2006: ''Thug Stories''

2007: ''Strength & Loyalty''

2010: ''Uni5: The World's Enemy''

Awards

Award	Category	Song/Album	Year	Result
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References

External links

Official website

Official Myspace page

Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's ArtistDirect page

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I Tried Movie

Category:Musical groups from Cleveland, Ohio Category:American hip hop groups Category:Hip hop singers Category:Culture of Cleveland, Ohio Category:Musical groups from Ohio Category:Grammy Award winners Category:E1 Music artists Category:Ruthless Records artists Category:Interscope Records artists Category:People from Cleveland, Ohio

az:Bone Thugs-N-Harmony cs:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony da:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony de:Bone Thugs-N-Harmony et:Bone Thugs 'n Harmony es:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony fr:Bone Thugs-N-Harmony ko:본 석스-엔-하모니 it:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony he:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony nl:Bone Thugs-N-Harmony ja:ボーン・サグズン・ハーモニー no:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony pl:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony pt:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony ru:Bone Thugs-N-Harmony fi:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony sv:Bone Thugs-N-Harmony

name	Bizzy Bone
background	solo_singer
born	September 12, 1976Columbus, Ohio, United States
birth name	Bryon Anthony McCane II
alias	Ripsta, B.B Gambini, Gambino, Bizzy The Kid
origin	Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
genre	Hip hop
years active	1989–present
label	Ruthless (1994-2002)BTNH Worldwide (2009)Mo Thugs (1996-1998)Virgin Records (2007)Bungalo (2003-2004)SMC (2005)Real Talk (2006)After Platinum Records (2006)Warner Bros (2009-2010)
associated acts	Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Bone Brothers }}

Bryon Anthony McCane II (born September 12, 1976), better known by his stage name Bizzy Bone, is an American rapper and a member of the Cleveland rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony.

Early life

At the age of 5, Bryon and his two sisters were abducted by his stepfather. Both his sisters were natural children of Bryon's stepfather. He lived in many homes, apartments, cars and motels and was unaware at first that he had been abducted. He was told his mother had died. In 1983, he was living at a reservation in Oklahoma where his stepfather had dropped him off. A neighbor saw his photo at the end of the made-for-TV movie, ''Adam'' and called the police, resulting in his return to his family.

Thereafter, his childhood remained difficult. His mother remarried and Bryon's new stepfather physically abused him and his mother. Eventually, his mother divorced and put him and his sisters in a foster home until she could get her life back together.

When he was thirteen, Bryon decided he wanted to live with his sisters and their father in Cleveland, Ohio. During this period he met Layzie Bone, Krayzie Bone, Wish Bone and Flesh-n-Bone. In 2002, he appeared on the FOX series ''America's Most Wanted'' (hosted by John Walsh, Adam's father) and he revealed his abusive childhood and molestation. Bryon also wrote and performed a song on the show entitled "A.M.W." in which he thanks Walsh and encourages abused children to come forward.

Solo career

Bizzy Bone started his solo career in 1998. He is best known for his style, combining rapid fire raps and double harmony choruses. His solo debut, ''Heaven'z Movie,'' was critically acclaimed and certified Gold by the RIAA.

''The Gift'', released on April 7, 2001, peaked at #2 on the US Billboard Independent Albums chart.

In 2002 at a Bone Thugs-n-Harmony performance in New York City, Bizzy was noticeably drunk and walked off-stage halfway through the show and was let go from the group

In 2004, Bizzy released ''Alpha and Omega'' and fans responded positively to the album. Bizzy followed up with the limited-edition internet album "The Beginning and the End."

On May 2, 2005, Bizzy Bone made news when he displayed unusual behavior during an appearance on Houston's KPFT radio show, "Damage Control". He was asked about KPFT during an MTV interview and commented, "Everybody thought I went crazy, they were questioning my motives and what was going on." He also stated he felt he was being antagonized during the interview and went into defense mode. He later admitted to having a drinking problem and that his family had attempted to have him committed to a mental health facility.

On June 16, 2011 it was reported that Bizzy Bone assaulted two Bone Thugs-n-Harmony fans the previous night and gave one a broken nose.

