A ''nation'' may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, and/or history. In this definition, a ''nation'' has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government (for example the inhabitants of a sovereign state) irrespective of their ethnic make-up. In international relations, ''nation'' can refer to a ''country'' or ''sovereign state''. The United Nations, for instance, speaks of how it was founded after the Second World War by “51 countries” and currently has 193 member states. The word ''nation'' can more specifically refer to a tribe of North American Indians, such as the Cherokee Nation.

Etymology

The word ''nation'' came to English from the Old French word ''nacion'' which in turn originates from the Latin word ''natio'' ('''') literally meaning "that which has been born".

As an example of how the word ''natio'' was employed in classical Latin, the following quote from Cicero's ''Philippics Against Mark Antony'' in 44 BC contrasts the external, inferior ''nationes'' ("races of people") with the Roman ''civitas'' ("community").:

An early example of the use of the word "nation" (in conjunction with language and territory) was provided in 968 by Liutprand (the bishop of Cremona) who, while confronting the Byzantine emperor, Nicephorus II, on behalf of his patron Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, declared:

A significant early use of the term ''nation'', as ''natio'', was at mediaeval universities, to describe the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the University of Paris, who were all born within a ''pays'', spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law. In 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris, Jean Gerson was twice elected procurator for the French ''natio''. The division of students into a ''natio'' was also adopted at the University of Prague, where from its opening in 1349 the ''studium generale'' was divided among Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish ''nations''.

In a similar way, the ''nationes'' were segregated by the Knights Hospitaller of Jerusalem, who maintained at Rhodes the hostels from which they took their name "where foreigners eat and have their places of meeting, each nation apart from the others, and a Knight has charge of each one of these hostels, and provides for the necessities of the inmates according to their religion," as the Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur noted in 1436.

See also

Citizenship

Civilization

Country

Culture

Donation

Ethnic group

Government

Identity (social science)

Identity politics

Imagined communities

Indigenous peoples

Intercultural competence

List of sovereign states

List of states with limited recognition

Lists of ethnic groups

Lists of people by nationality

Meta-ethnicity

Multinational state

Nation (university)

National emblem

Nationalism

Nationality

Nation state

Polity

Race (classification of humans)

Separatism

Society

Sovereign state

Territorial dispute

Territory

Tribe

References

Category:Ethnicity Category:Indigenous peoples of North America Category:Nationality Category:Native American topics Category:Political geography Category:Political science terms

af:Nasie als:Nation ar:أمة an:Nación arc:ܐܘܡܬܐ ast:Nación av:Миллат az:Millət bn:জাতি be:Нацыя be-x-old:Нацыя bar:Nation bg:Нация ca:Nació cs:Národ cy:Cenedl da:Nation de:Nation et:Rahvus el:Έθνος (κοινωνιολογία) es:Nación eo:Nacio ext:Nacion eu:Nazio fa:ملت fo:Tjóð fr:Nation ga:Náisiún gl:Nación ko:국민 hr:Narod io:Naciono id:Bangsa iu:ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᖃᑎᒌᒃᑐᑦ/inuuqatigiit iliqqusiqatigiiktut is:Þjóð it:Nazione he:אומה ka:ერი kk:Ұлт sw:Taifa ht:Nasyon la:Natio lv:Nācija lt:Tauta hu:Nemzet mk:Нација mr:राष्ट्र ms:Bangsa cdo:Mìng-cŭk my:လူမျိုး nl:Natie new:राष्ट्र ja:国民 no:Nasjon nn:Nasjon pl:Naród pt:Nação ro:Națiune rmy:Sel ru:Нация sc:Natzione sq:Kombi scn:Nazziuni si:දේශය simple:Nation sk:Národ sl:Narod so:Qaran ckb:نەتەوە sr:Народ fi:Kansakunta sv:Nation th:ชาติ tg:Миллат tr:Millet uk:Нація vec:Nasion yi:פאלק (נאציאן) yo:Ìbínibí zh:民族

Name	Susan Rice
Office	27th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
President	Barack Obama
Term start	January 22, 2009
Predecessor	Zalmay Khalilzad
Office2	12th Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs of the United States
President2	Bill Clinton
Term start2	October 9, 1997
Term end2	January 20, 2001
Predecessor2	George Moose
Successor2	Walter Kansteiner
Birth date	November 17, 1964
Birth place
Party	Democratic Party
Parents	Emmett J. RiceLois Dickson Fitt
Spouse	Ian Cameron (1992–present)
Children	2
Alma mater	Stanford UniversityNew College, Oxford }}

Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is an American diplomat, former think tank fellow, and civil servant. She is an American foreign policy advisor and United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Rice served on the staff of the National Security Council and as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during President Bill Clinton's second term. Rice was confirmed as UN Ambassador by the U.S. Senate by unanimous consent on January 22, 2009.

