Fantasy literature is fantasy in written form. Historically speaking, literature has composed the majority of fantasy works. Since the 1950s however, a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films, television programs, graphic novels, video games, music, painting, and other media.

History

Stories involving magic, paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature. Homer's Odyssey satisfies the definition of the fantasy genre with its magic, gods, heroes, adventures and monsters. Fantasy literature, as a distinct type, emerged in Victorian times, with the works of writers such as William Morris and George MacDonald.

J. R. R. Tolkien played a large role in the popularization of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications ''The Hobbit'' (1937) and ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1954-55). Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly ''Beowulf'', as well as modern works such as ''The Worm Ouroboros'' by E. R. Eddison. It was after the publication of his work that the genre began to receive the moniker "fantasy" (often applied retroactively to the works of Eddison, Carroll, Howard, ''et al.''). Tolkien's close friend C. S. Lewis, author of ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' and a fellow English professor with a similar array of interests, also helped to publicize the fantasy genre.

Preeminent authors in the genre who undertook popular fantasy works ''after'' Tolkien's ''The Lord of The Rings'' phenomenon of the 1950s and 1960s are listed below. The names listed are presented in chronological order, from the earliest published to the latest, along with their most significant works.

Michael Moorcock: The ''Elric of Melnibone'' series (first novel published 1965).

Lloyd Alexander: ''The Chronicles of Prydain'' (first book published 1964)

Ursula K. Le Guin : The ''Earthsea'' series (first book published 1968)

Fred Saberhagen: ''The Empire of the East series'' (first book published 1968)

Stephen R. Donaldson : ''The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, the Unbeliever'' (first book published in 1977)

Terry Brooks : The ''Shannara'' series (first book published in 1977)

Piers Anthony : The ''Xanth'' series (published 1977)

David Eddings : ''The Belgariad (first book published in 1982)

Raymond E. Feist : The ''Riftwar'' saga (first book published 1982)

Terry Pratchett : The ''Discworld'' series (first book published 1983)

Guy Gavriel Kay : ''The Fionavar Tapestry'' trilogy (first book published 1984)

Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman and others : ''The Dragonlance'' series (first book published in 1984)

R. A. Salvatore and others : ''The Forgotten Realms'' series (first book published in 1987)

Tad Williams : ''Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn'' series (first book published 1988)

Robert Jordan : ''The Wheel of Time'' series (first book published in 1990)

Terry Goodkind : ''The Sword of Truth'' series (first book published 1994)

Robin Hobb : The ''Farseer'', ''Liveship Traders'' and ''Soldier Son'' trilogies (first book published 1995)

Philip Pullman : The ''His Dark Materials'' Trilogy (first book published 1995)

George R. R. Martin : ''A Song of Ice and Fire'' series (first book published 1996)

J.K. Rowling : ''The Harry Potter'' series (first book published 1997)

Brandon Sanderson: ''The Mistborn'' series (first book published 2005)

Modern

Authors such as John Flanagan, Terry Pratchett, R.A. Salvatore, J.K.Rowling, Jim Butcher, Peter S. Beagle, Terry Brooks, Steven Erikson, Robert Jordan, Brandon Sanderson, Rick Riordan, Scott Lynch, Ursula K. Le Guin, David Eddings, Tamora Pierce, Charles de Lint, Raymond E. Feist, and partly Laurell K. Hamilton and Angie Sage are maintaining the genre's popularity.

Though it is not uncommon for fantasy novels to be ranked on ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list, to date the only fantasy novelists whose works have debuted at number one on the list are Robert Jordan in 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, and 2009, George R. R. Martin in 2005, Neil Gaiman in 2005, and Terry Goodkind in 2006,

Style

Fantasy has been distinguished from other forms of literature by its style.

Ursula K. Le Guin, in her essay "From Elfland to Poughkeepsie", presented the idea that language is the most crucial element of high fantasy, because it creates a sense of place. She analyzed the misuse of a formal, "olden-day" style, saying that it was a dangerous trap for fantasy writers because it was ridiculous when done wrong. She warns writers away from trying to base their style on that of masters such as Lord Dunsany and E. R. Eddison, emphasizing that language that is too bland or simplistic creates the impression that the fantasy setting is simply a modern world in disguise, and presents examples of clear, effective fantasy writing in brief excerpts from Tolkien and Evangeline Walton.

