Coordinates

12°2′36″N77°1′42″N

{{infobox anatomy | name

Buttocks | Latin | GraySubject | GrayPage | Image Male human buttocks.jpg | Caption Male human buttocks| Width 150px | Image2 Backtowel2.jpg| Caption2 Female human buttocks| Width2 10px| Precursor | System | Artery superior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal artery | Vein | Nerve superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, cluneal nerves | Lymph | MeshName Buttocks | MeshNumber A01.378.610.100 | DorlandsPre | DorlandsSuf | }}

The buttocks (singular: ''buttock'') are two rounded portions of the anatomy, located on the posterior of the pelvic region of apes and humans, and many other bipeds or quadrupeds, and comprise a layer of fat superimposed on the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles. Physiologically, the buttocks enable weight to be taken off the feet while sitting. Many cultures have also used them as a safe target for corporal punishment, and for some cultures they play a role in sexual attraction. There are several connotations of buttocks in art, fashion, culture and humor, and the English language is replete with many popular synonyms.

Anatomy

The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or 'glutes' (the gluteus maximus muscle and the gluteus medius muscle) superimposed by a layer of fat. The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the iliac crest, and the lower aspect is outlined by the horizontal gluteal crease. The gluteus maximus has two insertion points: 1/3 superior portion of the linea aspera of the femur, and the superior portion of the iliotibial tractus. The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate intergluteal cleft or "crack" in which the anus is situated.

The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without needing to rest their weight on their feet as four-legged animals do. Females of certain species of baboon have red buttocks that blush to attract males. In the case of humans, females tend to have proportionally wider and thicker buttocks due to higher subcutaneous fat and proportionally wider hips.

Some baboons and all gibbons, though otherwise fur-covered, have characteristic naked callosities on their buttocks. While human children generally have smooth buttocks, mature males and females have varying degrees of hair growth, as on other parts of their body. Females may have hair growth in the gluteal cleft (including around the anus), sometimes extending laterally onto the lower aspect of the cheeks. Males may have hair growth over some or all of the buttocks.

Connotations

The English word of Greek origin "callipygian" indicates someone who has beautiful buttocks. However, the qualities that make buttocks beautiful or well-formed are not fixed, as sexual aesthetics of the buttocks vary considerably from culture to culture, from one period of fashion to another and even from person to person.

In ancient astrology, various parts of the body were associated with signs of the zodiac - e.g. the buttocks to Libra (The Balance). Depending on the context, exposure of the buttocks in non-intimate situations often causes feelings of shame, embarrassment or humiliation in a non-exhibitionist subject, and embarrassment or amusement in a non-voyeurist audience (see pantsing). Expressions such as being caught with one's pants/ trousers down or more explicitly in Dutch, ''"met de billen bloot"'' ("with bared buttocks"), use the image as a metaphor for non-physical embarrassment as well.

Willfully exposing one's own bare buttocks as a protest, a provocation, or just for fun is called mooning. A wedgie is pulling someone's undergarments or swimming trunks up through their buttock crack to be hauled over the top of the victim's trousers, sometimes partially baring the victim's buttocks.

It is no coincidence that the English verb ''to spank'' is the only one specifically meant for physical discipline of a specific part of the body, and various other languages have terms specifically referring to spanking; in many punitive traditions, the buttocks are the preferential target for painful lessons, from educational to judicial, as offering them for punishment (especially uncovered) adds a psychological dose of embarrassment and even sexual humiliation to the pain, which can be meted out with less risk of long term physical harm than elsewhere. There are, in various cultural traditions, expressions like "seat of learning" which refer to the preferential paining of the posterior in a submissively bent and exposed position.

Many comedians, writers and others rely on the buttocks in these and other ways (such as flatulence and toilet humor) as a source of amusement, camaraderie and fun, despite (or in some cases for the sake of) the risk of being in dubious taste, if not censored.

In the majority of modern cultures, the buttocks are rarely shown naked and are generally considered unsuitable for ornamental body markings and body modification. However, they may be preferential for discreet markings, such as secretive membership proof or to be shown in intimate company (e.g. amongst lovers).