Discography

''Bizzy Bone discography''

In other media

The song "Jesus" was featured in the movie ''Bully''. The song "Hollywood" was featured in the video game ''True Crime: Streets of LA''. The song "Fried Day" was featured in the movie "Next Friday" Bizzy Bone appeared in a "Web Redemption" segment of the Average Homeboy on the Comedy Central TV show, Tosh.0. He was also featured on track nine of I See Stars' 2009 album, 3-D.

Filmography # Cutthroat Alley (2003) .... Ghetty # Jacked Up (2001) .... Zach

References

External links

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony members Category:People from Cleveland, Ohio Category:Hip hop singers Category:African American rappers

da:Bizzy Bone de:Bizzy Bone es:Bizzy Bone fr:Bizzy Bone it:Bizzy Bone nl:Bizzy Bone no:Bizzy Bone pl:Bizzy Bone fi:Bizzy Bone sv:Bizzy Bone

name	George Thorogood
background	solo_singer
landscape	yes
born	February 24, 1950Wilmington, DelawareUnited States
instrument	Vocals, guitar, harmonica
genre	Blues rock, boogie rock, rock and roll, heartland rock
occupation	Musician, songwriter, bandleader
years active	1974 – present
associated acts	The Delaware Destroyers
label	EMI, Eagle, Rounder, MCA, CMC
website	www.georgethorogood.com
notable instruments	ES-125 }}

George Thorogood (born February 24, 1950) is a blues rock vocalist/guitarist from Wilmington, Delaware known for his hit song "Bad to the Bone" as well as for covers of blues standards such as Hank Williams' "Move It On Over" and John Lee Hooker's "House Rent Boogie/One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer". Another favorite is a cover of Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love?" George Thorogood and the Delaware Destroyers have released 16 studio albums, including two that were certified Platinum and six that have been certified Gold. The band has sold 15 million albums worldwide. The band is credited with the early success of Rounder Records.

Early life and family

Thorogood was born on February 24, 1950 and was raised in Naamans Manor, a neighborhood in suburban Wilmington, Delaware, where his father worked for DuPont. He graduated from Brandywine High School in 1968. The singer was born in the middle of five children; including two older brothers, John and Pete, and two younger sisters, identical twins, Liza and Anne. Thorogood played semi-professional baseball, but turned toward music after seeing John P. Hammond perform in 1970.

Music career

Thorogood's demo, ''Better Than the Rest'', was recorded in 1974 and released in 1979. In 1976 he recorded his debut album: ''George Thorogood & The Destroyers'' with his band, The Destroyers (sometimes known as The Delaware Destroyers or simply GT and D) and issued the album in 1977. Thorogood released his next album titled ''Move It On Over'' in 1978 with The Destroyers, which included the Hank Williams remake "Move It On Over". "Please Set a Date" and their remake of the Bo Diddley song "Who Do You Love?" both followed in 1979. In the late 1970s, Thorogood played on a baseball team in Delaware in the Roberto Clemente League which was created in 1976. He was the second baseman and was chosen rookie of the year in the league. Soon after this achievement, The Destroyers forced him to quit playing the sport. In the 1970s, he and his band were based in Boston (see also Hound Dog Taylor).

George and the Delaware Destroyers were friends with Jimmy Thackery and the Nighthawks. While touring in the 1970s, the Destroyers and the Nighthawks happened to be playing shows in Georgetown (DC) at venues across the street from each other. The Destroyers were engaged at The Cellar Door and the Nighthawks at Desperados. At midnight, by prior arrangement, while both bands played Elmore James' "Madison Blues" in the key of E, Thorogood and Thackery left their clubs, met in the middle of M Street, exchanged guitar cables and went on to play with the opposite band.

Thorogood gained his first mainstream exposure as a support act for The Rolling Stones during their 1981 U.S. tour. He also was the featured musical guest on ''Saturday Night Live'' (Season 8, Episode 2) on the October 2, 1982 broadcast. During this time, George and the Destroyers also became known for their rigorous schedule, including the "50/50" tour of 1980, on which the band toured 50 US states in the space of 50 days. After two shows in Boulder, Colorado, Thorogood and his band flew to Hawaii for one show and then performed a show in Alaska on the following night. The next day the band flew to Washington State, met their roadies who had their Checker car and a truck, and continued a one show per state tour for all fifty states in exactly fifty nights. In addition, they played Washington, DC on the same day that they performed a show in Maryland.