Michael Moorcock observed that many writers use archaic language for its sonority and to lend color to a lifeless story. Brian Peters writes that in various forms of fairytale fantasy, even the villain's language might be inappropriate if vulgar.

See also

List of fantasy novels

Fantastique

Footnotes

Category:Literary genres

ar:أدب فانتازي ca:Literatura fantàstica da:Fantastisk litteratur es:Literatura fantástica fr:Fantasy dans la littérature ko:판타지 소설 lv:Fantāzijas literatūra no:Fantastisk litteratur pt:Literatura fantástica ta:கனவுருப் புனைவு th:นวนิยายแฟนตาซี tr:Fantezi edebiyatı zh:奇幻文學

name	David Pauley
team	Detroit Tigers
number	34
position	Relief pitcher
birth date	June 17, 1983
birth place	Longmont, Colorado
bats	Right
throws	Right
debutdate	May 31
debutyear	2006
debutteam	Boston Red Sox
statyear	July 29, 2011
stat1label	Win–loss record
stat1value	9–16
stat2label	Earned run average
stat2value	4.36
stat3label	Strikeouts
stat3value	106
teams	Boston Red Sox (, ) Seattle Mariners (–) Detroit Tigers (–present) }}

David Wayne Pauley (born June 17, 1983) is a Major League Baseball relief pitcher for the Detroit Tigers. He bats and throws right-handed. Pauley is a graduate of Longmont High School.

Career

An eighth round pick by San Diego in 2001, Pauley posted a 7–12 record with a 4.17 ERA for the Padres as their seventh best prospect in 2004. On December 20, 2004, the Padres traded Pauley along with Jay Payton, Ramón Vázquez, and cash to the Boston Red Sox for Dave Roberts.

As a member of the Portland Sea Dogs rotation in 2005, he went 9–7 with 104 strikeouts and a 3.81 ERA in 156 innings pitched.

Pauley started 2006 in Portland. He posted a 2–3 with a 2.39 ERA in 10 starts for the Sea Dogs before making his major league debut on May 31 starting for Boston in place of the injured David Wells. He pitched 4⅓ innings against the Toronto Blue Jays and did not record a decision. In his 16 innings pitched for the Boston Red Sox, Pauley recorded a 7.88 ERA.

In 2007, Pauley was rated by ''Baseball America'' as the number 26 prospect in the Red Sox farm system. Pauley spent the entire 2007 season playing for the Pawtucket Red Sox. The Red Sox invited him to spring training in 2008, but was sent back to the minors on March 8, 2008. In January 2009, Pauley was designated for assignment in order to make room for the newly-signed John Smoltz. On January 19, Pauley was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for pitcher Randor Bierd.

On December 22, 2009, Pauley signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. On August 13, 2010, he earned his first major league win versus the Cleveland Indians.

On July 30, 2011, Pauley was traded to the Detroit Tigers along with Doug Fister for Charlie Furbush, Casper Wells, Chance Ruffin and minor leaguer Francisco Martinez.

Pitching style

Pauley is a sinkerball pitcher, and as such his success relies on his ability to keep the ball down in the strike zone, and when contact is made, to get ground-ball outs. Pauley also has the standard fastball, curveball, and changeup in his repertoire. His fastball hits the high 80 MPH range and his curveball has more of a sweeping motion than the standard 12-to-6 movement seen from most minor-league pitchers.

References

External links

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Boston Red Sox players Category:Seattle Mariners players Category:Detroit Tigers players Category:Baseball players from Colorado Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:People from Boulder, Colorado Category:Idaho Falls Padres players Category:Eugene Emeralds players Category:Fort Wayne Wizards players Category:Lake Elsinore Storm players Category:Portland Sea Dogs players Category:Pawtucket Red Sox players Category:Norfolk Tides players Category:Tacoma Rainiers players

fr:David Pauley ja:デビッド・ポーリー

name	Amanda Hocking
birth date	July 12, 1984
occupation	Author
genre	Young-adult fiction
subject	Paranormal romance
website	http://amandahocking.blogspot.com/
portaldisp	}}

Amanda Hocking (born July 12, 1984) is an American writer of paranormal romance young-adult fiction.

Career

Hocking lives in Austin, Minnesota. Employed as an assisted living worker until 2010, she wrote 17 novels in her spare time.