Early life and education

Rice was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in the Shepherd Park area. Her father, Emmett J. Rice (1919-2011), was a Cornell University economics professor and governor of the Federal Reserve System. Her mother is education policy scholar Lois Dickson Fitt, currently at the Brookings Institution. Her brother, John Rice, received an M.B.A., from Harvard Business School, and is the founder of Management Leadership for Tomorrow (an organization committed to developing top minority talent for leadership roles in the business and non-profit sector).

Rice was a three-sport athlete, student council president, and valedictorian at National Cathedral School in Washington, D.C., a private day girls' school. She played point guard in basketball and directed the offense, acquiring the nickname "Spo," short for "Sportin'."

Her parents always told her to "never use race as an excuse or advantage." As a young girl she says she "dreamed of becoming the first U.S. Senator from the District of Columbia." She also held "lingering fears" that her accomplishments would be diminished by people who attributed them to affirmative action.

Rice attended Stanford University, where she received a Truman Scholarship, and graduated with a B.A. in history in 1986. She was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

Awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, Rice attended New College, Oxford, where she earned a M.Phil. in 1988 and D.Phil. in 1990. The Chatham House-British International Studies Association honored her dissertation titled "Commonwealth Initiative in Zimbabwe , 1979-1980: Implication for International Peacekeeping" as the UK's most distinguished in international relations.

Rice's classmates and professors at Oxford included advocates of the role of the United Nations and international law (Sir Adam Roberts, Benedict Kingsbury), of global economic governance and international economic cooperation (Ngaire Woods, Donald Markwell), and of a firm stance against Russian authoritarianism (Michael McFaul). Sir Adam Roberts is also an expert on international humanitarian intervention, a topic in which Rice has taken a close interest.

Marriage and family, early career

Rice married Canadian-born ABC News producer Ian Officer Cameron (born in Victoria, British Columbia) in 1992 in Washington, DC at a chapel in The National Cathedral. They met as students at Stanford. They reside in Washington, D.C. with their two children.

Rice was a foreign policy aide to Michael Dukakis during the 1988 presidential election. She was a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, the global management consulting firm, in the early 1990s. While at McKinsey, Rice was affiliated with the firm's Toronto office where she and her husband lived for a time.

Clinton administration roles

Rice served in the Clinton administration in various capacities: at the National Security Council from 1993 to 1997; as Director for International Organizations and Peacekeeping from 1993 to 1995; and as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs from 1995 to 1997.

At the time of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Rice reportedly said, "If we use the word 'genocide' and are seen as doing nothing, what will be the effect on the November [congressional] election?" Rice subsequently acknowledged the mistakes made at the time and felt that a debt needed repaying. The inability or failure of the Clinton administration to do anything about the genocide would inform her later views on possible military interventions. She would later say of the experience: "I swore to myself that if I ever faced such a crisis again, I would come down on the side of dramatic action, going down in flames if that was required."

Rice supported the multinational force that invaded Zaire from Rwanda in 1996 and overthrew dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, saying privately that "Anything's better than Mobutu." Others criticized the U.S. complicity in the violation of the Congo's borders as destabilizing and dangerous.

In a 2002 op-ed piece in the ''Washington Post'', former Ambassador to Sudan Timothy M. Carney and news contributor Mansoor Ijaz implicated Rice and counter-terrorism czar Richard Clarke in missing an opportunity to neutralize Osama bin Laden while he was still in Sudan in 1996. They write that Sudan and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright were ready to cooperate on intelligence potentially leading to Bin Laden, but that Rice and Clarke persuaded National Security Advisor Sandy Berger to overrule Albright. Similar allegations have been made by ''Vanity Fair'' contributing editor David Rose and Richard Miniter, author of ''Losing Bin Laden'', in a November 2003 interview with ''World''.

While the writings of Carney, Ijaz, Rose and Miniter each claim that Sudan offered to turn Bin Laden over to the US and that Rice was central in the decision not to accept the offer, The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (the 9-11 Commission) concluded in part "Sudan's minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding."

