Events

404 BC – Peloponnesian War: Lysander's Spartan Armies defeated the Athenians and the war ends.

1134 – The name Zagreb was mentioned for the first time in the Felician Charter relating to the establishment of the Zagreb Bishopric around 1094.

1607 – Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.

1644 – The Chongzhen Emperor, the last Emperor of Ming Dynasty China, commits suicide during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng.

1707 – The Habsburg army is defeated by Bourbon army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession.

1792 – Highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier becomes the first person executed by guillotine.

1792 – ''La Marseillaise'' (the French national anthem) is composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle.

1804 – The western Georgian kingdom of Imereti accepts the suzerainty of the Russian Empire

1829 – Charles Fremantle arrives in HMS Challenger off the coast of modern-day Western Australia prior to declaring the Swan River Colony for the United Kingdom.

1846 – Thornton Affair: Open conflict begins over the disputed border of Texas, triggering the Mexican-American War.

1847 – The last survivors of the Donner Party are out of the wilderness.

1849 – The Governor General of Canada, Lord Elgin, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.

1859 – British and French engineers break ground for the Suez Canal.

1861 – American Civil War: The Union Army arrives in Washington, D.C.

1862 – American Civil War: Forces under Union Admiral David Farragut demand the surrender of the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana.

1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Marks' Mills.

1898 – Spanish-American War: The United States declares war on Spain.

1901 – New York becomes the first U.S. state to require automobile license plates.

1915 – World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli begins—The invasion of the Turkish Gallipoli Peninsula by Australian, British, French and New Zealand troops begins with landings at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles.

1916 – Easter Rebellion: The United Kingdom declares martial law in Ireland.

1916 – Anzac Day is commemorated for the first time on the first anniversary of the landing at Anzac Cove.

1920 – At the San Remo conference, the principal Allied Powers of World War I adopt a resolution to determine the allocation of Class "A" League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East.

1938 – U.S. Supreme Court delivers its opinion in ''Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins'' and overturns a century of federal common law.

1939 – DC Comics publishes its second major superhero in Detective Comics #27; he is Batman, one of the most popular comic book superheroes of all time.

1943 – The Demyansk Shield for German troops in commemoration of Demyansk Pocket is instituted.

1944 – The United Negro College Fund is incorporated.

1945 – Elbe Day: United States and Soviet troops meet in Torgau along the River Elbe, cutting the ''Wehrmacht'' of Nazi Germany in two, a milestone in the approaching end of World War II in Europe.

1945 – The Nazi occupation army surrenders and leaves Northern Italy after a general partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement; the puppet fascist regime dissolves and Benito Mussolini tries to escape. This day is taken as symbolic of the Liberation of Italy.

1945 – Fifty nations gather in San Francisco, California to begin the United Nations Conference on International Organizations.

1945 – The last German troops retreat from Finland's soil in Lapland, ending the Lapland War. Military acts of Second World War end in Finland.

1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish ''Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid'' describing the double helix structure of DNA.

1959 – The St. Lawrence Seaway, linking the North American Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, officially opens to shipping.

1960 – The U.S. Navy submarine completes the first submerged circumnavigation of the globe.

1961 – Robert Noyce is granted a patent for an integrated circuit.

1965 – Teenage sniper Michael Andrew Clark kills three and wounds six others shooting from a hilltop along Highway 101 just south of Santa Maria, California.

1966 – The city of Tashkent is destroyed by a huge earthquake.

1972 – Vietnam War: Nguyen Hue Offensive – The North Vietnamese 320th Division forces 5,000 South Vietnamese troops to retreat and traps about 2,500 others northwest of Kontum.

1974 – Carnation Revolution: A leftist military coup in Portugal overthrows the ''Estado Novo'' regime and eventually establishes a democratic government.

1975 – As North Vietnamese forces close in on the South Vietnamese capital Saigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost ten years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.

1981 – More than 100 workers are exposed to radiation during repairs of a nuclear power plant in Tsuruga, Japan.

1982 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai peninsula per the Camp David Accords.

1983 – American schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.

1983 – ''Pioneer 10'' travels beyond Pluto's orbit.

1986 – Mswati III is crowned King of Swaziland, succeeding his father Sobhuza II.

1988 – In Israel, John Demjanuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II.

2003 – The Human Genome Project comes to an end two and a half years earlier than expected.

2005 – The final piece of the Obelisk of Axum is returned to Ethiopia after being stolen by the invading Italian army in 1937.

2005 – Bulgaria and Romania sign accession treaties to join the European Union.

2005 – 107 die in Amagasaki rail crash in Japan.

2007 – Boris Yeltsin's funeral – the first to be sanctioned by the Russian Orthodox Church for a head of state since the funeral of Emperor Alexander III in 1894.

2009 – Zach Daniels made his debut in professional wrestling against Jason Blackman.

2011 – At least 300 people killed in deadliest tornado outbreak in the Southern United States since the 1974 Super Outbreak.

Births

1214 – King Louis IX of France (d. 1270)

1228 – King Conrad IV of Germany (d. 1254)

1284 – King Edward II of England (d. 1327)

1287 – Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, ''de facto'' ruler of England (d. 1330)

1502 – Georg Major, German Protestant theologian (d. 1574)

1599 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (d. 1658)

1608 – Gaston, Duke of Orléans, French politician (d. 1660)

1621 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, British soldier, statesman, and dramatist (d. 1679)

1694 – Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, English architect (d. 1753)

1710 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (d. 1776)

1725 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1786)

1767 – Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (d. 1847)

1770 – Georg Sverdrup, Norwegian philologist (d. 1850)

1775 – Charlotte of Spain, Spanish Infanta and queen of Portugal (d. 1830)

1776 – Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (d. 1857)

1843 – Alice of the United Kingdom, Grand Duchess of Hesse (d. 1878)

1849 – Felix Klein, German mathematician (d. 1925)

1850 – Luise Adolpha Le Beau, German composer (d. 1927)

1851 – Leopoldo Alas y Ureña, a.k.a. "Clarín", Spanish novelist (d. 1901)

1862 – Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, British politician (d. 1933)

1868 – John Bevins Moisant, American aviator (d. 1910)

1873 – Walter de la Mare, English poet (d. 1956)

1874 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1937)

1897 – Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood (d. 1965)

1898 – Fred Haney, baseball player (d. 1977)

1900 – Wolfgang Ernst Pauli, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

1902 – Werner Heyde, German psychiatrist (d. 1964)

1903 – Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician (d. 1987)

1905 – George Nepia, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1986)

1906 – William J. Brennan, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1997)

1908 – Edward R. Murrow, American journalist (d. 1965)

1909 – William Pereira, American architect (d. 1985)

1913 – Nikolaos Roussen, Greek naval officer in World War II (d. 1944)

1913 – Earl Bostic, American musician (d. 1965)

1914 – Ross Lockridge, Jr., American writer (d. 1948)

1917 – Ella Fitzgerald, American singer (d. 1996)

1918 – Gerard Henri de Vaucouleurs, French astronomer (d. 1995)