In American English, phrases use the buttocks or synonyms (especially "butt" and "ass") as a synecdoche or pars pro toto for a whole person, but generally with a negative connotation. For example, terminating an employee may be described as "firing his ass". One might say "move your ass" or "haul ass" (or the polite, understood euphemisms "move it" or "haul it") as an exhortation to greater haste or urgency. Expressed as a function of punishment, defeat or assault becomes "kicking one's ass". Such phrases also may suggest a person's characteristics, e.g. difficult people are termed "hard asses" (polite euphemism: "hard nosed"). People deemed excessively puritanical or proper may be termed "tight asses" (in Australia and New Zealand, "tight arse" refers to someone who is excessively miserly). An annoying person or any source of frustration may be termed "a pain in the arse" (euphemism: "a pain in the neck", though some claim that this alleged euphemism actually appeared in English earlier than the former). An incompetent or ignorant person is sometimes called a "dumbass", and an annoying person a "jackass".

Certain physical dispositions of the buttocks—particularly size—are sometimes identified, controversially, as a racial characteristic (see race). The most famous intersection of racism and buttocks may be the case of Saartjie Baartman, the so-called Hottentot Venus.

Synonyms

The anatomical Latin name for the buttocks is ''nates'' ( ), which is plural; the singular, ''natis'' (buttock), is rarely used. As buttocks are an object of both shame and fascination, it is not surprising that there are many colloquial terms, euphemistic, ironic or other, to refer to them. These include the following:

backside, posterior, behind and its derivates (hind-quarters, hinder or the childish homophone heinie (US usage only), strictly the whole body behind the hind leg-trunk attachment), rear or rear-end, ''derrière'' (French for "behind") - all strictly positional descriptions, as the inaccurate use of rump (as in 'rump roast', after a 'hot' spanking), thighs, upper legs; analogous are:

aft, stern and poop, naval in origin; in nautical jargon, buttocks also designates the aftermost portion of a hull above the water line and in front of the rudder, merging with the run below the water line

* apple (bottom), referring to the similar shape of the fruit, derived from the 1970s. Also likened to an upside-down heart, attributed from various, popular ads of the '70s.

caboose, originally a ship's galley in wooden cabin on deck; also the "rear end" car of a freight train, considered a cute synonym suitable for any audience

*cakes

bottom (and the shortening "bot" as well as childish diminutives "bottie" or "botty"), but the use of similar-sounding booty is artistic liberty

*tail (strictly anatomically a zoomorphism, humans only have a tail-bone, yet the illogical tail feather was popularized by musicians; also used for the even more sensual phallus) and ''tail-end''

*trunk, in American English, particularly when describing large buttocks "junk in the trunk"

arse or ass, arsehole or asshole, and (butt-)hole - a ''pars pro toto'' (strictly only the actual body cavity and directly adjoining anal region); also used as an insult for a person. The term is Anglo-Saxon dialect, and over a thousand years old.

badonkadonk - onomatopoeic slang meaning the voluptuously bouncing, large yet firm buttocks of a woman

biscuits

''breech'', a metaphorical sense derived from on older form of the garment breeches (as the French ''culotte'' meaning pantoloons, via ''cul'' from Latin ''culus'' 'butt'), so 'bare breech' means without breeches, i.e. trouserless butt

bum - in British English, used frequently in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many other English speaking Commonwealth countries, also historically in U.S., is a mild often humorous reference to buttocks, not necessarily in vulgar or sexual context: "I've a boil on my bum, thrice as large as my thumb" - ''The Judge With The Sore Rump'', St. George Tucker. Also used in reference to anal intercourse, often as an insult, as in bum boy (for a homosexual). Also a verb - to practise anal intercourse.

buns, from Gaelic ''bun'' "bottom, base", mounds (cfr. Butte, a geographical mound, known since 1805 in American English, from (Old) French ''butte'' "mound, knoll") and orbs - shape-metaphors.

bund - derived from Punjabi

bunda - bottom, of Brazilian Portuguese origin.

butt - the common term for a pair of buttocks (singular, as one body-part; cognate but neither its root nor an abbreviation) in the US, used in everyday speech.

