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1926
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Aaron Klug
Sir Aaron Klug, OM, PRS (born 11 August 1926) is a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.
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Abdoulaye Wade
Abdoulaye Wade (born May 29, 1926) is the third and current President of Senegal, in office since 2000. He is also the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and has led the party since it was founded in 1974. A long-time opposition leader, he ran for President four times, beginning in 1978, before he was elected in 2000.
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Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام) (January 29, 1926; Sahiwal, Punjab, British Raj (present-day Pakistan) – November 21, 1996; Oxford, England) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist, astrophysicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work in Electro-Weak Theory. Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg shared the prize for this discovery. Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani and the first Muslim Nobel Laureate to receive the prize in the Sciences. Even today, Salam is considered one of the most influential scientists and physicists in his country.
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Agatha Christie
Dame Agatha Christie, DBE, CBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976), was a British crime writer of novels, short stories and plays. She also wrote romances under the name Mary Westmacott, but she is best remembered for her 80 detective novels—especially those featuring Hercule Poirot and Miss Jane Marple—and her successful West End theatre plays.
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Ainu people
The Nihongo|Ainu|アイヌ||Aynu (also called Ezo in historical texts) are the indigenous people or groups in Japan and Russia. Historically they spoke the Ainu language and related varieties and lived in Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin. Most of those who identify themselves as Ainu still live in this same region, though the exact number of living Ainu is unknown. This is due to ethnic issues in Japan resulting in those with Ainu backgrounds hiding their identities and confusion over mixed heritages. In Japan, because of intermarriage over many years with Japanese, the concept of a 'pure Ainu' ethnic group is no longer feasible. Official estimates of the population are of around 25,000, while the unofficial number is upwards of 200,000 people.
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Al Brodax
Al Brodax (b. February 14, 1926) is an American film and television producer. He was sometimes credited as "Al Broadax."
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Al Capone
Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate, known then as the "Capones," dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor and other illegal activities, in Chicago, from the early 1920s to 1931, when he was sentenced to federal prison, including a stay at the infamous Alcatraz federal prison, for tax evasion.
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Alan Alexander Milne
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Aleksei Brusilov
ambox
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Allen Ginsberg
Irwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet who vigorously opposed militarism, materialism and sexual repression. In the 1950s, Ginsberg was a leading figure of the Beat Generation, an anarchic group of young men and women who joined poetry, song, sex, wine and illicit drugs with passionate political ideas that championed personal freedoms. Ginsberg's epic poem Howl, in which he celebrates his fellow "angel-headed hipsters" and excoriates what he saw as the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States, is one of the classic poems of the Beat Generation The poem, dedicated to writer Carl Solomon, has a memorable opening:
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Amos 'n' Andy
'Amos 'n' Andy' is a situation comedy based on stock sketch comedy characters but set in the African-American community. It was very popular in the United States from the 1920s through the 1950s on both radio and television.
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Amos Elon
Amos Elon (, July 4, 1926 – May 25, 2009) was an Israeli journalist and author.
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Amy Irene Applegren
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Andrew Maher
Andrew Maher (born 16 July 1965 in Victoria, Australia) is an Australian media personality, having had multiple roles in Australian newspapers, television and radio.
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Andrzej W. Schally
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Andrzej Wajda
Andrzej Wajda (; born 6 March 1926) is a Polish film director. Recipient of an honorary Oscar, he is possibly the most prominent member of the unofficial "Polish Film School" (active circa 1955 to 1963). He is known especially for a trilogy of war films: A Generation (1954), Kanał (1956) and Ashes and Diamonds (1958).
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Andy Griffith
Andy Samuel Griffith (born June 1, 1926) is an American actor, director, producer, Grammy Award-winning Southern-gospel singer, and writer. He gained prominence in the starring role in director Elia Kazan's epic film A Face in the Crowd (1957) before he became better known for his television roles, playing the lead characters in the 1960s situation comedy, The Andy Griffith Show, and in the 1980s–1990s legal drama, Matlock. Griffith was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President George W. Bush on November 9, 2005.
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Ann B. Davis
Ann Bradford Davis (born May 5, 1926) is an American television actress.
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Anne Frank
Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (; 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt am Main – early March 1945 in Bergen Belsen) is one of the most renowned and most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Acknowledged for the quality of her writing, her diary has become one of the world's most widely read books, and has been the basis for several plays and films.
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Anne McCaffrey
Anne Inez McCaffrey (born 1 April 1926) is an author of science fiction and fantasy novels, best known for her Dragonriders of Pern series. Born in the United States, she is long-term resident of Ireland.
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Annie Oakley
Annie Oakley (August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926), born Phoebe Ann Mosey, was an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter. Oakley's amazing talent and timely rise to fame led to a starring role in ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' show, which propelled her to become the first American female superstar.
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Antanas Smetona
Antanas Smetona (August 10, 1874 – January 9, 1944) was one of the most important Lithuanian political figures between World War I and World War II. He served as the first President of Lithuania from April 4, 1919 to June 19, 1920. He again served as the last President of the country from December 19, 1926 to June 15, 1940, before its occupation by the Soviet Union. He was also one of the famous ideologists of nationalism in Lithuania.
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Anthony Sampson
Anthony Terrell Seward Sampson (3 August 1926 – 18 December 2004) was a British writer and journalist. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford and served with the Royal Navy from 1944-47. During the 1950s he edited the magazine Drum in Johannesburg, South Africa. On returning to the United Kingdom he joined the editorial staff of The Observer, where he worked from 1955-66.
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Antoni Gaudí
Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet (), (25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Spanish architect who worked during the Modernisme (Art Nouveau) period but became famous for his unique and highly individualistic designs regarded as beyond the scope of Modernisme. He is sometimes referred to, in English, by the Spanish translation of his name, Antonio Gaudí.
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Aristide Briand
Aristide Briand (; 28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic and won the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize.