This increased visibility occurred as Thorogood's contract with Rounder Records expired. He signed with EMI America Records and in 1982 released his best-known song, "Bad to the Bone", and an album of the same name. The song has been used frequently in television and film, including the sci-fi thriller ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'', the comedies ''Problem Child'', and ''Problem Child 2'', Stephen King's ''Christine'', and many episodes of the television sitcom ''Married with Children''. This track also was used during the intro to the movie ''Major Payne''. The same song is also featured in the game ''Rock 'n Roll Racing''. It is also played during football pregame festivities at Mississippi State University. It is also played at USHRA Monster Jam events to introduce Grave Digger (regardless of driver). "Bad to the Bone" was used for the 1984 Buick Grand National advertisements. Thorogood's version of "Who Do You Love?" is played in all Samuel Adams beer commercials.

2011 sees the release of Thorogood's 15th studio album with the Destroyers, ''2120 South Michigan Avenue''. The album will be released on July 12, and "features Thorogood's raw, rocking turn on classics by a who's-who of the blues, including Willie Dixon, Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley, Chuck Berry, Howlin' Wolf, Buddy Guy, Sonny Boy Williamson, Little Walter and other Chess Records greats, as well as new original songs written by Thorogood, the album's producer, Tom Hambridge, and Richard Fleming".

Band members

The Destroyers

George Thorogood – lead vocals and lead guitar

Jeff Simon – drums, percussion (1974–present)

Billy Blough – bass guitar (1977–present)

Jim Suhler – rhythm guitar (1999–present)

Buddy Leach – saxophone, piano (2003–present)

Former members

Ron "Roadblock" Smith – rhythm guitar (1974–1980)

Hank "Hurricane" Carter – saxophone (1980–2003)

Steve Chrismar – rhythm guitar (1985–1993)

Discography

Studio albums with the Destroyers

1977: ''George Thorogood and the Destroyers'' (Gold)

1978: ''Move It on Over'' (Gold)

1979: ''Better Than the Rest'' (Recorded in 1974)

1980: ''More George Thorogood and the Destroyers''

1982: ''Bad to the Bone'' (Gold)

1985: ''Maverick'' (Gold)

1986: ''Nadine'' (CD Rerelease of ''Better Than the Rest'')

1988: ''Born to Be Bad'' (Gold)

1991: ''Boogie People''

1993: ''Haircut''

1997: ''Rockin' My Life Away''

1999: ''Half a Boy and Half a Man''

2003: ''Ride 'Til I Die''

2006: ''The Hard Stuff''

2009: ''The Dirty Dozen''

2011: '' 2120 South Michigan Avenue''

Live albums

1986: ''Live'' (Platinum)

1995: ''Live: Let's Work Together''

1999: ''Live in '99''

2004: ''30th Anniversary Tour: Live''

2010: ''Live in Boston 1982''

Compilations

1992: ''The Baddest of George Thorogood and the Destroyers'' (Platinum)

2000: ''Anthology''

2003: ''Who Do You Love?''

2004: ''Greatest Hits: 30 Years of Rock'' (Gold)

2005: ''The Best Of George Thorogood and the Destroyers''

2007: ''Taking Care of Business'' (double disc of ''Ride 'Til I Die'' (w/ 2 bonus tracks) and ''30th Anniversary Tour'')

Non-musical interests

Baseball

A baseball fan for most (if not all) of his life, as well as playing semi-pro baseball as a second baseman during the 1970s (drummer Jeff Simon played center field on the same team), when asked about his rigorous touring schedule - specifically his "50/50" Tour (50 states in 50 days) - his immediate response was "Well, it was in the off-season. So, it was nothing. Didn't have to miss a single game".

He took his daughter to Chicago for her first major league game (Cubs vs. Rockies), during which he sang "Take Me Out to the Ball Game". With obvious excitement in his voice, he said, "I told her, 'You'll see a stadium where Babe Ruth called his shot, Ernie Banks hit his 500th home run, and Milt Pappas threw a no-hitter!'"