can (a container) had an unusual development: the slang meaning "toilet" is recorded circa 1900, said to be a shortening of piss-can, the meaning "buttocks" from c. 1910, verb meaning "fire an employee" (to flush=dump?) from 1905.

cheeks, a shape-metaphor within human anatomy, but also used in the singular: left cheek and right cheek; sounds particularly naughty because of the homonym and the adjective cheeky, lending themselves to word puns

culo - (From Spanish/Italian) slang, usually meaning a woman's voluptuous, round and firm buttocks. Put simply the Latino equivalent of booty, although in Spanish it is considered vulgar and offensive (but less so in Spain than in Latin America).

duffs - Scotch Irish origin

dumper sometimes denotes the buttocks, especially when talking about a large butt.

fanny - a socially acceptable term in print, in the United States at least, for many years before some of the bolder terms came along; and a subject of jokes, since "Fannie" can be a woman's name, diminutive of "Frances"; however, in British English ''fanny'' refers to the female genitals or vulva and is considered vulgar. The figure of a bare-bottomed lass named Fanny is ubiquitous in Provence (the southeast of France) wherever pétanque is played: traditionally when a player loses 13 to 0 it is said that “il est fanny” (he's fanny), and he has to kiss the bottom of a girl called Fanny; as there is rarely an obliging Fanny, there is always a substitute picture, woodcarving or pottery so that Fanny’s bottom is always available.

fourth point of contact: in military slang, because of the sequence of textbook parachute jump landing

''fundament'' (literally "foundation", not common in this general sense in English, but for the butt since 1297)

Gand or Gaand - a Hindi derivate

hams, like buttocks generally as a plural, after the meat cut from the analogous part of a hog ; ''pressed ham'' refers to mooning against a window; brawn, a singular derived from the Frankish for ham or roast, is also used for both a muscular body part (but either on arms or legs) or boar meat, especially roast

hurdies - British, origin unknown, also applied to the whole rump

haunches

moon was a common shape-metaphor for the butt in English since 1756, and the verb ''to moon'' meant 'to expose to (moon)light' since 1601, long before they were combined in US student slang in the verb (al expression) mooning "to flash the buttocks" in 1968.

prat (British English, origin unknown; as in pratfall, a vaudeville term; also a term of abuse for a person)

seat (of the trousers; or metaphorically) another long-standing socially acceptable term, referring to the use for sitting - but compare the sarcastic use of seat of wisdom and similar expressions, such as 'seat of learning', referring to use as target for an 'educational' spanking.

sit-upon; has various independent counterparts in other languages, e.g. Dutch ''zitvlak'' ('sitting plain'), German ''Gesäß'' Italian ''sedere''

six; in military terminology, particularly in the U.S. Navy, it refers to the term "six o'clock", i. e. a point directly behind the referenced person.

Tush or tushy (from the Yiddish language "tuchis" or "tochis" meaning "under" or "beneath")

ultimatum (Latin, literally 'the outer-most') was used in slang c.1820s.

:''For more slang terms for the buttocks, see WikiSaurus:buttocks — the WikiSaurus list of synonyms and slang words for buttocks in many languages.'' :''For unrelated homophones of butt(ocks), see also butt (disambiguation) and bud (disambiguation)''

Related terms

The word "callipygian" is sometimes used to describe someone with notably attractive buttocks. The term comes from the Greek ''kallipygos'', (first used for the Venus Kallipygos) which literally means "beautiful buttocks"; the prefix is also a root of "calligraphy" (beautiful writing) and "calliope" (beautiful voice); ''callimammapygian'' means having both beautiful breasts and buttocks.

Both the English ''(in) tails'' and the Dutch ''billentikker'' ('tapping the buttocks') are ironic terms for very formal coats with a significantly longer tail end as part of festive (especially wedding party) dress

''Macropygia'' means 'heaving large buttocks, hindquarter', and occurs in biological species names,

A ''pygopag(ous)'' (from the Greek ''pygè'' 'buttock' and ''pagein'' 'attached') was a monster in Ancient (Greek) mythology consisting of two bodies joint by common buttocks, now a medical term for 'Siamese' twins thus joint back-to-back

''Pygophilia'' is sexual arousal or excitement caused by seeing, playing with or touching the buttocks; people who have strong attraction to buttocks are called ''pygophilists''.