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Arthur Meighen
Arthur Meighen (), PC, QC (June 16, 1874 – August 5, 1960) was the ninth Prime Minister of Canada from July 10, 1920 to December 29, 1921 and June 29 to September 25, 1926. He was the first Prime Minister born after Confederation, and the only one to represent a riding in Manitoba. Both of his terms of office were brief, the second unprecedentedly so, partially due to the King-Byng Affair. He was the first Canadian Prime Minister to be defeated in his or her own riding.
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Arthur Rock
Arthur Rock (born August 19, 1926) is an American venture capitalist of Silicon Valley, California. He was an early investor in major firms including Intel, Apple Computer, Scientific Data Systems and Teledyne.
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Aubrey Burl
Harry Aubrey Woodruff Burl MA, DLitt, PhD, FSA, HonFSA Scot (born September 24, 1926) is a British archaeologist most well known for his studies into megalithic monuments and the nature of prehistoric rituals associated with them. Prior to retirement he was Principal Lecturer in Archaeology, Hull College, East Riding of Yorkshire.
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Audrey Meadows
Audrey Meadows (February 8, 1922 – February 3, 1996) was an American actress best known for her role as the deadpan housewife Alice Kramden on the 1950s American television comedy The Honeymooners.
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Barbara La Marr
Barbara La Marr (July 28, 1896 – January 30, 1926) was an American stage and film actress, cabaret artist and screenwriter.
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Ben Roy Mottelson
Ben Roy Mottelson (born July 9, 1926) is a Danish American nuclear physicist. He won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the non-spherical geometry of atomic nuclei.
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Bengali people
The Bengali people are an ethnic community native to the historic region of Bengal (now divided between Bangladesh and India) in South Asia. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), which is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages. In their native language, they are referred to as বাঙালী (pronounced Bangali). They are an Indo-Aryan people, though they are also descended from Mongolo-Dravidians, closely related to Austro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Assamese, Sinhalese, Munda, Tibeto-Burman peoples. As such, Bengalis are a but considerably diverse ethnic group with heterogeneous origins.
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883, Predappio, Province of Forlì-Cesena - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.
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Bessie Coleman
Elizabeth “Bessie” Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926) was an American civil aviator. She was the first female pilot of African American descent and the first person of African American descent to hold an international pilot license.
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Betsy Palmer
Betsy Palmer (born November 1, 1926) is an American actress, best known as a regular panelist on the game show ''I've Got a Secret, and later for playing Pamela Voorhees in the notorious slasher film Friday the 13th''.
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Betty Lynn
Betty Lynn (born August 29, 1926) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Thelma Lou (Barney Fife's girlfriend) in The Andy Griffith Show.
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Beverly Garland
Beverly Garland (October 17, 1926 – December 5, 2008) was an American film and television actress, businesswoman, and hotel owner. Garland gained prominence for her role as Fred MacMurray's second wife, "Barbara Harper Douglas", in the 1960s sitcom My Three Sons (a role she played from 1969 until the series ended in 1972). In the 1980s, she co-starred as Kate Jackson's widowed mother, "Dotty West", in the television series Scarecrow and Mrs. King, on CBS. She also had a recurring role as Ginger Jackson on The WB Television Network series 7th Heaven.
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Bill Keightley
William (Bill) Bond Keightley (December 17, 1926 – March 31, 2008) was the equipment manager for the University of Kentucky men's basketball team, a position he held for 48 years.[http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/K/KY_OBIT_KEIGHTLEY_KYOL-?SITE=KYLOU&SECTION;=HOME&TEMPLATE;=DEFAULT] Known affectionately to most as "Mr. Wildcat," players referred to him as "Mr. Bill" or "Big Smooth."
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Bill Sharman
William Walton "Bill" Sharman (born May 25, 1926 in Abilene, Texas) is a former professional basketball player and coach. Sharman completed high school in the rural city of Porterville, California and is mostly known for his time with the Boston Celtics in the 1950s, partnering with Bob Cousy in what some consider the greatest backcourt duo of all time. While Cousy was primarily the playmaker, Sharman was the shooter.
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Billy Quirk
Billy Quirk (29 March 1873 – 20 April 1926) was an American silent film actor. He appeared in 182 films between 1909 and 1924.
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Billy Snedden
Sir Billy Mackie Snedden, KCMG, QC (31 December 192627 June 1987) was an Australian politician representing the Liberal Party. He was Leader of the Opposition at the 1974 federal election, failing to defeat the Labor incumbent Gough Whitlam.
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Bing Russell
Bing Russell (May 5, 1926 – April 8, 2003) was an American actor, and was the father of Golden Globe-nominated actor Kurt Russell.
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Bob Richards
The Rev. Robert "Bob" Eugene Richards (born February 20, 1926, in Champaign, Illinois), known as the "Vaulting Vicar" or the "Pole Vaulting Parson" in his competitive days, was a versatile athlete who made three Olympic teams in two events. He competed in the 1948, 1952, and 1956 Summer Olympics as a pole vaulter, and also was a decathlete in 1956.
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Bob Rosburg
Robert Reginald "Rossie" Rosburg (October 21, 1926 – May 14, 2009) was an American professional golfer who later became a sports color analyst for ABC television.
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Bowie Kuhn
Bowie Kent Kuhn (; October 28, 1926 – March 15, 2007) was an American lawyer and sports administrator who served as the fifth commissioner of Major League Baseball from February 4, to September 30, . He served as legal counsel for Major League Baseball owners for almost 20 years prior to his election as commissioner.
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Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi (July 7, 1843 – January 21, 1926) was an Italian physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate.
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Carl Hahn
Dr. Carl Horst Hahn (born July 1, 1926, in Germany) is chairman emeritus of the automotive concern Volkswagen Group. He served as the Chairman of the Board of Management of the group's parent company, Volkswagen AG (formerly Volkswagenwerk AG) from 1982 to 1993. During his tenure as chairman, he expanded the group's car production from two million units in 1982 to 3.5 million a decade later.
