The English word Folk is derived from a Germanic noun, *fulka meaning "people" or "army" (i.e. a crowd as opposed to "a people" in a more abstract sense of clan or tribe). The English word folk has cognates in most of the other Germanic languages. Folk may be a Germanic root that is unique to the Germanic languages, although Latin vulgus, "the common people", has been suggested as a possible cognate.
The word became colloquialized (usually in the plural folks) in English in the sense "people", and was considered unelegant by the beginning of the 19th century. It re-entered academic English through the invention of the word folklore in 1846 by the antiquarian William J. Thoms (1803–85) as an Anglo-Saxonism. This word revived folk in a modern sense of "of the common people, whose culture is handed down orally", and opened up a flood of compound formations, e.g. folk art (1921), folk-hero (1899), folk-medicine (1898), folk-tale (1891), folk-song (1847), folk-dance (1912). Folk-music is from 1889; in reference to the branch of modern popular music (associated with Greenwich Village in New York City) here it dates from 1958. It is also regional music
In all Germanic languages, the variant of "folk" means "people" or something related to the people.
German Volk is commonly used as the first, determining part (head) of compound nouns such as Volksentscheid (plebiscite, literally "decision of/by the people") or Völkerbund (League of Nations), or the car manufacturer Volkswagen (literally, "people's car").
Even though Hitler, in his book Mein Kampf often erroneously applied specific biological and zoological terms such as race, species, and others, the Nazi-era use of Volk could not, depending on context, be interpreted as "race", "Germanic", or "European." In Nazi propaganda, several peoples made up a race, so these two terms did not denote the same thing during the Nazi years. The German people was considered part of the Germanic race which latter officially included the Scandinavians, the English, and the Dutch as well (while Hitler himself also included the Celts), so Volk did not equal Germanic either. Nazi-era publications on pre-history only differed whether their Germanic race equalled the Indo-European race or the Germanic race itself was part of a family of Indo-European races, since indogermanisch is the common German term for Indo-European.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 40°37′29″N73°57′8″N |
---|---|
Name | Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov |
Other names | Volk Khan ("Wolf Khan") |
Birth place | Anchih, Dagestan ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
Nationality | Russian |
Height | |
Weight | |
Weight class | Heavyweight |
Style | Sambo, Shoot wrestling |
Fighting out of | Tula, Russia |
Mma win | 21 |
Mma kowin | 1 |
Mma subwin | 10 |
Mma loss | 8 |
Mma draw | 0 |
Mma nc | 0 |
|- | Win | align="center" | 21-8 | Zaza Tkeshelashvili | Submission (armlock) | Rings Lithuania - Bushido Rings 2 | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | N/A | Vilnius, Lithuania | |- | Win | align="center" | 20-8 | Andrei Kopylov | Decision | Rings Russia - Russia vs. Bulgaria | | align="center" | 2 | align="center" | 5:00 | Ekaterinburg, Russia | |- | Loss | align="center" | 19-8 | Antonio Rodrigo Nogueira | Decision (unanimous) | Rings - King of Kings 2000 Final | | align="center" | 2 | align="center" | 5:00 | Tokyo, Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 19-7 | Bobby Hoffman | Decision (unanimous) | Rings - King of Kings 2000 Block B | | align="center" | 3 | align="center" | 5:00 | Osaka, Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 18-7 | Lee Hasdell | TKO (punches) | Rings - King of Kings 2000 Block B | | align="center" | 2 | align="center" | 0:08 | Osaka, Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 17-7 | Zaza Tkeshelashvili | Submission (guillotine choke) | Rings - Russia vs Georgia | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 15:46 | Tula, Russia | |- | Win | align="center" | 16-7 | Branden Lee Hinkle | Submission (arm triangle choke) | Rings - Millennium Combine 2 | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 8:11 | Tokyo, Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 15-7 | Cvetko Cvetkov | Submission (Achilles lock) | Rings Russia - Russia vs. Bulgaria | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | N/A | Tula, Russia | |- | Win | align="center" | 14-7 | Yasuhito Namekawa | Decision | Rings Russia - Russia vs. The World | | align="center" | 3 | align="center" | 5:00 | Yekaterinburg, Russia | |- | Loss | align="center" | 13-7 | Zaza Tkeshelashvili | KO | Rings - Rings Georgia | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 7:08 | Georgia | |- | Loss | align="center" | 13-6 | Zaza Tkeshelashvili | Decision (unanimous) | Rings - Rise 4th | | align="center" | 3 | align="center" | 10:00 | Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 13-5 | Masayuki Naruse | Submission (armbar) | Rings - Rise 3rd | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 4:26 | Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 12-5 | Nikolai Zouev | Submission | Rings - Final Capture | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 4:49 | Japan | |- | Loss | align="center" | 11-5 | Tsuyoshi Kosaka | Submission | Rings - Third Fighting Integration | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 10:10 | Tokyo, Japan | |- | Loss | align="center" | 11-4 | Akira Maeda | Submission | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 4:24 | N/A | |- | Loss | align="center" | 11-3 | Mikhail Illoukhine | N/A | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | N/A | |- | Win | align="center" | 11-2 | Dick Vrij | N/A | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | N/A | |- | Win | align="center" | 10-2 | Andrei Kopylov | Submission | Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1 | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 10:52 | Japan | |- | Loss | align="center" | 9-2 | Kiyoshi Tamura | Submission (armbar) | Rings - Extension Fighting 7 | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 12:48 | Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 9-1 | Akira Maeda | Submission (leglock) | Rings - Extension Fighting 2 | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 8:47 | Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 8-1 | Kiyoshi Tamura | N/A | Rings - Budokan Hall 1997 | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | Tokyo, Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 7-1 | Kiyoshi Tamura | N/A | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | N/A | |- | Win | align="center" | 6-1 | Tariel Bitsadze | N/A | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | N/A | |- | Win | align="center" | 5-1 | Tsuyoshi Kosaka | N/A | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | N/A | |- | Win | align="center" | 4-1 | Masayuki Naruse | N/A | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | N/A | |- | Win | align="center" | 3-1 | Tsuyoshi Kosaka | Submission (armbar) | Rings - Maelstrom 6 | | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 13:52 | Japan | |- | Loss | align="center" | 2-1 | Hans Nijman | TKO | Rings - Budokan Hall 1996 | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | Tokyo, Japan | |- | Win | align="center" | 2-0 | Peter Ura | N/A | Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | N/A | |- | Win | align="center" | 1-0 | Akira Maeda | Submission | Rings - Budokan Hall 1995 | | align="center" | N/A | align="center" | N/A | Tokyo, Japan |
Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Russian mixed martial artists Category:Heavyweight mixed martial artists Category:Russian sambo practitioners Category:People from Dagestan
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 40°37′29″N73°57′8″N |
---|---|
Name | Hosni Mubarak |
Caption | Mubarak in 2009 |
Order | 4th |
Office | President of Egypt |
Primeminister | |
Term start | 14 October 1981 |
Term end | 11 February 2011 |
Vicepresident | Omar Suleiman |
Predecessor | Sufi Abu Taleb (Acting) |
Successor | Mohamed Hussein Tantawi(Acting) |
Office2 | Prime Minister of Egypt |
President2 | |
Term start2 | 7 October 1981 |
Term end2 | 2 January 1982 |
Predecessor2 | Anwar El Sadat |
Successor2 | Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin |
Order3 | 15th Vice President of Egypt |
President3 | Anwar El Sadat |
Term start3 | 16 April 1975 |
Term end3 | 14 October 1981 |
Predecessor3 | Hussein el-Shafei |
Successor3 | Omar Suleiman |
Office4 | Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement |
Term start4 | 16 July 2009 |
Term end4 | 11 February 2011 |
Predecessor4 | Raúl Castro |
Successor4 | TBD |
Birthname | Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak |
Birth date | May 04, 1928 |
Birth place | Kafr-El Meselha, Egypt |
Party | National Democratic Party |
Spouse | Suzanne Mubarak (1959–present) |
Children | |
Alma mater | |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Signature | Hosni Mubarak Signature.svg |
Footnotes | a. Office vacant from 14 October 1981 to 29 January 2011b. as Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces |
Allegiance | Egypt |
Branch | Egyptian Air Force |
Rank | Air Chief Marshal |
Commands | Beni Suef Air BaseEgyptian Air AcademyEgyptian Air Force |
Mubarak was appointed Vice President of Egypt in 1975, and assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat. The length of his presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force, serving as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rising to the rank of air chief marshal.
Mubarak was ousted after 18 days of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. On 11 February, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. On that day Mubarak and his family left the presidential palace in Cairo and moved to Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. On 13 April, a prosecutor ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. On 24 May, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and, if convicted, he could face the death penalty.
As an Egyptian Air Force officer, Mubarak served in various formations and units, including two years when he served in a Spitfire fighter squadron. and two years later he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force.