In April 2010, she began self-publishing them as e-books. By March 2011, she had sold over a million copies of nine books and earned two million dollars from sales, something previously unheard of for self-published authors. In early 2011, Hocking averaged 9,000 book sales each day.

Work

Hocking's published work, so far entirely self-published, consists of ''My Blood Approves'', a vampire romance series; the ''Trylle Trilogy'', which covers a teenage girl's journey of self-discovery in an urban fantasy setting; and ''Hollowland'', a zombie novel. The ''New York Times'' characterized her novels as "part quirky girl-like-Hocking characters, part breakneck pacing, part Hollywood-style action and part bodice-ripping romance – they are literature as candy, a mash-up of creativity and commerce."

In March 2011, Hocking signed her first conventional publishing contract for four books, at a price of two million dollars, with St. Martin's Press. It concerns a new young-adult paranormal series to be called "Watersong." All three books in her previously self-published Trylle Trilogy have also been sold to St. Martin's Press, and will be released with them in early 2012 with wider distribution.

Bibliography

''My Blood Approves'' series:

:*''My Blood Approves'' (2010) :*''Fate'' (2010) :*''Flutter'' (2010) :*''Wisdom'' (2010) :*''Letters to Elise'' (novella, 2010) :*''Swear'' (2012)

''Trylle Trilogy'':

:*''Switched'' (self published 2010, with St. Martin's January 24, 2012) :*''Torn'' (self published 2010, with St. Martin's February 28, 2012) :*''Ascend'' (self published 2011, with St. Martin's April 24, 2012)

''The Hollows'' series:

:*''Hollowland'' (2010) :*''Hollowmen'' (Fall 2011)

''Virtue'' (2011)

''Watersong'' series: (with St. Martin's)

:*''Wake'' (Fall 2012) :*''Lullaby'' (2013) :*''Tidal'' (TBA) :*''Elegy'' (TBA)

Adaptations

In February 2011 the Trylle Trilogy was optioned for a film, with Terri Tatchell writing the screenplay.

External links

Amanda Hocking's blog and website

Amanda Hocking's Smashwords Author Profile

References

Category:Writers from Minnesota Category:Writers of young adult literature Category:American fantasy writers Category:Women novelists Category:1984 births Category:American romantic fiction writers Category:American bloggers Category:Living people Category:People from Austin, Minnesota

fr:Amanda Hocking pl:Amanda Hocking

name	Alyson Noël
birth date	December 3| birth_place Laguna Beach, California, United States
occupation	Writer
nationality	American
period	2005-present
genre	Chick lit Young-Adult
notableworks	''Immortals series''
website	http://www.alysonnoel.com }}

Alyson Noël (born on December 3) is an American author writing from her home in Orange County, California.

Biography

She was raised in Orange County and attended Richard Nixon Elementary School for two years. She lived in Mykonos, Greece after leaving her high school, Troy High School (California). Afterward, she moved to Manhattan, New York where she worked as a flight attendant for a major airline. She now lives in Laguna Beach, California. She has had a variety of jobs such as babysitter, department store sales clerk, administrative assistant, office manager, jewelery maker, t-shirt painter, front desk hotel clerk, flight attendant for Delta Air Lines, and is now an author. She has spent most of her free time traveling and getting away from the suburban lifestyle. She was inspired to become an author after reading ''Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret'' by Judy Blume in the sixth grade. Her first book was the young-adult novel Faking 19, which explores the lifestyles of teens today.

Career

Noël wrote the novels ''Saving Zoë'', ''Kiss & Blog'', ''Art Geeks and Prom Queens'', ''Cruel Summer'', ''Laguna Cove'', ''Radience'', ''Faking 19'', and ''Fly Me to the Moon''.

Noël is writing a new sequence of novels called the Immortals series. The first book, ''Evermore'' was released in February 2009. The next book in the series, ''Blue Moon'', was released on July 7, 2009. The third book in the series, ''Shadowland'' was released in November 2009. The fourth book in the series, ''Dark Flame'' was released June 22, 2010, and the fifth book, ''Night Star'', was released November 16, 2010. The sixth and final book, ''Everlasting'', is due to be released June 7, 2011.