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Carlos Roberto Reina
Carlos Roberto Reina Idiáquez (March 13, 1926 - August 19, 2003) was a politician of the Liberal Party of Honduras, and President of Honduras from January 27, 1994 to January 27, 1998.
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Carrie Clark Ward
Carrie Clark Ward (9 January 1862 – 6 February 1926) was an American actress of the silent era. She appeared in 62 films between 1911 and 1925.
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Catherine Booth
Catherine Booth (17 January 1829 – 4 October 1890) was the wife of the founder of The Salvation Army, William Booth. Because of her influence in the formation of The Salvation Army she was known as the 'Army Mother'.
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Charles Bressler
Charles Bressler (April 1, 1926 – 1996) was an American tenor.
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Charles Correll
Charles James Correll (February 2, 1890 - September 26, 1972) was an American radio comedian, best known for his work on the ''Amos 'n' Andy show with Freeman S. Gosden. Correll voiced the central character of Andy Brown, along with various supporting characters. Before teaming up with Gosden, Correll worked as a stenographer and a bricklayer. The two men met in Durham, North Carolina while working for the Joe Bren Producing Company. Both Correll and Freeman vacationed at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin in the 1930s and would broadcast Amos 'n' Andy from there. From 1928 to 1934, the team never took a vacation away from their radio show. To celebrate the 30th anniversary of Amos 'n' Andy'' on the air, the broadcast of March 19, 1958 was done by Correll and Gosden using their real voices and calling each other by their real names; this had never been done on the show before.
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Charles Debbas
Charles Dabbas () (c.1885 - 1935) was a Greek Orthodox Lebanese political figure. He was the first President of Lebanon and served from September 1, 1926 till January 2, 1934, under the French Mandate. He also served as speaker of the Lebanese Parliament from January 30 to October 31, 1934.
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Charles Goodell
Charles Ellsworth Goodell (March 16, 1926 – January 21, 1987) was a U.S. Representative and a Senator from New York, notable for coming into both offices under special circumstances following the deaths of his predecessors.
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Charles Vance Millar
Charles Vance Millar (1853 - October 31, 1926) was a Canadian lawyer and financier. However, he is now best known as for his penchant for practical jokes and his unusual will which reflected that sense of humor.
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Chester Feldman
Chester Feldman (January 8, 1926 - May 25, 1997) was an American producer of game shows; most frequently for Mark Goodson Productions.
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Chuck Berry
Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18, 1926) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. With songs such as "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958), Chuck Berry refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, with lyrics focusing on teen life and consumerism and utilizing guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music.
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Claude Monet
Claude Monet (), born Oscar Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926), was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant).
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Cloris Leachman
Cloris Leachman (born April 30, 1926) is an American actress of stage, film and television. She has won eight Primetime Emmy Awards—more than any other performer—and one Daytime Emmy Award. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in the 1971 film The Last Picture Show. Her longest running role was the nosy, self-centered and manipulative landlady Phyllis Lindstrom on the 1970s TV series Mary Tyler Moore, and later on the spinoff series, Phyllis. She also appeared in three Mel Brooks films, including Young Frankenstein. In recent years, she had a recurring role as Lois's mother on Malcolm in the Middle.
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Daniel F. Steck
Daniel Frederic Steck (December 16, 1881–December 31, 1950), was the only Iowa Democrat in the United States Senate between the American Civil War and the Great Depression. He was sworn in as Senator only after an extraordinary election challenge, in which his apparent defeat at the polls by a Progressive Party ally running as a Republican was reversed by a Republican-controlled U.S. Senate over seventeen months later.
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Danny Blanchflower
Robert Dennis "Danny" Blanchflower (10 February 1926 – 9 December 1993) was a footballer, football manager, and journalist who captained Tottenham Hotspur F.C. during its double-winning season of 1961. He was ranked as the greatest player in Spurs history by The Times in 2009. He is remembered as one of the great tacticians in the history of the game, renowned for his passing, and as an outstanding right-half.
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Dave Sands
Dave Sands, born David Ritchie, (4 February 1926–11 August 1952) was an Australian Aborigine boxer.
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David Attenborough
Sir David Frederick Attenborough () OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS, FZS, FSA (born 8 May 1926 in London, England) is a broadcaster and naturalist. His career as the respected face and voice of natural history programmes has endured for more than 50 years. He is best known for writing and presenting the nine "Life" series, in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit, which collectively form a comprehensive survey of all life on the planet. He is also a former senior manager at the BBC, having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s.
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David H. Hubel
David Hunter Hubel (born February 27, 1926) is the John Franklin Enders Professor of Neurobiology, Emeritus, at Harvard Medical School. He was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was shared with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres. In 1978,
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David Levine
David Levine (December 20, 1926 – December 29, 2009) was an American artist and illustrator best known for his caricatures in The New York Review of Books. Jules Feiffer has called him "the greatest caricaturist of the last half of the 20th Century".
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David Tudor
David Eugene Tudor (January 20, 1926 – August 13, 1996) was an American pianist and composer of experimental music.
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DeFord Bailey
DeFord Bailey (December 14, 1899 – July 2, 1982) was an early country music star and the first African American performer on the Grand Ole Opry. Bailey played several instruments but is best known for his harmonica tunes. He was one of the few notable African-American stars in country music.
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Derek Benfield
Derek Benfield (11 March 1926 – 10 March 2009) was a British playwright and actor.
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Dick Dale (singer)
Dick Dale (born September 14, 1926) is an American singer and musician, best known as a featured singer and saxophone player on the TV variety show The Lawrence Welk Show.
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Dirch Passer
Dirch Hartvig Passer (18 May 1926 - 3 September 1980) was a celebrated Danish actor. He was greatly renowned for his improvisational skills and, with a filmography comprising 110 movies, one of Denmark's most prolific actors.