Secretary of State Madeleine Albright has been a longtime mentor and family friend to Rice. Albright urged Clinton to appoint Rice as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in 1997. Rice was not the first choice of Congressional Black Caucus leaders, who considered Rice a member of "Washington's assimilationist black elite". At a confirmation hearing chaired by Senator Jesse Helms, Rice, who attended the hearing along with her infant son, whom she was then nursing, made a great impression on Senators from both parties and "sailed through the confirmation process". Rice was Assistant Secretary for African Affairs until Clinton left office in 2001.

On July 7, 1998, while serving as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Rice was a member of an American delegation to visit detained Nigerian President-Elect Basorun M.K.O. Abiola. During this meeting, Abiola had a heart attack which caused his death.

Susan Rice was viewed by many officials and diplomats as very bright, but also as inexperienced and inflexible. Rice was considered "young, brilliant, and ambitious", and she worked to "integrate Africa in the global economy while at the same time aiming to increase U.S. national security". At the same time, she was criticized by detractors who considered her "authoritarian, brash, and unwilling to consider opinions that differ from her own", and reportedly having disputes from some career diplomats in the African bureau.

Business and think tank activities

Rice was managing director and principal at Intellibridge from 2001 to 2002. In 2002, she joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow in the Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development program. At Brookings, she focused on U.S. foreign policy, weak and failing states, the implications of global poverty, and transnational threats to security. During the 2004 presidential campaign, Rice served as a foreign policy adviser to John Kerry.

Rice went on leave from the Brookings Institution to serve as a senior foreign policy advisor to Senator Barack Obama in his 2008 presidential campaign. On November 5, 2008, Rice was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations

On December 1, 2008, Rice was nominated by President-elect Obama to be the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, a position which he also upgraded to cabinet level. Rice is the second youngest and first African American woman US Representative to the UN. Dr. Rice has announced she will have both a transition team in place in New York and in Washington, DC at the State Department to be headed by US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.

The 2010 National Security Strategy was referred to by Rice as a "dramatic departure" from its predecessor.

In light of the 2011 Libyan protests Ambassador Rice made the statement following a White House meeting with President Obama and U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon as the United States increased pressure on the Libyan leader to give up power. Rice made clear that the United States and the international community see one choice for Gadhafi and his aides: step down from power or face significant consequences. Rice offered some of the toughest rhetoric toward Ghadafi, blasting his denials of atrocities against his own citizens as “frankly, delusional.” “It only underscores how unfit he is to lead, and how disconnected he is from reality,” Rice said. Rice praised the U.N. Security Council for the unanimous resolution it passed that called for the freezing of Libyan government assets and military aid to the country. It also referred all claims of abuse of the Libyan people directly to the UN International Court.

Together with National Security Council figure Samantha Power, who already supported military intervention, and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who came to support it, the three overcame internal opposition from Defense Secretary Robert Gates, security advisor Thomas Donilon, and counterterrorism advisor John Brennan, and the administration backed U.N. action to impose the no-fly zone and authorize other military actions as necessary. On 17 March 2011 Rice voted for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 which sanctioned a Libyan no-fly zone. The UK, France and Lebanon voted for the resolution while Brazil, Germany and India, and permanent members China and Russia both abstained. Rice and Clinton played major roles in getting the Security Council to approve this resolution, Clinton said that same day that establishing a no-fly zone over Libya would require the bombing of air defenses, as the U.S. seeks broad action to protect civilians fighting Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's regime. Rice said that "We are interested in a broad range of actions that will effectively protect civilians and increase the pressure on the Gadhafi regime to halt the killing and to allow the Libyan people to express themselves in their aspirations for the future freely and peacefully,"

On 29 March Rice said that the Obama administration has not ruled out arming the rebels fighting to oust Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. "''We have not made that decision, but we've not certainly ruled that out,''" she said in an interview on ABC's ''Good Morning America'' program. Rice also told ABC there was no indication that Gaddafi is prepared to leave power without continued pressure from the international community. Referring to reports that members of Gaddafi's inner circle are reaching out to the West, she said: "''We will be more persuaded by actions rather than prospects or feelers.''"" She continued saying that "''The message for Gaddafi and those closest to him is that history is not on their side. Time is not on their side. The pressure is mounting,''".

Affiliations

Susan Rice serves on the boards of several organizations, including the National Democratic Institute, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF, board of directors of the Atlantic Council, advisory board of Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University, the board of directors of Bureau of National Affairs, board of directors of Partnership for Public Service, the Beauvoir National Cathedral Elementary School, and past member of the Internews Network's board of directors.

She is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Aspen Strategy Group.