''Pygoscopia'' means observing someone's rear; ''pygoscopophobia'' a pathological fear to be its unwilling object

''Pygalgia'' is soreness in the buttocks, i.e. a pain in the rump.

Steatopygia is a marked accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks.

''Uropygial'' in ornithology mean, situated on, belonging to, the ''uropygium'', i.e. the rump of a bird.

"Bubble butt" has at least two connotations, which are at odds with each other: either a small, round and firm pair of buttocks resembling a pair of soap bubbles next to each other, or a large rear end, seemingly about to burst from the strain. In both cases, the term implies an appealing shapeliness about the buttocks.

Fashion

Because many cultures have a (partial) nudity taboo, which usually applies specifically to the buttocks (as usually to the most erogenous zones), mainstream garments generally cover the buttocks completely, even when it is not a practical requirement. Nevertheless male and female clothing is often designed in a way that reveals the shape of the buttocks under the clothing.

Some articles of clothing are designed to expose the buttocks. Such clothing is not generally worn in public situations; however, it is sometimes considered appropriate to wear such clothing at swimming facilities or at the beach.

Emphasis on one part or another of the body tends to shift with generations. The 1880s were well-known for the fashion trend among women called the bustle, which made even the smallest buttocks appear huge. The popularity of this fashion is shown in the famous Georges Seurat painting ''A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte'' in the two women to the far left and right. Like long underwear with the ubiquitous 'butt flap' (used to allow baring only the bottom with a simple gesture, as for hygiene), this clothing style was acknowledged in popular media such as cartoons and comics for generations afterward.

More recently, the cleavage of the buttocks could be exposed by some women as fashion dictated trousers be worn lower. (known as a "coin slot").

An example of another attitude in an otherwise hardly exhibitionist culture is the Japanese fundoshi.

See also

Bollocks

Buttock augmentation

Coccyx

Gluteus Maximus

Gluteal cleft

Hip and buttock padding

Intimate part

Rump (animal)

Spanking

Waist–hip ratio

Buttocks fetishism

Sources and references

Etymology on line one can also search for most synonyms

For synonyms: On-line thesaurus

passim

External links

"The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh" (by Henry Gray) at "Anatomy of the Human Body", 1918.

Category:Lower limb anatomy Category:Pelvis

als:Gesäss ar:ألية arc:ܐܫܬܐ (ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ) arz:أرداف an:Cul (anatomía) ay:Ch'ina bjn:Burit bn:নিতম্ব br:Feskenn ca:Cul ceb:Lubot cs:Hýždě cy:Ffolen da:Balde pdc:Aasch de:Gesäß es:Nalga eo:Pugo eu:Ipurmasail fa:کپل fr:Fesse gan:屁督 gl:Nádega ko:엉덩이 hi:नितम्ब io:Gluteo id:Bokong is:Rass it:Natiche he:עכוז ht:Bonda sw:Tako (anatomia) la:Nates lv:Sēžamvieta lb:Hënner lt:Sėdmenys ml:നിതംബം mr:नितंब mzn:موس ms:Punggung nl:Bil (anatomie) ja:尻 no:Rumpeball nn:Seteball pag:Aping-na-obet nds:Oors pl:Okolica pośladkowa pt:Nádegas ksh:Hängischte qu:Siki ru:Ягодицы scn:Culu (parti dû corpu) simple:Buttocks sr:Задњица fi:Pakarat sv:Stjärt tl:Puwit ta:குண்டி te:పిరుదు tr:But uk:Сідниці ug:كاسا yi:תחת zh-yue:囉柚 zh:臀

Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
name	YolanDa Brown
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Yolanda Faye Brown
born	October 04, 1982 Barking, east London, England
instrument	Tenor, Soprano and Alto Saxophone
genre	Jazz, Urban Contemporary, R&B;, Gospel
| years active	2007–present
website	yolandabrown.co.uk
notable instruments	}}

YolanDa Brown born to Jamaican parents in Barking, London, England (4 October 1982) is a British jazz urban contemporary saxophonist and composer. .