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Don Messick
Donald Earl "Don" Messick (September 7, 1926 – October 24, 1997) was one of the most prolific voice actors of the 20th century. He voiced several classic cartoon characters, including Scooby-Doo, Ranger Smith and Boo Boo Bear, Muttley, Bamm-Bamm Rubble, Astro, Zorak, Godzooky, Dr. Benton Quest, Papa Smurf, Ratchet, and Paper Doll Man and Pixie in Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks.
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Don Rickles
Donald Jay "Don" Rickles (born May 8, 1926) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. A frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, Rickles has acted in comedic and dramatic roles, but is best known as an insult comic. However, unlike many insult comics who only find short-lived success, Rickles has enjoyed a sustained career, thanks to a distinct sense of humor, a very sharp wit and impeccable timing.
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Donald A. Glaser
Donald Arthur Glaser (born September 21, 1926), is an American physicist, neurobiologist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his invention of the Bubble chamber used in subatomic particle physics.
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Doris Satterfield
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Earl W. Bascom
Earl W. Bascom (June 19, 1906 – August 28, 1995) was an American painter, printmaker and sculptor, raised in Canada, who portrayed his own experiences cowboying and rodeoing across the American and Canadian West.
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Earle Nelson
Earle Leonard Nelson aka The Gorilla Killer (May 12, 1897 - January 13, 1928) was an American serial killer.
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Eddie Lyons
Eddie Lyons (25 November 1886 – 30 August 1926) was an American film actor, director, writer and producer of the silent era. He appeared in 388, directed 153, wrote for 93 and produced 40 films between 1911 and 1926.
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Edmund Cooper
Edmund Cooper (April 30, 1926 - March 11, 1982) was an English poet and prolific writer of speculative fiction, romances, technical essays, several detective stories, and a children's book. These were published under his own name and several pen names.
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Elaine Stritch
Elaine Stritch (born February 2, 1926) is an American actress and vocalist. She has appeared in numerous stage plays and musicals, feature films, and many television programs. She is known for her performance of "The Ladies Who Lunch" in Stephen Sondheim's 1970 musical Company, her 2001 one-woman show Elaine Stritch at Liberty, and recently for her role as Jack Donaghy's mother Colleen on NBC's 30 Rock. She has been nominated for the Tony Award four times in various categories, and Elaine Stritch at Liberty won. She appeared on the Cosby show.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Emil Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin (Neustrelitz, 15 February 1856 – 7 October 1926, Munich) was a German psychiatrist. H.J. Eysenck's Encyclopedia of Psychology identifies him as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, as well as of psychopharmacology and psychiatric genetics. Kraepelin believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction. His theories dominated psychiatry at the start of the twentieth century and, despite later psychodynamic incursions by Sigmund Freud and his disciples, appeared to enjoy a revival at century's end.
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Emily Hobhouse
Emily Hobhouse (9 April 1860 – 8 June 1926) was a British welfare campaigner, who is primarily remembered for bringing to the attention of the British public, and working to change, the appalling conditions inside the British concentration camps in South Africa built for Boer women and children during the Second Boer War.
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Emperor of Japan
The of Japan is the Japanese head of state. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. He is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. Under Japan's present constitution, the Emperor is the "symbol of the state and the unity of the people," and is a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy (see Politics of Japan).
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Emperor Taishō
The was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 30 July 1912, until his death in 1926.
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Eric Morecambe
John Eric Bartholomew OBE (14 May 1926 – 28 May 1984), known by his stage name Eric Morecambe, was an English comedian who together with Ernie Wise formed the award-winning double act Morecambe and Wise. The partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambe's death of a heart attack in 1984. Eric took his stage name from his home town, the seaside resort of Morecambe in Lancashire, England.
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Eugene O'Neill
'''Eugene Gladstone O'Neill''' (16 October 1888 – 27 November 1953) was an American playwright, and Nobel laureate in Literature. His plays are among the first to introduce into American drama the techniques of realism, associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. His plays were among the first to include speeches in American vernacular and involve characters on the fringes of society, engaging in depraved behavior, where they struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair. O'Neill wrote only one well-known comedy (Ah, Wilderness!). Nearly all of his other plays involve some degree of tragedy and personal pessimism.
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Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
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Evelyn Lear
Evelyn Lear (born January 8, 1926) is an American soprano and opera singer.
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Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
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Fran Warren
Fran Warren (born March 4, 1926) is an American popular singer.
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Francisco Franco
Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975), commonly known as Franco (), was a Spanish military general and dictator, head of state of Spain from October 1936 (whole nation from 1939 onwards), and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November 1975. As head of state, Franco used the title Caudillo de España, por la gracia de Dios, meaning; Leader of Spain, by the grace of God.
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Franco Evangelisti
Franco Evangelisti (born January 21, 1926 in Rome, died there January 28, 1980), was an Italian composer specifically interested in the scientific theories behind sound.
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Frank Carson
Frank Carson (born 6 November 1926) is a Northern Irish comedian and actor, best known on television in series such as The Comedians and Tiswas.
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Frank Daniel
Frank (František) Daniel (14 April 1926 – March 29, 1996) was a film director, producer and screenwriter born in Kolín, Czechoslovakia (the present day Czech Republic). He is known for developing the sequence paradigm of screenwriting.
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Frank Plicka
Frank Plicka (born 11 June 1926) is a Czech-born Australian photographer, best known for his book Streets of Sydney, an extraordinary tour of Sydney, documented in black & white photographs taken over the last 30 years. This book depicts life in, and around Sydney streets, pubs, bars, galleries, and beaches.
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Franz Sondheimer
Franz Sondheimer (17 May 1926-11 February 1981) was a British chemist.
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Fred Gwynne
Frederick Hubbard "Fred" Gwynne (July 10, 1926 – July 2, 1993) was an American actor. Gwynne was best known for his roles in the 1960s sitcoms Car 54, Where Are You? and The Munsters, as well as one of his last roles: in the 1992 feature film My Cousin Vinny. He was also recognised for his distinctive baritone voice.