1918 – Astrid Varnay, Swedish-born soprano (d. 2006)

1921 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter (d. 2006)

1923 – Melissa Hayden, American ballerina (d. 2006)

1923 – Albert King, American musician (d. 1992)

1924 – Franco Mannino, Italian composer (d. 2005)

1925 – Sammy Drechsel, German journalist, film director, and cabaret performer (d. 1986)

1925 – Kay E. Kuter, American actor (d. 2003)

1926 – Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner, Austrian politician (d. 2008)

1927 – Albert Uderzo, French cartoonist

1927 – Corín Tellado, Spanish romance novelist (d. 2009)

1929 – Yvette Williams, first woman New Zealander to go to Olympics

1930 – Paul Mazursky, American film director and writer

1931 – Felix Berezin, Russian mathematician (d. 1980)

1932 – Meadowlark Lemon, American basketball player

1932 – William Roache, British television actor (Coronation Street)

1933 – Jerry Leiber, American composer

1933 – Joyce Ricketts, American baseball player [AAGPBL] (d. 1992)

1934 – Peter McParland, Northern Irish footballer

1935 – April Ashley, English model

1938 – Ton Schulten, Dutch artist

1939 – Ted Kooser, American poet and US Poet Laureate

1940 – Jochen Borchert, German politician

1940 – Al Pacino, American actor

1941 – Bertrand Tavernier, French director, screenwriter and actor

1941 – Princess Muna al-Hussein, of Jordan

1942 – Jon Kyl, American politician, junior senator of Arizona

1942 – Katsuji Adachi, Japanese professional wrestler

1944 – Len Goodman, English dancer

1945 – Stu Cook, American rock bassist (Creedence Clearwater Revival)

1945 – Richard C. Hoagland, American conspiracy theorist

1945 – Björn Ulvaeus, Swedish singer and songwriter (ABBA)

1946 – Talia Shire, American actress

1946 – Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician

1947 – Johan Cruijff, Dutch footballer

1947 – Jeffrey DeMunn, American actor

1948 – Yu Shyi-kun, former Premier of Taiwan

1949 – Dominique Strauss-Kahn, French economist, lawyer, and politician

1949 – Vicente Pernía, Argentine footballer

1949 – James Fenton, English poet

1950 – Steve Ferrone, English drummer

1950 – Peter Jurasik, American actor

1951 – Ian McCartney, British Member of Parliament

1952 – Ketil Bjørnstad, Norwegian pianist

1952 – Vladislav Tretiak, Soviet ice hockey player

1953 – Ron Clements, American animation director

1955 – Américo Gallego, Argentine footballer

1955 – Parviz Parastui, Iranian actor

1955 – Christopher Tyng, American composer

1956 – Jaroslava Schallerová, Czech actress

1958 – Fish, Scottish singer and lyricist (ex-Marillion)

1959 – Dominique Blanc, French actress

1960 – Bruce Redman, Australian film producer

1961 – Dinesh D'Souza, American author

1963 – David Moyes, Everton Football Club manager

1964 – Hank Azaria, American actor and voice actor

1964 – Andy Bell, English singer and songwriter (Erasure)

1965 – Eric Avery, American musician (Jane's Addiction, Deconstruction, Polar Bear)

1965 – Mark Bryant, American basketball player

1965 – Simon Fowler, English musician (Ocean Colour Scene)

1966 – James Stacy Barbour, American actor and singer

1966 – Diego Domínguez, Argentine-born Italian rugby player

1966 – Erik Pappas, Greek-American baseball player

1969 – Joe Buck, American sports broadcaster

1969 – Gina Torres, American actress

1969 – Darren Woodson, American football player

1969 – Renée Zellweger, American actress

1970 – Jason Lee, American actor

1970 – Jason Wiles, American actor

1971 – Sara Baras, Spanish flamenco dancer

1971 – Tomoko Kawakami, Japanese voice actress

1973 – Fredrik Larzon, Swedish drummer (Millencolin)

1974 – Dean Phoenix American gay pornographic actor

1975 – Emily Bergl, British-American actress

1975 – Jacque Jones, American baseball player

1976 – Tim Duncan, American basketball player

1976 – Rainer Schüttler, German tennis player

1976 – Gilberto, Brazilian footballer

1977 – Constantinos Christoforou, Cypriot singer

1977 – Kim Jong Kook, South Korean singer

1977 – Ilias Kotsios, Greek footballer

1977 – Marguerite Moreau, American actress

1977 – Paavo Siljamäki, Finnish musician

1977 – Matthew West, American Christian singer

1978 – Letícia Birkheuer, Brazilian model

1978 – Matt Walker, British Paralympic swimmer

1980 – Daniel MacPherson, Australian actor

1980 – Bruce Martin, New Zealand cricketer

1980 – Kazuhito Tadano, Japanese baseball player

1980 – Alejandro Valverde, Spanish cyclist

1981 – Dwone Hicks, American football player

1981 – Felipe Massa, Brazilian Formula One driver

1981 – John McFall, British Paralympic sprinter

1981 – Anja Pärson, Swedish skier

1982 – Brian Barton, American baseball player

1982 – Monty Panesar, English cricketer for England

1982 – Marco Russo, Italian footballer

1983 – DeAngelo Williams, American football player

1983 – J.P. Howell, American baseball player

1983 – Joanne Peh, Singaporean actress

1984 – Robert Andino, American baseball player

1984 – Melonie Diaz, American actress

1984 – Andre' Woodson, American football player

1985 – Giedo van der Garde, Dutch racing driver

1985 – Jadyn Maria, Puerto Rican singer & songwriter

1987 – Johann Smith, American soccer player

1987 – Jay Park, b-boy & musician, part of Art of Movement

1988 – James Sheppard, Canadian ice hockey player

1989 – Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, 11th Panchen Lama

1990 – Taylor Walker, Australian Rules football player

1996 – Allisyn Ashley Arm, American child actress

Deaths

68 – Saint Mark, the first Pope of Alexandria and the founder of Christianity in Africa

1077 – Géza I of Hungary (b. 1040)

1265 – Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester, English crusader

1295 – King Sancho IV of Castile

1472 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian artist, poet, and philosopher (b. 1404)

1516 – John Yonge, English diplomat (b. 1467)

1566 – Diane de Poitiers, mistress of King Henry II of France (b. 1499)

1566 – Louise Labé, French poet

1595 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (b. 1544)

1605 – Naresuan, King of Siam (b. 1555)

1644 – Chongzhen Emperor, Emperor of China (b. 1611)

1660 – Henry Hammond, English churchman (b. 1605)

1690 – David Teniers the Younger, Flemish artist (b. 1610)

1740 – Shrimant Baji Rao Vishwanath Bhat, also known as Baji Rao I, a general and Peshwa (b. 1699)

1744 – Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer (b. 1701)

1770 – Jean-Antoine Nollet, French abbot and physicist (b. 1700)

1800 – William Cowper, English poet (b. 1731)