Mubarak became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defence in 1972. In the following year his military career reached its pinnacle when he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in recognition of service during the October War of 1973. Mubarak has been credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in the 1973 war against Israel. The Egyptian analyst Mohamed Hassanein Heikal gave a different evaluation of the role of the Air Force in 1973 from that of Mubarak and his supporters. Heikal argued that the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops that carried out the crossing of Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity. The role of Mubarak was further disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff Saad Eldin El-Shazli. She alleged that Mubarak altered the representation of a number of events pertaining to the 1973 war to show a magnified role for himself. In an interview with the Egyptian independent newspaper Almasry Alyoum (26 Feb 2011), El-Shazli claimed that Mubarak altered documents to take credit for the initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973 from her father. She alleged that even photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered, so that the pictures of Saad Eldin El-Shazli were erased and replaced by Mubarak. She stated that she intends to take a legal action with this regard.
As part of his support for Sadat's policies, he went in early September 1975 on a mission to Riyadh, and Damascus to convince the Saudi Arabian, and Syrian governments to accept the disengagement agreement signed with the Israeli government ("Sinai II"), but was refused a meeting by the Syrian President, Hafez Al-Assad.
In addition, Mubarak was sent by Sadat to numerous meetings with foreign leaders. Mubarak's political significance as Vice-President can be seen from the fact that at a conversation held on 23 June 1975 between Foreign Minister Fahmy and US Ambassador Hermann Eilts, Fahmy said to Eilts that "Mobarek
In addition to further solidifying Egypt's central role in the Arab World, the participation of Egyptian forces brought financial benefits for the Egyptian government. Reports that sums as large as $500,000 per soldier were paid or debt forgiven were published in the news media. According to The Economist: :"The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the IMF. In fact, luck was on Hosni Mubarak's side; when the US was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt's president joined without hesitation. After the war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $14 billion of debt."
President Mubarak spoke out against the 2003 Iraq War, arguing that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict should have been resolved first. He also claimed that the war would cause "100 Bin Ladens." However, as President he did not support an immediate US pull out from Iraq as he believes it will lead to probable chaos.
After increased domestic and international pressure for democratic reform in Egypt, Mubarak asked the parliament on 26 February 2005 to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate presidential elections by September 2005. Previously, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by parliament, then confirmed without opposition in a referendum.
The September 2005 ballot was, therefore, a multiple candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions, and security apparatus remain under the control of the President. The official state media, including the three government newspapers and state television also express views identical to the official line taken by Mubarak. In the last few years however, the cabinet headed by Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif has been somewhat successful in turning things around. According to the List of countries by Human Development Index Egypt ranks 111th out of 177 countries, and rates 0.702 on the index.
On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy, as he had been widely expected to do. The election which was scheduled for 7 September 2005 involved mass rigging activities, according to civil organizations that observed the elections. Reports have shown that Mubarak's party used government vehicles to take public employees to vote for him. Votes were bought for Mubarak in poor suburbs and rural areas. It was also reported that thousands of illegal votes were allowed for Mubarak from citizens who were not registered to vote. On 8 September 2005, Ayman Nour, a dissident and candidate for the El-Ghad Party ("Tomorrow party"), contested the election results, and demanded a repeat of the election.
In a move widely seen as political persecution, Nour was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years at hard labor on 24 December 2005. On the day of Nour's guilty verdict and sentencing, the White House Press Secretary released the following statement denouncing the government's action:
"The United States is deeply troubled by the conviction today of Egyptian politician Ayman Nour by an Egyptian court. The conviction of Dr. Nour, the runner-up in Egypt's 2005 presidential elections, calls into question Egypt's commitment to democracy, freedom and the rule of law. We are also disturbed by reports that Mr. Nour's health has seriously declined due to the hunger strike on which he has embarked in protest of the conditions of his trial and detention. The United States calls upon the Egyptian government to act under the laws of Egypt in the spirit of its professed desire for increased political openness and dialogue within Egyptian society, and out of humanitarian concern, to release Mr. Nour from detention."
According to Reporters Without Borders; Egyptian media ranks 133 out of 168 in freedom of the press, showing an improvement of 10 places from 2005.
In 2005 Freedom House, a non-governmental organization that conduct research into democracy, reported that the Egyptian governments, under Mubarak expanded bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other controls that feed corruption. Whenever Egyptians face such controls, money is what ultimately triggers the requisite signature or relevant approval. Compounding the normal bureaucratic culture is the state ownership of many or most of the primary economic levers – banking and financial institutions, tourism, oil, the Suez Canal, manufacturing, the media, and so on. Furthermore, government employees receive insufficient pay, while a decreasing minority of Egyptians achieve increasingly vast wealth, thus creating a growing income gap between the classes and causing the supposed middle class to be squeezed to the smallest minority between the rich and the poor. Freedom House claimed that "corruption remained a significant problem under Mubarak, who promised to do much, but in fact neither did anything significant to tackle it effectively."