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Freeman Gosden
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Fritz Spiegl
Fritz Spiegl (27 January 1926 - 23 March 2003) was born at Zurndorf, Austria, the son of an agricultural merchant and his Jewish wife. He became a musician, journalist, broadcaster, humorist and collector who lived and worked in England from 1939.
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Fritz Weaver
Fritz William Weaver (born January 19, 1926) is an American actor and voice actor.
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Galina Vishnevskaya
Galina Pavlovna Vishnevskaya () (born 25 October 1926) is a Russian soprano opera singer and recitalist who was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1966.
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Gaspare di Mercurio
Gaspare di Mercurio (1926-2001) is the author of ''La settimana dell'anarchia del 1866 a Palermo''. Also, he has an honorary title of "Cav. di Vittorio Veneto" as mentioned at his burial site in Partinico.
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Gene Tunney
James Joseph "Gene" Tunney (May 25, 1897 – November 7, 1978) was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1926-1928 who defeated Jack Dempsey twice, first in 1926 and then in 1927. Tunney's successful title defense against Dempsey is one of the most famous bouts in boxing history and is known as The Long Count Fight. Tunney retired as an undefeated heavyweight after his victory over Tom Heeney in 1928.
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Geoffrey Howe
Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon, CH, QC, PC (born 20 December 1926) is a former British Conservative politician. He was Margaret Thatcher's longest-serving Cabinet minister, successively holding the posts of Chancellor of the Exchequer, Foreign Secretary, and finally Leader of the House of Commons and Deputy Prime Minister. His resignation on 1 November 1990 is widely considered to have hastened Thatcher's own downfall three weeks later.
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George Martin
Sir George Henry Martin CBE (born 3 January 1926) is an English record producer, arranger, composer and musician. He is sometimes referred to as "the Fifth Beatle"—a title that he owes to his work as producer of all but one ("Let It Be") of The Beatles' original records, as well as playing piano on some of The Beatles tracks—and is considered one of the greatest record producers of all time.
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George Rhoden
MedalCountry|
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George Robledo
:"Jorge Robledo" redirects here. For the conquistador, see Jorge Robledo (conquistador).
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Georgios Kondylis
Georgios Kondylis (, 1878–February 1, 1936) was a general of the Greek army and Prime Minister of Greece. He was nicknamed Keravnos, Greek for "Thunder" or "Thunderbolt".
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Geraldine Page
Geraldine Sue Page (November 22, 1924 – June 13, 1987) was an American actress. Although she starred in at least two dozen feature films, she is primarily known for her celebrated work in the American theater.
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Gerry McNeil
Gerald George McNeil (April 17, 1926 – June 17, 2004) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender who won two Stanley Cups with the Montreal Canadiens in the 1950s.
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Gertrude Bell
Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, and archaeologist who explored, mapped, and became highly influential to British imperial policy-making due to her extensive travels in Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia. Along with T. E. Lawrence, Bell helped establish the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq. She played a major role in establishing and helping administer the modern state of Iraq and was, utilizing her unique perspective from her travels and relations with tribal leaders throughout the Middle East. During her lifetime she was highly beloved and trusted by British officials and given an immense amount of power for a woman at the time. She has also been described as "one of the few representatives of His Majesty's Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection".
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Gertrude Ederle
MedalCountry|the
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Gil Kane
Eli Katz (April 6, 1926, Riga, Latvia – January 31, 2000, Miami, Florida, United States) who worked under the name Gil Kane and in a few instances Scott Edwards, was a comic book artist whose career spanned the 1940s to 1990s and every major comics company and character.
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Gina Pellón
Gina Pellón (born December 26, 1926) is a Cuban painter who lives in France. She is known for her abstract expressive paintings in strong colours, usually depicting women. She has also written collections of poems.
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Gloria Carter Spann
Gloria Carter Spann (October 22, 1926 – March 5, 1990) was the sister of former President of the United States Jimmy Carter.
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Grazia Deledda
Grazia Deledda (September 27, 1871—August 15, 1936) was an Italian writer whose works won her the Nobel Prize for Literature for 1926.
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Gus Grissom
Virgil Ivan Grissom, widely noted as Gus Grissom (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was one of the original NASA Project Mercury astronauts and a United States Air Force pilot. He was the second American to fly in space and the first person to fly in space twice. Grissom was killed along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee during a pre-launch test for the Apollo 1 mission at the Kennedy Space Center. He was a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and, posthumously, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.
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Gustav Stresemann
(May 10, 1878 – October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.
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Hanae Mori
Hanae Mori (森 英恵 Mori Hanae, born January 8, 1926) is one of the most prominent and respected fashion designers in Japan. She is the only Japanese woman to have presented her collections on the runways of Paris and New York, and the first Asian woman to be admitted as an official haute couture design house by the fédération française de la couture in France. She is also the most honored female designer in Japan. Being one of the first women to have a career in Japan, she is widely regarded as an icon of the liberated women. Her fashion house, opened in Japan in 1951, grew to become a $500 million international business by the 1990's.
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Hannah Hauxwell
Hannah Hauxwell (born 1 August 1926) was living alone at Low Birk Hatt Farm in an isolated area of County Durham when she came to the attention of the world, first in a Yorkshire Post article published on April 6, 1970 entitled "How to be happy on £170 a year" and then, in 1973, in an ITV documentary, Too Long a Winter, made by Yorkshire Television and produced by Barry Cockcroft, which chronicled the almost unendurable conditions of farmers in the High Pennines in winter.
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Harold Bradley
Harold Bradley (b. January 2, 1926, Nashville, Tennessee) is a pop guitarist and an American country guitarist.
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Harold Geiger
Major Harold C. Geiger (October 7, 1884 - May 17, 1927) was a pioneer in Army aviation and ballooning born in East Orange, New Jersey and killed in a plane crash in 1927. The Spokane International Airport is designated with the International Air Transport Association airport code GEG in his memory.