Alyson Noel has received many awards for her writing. She has been published in 36 countries, and over two million copies were printed in the US. She is #1 New York Times Bestseller, USA Today Bestseller, Wall Street Journal Bestseller, Publisher’s Weekly Bestseller, NCIBA Bestseller, International Bestseller, listed in USA Today’s “Top 100 selling books of 2009”, and listed in the top 10 of Publisher’s Weekly’s “Overall Bestselling Children’s Books of 2009”. She was nominated for a CYBIL Award, a Quill Award, and for YALSA'S Teen Top Ten. She was chosen for the CBS Early Show's "Give the Gift of Reading" segment. Noel was also chosen for NYPL's "Stuff for the Teenage 2010", National Reader’s Choice Award winner, nominated for 2011 Abraham Lincoln Illinois High School Book Award, and nominated for 2009 Teen's Top Ten, NYLA Book of Winter Award winner, TeenReads Best Books of 2007, Reviewer’s Choice 2007 Top Ten. She was on the CBS Early Show’s “Give the Gift of Reading” segment, and selected for Seventeen Magazine’s “Hot List” and Beach Book Club Pick.

Noël is writing an Immortals spin-off series called ''The Riley Bloom Series'' with Riley (Ever's dead sister) as the protagonist. The first book, ''Radiance'' was released August 31, 2010.The second book "Shimmer" was released on March 15, 2011

Immortals Series

''Evermore (February 2009)

''Blue Moon'' (July 7, 2009)

''Shadowland'' (November 17, 2009)

''Dark Flame'' (June 22, 2010)

''Night Star'' (November 16, 2010)

''Everlasting'' (June 7, 2011)

Riley Bloom Series

''Radiance'' (August 31, 2010)

''Shimmer'' (March 15, 2011)

''Dreamland'' (September 13, 2011)

''Whisper'' (Spring, 2012)

On March 28, 2011, Alyson Noel announced that all 10 books in both The Immortals and The Riley Bloom Series have been optioned by Summit Entertainment.

Other Young Adult Fiction

''Faking 19'' (2005)

''Art Geeks and Prom Queens'' (2005)

''Laguna Cove'' (2006)

''Fly Me to the Moon'' (2006)

''Kiss & Blog'' (2007)

''Saving Zoë'' (2007)

''Cruel Summer'' (2008)

''Forever Summer'' (2011)

References

External links

Official website

Category:People from Orange County, California Category:American novelists Category:American women writers Category:Writers of young adult literature Category:Living people

da:Alyson Noël de:Alyson Noël fr:Alyson Noël hu:Alyson Noel pt:Alyson Noël

name	Paul Michael Glaser
birth name	Paul Manfred Glaser
birth date	March 25, 1943
birth place	Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
othername	Paul M. GlaserPaul GlaserMichael GlaserMike GlaserP.M. Glaser
yearsactive	1966 - Present
spouse	Elizabeth Glaser (1980-1994) (her death)Tracy Barone (1996-2007)
website	http://www.paulmichaelglaser.org/ }}

Paul Michael Glaser (born March 25, 1943) is an American actor and director, perhaps best known for his role as Detective David Starsky on the 1970s television series ''Starsky and Hutch''; he also appeared as Captain Jack Steeper on the 1999 to 2005 NBC series ''Third Watch''.

Biography

Early life

Glaser, the youngest of three children, was born Paul Manfred Glaser in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the son of Dorothy and Samuel Glaser, who was an architect. Glaser attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School. He then transferred to the Cambridge School of Weston, and went to Tulane University, where he was roommates with film director Bruce Paltrow, and earned a Master's degree in English and theater in 1966. He was a member of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity. He earned a second master's degree from Boston University in acting and directing in 1967.

Career

After appearing in several Broadway productions, Glaser appeared in his first feature film in 1971, playing Perchik in the film version of ''Fiddler on the Roof''. He first gained notice on television playing Dr. Peter Chernak on the daytime series ''Love is a Many Splendored Thing'', and made guest appearances on shows such as ''The Waltons'' and ''The Rockford Files'', but found fame playing Detective David Starsky opposite David Soul in the television show ''Starsky and Hutch'', of which he directed several episodes. It ran for four seasons (1975–1979) on ABC.