In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report.
of Israel look at their watches to see if it is officially sunset; during Ramadan, Muslims fast until sunset.]]
On 19 June 2008, the Egypt-brokered "lull" or pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect. The term "lull" is a translation of the Arabic term Tahdia. According to The New York Times, neither side fully respected the terms of the cease-fire.
The agreement required Hamas to end rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce the lull throughout Gaza. In exchange, Hamas expected the blockade to end, commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck shipments to be restored to 2005 levels, which was between 500 and 600 trucks per day. Israel tied easing of the blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and gradually re-opened supply lines and permitted around 90 daily truck shipments to enter Gaza, up from around 70 per day. Hamas criticized Israel for its continued blockade while Israel accused Hamas of continued weapons smuggling via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to continued rocket attacks.
On 10 February, contrary to rumours, Mubarak asserted that he would not resign until the September election, though he would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President Omar Suleiman. The next day, Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned. The group protesting in Cairo's Tahrir Square was so large they could be seen from space as they rallied Mubarak's resignation, chanting anti-Mubarak slogans. Mubarak stated in a speech that he will not leave and will die on Egyptian soil. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei paid no attention to Mubarak's remarks In a state televised broadcast on 1 February 2011, Mubarak announced that he would not seek re-election in September but would like to finish his current term and promised constitutional reform. This compromise was not acceptable for the protestors and violent demonstrations occurred in front of the Presidential Palace where pro- and anti-Mubarak protestors clashed. On 11 February, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced the resignation of Mubarak and that power would be turned over to the Egyptian military.
On 28 February 2011, the General Prosecutor of Egypt issued an order prohibiting Mubarak and his family from leaving Egypt. It was reported that the former president was in contact with his lawyer in case of possible criminal charges against him. As a result, Mubarak and his family had been under house arrest at a presidential palace in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh. On 13 April, a prosecutor originally appointed by Mubarak ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amidst growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution. Gamal and Alaa were jailed in Tora Prison, while state television reported that Mubarak was in police custody in a hospital near his residence following a heart attack.
Hosni Mubarak and his two sons Ala'a and Gamal, will stand trial on August 3, 2011 at the North Cairo criminal court.The charges are corruption and killing protestors during the mass movement to oust him according to Egypt's Middle East News Agency.Mubarak could be charged with pre-mediated killing and could face the death penalty if found guilty.
In June 2011, Mubarak's lawyer Farid el-Deeb disclosed that his client "has stomach cancer, and the cancer is growing."
On 12 February 2011, the government of Switzerland announced that it was freezing the Swiss bank accounts of Mubarak and his family. On 20 February 2011, the Egyptian Prosecutor General ordered the freeze of Mubarak's assets and the assets of his wife Suzanne, his sons Alaa and Gamal Mubarak, and his daughters in law Heidi Rasekh and Khadiga Gamal. The Prosecutor General also ordered the Egyptian Foreign Minster to communicate this to other countries where Mubarak and his family could have assets. This order came two days after Egyptian newspapers reported that Mubarak filed his financial statement. The Egyptian regulations mandate government officials to submit a financial statement listing his / her total assets and sources of income during governmental work. On 21 February 2011, the Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily given the presidential authorities following the 25 January 2011 Revolution, declared no objection to a trial of Mubarak on charges of corruption. On 23 February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper Eldostor reported that a "knowledgeable source" described the order of the Prosecutor General for freezing Mubarak's assets and the threats of a legal action as nothing but a signal for Mubarak to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were made to encourage him to leave willingly. In February 2011, Voice of America reported that Egypt's top prosecutor has ordered a travel ban and an asset freeze for former President Hosni Mubarak and his family, as he considers further action.
Honor Star Medal " twice.
Military Training " medal. The Azerbaijani Musavat party has advocated the demolition of the statue in order to avoid idolatry. The monument was destroyed, and a statue symbolizing Egypt and Ancient Egyptian culture was erected instead.
|- |- |- |- |- }} |- |- |- |-
Category:1928 births Category:Living people Category:Attempted assassination survivors Category:Egyptian Air Force air marshals Category:Egyptian Military Academy alumni Category:Egyptian people of the Yom Kippur War Category:Egyptian presidential candidates, 2005 Category:Egyptian Sunni Muslims Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Category:National Democratic Party (Egypt) politicians Category:People from Monufia Governorate Category:People of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution Category:Presidents of Egypt Category:Survivors of stabbing Category:Vice Presidents of Egypt
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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