Awards and honors

Rice was inducted into Stanford's Black Alumni Hall of Fame in 2002.

Served as Baccalaureate Speaker, at Spelman College (Atlanta, GA), in May 2010.

Served as the Commencement Speaker, at Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA), in June 2010.

See also

Brooke D. Anderson

References

External links

United States Mission to the United Nations

Article archive at the Brookings Institution

;Articles

The Ethiopian-Eritrean War: U.S. Policy Options Before the House Committee on International Relations, Africa Subcommittee, May 25, 1999. Retrieved 2008-05-13.

Martha Brant, Into Africa, ''Stanford Magazine'', Jan-Feb 2000

Fox News Interview with Laura Ingraham (video)

Interview with Dave Ross on MyNorthwest.com (audio)

|- |-

Category:1964 births Category:African American academics Category:African American politicians Category:African American women in politics Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford Category:American management consultants Category:American Rhodes scholars Category:American women in politics Category:International relations scholars Category:Living people Category:McKinsey & Company people Category:Obama Administration cabinet members Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations Category:Presidents of the United Nations Security Council Category:Stanford University alumni Category:Truman Scholars Category:United States Assistant Secretaries of State for African Affairs Category:Washington, D.C. Democrats Category:Women in District of Columbia politics

ar:سوزان رايس cs:Susan Riceová da:Susan Rice de:Susan E. Rice es:Susan Rice fa:سوزان رایس fr:Susan Rice it:Susan Rice he:סוזן רייס nl:Susan Rice ja:スーザン・ライス no:Susan E. Rice sh:Susan Rice sv:Susan Rice

Peter Gooderham is a British ambassador.

Gooderham completed a BA in Politics and Economics at Newcastle University in 1975. After a short spell as a management trainee, Gooderham spent the period 1976 to 1978 completing a PhD in Modern History at Bristol University. From 2004 to 2007 Gooderham was the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's Director of the Middle East and North Africa Directorate based in London. In that role he was involved in providing information the House of Commons Select Committee on International Development on the work of the Quartet on the Middle East and Hamas.

Gooderham is currently the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom Mission to the United Nations and other International Organisations. He attracted news attention for walking out in protest at Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's speech during the 2009 Durban Review Conference.

References

External links

Foreign and Commonwealth Office - Peter Gooderham's CV

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Alumni of Newcastle University Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol

A war hawk, or simply hawk for short, is a term used in politics for someone favoring war in a debate over whether to go to war. War hawks are the opposite of war doves. The terms are derived through analogy with the birds of the same name: hawks are predators which attack and feed on other animals, whereas doves mostly eat seeds and fruit.

Historical group

The term originated with a historical group known as the War Hawks, consisting of Democratic-Republicans and were primarily from southern and western states. (The American West then consisted of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio, as well as territories in the Old Northwest that did not yet have votes in Congress. Largely from the older block of the Congress and encompassed most Republicans. The War Hawks advocated going to war against Britain for reasons related to the interference of the Royal Navy in American shipping, which the War Hawks believed hurt the American economy and injured American prestige. War Hawks from the western states also believed that the British were instigating American Indians on the frontier to attack American settlements, and so the War Hawks called for an invasion of British Canada to punish Britain and end this threat.

The term "War Hawk" was coined by the prominent Virginia Congressman John Randolph of Roanoke, a staunch opponent of entry into the war. There was, therefore, never any "official" roster of War Hawks; as historian Donald Hickey notes, "Scholars differ over who (if anyone) ought to be classified as a War Hawk." Indeed, one scholar believes the term "no longer seems appropriate." However, most historians use the term to describe about a dozen members of the Twelfth Congress. The leader of this group was Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was another notable War Hawk. Both of these men became major players in American politics for decades. Other men traditionally identified as War Hawks included Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky, William Lowndes of South Carolina, Langdon Cheves of South Carolina, Felix Grundy of Tennessee, and William W. Bibb of Georgia.

The older members of the Party, led by United States President James Madison and Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin tried unsuccessfully to defeat the War Hawks movement. They felt the United States was not prepared for war.

Appropriation of term

The term "hawk" has been appropriated in modern U.S. usage to refer to any fierce advocate for a cause or policy, such as "deficit hawk", "privacy hawk", etc.

References

Category:American people of the War of 1812 Category:American political terms Category:Defunct American political movements Category:War of 1812 Category:People associated with war Category:History book on Pg. 318-319 ko:매파 it:War Hawk ja:タカ派 sh:Jastreb (politika) fi:Haukka (politiikka) zh:鷹派