1840 – Siméon Denis Poisson, French mathematician (b. 1781)

1875 – Trinley Gyatso, 12th Dalai Lama (b. 1857)

1878 – Anna Sewell, English author (b. 1820)

1891 – Nathaniel Woodard, English educationalist (b. 1811)

1892 – Henri Duveyrier, French explorer (b. 1840)

1906 – John Knowles Paine, American composer (b. 1839)

1911 – Emilio Salgari, Italian novelist (b. 1862)

1915 – Frederick William Seward, United States Assistant Secretary of State (b. 1830)

1919 – Augustus D. Juilliard, music patron (b. 1836)

1923 – Louis-Olivier Taillon, Canadian politician (b. 1840)

1928 – Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, Russian counter-revolutionary (b. 1878)

1937 – Michał Drzymała, Polish rebel (b. 1857)

1943 – Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Russian theatre director (b. 1858)

1944 – George Herriman, American comic author (Krazy Kat) (b. 1880)

1944 – Tony Mullane, Irish-born American baseball player (b. 1859)

1968 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (b. 1876)

1972 – George Sanders, British actor (b. 1906)

1973 – Olga Grey, Hungarian-born American silent actress (b. 1896)

1975 – Mike Brant, Israeli singer (b. 1947)

1976 – Carol Reed, English film producer and director (b. 1906)

1976 – Markus Reiner, Israeli scientist (b. 1886)

1978 – Lee Kim Lai, Singaporean police officer (b. 1960)

1980 – Katia Mann, wife of German writer Thomas Mann (b. 1883)

1982 – John Cody, American cardinal (b. 1907)

1983 – William S. Bowdern, American Jesuit Roman Catholic priest (b. 1897)

1988 – Valerie Solanas, American radical feminist (b. 1936)

1990 – Dexter Gordon, American saxophonist (b. 1923)

1992 – Yutaka Ozaki, Japanese singer-songwriter (b. 1965)

1995 – Andria Balanchivadze, Georgian composer (b. 1906)

1995 – Art Fleming, American game show host (b. 1925)

1995 – Ginger Rogers, American actress and dancer (b. 1911)

1996 – Saul Bass, American graphics designer (b. 1920)

1998 – Wright Morris, American writer (b. 1910)

1998 – Christian Mortensen, Danish-American supercentenarian (b. 1882)

1999 – Roger Troutman, American musician (b. 1951)

1999 – Larry Troutman, American musician (b. 1944)

1999 – Lord Killanin, Irish International Olympic Committee president (b. 1914)

2000 – David Merrick, American theatrical producer (b. 1911)

2000 – Lucien le Cam, French mathematician (b. 1924)

2001 – Michele Alboreto, Italian race car driver (b. 1956)

2002 – Indra Devi, yoga teacher (b. 1899)

2002 – Lisa Lopes, American rapper (TLC) (b. 1971)

2002 – Athanasios Papoulis, Greek-American engineer and applied mathematician (b. 1921)

2003 – Samson Kitur, Kenyan athlete (b. 1966)

2004 – Thom Gunn, English poet (b. 1929)

2005 – Swami Ranganathananda, Indian monk (b. 1908)

2005 – Hasil Adkins, Appalachian country, rock and roll, and blues musician (b. 1937)

2006 – Jane Jacobs, American-born Canadian urbanist (b. 1916)

2007 – Alan Ball, British footballer (b. 1945)

2007 – Bobby "Boris" Pickett, American singer and songwriter (b. 1938)

2007 – Arthur Milton, English footballer and cricketer (b. 1928)

2008 – Humphrey Lyttelton, English jazz musician and broadcaster (b. 1921)

2009 – Beatrice Arthur, American comedienne, actress, and singer (b. 1922)

2010 – Dorothy Provine, American singer, dancer, actress, and comedienne (b. 1935)

Holidays and observances

ANZAC Day (Australia, New Zealand)

Arbor Day (Germany)

Army Day (North Korea)

Christian Feast Day:

* The latest possible date for Easter Sunday, last in 1943.

*Mark the Evangelist

*Philo and Agathopodes

*Pope Anianus of Alexandria

*April 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

DNA Day

Flag Day (Faroe Islands)

Flag Day (Swaziland)

Freedom Day (Portugal)

Liberation Day (Italy)

Malaria Awareness Day (International)

Military Foundation Day (North Korea)

Red Hat Society Day

Robigalia, celebrated on 25 Aprilis. (Roman Empire)

Sinai's Liberation Day (Egypt)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

----

Category:Days of the year Category:April

af:25 April ar:ملحق:25 أبريل an:25 d'abril frp:25 avril ast:25 d'abril az:25 aprel bn:এপ্রিল ২৫ zh-min-nan:4 goe̍h 25 ji̍t ba:25 апрель be:25 красавіка be-x-old:25 красавіка bcl:Abril 25 bs:25. april br:25 Ebrel bg:25 април ca:25 d'abril cv:Ака, 25 ceb:Abril 25 cs:25. duben co:25 d'aprile cy:25 Ebrill da:25. april de:25. April dv:އެޕްރީލް 25 et:25. aprill el:25 Απριλίου myv:Чадыковонь 25 чи es:25 de abril eo:25-a de aprilo eu:Apirilaren 25 fa:۲۵ آوریل hif:25 April fo:25. apríl fr:25 avril fy:25 april fur:25 di Avrîl ga:25 Aibreán gv:25 Averil gd:25 an Giblean gl:25 de abril gan:4月25號 gu:એપ્રિલ ૨૫ xal:Мөрн сарин 25 ko:4월 25일 hy:Ապրիլի 25 hi:२५ अप्रैल hr:25. travnja io:25 di aprilo ig:April 25 ilo:Abril 25 bpy:এপ্রিল ২৫ id:25 April ia:25 de april ie:25 april os:25 апрелы is:25. apríl it:25 aprile he:25 באפריל jv:25 April kl:Apriili 25 kn:ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೫ pam:Abril 25 ka:25 აპრილი csb:25 łżëkwiôta kk:Сәуірдің 25 sw:25 Aprili kv:25 кос му ht:25 avril ku:25'ê avrêlê la:25 Aprilis lv:25. aprīlis lb:25. Abrëll lt:Balandžio 25 li:25 april jbo:vonma'i 25moi lmo:25 04 hu:Április 25. mk:25 април ml:ഏപ്രിൽ 25 mr:एप्रिल २५ xmf:25 პირელი arz:25 ابريل ms:25 April mn:4 сарын 25 nah:Tlanāuhti 25 nl:25 april nds-nl:25 april ne:२५ एप्रील new:अप्रिल २५ ja:4月25日 nap:25 'e abbrile no:25. april nn:25. april nrm:25 Avri nov:25 de aprile oc:25 d'abril mhr:25 Вӱдшор uz:25-aprel pa:੨੫ ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ nds:25. April pl:25 kwietnia pt:25 de abril ksh:25. Apprill ro:25 aprilie qu:25 ñiqin ayriway killapi rue:25. апріль ru:25 апреля sah:Муус устар 25 se:Cuoŋománu 25. sco:25 Aprile sq:25 Prill scn:25 di aprili simple:April 25 ss:25 Mábasa sk:25. apríl sl:25. april ckb:٢٥ی نیسان sr:25. април sh:25.4. su:25 April fi:25. huhtikuuta sv:25 april tl:Abril 25 ta:ஏப்ரல் 25 tt:25 апрель te:ఏప్రిల్ 25 th:25 เมษายน tr:25 Nisan tk:25 aprel uk:25 квітня ur:25 اپریل vec:25 de apriłe vi:25 tháng 4 vo:Prilul 25 fiu-vro:25. mahlakuu päiv wa:25 d' avri vls:25 april war:Abril 25 yi:25סטן אפריל yo:25 April zh-yue:4月25號 bat-smg:Balondė 25 zh:4月25日