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Harper Lee
Nelle Harper Lee (born April 28, 1926) is an American author best known for her 1960 Pulitzer Prize winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird, which deals with the issues of racism that were observed by the author as a child in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. Despite being Lee's only published book, it led to Lee being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom of the United States for her contribution to literature in 2007. Lee has also been the recipient of numerous honorary degrees, but has always declined to make a speech.
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Harry Houdini
Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian Jewish-American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.
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Haskell Wexler
Haskell Wexler, A.S.C. (born February 6, 1926 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American cinematographer, and a film producer and director. Wexler was judged to be one of film history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild.
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Henry Miller (actor)
Henry Miller (February 1, 1859 – April 9, 1926) was an English-born American actor, director, theatrical producer and manager.
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Henry Way Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
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Herbert Booth
Herbert Henry Howard Booth (26 August 1862 – 25 September 1926) was the third son of William and Catherine Booth. He oversaw the Limelight Department's development and he was the writer and director for Soldiers of the Cross.
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Hiroshi Koizumi
(1926 August—) is a Japanese actor. He was born in Japan.
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Horace Meek Hickam
Horace Meek Hickam (August 14, 1885 – November 5, 1934) was a pioneer airpower advocate and an officer in the United States Army Air Corps. Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, is named in his honor.
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Hugh Hefner
Hugh Marston Hefner (born April 9, 1926) is an American magazine publisher, founder and chief creative officer of Playboy Enterprises.
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Ian Paisley
Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside, PC (born 6 April 1926) is a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. As the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), the largest single grouping in the 2007 elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly, he was elected First Minister with Sinn Féin's Martin McGuinness as deputy First Minister on 8 May 2007.
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Ibrahim Nasir
Ibrahim Nasir Rannabandeyri Kilegefan (), KCMG, NGIV (''Nishan Ghaazeege 'Izzatheri Veriya'', ) (September 2, 1926 – November 22, 2008) was a Maldivian politician who served as Prime Minister of the Maldives under Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi from 1957 to 1968 and succeeded him to become the first President of the Second Republic from 1968 to 1978.
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Ingeborg Bachmann
Ingeborg Bachmann (25 June 1926 – 17 October 1973) was an Austrian poet and author.
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Ingrid Thulin
Ingrid Thulin (; 27 January 1926 – 7 January 2004) was a Swedish film actress.
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Ingvar Kamprad
Ingvar Feodor Kamprad (; born 30 March 1926) is a Swedish and the founder of IKEA, a retail (specialty) company. , he is the eleventh wealthiest person in the world, according to Forbes magazine, with an estimated net worth of around US$23 billion in 2010.
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Irwin Rose
Irwin A. Rose (born July 16, 1926) is an American biologist. Along with Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
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Ivana Kobilca
Ivana Kobilca (20 December 1861 - 4 December 1926) was a Slovene realist painter who lived, worked and studied in various European cities including Vienna, Sarajevo, Berlin, Paris and Munich. She was a member of Société Nationale des Beaux Arts in Paris. Many of her paintings are still lifes, portraits or country settings. She later tended toward impressionism.
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J. M. Dent
Joseph Malaby Dent (30 August 1849 – 9 May 1926) was a British book publisher who produced the Everyman's Library series.
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Jack Brabham
Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham, AO, OBE (born 2 April 1926) is an Australian former racing driver who was Formula One champion in , and . He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name.
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Jack Dempsey
William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey ("The Manassa Mauler") (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million dollar gate. He is listed #10 on ''The Ring's'' list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
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James J. Eagan
James J. "Jim" Eagan (March 4, 1926 – November 2, 2000) was the long time Mayor of Florissant, Missouri in St. Louis County.
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James Lipton
James Lipton (born September 19, 1926) is an American writer, poet, composer, actor and dean emeritus of Pace University's Actors Studio Drama School in New York City. He is the executive producer, writer and host of the Bravo cable television series, Inside the Actors Studio, which debuted in 1994. He is also a pilot and devoted member of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.
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James McCracken
James McCracken (December 16, 1926 – April 29, 1988) was an American operatic tenor. At the time of his death The New York Times stated that McCracken was "the most successful dramatic tenor yet produced by the United States and a pillar of the Metropolitan Opera during the 1960s and 1970s."
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James Merrill
James Ingram Merrill (March 3, 1926 – February 6, 1995) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American poet. His poetry falls into two distinct bodies of work: the polished and formalist (if deeply emotional) lyric poetry of his early career, and the epic narrative of occult communication with spirits and angels, titled The Changing Light at Sandover, which dominated his later career.
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Jaynne Bittner
Jaynne Bittner [JB] (b. March 17, 1926) is a former female starting pitcher who played from through for three different teams of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 9", 140 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
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Jean-Pierre Serre
Jean-Pierre Serre (born 15 September 1926) is a French mathematician in the fields of algebraic geometry, number theory and topology. He has received numerous awards and honors for his mathematical research and exposition, including the Fields Medal in 1954 and the Abel Prize in 2003.
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Jeane Kirkpatrick
Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick (November 19, 1926 – December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent anticommunist. After serving as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 campaign and later in his Cabinet, the longtime Democrat-turned-Republican was nominated as the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and became the first woman to hold this position.
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Jerry Clower
Howard Gerald "Jerry" Clower (September 28, 1926, Liberty, Mississippi – August 24, 1998) was a popular country comedian best known for his stories of the rural South.
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Jerry Lewis
Jerry Lewis (born Jerome Levitch, March 16, 1926) is an American comedian, actor, film producer, writer, film director and singer. He is best-known for his slapstick humor in stage, radio, screen, recording and television. He was originally paired up with Dean Martin in 1946, forming the comedy team of Martin and Lewis. In addition to the team's popular nightclub work, they starred in a successful series of comedy films for Paramount Pictures. As an innovative filmmaker, Lewis is credited with inventing the video assist system in cinematography. Lewis is also known for his charity fund-raising telethons and position as national chairman for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA).