A past student of Bancroft's School, Beal High School and the University of Kent, Kent Business School in Canterbury, England. Her Undergraduate Master's Dissertation was on "Combining SSM (Soft systems methodology) and DESM (Discrete event simulation) in an Athletics Club." She also fronted a TV talk show on a Sky Channel and appeared in inspirational idents for BET network.(Black Entertainment Television)

She is a 2008 MOBO“Best Jazz” winner and UMA nominee. In 2009, YolanDa became the first musician to not only be nominated in the "Best Jazz" category of the MOBO's in consecutive years, but also the first to win it two years running. In 2009 she also won "Best Jazz" at the UMA's.

YolanDa has worked with musicians such as Monty Alexander, Ramon Vallé, Michel Camilo, Hilario Duran, Dean Fraser, Sonny Bradshaw, Otis Williams and the Temptations along with their manager Shelly Berger.

As a solo artist/saxophonist has worked in genres from straight ahead jazz to grime, performing front and centre alongside various artists including Sway DaSafo, Bashy, Omar Lye-Fook, Soweto Kinch, Alexander O'Neal, Mica Paris, Terri Walker, Dean Fraser, Sonny Bradshaw and Desi Jones, to name but a few. In late 2008, she toured the UK, opening for The Temptations.

YolanDa's pivotal performances of 2010 included an invitation to take part in PanJazz 2010 on its transfer from the Lincoln Center in New York to the UK This saw her performing alongside musicians including Etienne Charles and Leon Foster Thomas. Her November 19 concert at Indig02 at the 02 Arena, London continued her record of musically excellent and uniquely entertaining sold out events.

On December 2, 2010, YolanDa was presented with an Honorary Doctor of the Arts by the University of East London in a ceremony at the Barbican Theatre, London.

For YolanDa music has always been a theraputic and enabling force which promotes 360 degree communication and empowering links across all humankind. In striving to share and involve the many rather than an elite few through the wonder of music, YolanDa was honoured to become a Celebrity Ambassador for HRH The Prince of Wales and His Prince’s Trust Charity.

YolanDa is a Yamaha endorsed artist and was also appointed the UK's class band ambassador in February 2011. Yamaha Class Band is a whole-class wind band teaching method, currently being piloted, until July 2012, in a collaboration between Yamaha UK and two of the UK's leading music services.

YolanDa is also a Patron of The Mayor of London’s Fund for Young Musicians,which provides outstanding progression and development opportunities to young people who demonstrate significant musical talent and commitment.

Awards and nominations

{| class=wikitable |- !Year !Category !Award !Result |- !colspan=4|Music Awards |- | rowspan=3|2008 | WIEA Awards | Best Musician 2008 | |- | | Urban Music Awards | Best Jazz Act 2008 | |- | Music of Black Origin Awards | Best Jazz Act 2008 | |- | rowspan=4|2009 | Marlborough Jazz Festival | Best Performer 2009 | |- | Urban Music Awards | Best Jazz Act 2009 | |- | Urban Music Awards | Most Inspiring Act 2009 | |- | Music of Black Origin Awards | Best Jazz Act 2009 | |}

References

External links

YolanDa Brown Website

YolanDa Brown interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul', June 2009

YolanDa Brown on The One to One Show

Yolanda Live at the Hackney Empire (video)

YolanDa Brown Live at the Jazz Cafe (April 9th 2008) (video)

YolanDa Brown Showreel from EPK February 2009 (video)

Category:Living people Category:1982 births Category:Jazz fusion saxophonists Category:Women in jazz Category:Smooth jazz saxophonists Category:English jazz saxophonists Category:Musicians from London Category:Black British musicians Category:English people of Jamaican descent Category:Jamaican jazz saxophonists

:''"Robin Cooper" redirects here. For the Australian politician, see Robin Cooper (Australian politician).''

Robert Popper is a BAFTA winning comedy producer, writer and actor, best known as co-creator of the mock BBC documentary ''Look Around You'', in which he also plays the part of Jack Morgan. He also wrote the books ''The Timewaster Letters'', ''The Return of The Timewaster Letters'' and ''The Timewaster Diaries'' under the pseudonym of Robin Cooper.

He also wrote all the episodes of Friday Night Dinner.