name	The Orb
background	group_or_band
origin	England, United Kingdom
genre	Ambient houseAmbientAmbient technoDubChill outIDM
years active	1988–present
label	Big LifeIslandBadorb.comKompaktMalicious DamageMercuryMCAColumbia
associated acts	The KLFSpaceSun ElectricSystem 7FFWDYouthTransit KingsDavid Gilmour
website	theorb.com
current members	Alex PatersonThomas Fehlmann
past members	Jimmy CautyKris WestonAndy FalconerAndy HughesSimon Phillips
notable instruments	}}

:''This article is about the band. For the comic book character, see Orb (comics).'' The Orb are an English electronic music group known for spawning the genre of ambient house. Founded in 1988 by Alex Paterson and KLF member Jimmy Cauty, The Orb began as ambient and dub DJs in London. Its early performances were inspired by ambient and electronic artists of the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Brian Eno and Kraftwerk. Because of its trippy sound, the Orb developed a cult following among clubbers "coming down" from drug-induced highs. The Orb has maintained its drug-related and science fiction themes despite personnel changes including the departure of Cauty and other Orb members Kris Weston, Andy Falconer, Simon Phillips, and Andy Hughes. Paterson has been the only permanent member, continuing to work as the Orb with the Swiss-German producer Thomas Fehlmann and, later, with Killing Joke's Martin "Youth" Glover and Tim Bran of Dreadzone.

Alex Paterson prides the Orb on manipulating obscure samples beyond recognition on its albums and during its concerts; his unauthorised use of other artists' works has led to disputes with musicians, most notably with Rickie Lee Jones and Steve Reich. During its live shows of the 1990s, the Orb performed using digital audio tape machines optimised for live mixing and sampling before switching to laptops and digital media. Despite changes in performance method, the Orb maintained its colourful light shows and psychedelic imagery in concert. These visually intensive performances prompted critics to compare the group to Pink Floyd.

The Orb's critical and commercial success in the United Kingdom peaked in the early 1990s with the albums ''The Orb's Adventures Beyond The Ultraworld'' and ''U.F.Orb'', the latter of which reached #1 on the British album charts in 1992. This success led to its infamous appearance on ''Top of the Pops'', where the group showcased its quirky style by playing chess (an interest of Paterson's since his early youth) while the group's single "Blue Room" ran in the background. The Orb's mid-1990s albums were met with mixed reactions from British critics; however, its work received praise from American publications such as ''Rolling Stone''. The group experimented with vocalists on its next two albums, which critics generally described as bland and uninspired. The Orb then shifted gears to a minimal techno style spearheaded by member Thomas Fehlmann, releasing its new material on the record label Kompakt.

History

1988–1990: Paterson & Cauty

Alex Paterson began his music career in the early 1980s as a roadie for the post-punk rock band Killing Joke, for whom his childhood friend Martin "Youth" Glover played bass. After leaving Killing Joke in 1986, Paterson met future KLF member Jimmy Cauty and the duo began DJ-ing and producing music together under the name ''The Orb''. Paterson and Cauty's first release was a 1988 acid house anthem track, "Tripping on Sunshine", released on the German record compilation ''Eternity Project One''. The following year, The Orb released the ''Kiss EP'', a four-track EP based on samples from New York City's KISS FM. It was released on Paterson and Glover's new record label WAU! Mr. Modo Records, which Paterson and Glover created out of a desire to maintain financial independence from larger record labels. After spending a weekend of making what Paterson described as "really shit drum sounds", the duo decided to abandon beat-heavy music and instead work on music for after-hours listening by removing the percussion tracks. Paterson and Cauty began DJ-ing in London and landed a deal for The Orb to play the chill out room at London nightclub Heaven. Resident DJ Paul Oakenfold brought in the duo specifically as ambient DJs for his "The Land of Oz" event at Heaven. Though The Orb's Monday night performances had only several hardcore followers initially, its chill-out room act grew popular over the course of its six-month stay to the point that the small room was often packed with around 100 people. The Orb's performances became most popular among weary DJs and clubbers seeking solace from the loud, rhythmic music of the dancefloor. The Orb would build up melodies using multitrack recordings linked to multiple record decks and a mixer. The group incorporated many CDs, cassettes, and BBC sound effects into the act, often accompanied with pieces of popular dance tracks such as "Sueño Latino." Though the group used a variety of samples, it avoided heavy rhythm and drums so that the intended ambient atmosphere wasn't disrupted. Most often, the group played dub reggae and other chill out music, which it described as ambient house for the E generation.

Throughout 1989, the Orb, along with Martin Glover, developed the musical genre of ambient house through the use of a diverse array of samples and recordings. The culmination of its musical work came toward the end of the year when the group recorded a session for John Peel on BBC Radio 1. The track, then known as "Loving You," was largely improvisational and featured a wealth of sound effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds, and Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You." For its release as a single on the record label Big Life, the Orb changed the title to "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules from the Centre of the Ultraworld." Upon the single's release, Riperton's management forced Big Life to remove the unlicensed Riperton sample, ensuring that only the initial first-week release of the single contained the original vocals of Minnie Riperton; subsequent pressings used vocals from a sound-alike. Despite its running time of 22 minutes, the sample-laden single reached #78 on the British singles charts. Soon thereafter, the Orb was commissioned by Dave Stewart to remix his top-20 single "Lily Was Here." The group obliged and was soon offered several more remix jobs from artists including Erasure and System 7.

In 1990, Paterson and Cauty held several recording sessions at Cauty's studio, Trancentral. When offered an album deal by Big Life, the Orb found itself at a crossroads: Cauty preferred that the Orb release its music through his KLF Communications label, whereas Paterson wanted to ensure that the group did not become a side-project of The KLF. Because of these issues, Cauty and Paterson split in April 1990, with Paterson keeping the name the Orb. As a result of the break-up, Cauty removed Paterson's contributions from the in-progress recordings and released the album as ''Space'' on KLF Communications. Also out of these sessions came The KLF album ''Chill Out'', on which Paterson appeared in an uncredited role.