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Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu) is the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
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Jimmy Savile
Sir James Wilson Vincent Savile OBE, KCSG (commonly known as Jimmy Savile, although his surname is sometimes misspelled "Saville"; born 31 October 1926) is an English DJ, actor and media personality, best known for his BBC television show ''Jim'll Fix It, and for being the first and last presenter of the long-running BBC chart show Top of the Pops''. He is also known for his philanthropy and support of various charities and fundraising efforts.
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Joan Sutherland
Dame Joan Alston Sutherland, OM, AC, DBE (7 November 192610 October 2010) was an Australian dramatic coloratura soprano noted for her contribution to the renaissance of the bel canto repertoire from the late 1950s through to the 1980s.
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Johan Castberg
Johan Castberg (21 September 1862 – 24 December 1926) was a Norwegian jurist and politician best known for representing the Radical People's Party (Labour Democrats). He was a government minister from 1908 to 1910 and 1913 to 1914, and also served seven terms in the Norwegian Parliament. The brother-in-law of Katti Anker Møller, the two were responsible for implementing the highly progressive so-called Castberg laws, granting rights to children born out of wedlock. Altogether, he was one of the most influential politicians in the early 20th century Norway.
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John Barrymore
John Sidney Blyth Barrymore (February 15, 1882 – May 29, 1942) was an American actor. He first gained fame as a stage actor in light comedy, then high drama and culminating in groundbreaking portrayals in Shakespearean plays Hamlet and Richard III. His success continued with motion pictures in various genres in both the silent and sound eras. Barrymore's personal life has been the subject of much writing before and since his passing in 1942. Today John Barrymore is mostly known for his roles in movies like Grand Hotel (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), Twentieth Century (1934), and Don Juan (1926), the first ever movie to use a Vitaphone soundtrack.
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John Coltrane
John William Coltrane (sometimes abbreviated "Trane"; September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was at the forefront of free jazz. He was prolific, organizing at least fifty recording sessions as a leader during his recording career, and appeared as a sideman on many other albums, notably with trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk.
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John Derek
John Derek (August 12, 1926 – May 22, 1998) was an American actor, director and photographer most famous for the women to whom he was married.
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John Fowles
John Robert Fowles (31 March 1926 – 5 November 2005) was an English novelist and essayist. In 2008, The Times newspaper named Fowles among their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
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John Jacob Bausch
John Jacob Bausch (July 25, 1830 – February 24, 1926) was a German-American optician who co-founded Bausch & Lomb (with Henry Lomb).
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John Knowles
John Knowles (September 16, 1926 – November 29, 2001) was an American novelist, best known for his novel A Separate Peace.
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John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system which was also the world's first fully electronic colour television tube. Although Baird's electromechanical system was eventually displaced by purely electronic systems (such as those of Philo Farnsworth), his early successes demonstrating working television broadcasts and his colour and cinema television work earn him a prominent place in television's invention.
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John Lucarotti
John Lucarotti (May 20, 1926 in Aldershot, Hampshire—November 20, 1994) was a British-born Canadian screenwriter who began his career at CBC, writing over 200 various scripts for them as well as for Canadian television. He then moved back to England where he had a prolific career. He created in no particular order: the television series Operation Patch which he then novelised, The Ravelled Thread and ''The Panther's Leap ; he also wrote ten episodes for The Avengers, thirty-two episodes for The Troubleshooters and contributed fifteen episodes to the Doctor Who programme for the BBC in the 1960s. These together formed the three serials Marco Polo, The Aztecs and The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve. He subsequently novelised his scripts for Target Books. He also contributed a script for what ultimately became the 1975 serial The Ark in Space, but it was rewritten by script editor Robert Holmes, and Lucarotti receives no on-screen credit. He also contributes to the Star Maidens, Onedin Line. Other British television programmes for which John Lucarotti wrote included Lieutenant Hornblower, Into The Labyrinth, Kippers and White Wine, United! and Moonbase 3''.
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John Meyendorff
John Meyendorff (February 17, 1926 – July 22, 1992) was a modern Orthodox scholar, writer, and teacher. He was born into the Russian nobility as Ivan Feofilovich Baron von Meyendorff (Иван Феофилович барон фон Мейендорф), but was known as Jean Meyendorff during his life in France.
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John Schlesinger
John Richard Schlesinger, CBE (16 February 1926 – 25 July 2003) was an English film and stage director and actor.
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John W. Weeks
John Wingate Weeks (April 11, 1860 – July 12, 1926) was an American politician in the Republican Party. He served as a United States Representative for Massachusetts from 1905 to 1913, as a United States Senator from 1913 to 1919, and as Secretary of War from 1921 to 1925.
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Jon Vickers
Jonathan Stewart Vickers, CC (born October 29, 1926), known professionally as Jon Vickers, is a retired Canadian heldentenor.
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Julie Adams
Julie Adams (born Betty May Adams; October 17, 1926) is an American film and television actress, sometimes credited as Julia Adams or Betty Adams.
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Julie London
Julie London (September 26, 1926 – October 18, 2000) was an American singer, game show panelist and prolific character actress of stage, film and television. Best known for her smoky, sensual voice, she was at her singing career's peak in the 1950s. Her acting career lasted more than 35 years, concluding with the female lead role of nurse Dixie McCall on the television series Emergency! (1972–1979), co-starring her best friend Robert Fuller and her real-life husband Bobby Troup.
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Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (, 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal" (from 1920) and (1926–35) the authoritarian leader of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he had a major influence in Poland's politics, and was an important figure on the European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland's regaining its independence in 1918, after 123 years of partitions. Piłsudski successfully annexed Vilnius from Lithuania following Żeligowski's Mutiny but was unable to incorporate most of his Lithuanian homeland into the newly resurrected Polish State.
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Kees Rijvers
Kees Rijvers (born 27 May 1926 in Breda) is a retired Dutch footballer who was active as a midfielder. Rijvers made his debut at NAC Breda and also played for AS Saint-Étienne, Stade Français and Feijenoord.