Biography

Popper began his career in the television industry working for The Comic Strip. Later, he was employed as a Commissioning Editor for Entertainment and Comedy at Channel 4. His commissioning credits include the series ''Bo' Selecta!'', ''Black Books'', ''Spaced'' and ''Bremner, Bird and Fortune''. He also commissioned three series of the ''Comedy Lab'' whilst at the channel. During this time, he also made his first appearance as a comedian on ''The Eleven O'Clock Show''. He left the role to work on the first series of ''Look Around You'' with Peter Serafinowicz. Look Around You was a spoof educational science comedy which ran on BBC2. It was nominated for a BAFTA and a British Comedy Award. Look Around You was written and produced by Popper and Serafinowicz, who also wrote and played all the music on the series. Popper co-wrote the short film ''Hello Friend'' with Graham Linehan, also in 2003.

Popper had a small, uncredited role in ''Shaun of the Dead'', in which he played a news reporter and appears in the follow-up Hot Fuzz, credited as 'Not Janine'.

He is also the script editor for the fourth series of ''Bo' Selecta!'' and the first series of The Inbetweeners. He was producer for the third and fourth series of ''Peep Show''.

In 2005, he returned to the screen with a second series of ''Look Around You''. Made up of six half-hour shows, it resembled an early 80s ''Tomorrow's World'' and, besides Popper and Serafinowicz, featured Josie D'Arby and Olivia Colman as presenters. The show won the Rose D'Or TV Award in 2006 for Best Comedy Series.

Popper was a programme consultant and co-writer for ''The Peter Serafinowicz Show'' (2007), in which he also made several brief onscreen appearances.

Robert Popper is a regular contributor to Jack Magazine.

Popper wrote ''The Timewaster Letters'' and ''The Return of the Timewaster Letters'' under the pseudonym Robin Cooper. The books were a set of mad letters he wrote to weird associations and hobby groups. The books became bestsellers and have so far sold nearly 300,000 copies.

''The Timewaster Diaries'' was published on 5 July 2007, and was serialised on Radio 4's Book of the Week programme 16–20 July 2007, read by Paul Whitehouse.

Popper worked in LA writing with Sacha Baron Cohen in 2007, and produced series 3 and 4 of Channel 4's comedy ''Peep Show''. Both series won the British Comedy Award for Best Comedy, and Popper won a BAFTA for series 4.

He is currently working with Peter Serafinowicz on a new television series and website, based on spoof religion Tarvuism for US network Adult Swim. In 2009 they produced a 30 minute podcast entitled ''Radio Spirit World (inter-dimensional)'' (sometimes shortened to ''rsw'') for BBC Radio 4. The pair are developing this into a radio series, entitled ''The Other Side''.

The Timewaster Letters was released in the USA in the summer of 2008 and there have been a number of Robin Cooper Timewaster Phone Calls released on the web.

He also worked on the fourteenth series of South Park. He was signed up by creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker following a week long brainstorming session, and worked on the final four episodes of first half-season.

He has a role in the video for Frankie & The Heartstrings 2011 single 'Hunger'

Popper wrote the Channel 4 sitcom Friday Night Dinner which aired from February 2011.

Tangerinegate

Popper was responsible for a minor hoax regarding Gordon Brown in February 2010 known as "Tangerinegate". Popper, who often makes prank phone calls, rang up London radio station LBC claiming he had seen Brown throw a tangerine into a laminating machine during a fit of rage, breaking the machine. This hoax was reported as a true event in the Daily Telegraph and the Sun, as well as being referenced (as 'alleged') on comedy news show ''The Bubble''. The Financial Times website published a blog post, stating its belief that the story was a hoax. The FT also reported on the emergence of a computer animated version of the events from Hong Kong. Similar stories regarding Gordon Brown having temper tantrums were widely published in the British media during February 2010, following publicity about Andrew Rawnsley's upcoming book The End of the Party

The Financial Times has since issued a follow up post acknowledging the hoax.

References

External links

RobertPopper.com

''The Timewaster Letters'' webpage

Tarvuism's official website

Radio Spirit World official website

IMDB page

Category:English comedians Category:English television actors Category:British television producers Category:Old Haberdashers Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people