Following the split, Paterson began working with Youth on the track "Little Fluffy Clouds". The group incorporated samples from Steve Reich's ''Electric Counterpoint'' and vocal clips from an interview with Rickie Lee Jones in which she recalls picturesque images from her childhood. While Reich was flattered by the Orb's use of his work, Jones pursued the issue in the legal system. Big Life chose to settle out of court for an undisclosed sum of money for use of her voice on the Orb's recording. "Little Fluffy Clouds" reached #87 on the British singles chart; however, due to Glover's other production obligations (and subsequently rejoining Killing Joke), he did not become a permanent member of The Orb. According to an interview on ''The South Bank Show'', Reich demanded twenty-five percent of royalties from the use of his "Electric Counterpoint" (performed by guitarist Pat Metheny) on all sales of "Clouds."

1991–1994: Paterson & Weston

In 1991, Paterson invited free lance studio engineer Andy Falconer to join the Orb and was closely followed by energetic studio engineer Kris "Thrash" Weston. Steve Hillage, whom Patterson had met while DJ-ing in London, also joined as a contributing guitarist. Along with producer Thomas Fehlmann, The Orb completed several additional tracks for its first album, ''The Orb's Adventures Beyond The Ultraworld''. At least six studios and twenty outside musicians were used during the three weeks of recording. Falconer's and Weston's technical abilities and Hillages's guitar work allowed the group to craft panoramic sounds portraying aspects of space travel, most notably the launch of ''Apollo 11''. ''Adventures'' sold well in the United Kingdom and received praise for its balance of ambient music, house music, and sampling. Retrospectively, ''Adventures'' is considered ground-breaking for changing the way musicians view sampling and as a seminal work for the genres of ambient and dance music. The completion of ''Adventures'' saw the departure of Andy Falconer, whose last contribution was to one of the Orb's Peel Sessions. To promote the release of an edited single-disc version for an American release on Mercury Records, the Orb embarked on their first tour of the United States beginning in Phoenix, Arizona, in October 1991.

In late 1991 and early 1992, Paterson and Weston wrote their next single, "Blue Room". Assisting with the recording was bassist Jah Wobble, keyboardist Miquette Giraudy, and guitarist Hillage. Despite its playing time of almost 40 minutes, "Blue Room" entered the British charts at #12 and peaked at #8, making it the longest track to reach the charts. The Orb promoted this single with a "legendary avant-garde" performance on ''Top of the Pops'' where Patterson and Weston played a game of chess in space suits while footage of dolphins and an edited version of "Blue Room" ran in the background. In July 1992, ''U.F.Orb'' was released featuring "Blue Room" and, in the US release, The Orb's next single, "Assassin". Weston integrated his technical and creative expertise with Paterson's Eno-influenced ambience on ''U.F.Orb'', combining "drum and bass rhythms" with "velvet keyboards" and "rippling synth lines". ''U.F.Orb'' reached #1 on the British album charts to the shock of critics, who were surprised that fans had embraced what journalists considered to be progressive rock. Despite The Orb's success, Paterson and Weston preferred to avoid personal publicity and instead allow their music to be the focus of attention. Because of this partial anonymity and The Orb's rotating membership, they are often recognised as more of a musical collective than a "band".

Over the next year and a half, Paterson and Weston continued to produce new material, but releases stalled when Paterson began to feel that Big Life was trying to dictate the direction of The Orb's music. This led to intense disagreements with Big Life and The Orb soon left the label to sign a deal with Island Records. Their first release on Island Records was the live album ''Live 93'', which gathered highlights from The Orb's recent performances in Europe and Asia. It featured The Orb's live crew of Paterson, Weston, producers Nick Burton and Simon Phillips, as well as audio engineer Andy Hughes, who had stepped in previously when Weston had decided to stop touring. The Orb's first studio production on Island Records was ''Pomme Fritz'', a chaotic EP noted for its heavy use of strange samples and its lack of conventional harmonies. Though ''Pomme Fritz'' reached as high as #6 on the British charts, critics panned it as "doodling". Even Island Records "hated it" and "didn't understand it at all", according to Paterson. Soon after production finished on ''Pomme Fritz'', Paterson, Weston, and Orb contributor Thomas Fehlmann joined with Robert Fripp to form the group FFWD as a side project. FFWD released a single self-titled album on Paterson's Inter-Modo label, which Fehlmann later described as "an Orb track which became so long that it became a whole album!". Due to this aimlessness, FFWD lacked an artistic goal and disbanded after a single release. Soon after the release of ''FFWD'' in August 1994, Weston suddenly quit The Orb. Paterson claimed that Weston's departure was due to Weston's desire to have more control in The Orb. However, in an interview with ''i-D'', Weston attributed the split to Paterson, saying that Paterson "didn't do his 50 per cent of the work." Paterson reaffirmed the status of The Orb saying, "The Orb is The Orb, and nothing can change that" and continued work with Hughes and Fehlmann.

1995–2001: Paterson, Fehlmann & Hughes

Following Weston's departure from The Orb, Thomas Fehlmann joined as a full-time studio member, though he would not always participate in live performances. Paterson, Hughes, and Fehlmann then finished producing the album ''Orbus Terrarum'', on which Paterson and Weston had been working. ''Orbus Terrarum'', released in 1995, featured more "earthbound" and "organic" sounds than their previous trippy science fiction themed music. ''Orbus Terrarum'' suffered, as Paterson described it, "a good kicking" at the hands of the British press, who described it as "generic" and a low point for Paterson's creativity. ''Orbus Terrarum'' alienated many of the group's fans, causing the album to only reach #20 on the British charts. American critics, however, gave it great acclaim including ''Rolling Stone'' who made it their album of the month, citing the album's symphonic flow coupled with The Orb's "uniquely British wit". After a long world tour, The Orb, with Andy Hughes and Steve Hillage, settled down to produce their next album, ''Orblivion''—the process of which saw a return to their spacy sounds. Though ''Orblivion'' was recorded in May 1996, it was not released until almost a year later, due to Island Records' desire to promote it as a follow up to U2's techno-rock album ''Pop''. ''Orblivion'' sold well in Europe as well as the United States, where it reached the Billboard Top 200. The first ''Orblivion'' single, "Toxygene", was the highest charting single by The Orb, reaching #4 in the United Kingdom on 8 February 1997. Despite high sales, ''Orblivion'' received a lukewarm reception from the British press. As with ''Orbus Terrarum'', ''Orblivion'' was better received by American critics, including ''Rolling Stone'', who praised its "contrast of chaos and euphony". Meanwhile, the stresses of touring sat heavily on Paterson; he considered retiring The Orb, but ultimately continued touring and producing.