References

External links

George and the Destroyers official website

Review: ''The Hard Stuff''

Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:Lead guitarists Category:American blues guitarists Category:American blues musicians Category:American blues singers Category:American male singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singers Category:Musicians from Delaware Category:People from Wilmington, Delaware Category:Slide guitarists Category:Caroline County, Maryland Category:Blues rock musicians Category:University of Delaware alumni Category:Semi-professional baseball players

cs:George Thorogood de:George Thorogood es:George Thorogood fr:George Thorogood it:George Thorogood pt:George Thorogood sl:George Thorogood fi:George Thorogood sv:George Thorogood

name	Krayzie Bone
background	solo_singer
birth name	Anthony Henderson
birth date	June 17, 1974
birth place	Cleveland, Ohio, United States
alias	Krayzie, Leathaface, Krayzie Jackson (as a Tribute for Michael Jackson)
origin	Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
genre	Hip hop
occupation	Rapper, entrepreneur, producer, singer
years active	1992–present
label	Ruthless (1994–2003) Mo Thugs Family (1995-1999) ThugLine (1998–present) Full Surface (2005–2008) Interscope (2006–2008) BTNH Worldwide (2008–2011) Warner Music Group (2009-present)
associated acts	Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Chamillionaire, Trae, Lil Jon, Mariah Carey, Da Brat, Thug Line, Lil' JJ, Tech N9ne
website	http://conquertheindustry.com/ }}

Anthony Henderson (born June 17, 1974) better known as Krayzie Bone, is an American rapper and is a former member of the rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony.

Biography

Solo career

Krayzie Bone recorded his solo debut, ''Thug Mentality 1999'', in 1998. The album was released as a double disc set, featuring a large selection of guest appearances, including Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, The Marley Brothers, Mariah Carey, Big Pun, Three 6 Mafia, E-40, 8 Ball & MJG, Kurupt, Naughty By Nature and Snoop Dogg. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA.

In 2001, Krayzie released ''Thug On Da Line''. The album didn't do as well as his previous release, and was criticized for its frequent guest appearances from fellow Thugline members by a few hardcore fans. However his album received plenty of positive reviews from music critics and went gold. Amazon.com went as far as labeling it one of the best albums of 2001.

In 2006 Krayzie Bone was featured in a song "Ridin'" by Chamillionaire. "Ridin'" was awarded "Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group" at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards. It was also nominated for Best Rap Song. It became number one in December on the Piczo Chart 3 months after its physical release. The song also topped the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart when it was released there.

The song ranked #3 on ''Rolling Stone'''s "100 Best Songs of 2006" and #91 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop". It was the best selling ringtone in 2006, with 3.2 million sales, certified by the RIAA as the first multi-platinum Mastertone artist in history. It was also awarded the last Best Rap Video at the MTV Video Music Awards, which was awarded in 2006.

Record labels

Krayzie Bone was a founding member of Mo Thugs Family, a collective of Cleveland based rap and Hip-Hop musical acts. He broke apart from the group in 1998 to form ThugLine Records, or TL. After a brief reunion,Krayzie again parted ways with BTNH in 2011 citing "uncontrollable circumstances" In many videos he can be spotted wearing a chain that says TL.In 2010 the name ThugLine Records was changed to The Life Entertainment. In order to reach out to more artists and identify the best talent for The Life Entertainment label, Conquer The Industry was developed as an internet channel to help up and coming music artists break into the music industry.Along with The Life Ent. Krayzie started the Life Apparel.

Discography

1999: ''Thug Mentality 1999''

2001: ''Thug on da Line''

2003: ''The Legend Underground (Part 1)''

2005: ''Gemini: Good vs. Evil''

Awards

Grammy Award

1997: "Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group" (Tha Crossroads)

2007: "Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group" (Ridin')

MTV Video Music Award

2006: "Best Rap Video" (Ridin')

American Music Award

*1998: "Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist"

2007: "Best Duo Group Rap/Hip-Hop"

References

Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:African American rappers Category:Musicians from Ohio Category:Hip hop singers Category:People from Cleveland, Ohio Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Bone Thugs-n-Harmony members Category:Rappers from Ohio

da:Krayzie Bone de:Krayzie Bone es:Krayzie Bone fr:Krayzie Bone it:Krayzie Bone nl:Krayzie Bone no:Krayzie Bone pl:Krayzie Bone pt:Krayzie Bone ru:Krayzie Bone fi:Krayzie Bone sv:Krayzie Bone