After the series, Glaser continued to act on television and in films, and directed the 1987 movie ''The Running Man'' starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as well as the 1992 movie ''The Cutting Edge''. He also directed episodes of several well-known TV series, including ''Miami Vice'', ''Robbery Homicide Division'' and ''Judging Amy''. Glaser returned to the big screen in 2003 in ''Something's Gotta Give'', as Diane Keaton's ex-husband, and with a brief cameo in the 2004 film version of ''Starsky & Hutch'', where his old role was reprised by Ben Stiller. He also directed the children's film ''Kazaam'' starring Shaquille O'Neal. On November 30, 2007, Glaser starred as Captain Hook in a pantomime version of ''Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up'' at the Churchill Theatre in Bromley, Kent, England. He took the lead role in the 2008 pantomime season at Sunderland's Empire Theatre. He guest starred in CBS's ''The Mentalist'' on Thursday, Oct 1, 2009; episode "The Scarlet Letter."

In addition to television, film, and theater, Glaser is an avid photographer, writes poetry and is currently working on several children's novels.

Personal life

Glaser has been married twice. He married his first wife, Elizabeth (Meyer) Glaser, in 1980. In August 1981, Elizabeth contracted HIV through a blood transfusion while giving birth to the couple's first child, Ariel. Elizabeth did not find out about the virus until four years later, at which time both Ariel and son Jake (born October 1984) were also found to be HIV positive. Ariel Glaser died in August 1988; Elizabeth Glaser died in 1994, after founding the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation. After Elizabeth's death, Glaser served as chairman of the foundation until 2002 and remains Honorary Chairman, roles in which he has testified before the United States Congress and met with national leaders, as well as headlining annual fundraisers for the organization.

Glaser married producer Tracy Barone in 1996; the couple had a daughter, Zoe, on 7 October 1997. Glaser filed for divorce in June 2007, citing "irreconcilable differences" as the reason for ending his 10-year marriage. He was seeking joint legal and physical custody of their daughter.

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes |- | 1971 || ''Fiddler on the Roof ''|| Perchik || Actor |- | 1972 || ''Butterflies Are Free'' || Ralph || Actor |- | 1974 || ''Aces Up ''|| Mover || Actor |- | 1974 || ''Trapped Beneath the Sea ''|| Jack Beech || Actor |- | 1976 || ''The Great Houdini'' || Harry Houdini (Erik Weisz) || Actor |- | 1980 || ''Phobia'' || Dr. Peter Ross || Actor |- | 1983 || ''Wait Till Your Mother Gets Home!''|| Coach Bob Peters || Actor |-' | 1983 || ''Princess Daisy ''|| Fred North || Actor |- | 1984 || ''Single Bars, Single Women ''|| Gabe || Actor |- | 1984 || ''Jealousy ''|| Daniel || Actor |- | 1984 || ''Attack on Fear ''|| Dave Mitchell || Actor |- | 1986 ||''Band of the Hand'' || n/a ||Director |- | 1987 || ''The Running Man'' || n/a || Director |- | 1992 || ''The Cutting Edge ''|| n/a ||Director |- | 1994 || ''The Air Up There''||n/a ||Director |- | 1996 || ''Kazaam'' || n/a ||Director |- | 2003 || ''Something's Gotta Give ''|| Dave || Actor |- | 2004 || ''Starsky & Hutch ''||Original Dave Starsky || Actor |}

Television

{|class="wikitable" ! Years !! Series !! Role !! Notes |- | 1967–1973 || ''Love is a Many Splendored Thing'' || Dr. Peter Chernak|| Actor |- | 1973 || ''The Waltons (The Air Mail Man)'' ||Todd Cooper|| Actor |- | 1975–1979 || ''Starsky and Hutch''||Detective David Starsky|| Actor, Writer, Director |- | 1984-1985 || ''Miami Vice''||None|| Director (2 episodes in season one and 1 in season two) |- | 1984 || ''Amazons'' ||n/a|| Director |}

References

External links

Paul Michael Glaser official web site

Paul Michael Glaser at Internet Off-Broadway Database

Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation

Category:1943 births Category:Actors from Massachusetts Category:AIDS activists Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American health activists Category:American Jews Category:American television actors Category:American television directors Category:Boston University alumni Category:Jewish actors Category:Living people Category:People from Cambridge, Massachusetts Category:Tulane University alumni

ca:Paul Michael Glaser de:Paul Michael Glaser es:Paul Michael Glaser fr:Paul Michael Glaser it:Paul Michael Glaser nl:Paul Michael Glaser pl:Paul Michael Glaser simple:Paul Michael Glaser