Paterson and Fehlmann, along with usual collaborators Hughes, Burton, and Phillips, wrote and produced ''Cydonia'' for a planned 1999 release. Featured on the album were appearances from Robert Fripp, John Roome (Witchman), and Fil Le Gonidec, one of The Orb's live performers. Singers Nina Walsh and Aki Omori appeared on two tracks each, providing vocals and co-writing lyrics with Paterson. Paterson felt that this new direction of songwriting for The Orb was more similar to the experimental work of ''Orbus Terrarum'' than to the techno-pop of ''Orblivion''. As Island Records was in a period of restructuring due to its recent purchase by Universal Music Group, ''Cydonia'' was not released until 2001. Upon release, critics noted that ''Cydonia'' merged together pop, trance, and ambient-dub music, which they felt to be a conglomeration of bland vocals and uninventive ambience that lacked the appeal of The Orb's earlier work. ''NME'' harshly described it as "a stillborn relic, flawed throughout by chronically stunted ambitions" and describing its only appropriate audience to be "old ravers" seeking nostalgia. Not only did the album receive poor reviews, but The Orb was generally regarded by the British press as past their prime and an "ambient dinosaur" out of place in the current dance music environment. After the release of ''Cydonia'', Hughes left the group for undisclosed reasons, becoming "another acrimonious departure from The Orb" according to ''The Guardian''.

2001–2004: Paterson, Fehlmann & Phillips

In 2001, Alex Paterson formed the record label Badorb.com as an outlet for Orb members' side projects. To promote both Badorb.com and ''Cydonia'', The Orb toured internationally, including their first visit to the United States in four years. ''NME'' described The Orb's tour as "charming" and that The Orb was "freed from the Floydian pretensions that dogged the band throughout the mid-'90s.

The Orb, now composed of Paterson, Phillips and Fehlmann, with guest John Roome, accepted an invitation to join the Area:One concert tour with Moby, Paul Oakenfold, New Order and other alternative and electronic artists. Though The Orb was paired with more mainstream artists during the tour such as Incubus, Paterson and Fehlmann chose to make their next releases a series of several low-key EPs for German label Kompakt in 2002. The Orb found critical success on Kompakt; however, Badorb.com collapsed soon after releasing the compilation ''Bless You''. Badorb.com had released fourteen records over the course of fourteen months from artists including Guy Pratt (Conduit), Ayumi Hamasaki, and Takayuki Shiraishi, as well as The Orb's three-track ''Daleth of Elphame EP''. Though Badorb.com was an internet-based record label, they only sold vinyl releases (with one exception, the aforementioned Orb EP), which Paterson later remarked was a poor idea because "not many people... have record players".

Though their musical style had changed somewhat since the 1990s, The Orb continued to use their odd synthetic sounds on 2004's ''Bicycles & Tricycles'', to mixed reviews. ''The Daily Telegraph'' praised ''Bicycles & Tricycles'' as being "inclusive, exploratory, and an enjoyable journey"; however, other publications dismissed it as "stoner dub" and irrelevant to current electronic music. Like ''Cydonia'', ''Bicycles & Tricycles'' featured vocals, including female rapper MC Soom-T who added a hip hop twist to the album. The Orb left Island Records and released the album on Cooking Vinyl and Sanctuary Records. To promote the album, the band began a UK tour with dub reggae artist Mad Professor. Though The Orb still pulled in large crowds, ''The Guardian'' noted that they lacked the intensity found in their earlier performances.

2004–2007: Paterson & Fehlmann, The Transit Kings

After two more EPs on Kompakt, The Orb (now composed of only Paterson and Fehlmann) released ''Okie Dokie It's The Orb on Kompakt'', which featured new material in addition to tweaked versions of their previous Kompakt output. By this stage, the ''Allmusic'' observed, Thomas Fehlmann had become the primary creative figure in The Orb, "inhibiting Alex Paterson's whimsical impulses". Because of this, ''Okie Dokie'' was considerably more focused and less "goofy" than ''Cydonia'' and ''Bicycles & Tricycles''. Fehlmann's trademark hypnotic loops and delays made him the center of ''Okie Dokie'' production and, according to ''Pitchfork Media'', made it "difficult to say where [Paterson] is in the picture". The Orb's releases with Kompakt gained The Orb back much of their musical credibility with the press and showed that The Orb could "age gracefully".

In August 2006, the founders of The Orb - Paterson and Cauty - released ''Living in a Giant Candle Winking at God'', their debut album as the Transit Kings with Guy Pratt and Pratt's associate, Dom Beken. The album featured appearances from The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr and comedian Simon Day. Beken described ''Living in a Giant Candle Winking at God'' as "self-consciously musically written and less sample-based" compared to the members' previous work. ''Living'' had been in production since 2001, but due to members' other obligations, it was delayed for several years. The album received mixed critical reactions, with reviewers such as ''The Sun'' comparing the album favorably to the music of DJ Shadow and Röyksopp while other publications, such as ''The Times'', called it "Orb-lite" and proclaimed it to be "Deep Forest-style sludge". Soon after the album's release, Cauty left the Transit Kings on "extended leave", leaving the project in indefinite limbo. Paterson and Beken would reunite in 2008 as High Frequency Bandwidth, an ambient hip hop group on the Malicious Damage label.

2007–present

The Orb's next studio album, ''The Dream'' was released in Japan in 2007 and the following year in the United States and United Kingdom. Fehlmann is absent on ''The Dream'' and Paterson was instead reunited with Martin Glover and joined by Tim Bran of Dreadzone. The album features more of a return to The Orb's sounds of the early 1990s, with peculiar vocals and playful samples. The Orb also brought in jazz and house music singer Juliet Roberts and guitarist Steve Hillage. The Orb's live band currently consists of Paterson, The Corpral (vocals), Keith York (drums/percussion), Fil Le Gonidec, and Glover.

After July 2006 re-release of ''The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld'' 3-CD Deluxe Edition, 2007 and 2008 saw releases of expanded 2-CD editions of the band's subsequent regular studio records: ''U.F.Orb'', ''Pomme Fritz'' EP, ''Orbus Terrarum'', ''Orblivion'' and ''Cydonia''. In Autumn of 2008 a double-cd compilation of BBC Radio 1 sessions called ''The Orb: Complete BBC Sessions 1989-2001'' was released.

In May 2009, the British Malicious Damage Records (run by the members of Killing Joke) announced the release of The Orb's ninth regular studio album ''Baghdad Batteries (Orbsessions Volume III)'' on September 11, 2009. A reunification of Paterson and his long-term collaborator Thomas Fehlmann who last worked together on ''Okie Dokie It's the Orb on Kompakt'', the album was promoted with a launch party with Paterson and Fehlmann performing the whole album live at The-Situation Modern in Clapham, England on 10 September. A track "Chocolate Fingers" was uploaded onto the label's MySpace profile. The 11-track album is said to be the third in the ''Orbsessions'' series, although unlike the first two outtakes parts composed of brand new material, recorded at Fehlmann's Berlin studio.

March 2010 saw Internet station Dandelion Radio broadcast a seventeen and a half minute long Orb session track by Patterson and Fehlmann on the Andrew Morrison show. This new track was titled 'Battersea Bunches' and was a remixed version of the soundtrack to a short movie, also entitled 'Battersea Bunches' by Mike Coles and Alex Patterson - a film installation to be seen at London’s Battersea Power Station on 1 June 2010 as part of an evening of art and music.

In the summer of 2010 Alex Paterson teamed up with Youth aka Martin Glover to compile a retrospective compilation album of tracks from the WAU! Mr Modo label. The album titled ''Impossible Oddities'' is set to be released on CD and double Vinyl on 25 October 2010 via Year Zero records.

The Orb released ''Metallic Spheres'' in October 2010. It featured David Gilmour, of Pink Floyd fame, and was released by Columbia Records.

Themes and influences

Inspiration

The Orb's members have drawn from an assortment of influences in their music. The Orb's central figure, Alex Paterson, had early musical tastes and influences which included King Tubby, Alice Cooper, Prince, Kraftwerk, and T.Rex. Among these, Paterson cites Kraftwerk as one of the most important, claiming they created the foundation from which all modern dance music has been built. While in Brixton with Martin Glover as a teenager, Paterson was also exposed to a large amount of reggae music, such as The Mighty Diamonds, The Abyssinians, and Bob Marley. The reggae influence on Paterson and The Orb can readily be heard in tracks such as the single "Perpetual Dawn" and ''U.F.Orb'''s "Towers of Dub". The earliest ambient influences of The Orb came in 1979 during Paterson's roadie days with Killing Joke. While with the band in Neuss, Paterson listened to Brian Eno's ''Music for Films'' while on LSD and watched "the Ruhr steel works explode in the distance", noting that "[t]he scene seemed to be taking place in the music as well". That same night, Paterson was also inspired while listening to Cluster's ''Grosses Wasser'' and found that the steel works' "huge metal arms were crushing molten rocks in time to the music", which was something he'd "never seen, or heard, anything like it before". Along with Cluster and Kraftwerk, Paterson was also influenced by other German experimental music from Can and composer Karlheinz Stockhausen. ''Modulations'' calls Paterson's music a "maximal" version of Brian Eno's "minimal" ambience, though according to Paterson, Eno resents Paterson's use of his music as an influence.

The Orb has often been described as "The Pink Floyd of the Nineties", however, Paterson has stated that The Orb's music is more influenced by experimental electronic music more so than progressive rock of the 1970s. He has noted though that the Pink Floyd album ''Meddle'' was influential to him as a child in the 1970s. The psychedelic prog-rock similarities have led critics to describe The Orb as hippie revivalists; however, Paterson has strongly rejected the tag, claiming that even as a youth, he was "one of those punks who hated hippies".

During production of ''Cydonia'' and ''Bicycles & Tricycles'', Paterson's biggest influences were drum and bass and trip hop music, as seen on the tracks "Ghostdancing", "Thursday's Keeper", and "Aftermath". The Orb's more recent influences consist largely of German techno producers, such as Triola, who themselves were inspired by The Orb's earlier work. Paterson cites the music of Kompakt as one of his primary modern influences and claims it to be among the best modern ambient music.

Drug use

As chill out DJs in the late 1980s, the Orb often played to the needs of the chemical generation (ravers of the 1980s and 1990s), making music to come down from drugs to. Paterson described the Orb's original intent as "basically about taking lots of drugs and going clubbing." Similarly, one of the Orb's early taglines was "Ambient house for the E generation." Often during interviews, Alex Paterson smoked joints, including a 2003 interview with ''The Guardian'', during which interviewer Will Hodgkinson noted the assorted "hash-smoking paraphernalia" around Paterson's Battersea apartment. Drug references often turn up in tracks, such as "72," from ''Orblivion'', which features a clip from Hair proclaiming, "The youth of America on LSD!" Another notable case is on "Little Fluffy Clouds," which features the odd nasal tonality of Rickie Lee Jones' influenced voice, though Jones said it was the result of a heavy cold.

Imagery

Imagery has always been an important part of The Orb's persona. This is most prominent during live performances, where The Orb often projects surreal images against onstage screens. Common images include morphing faces, futuristic cityscapes, and ubiquitous alien references. They have long associated their act with absurd symbology with images such as floating pigs. This has carried over to their music videos, most of which are spacy, brightly coloured montages of surreal images including astronauts, clouds, and neon dolphins. Because of their use of psychedelic images at shows, The Orb's shows are frequently compared to those of Pink Floyd, who also used in-show imagery and films. Paterson cites Godfrey Reggio's and Philip Glass's film Koyaanisqatsi as a primary influence to their concert imagery.

The Orb is also been noted for their original album art, which features much of the same imagery as their live act. Noted graphic design group The Designers Republic created the cover art for The Orb's earlier work, including ''Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld'', ''U.F.Orb'', and the singles from those two albums. For their next album, The Orb poked fun at their Pink Floyd comparisons with the cover of ''Live 93'' featuring a floating stuffed sheep over the Battersea Power Station, which had appeared on the cover of Pink Floyd's ''Animals''. The artwork found in Badorb.com releases was similar to The Orb's odd artwork of the mid-1990s, as it was stylistically similar and contained little writing. Paterson has also dabbled in the creation of cover art himself, designing the cover of ''Okie Dokie It's The Orb on Kompakt''.

Science fiction and space

Some of the more prominent motifs in The Orb's work are outer space and science fiction, including alien visitations, space flight, and mind control. These have included The Orb's use of samples from serious sources such as NASA transmissions to comedic clips from films like Woody Allen's ''Sleeper''. ''U.F.Orb'' especially expressed a fascination with alien life with its bizarre sound samples and in the album's title itself. The title of its most popular single, "Blue Room", is itself a reference to the supposed Blue Room of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, which was heavily investigated as a possible UFO evidence holding room. Their 2001 album, too, is named for a space-related subject, specifically the Cydonia Mensae region of Mars. Due to Paterson's focus on science fiction and astronomical phenomena, ''The Guardian'' described Paterson as "pop [music]'s primary spokesperson on aliens".

Techniques, technology, live performances

''The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld'' was mainly recorded on a Mitsubishi 48 Track digital machine running in sync with an Otari 24 Track analogue machine. The majority of the parts regardless of bass, drum loops etc. were recorded to tape for the entire time available (15 minutes as limited by the Otari analogue machine) without a break. As well as parts committed to tape there would invariably be other elements running "live" from Akai Samplers, triggered from an Atari 1040 computer synced to tape. Once all parts were assembled a mix would be built up by Falconer. Having completed this multiple mixes would be run off to DAT. It was also normal at this stage for Paterson to free form extra material and effects from either CD, Vinyl or DAT as a live source being combined with the final mixes. After Falconer had completed an initial "safe" mix, Weston would then take over the mixing desk and produce multiple mixes and would in turn be followed by Paterson. Once multiple mixes produced, a final mix would be edited together by Falconer from the source DATs. This was done by transferring the required elements to a 1/4" analogue tape machine and editing them together with a razor blade to produce the final version.

In The Orb's early DJ events in the 1980s, Paterson and Cauty performed with three record decks, a cassette player, and a CD player all of which were mixed through an Akai 12-track mixer. They used their equipment to harmonise recorded music and sound effect samples into an "endless sound continuum" for audiences of worn out dancers. Even after The Orb began producing original material, they kept the same sample-heavy model for live acts by spontaneously integrating obscure samples into their pre-recorded tracks. During promotional tours for ''Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld'' and ''U.F.Orb'', The Orb performed using a digital audio tape machine and experimented with other media sources such as dubplates. The tape machines held individual chords, rhythms, and basslines for each composition, allowing The Orb to reprocess them and mimic the act of DJ-ing. Members could then easily improvise with these samples and manipulate them using sound effect racks. Often, The Orb had a live musician accompanying them, such as Steve Hillage on guitar. Their shows in the early 1990s would often be three hours of semi-improvised, continuous music featuring a wealth of triggered samples, voices, and pre-recorded tracks which were barely identifiable as the original piece.

The Orb began performing regularly at the Brixton Academy in the early 1990s, where they used the high ceilings and large space for their "well-suited amorphous sound", frequently performing their newest and more experimental pieces there. Andy Hughes took Weston's place at live performances after the 1993 tour, though Weston did reappear for The Orb's concert at the rainy Woodstock '94. The Orb played for late night raves on the first two nights of Woodstock '94 in addition to artists including Aphex Twin, Orbital, and Deee-Lite. The next year, The Orb's touring group consisted of Paterson, Hughes, Nick Burton on percussion, and Simon Phillips on bass. This ensemble of live performers and electronic music created a "cacophony" of "gigantic, swarming sounds". Though The Orb's performances use much onstage equipment and many props, Paterson prefers to present The Orb as "a non-centralised figure of amusement on stage".

The Orb used ADAT recorders for performances from 1993 to 2001 and utilised large 48-track decks, which Paterson described as basically being a "studio onstage". They hooked synthesisers, such as the ARP 2600, to MIDI interfaces to recreate specific sounds that appeared on their albums. The Orb's methods of studio music creation changed as well. For more recent albums such as ''Cydonia'', The Orb used inexpensive equipment such as Korg's Electribe products, which Paterson described as employing more of a "bedroom techno" approach. Despite their use of laptops during performances and in-studio computers, Paterson says that he still cherishes vinyl and does not find purchasing CDs or downloading music to be nearly as satisfying.

Sampling and remixing

One of The Orb's most notable contributions to electronic music is their idea of blurring the distinction between sampling and remixing. Albums such as ''Pomme Fritz'', though released as a piece of original work, consist largely of manipulated samples. Conversely, The Orb's remixes typically use only small sections of the original track, most notably in the case of their single "Toxygene". "Toxygene" was originally commissioned as a remix of Jean Michel Jarre's "Oxygene 8" from ''Oxygene 7-13''. However, The Orb "obliterated it" and reassembled only a few fragments for their remix, much to the chagrin of Jarre, who reportedly refused to release it; The Orb released the track themselves under the name "Toxygene", which further irritated Jarre, to whom Paterson retorted "The French are always five years behind us, anyway." In statements made after the release of "Toxygene", however, Jarre denied that he rejected the original remix because of disliking it.

Other artists have become agitated due to The Orb sampling their work, though Paterson jokingly suggests that "[t]hey don't know the half of it." Paterson says that he finds a "beauty" and a "cleverness" with slipping unlicensed samples into compositions without anyone recognizing it. Even though fans often try to guess the origins of many of The Orb's samples, Paterson states that they are rarely correct and that they would "die" if they discovered, for example, where the drums on "Little Fluffy Clouds" originated from. He has said that record labels have cautioned him, "Don't tell anyone where you got your samples until we get them cleared!".

The Orb has used a wide variety of audio clips from sources ranging from McCarthy era speeches to prank phone calls by Victor Lewis-Smith to David Thewlis' apocalypse-driven rant from the film ''Naked''. Paterson obtains many samples from recording TV and radio for hours at a time and picking out his favorite clips. He and other members of The Orb record nature sounds for use on albums, most notably on ''FFWD'' and ''Orbus Terrarum''. The Orb's combination of ambient music and sampling from lower fidelity audio sources often creates a "fuzzy texture" in the sound quality, depersonalising The Orb's music. The Orb is lauded for their "Monty Python-esque levity" in their use of audio samples, though ''NME'' asserts that Paterson "sabotage[s] his majestic soundscapes" with "irritatingly zany" sounds.

The Orb has been a prolific remixing team, having completed over 80 commissioned remixes since 1989. Even during periods of label conflict and contractual limbo, The Orb found steady work remixing for artists including Depeche Mode, Lisa Stansfield, and Front 242. Though The Orb's remixes from the early and mid-1990s feature a large number of comical samples, ''Progressive-Sounds'' describe them as "ahead of their time" and ''NME'' notes them as "not entirely incompatible with contemporary chilling." However, some pieces, such as their Bee Gees cover collaboration with Robbie Williams, received criticism for being "beyond a joke" for their use of strange noises. The Orb's remix of Nine Inch Nails' "The Perfect Drug", too, was described as "silly", as they made it sound like Trent Reznor was "drowning in his bathtub". Though Paterson maintains that much of The Orb's remix work is done to support other artists, he admits some of their remixes for major artists were performed so that The Orb could "pay the bills".

Discography

1991: ''The Orb's Adventures Beyond The Ultraworld'' (Big Life UK, Mercury US (first pressing), Island Red Label US (second pressing, two discs)) (UK #29)

1992: ''U.F.Orb'' (Big Life UK, Mercury US (first pressing), Island Red Label US (second pressing)) (UK #1)

1993: ''Live 93'' (Island Records)

1994: ''Pomme Fritz (Island Records) (UK #6)

1995: ''Orbus Terrarum'' (Island Records) (UK #20)

1997: ''Orblivion'' (Island Records) (UK #19, Billboard 200 #174)

1998: ''U.F.Off: The Best of The Orb'' (Island Records/Universal Music Ltd.) (UK #38)

2001: ''Cydonia'' (Island Records UK, MCA Records US) (UK #83)

2004: ''Bicycles & Tricycles'' (Cooking Vinyl, Sanctuary Records) (UK #107, Billboard Top Electronic Albums #22)

2005: ''Okie Dokie It's the Orb on Kompakt'' (Kompakt)

2007: ''The Dream'' (Traffic Inc., Liquid Sound Design, Six Degrees) (UK #175)

2009: ''Baghdad Batteries (Orbsessions Volume III)'' (Malicious Damage)

2010: ''Metallic Spheres'' (featuring David Gilmour)(UK #12)

References

External links

Official Website

BadOrb.com label

Area One video

Category:Ambient music groups Category:English electronic music groups Category:British house music groups Category:Remixers Category:Mercury Records artists Category:Island Records artists Category:MCA Records artists Category:Columbia Records artists Category:British techno music groups Category:Musical groups established in 1988 Category:1988 establishments in England

cs:The Orb de:The Orb es:The Orb fr:The Orb ka:The Orb nl:The Orb ja:ジ・オーブ pl:The Orb pt:The Orb ru:The Orb sv:The Orb th:ดิออร์บ uk:The Orb