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Kemal Atatürk
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Kenneth Williams
Kenneth Charles Williams (22 February 1926 – 15 April 1988) was a British comic actor, star of 25 Carry On films, numerous television shows, and radio comedies with Tony Hancock and Kenneth Horne.
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Kevin O'Higgins
'''Kevin Christopher O'Higgins''' (; 7 June 1892 – 10 July 1927) was an Irish politician who served as Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice. He was part of early nationalist Sinn Féin, before going on to become a prominent member of Cumann na nGaedhael. O'Higgins initiated the An Garda Síochána police force. His brother Thomas and nephews Tom and Michael were also elected TDs.
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Kim Daejung
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Klaus Tennstedt
Klaus Tennstedt (June 6, 1926 – January 11, 1998) was a German conductor from Merseburg. He studied violin and piano at the Leipzig Conservatory. He became concertmaster of the orchestra at the Halle Municipal Theatre in 1948. However, a finger injury stopped his career as a violinist, and afterwards he worked as a coach to singers at the same theatre. Tennstedt then directed his talents toward conducting. In 1958, he became music director of the Dresden Opera, and in 1962, music director of the Schwerin State Orchestra and Theatre.
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Lars Magnus Ericsson
Lars Magnus Ericsson (May 5, 1846 - December 17, 1926) was a Swedish inventor, entrepreneur and founder of telephone equipment manufacturer Ericsson (incorporated as Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson).
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Lennox Sebe
Lennox Leslie Wongamu Sebe (26 July 1926 – 23 July 1994) was chief minister of the Xhosa bantustan of Ciskei, and the country's first president, after its self-rule in 1972.
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (Russian: , (Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Lyev, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) – 21 August 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist.
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Leopoldo Galtieri
Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina from December 22, 1981 to June 18, 1982, during the last military dictatorship (known officially as the National Reorganization Process). The death squad Intelligence Battalion 601 directly reported to him. He was removed from power soon after the British retook the Falklands Islands, whose invasion he had ordered.
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Leslie Nielsen
Leslie William Nielsen, OC (born February 11, 1926) is a Canadian actor and comedian. Although Nielsen's acting career crosses a variety of genres in both television and films, he has achieved his greatest film successes as Commander John J. Adams in the film Forbidden Planet, and also in comic movies, including Airplane! and The Naked Gun series. His portrayal of serious characters seemingly oblivious to (and complicit in) their absurd surroundings gives Nielsen a reputation as a comedian.
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Lev Demin
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Lev Kamenev
Lev Borisovich Kamenev (, born Rozenfeld, Ро́зенфельд; – August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. He was briefly the nominal head of the Soviet state in 1917 and a founding member (1919) and later chairman (1923-1924) of the ruling Politburo.
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Lionel Jeffries
Lionel Charles Jeffries (10 June 1926 – 19 February 2010) was an English actor, screenwriter and film director.
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Lois Wyse
Lois Wyse (October 30, 1926 - July 6, 2007) was an American advertising executive, author and columnist. At the time of her death, Wyse was credited with writing more than 60 books on diverse topics such as business, love and family.
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Lord Voldemort
Lord Voldemort () is the main antagonist in the Harry Potter series written by British author J. K. Rowling. Voldemort first appeared in ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which was released in 1997. Voldemort appeared either in person or in flashbacks in each book and film adaptation in the series, except the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'', where he is only mentioned. Voldemort has been voted number one in polls for literary and film villains.
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Margherita of Savoy
Margherita of Savoy (Margherita Maria Teresa Giovanna; 20 November 1851 – 4 January 1926), was the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign (1878-1900) of her husband, Umberto I.
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Maria Schell
Maria Margarethe Anna Schell (15 January 1926, Vienna - 26 April 2005, Preitenegg, Carinthia) was an Austrian/Swiss actress, who won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival in 1956 for ''Gervaise.
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Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe (June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962), born Norma Jeane Mortenson, but baptized Norma Jeane Baker, was an American actress, singer and model. After spending much of her childhood in foster homes, Monroe began a career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Her early film appearances were minor, but her performances in The Asphalt Jungle and All About Eve (both 1950) were well received. By 1953, Monroe had progressed to leading roles. Her "dumb blonde" persona was used to comedic effect in such films as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953) and The Seven Year Itch (1955). Limited by typecasting, Monroe studied at the Actors Studio to broaden her range, and her dramatic performance in Bus Stop (1956) was hailed by critics. Her production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions, released The Prince and the Showgirl (1957), for which she received a BAFTA Award nomination, and she received a Golden Globe Award for her performance in Some Like It Hot (1959).
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Mary Cassatt
Mary Stevenson Cassatt (; May 22, 1844June 14, 1926) was an American painter and printmaker. She lived much of her adult life in France, where she first befriended Edgar Degas and later exhibited among the Impressionists. Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children.
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Masatoshi Koshiba
(born on September 19, 1926 in Toyohashi, Aichi) is a Japanese physicist. He jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002.
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Maurice Cowling
Maurice John Cowling (6 September 1926 – 24 August 2005) was a British historian and a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge.
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Maurice Prather
Maurice William Prather (September 6, 1926-January 9, 2001) was an American motion picture and still photographer and film director. He was born in Miami, Florida, the son of Maurice J. Prather, a mechanic, cabinet maker, and woodworker, and Zora M. Prather, both of them born in Missouri. Young Maurice Jr. also had a younger sister, Laura Jo, some two years his junior.
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Mehmed VI
Mehmed VI Wahid ed-din (Ottoman Turkish: محمد سادس Meḥmed-i sâdis, or ) (14 January/2 February 1861 – 15/16 May 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918 to 1922. The brother of Mehmed V, he succeeded to the throne as the eldest male member of the House of Osman after the 1916 suicide of Abdülaziz's son Yusuf Izzettin Efendi, the heir to the throne. He was girded with the Sword of Osman on July 4, 1918, as the thirty-sixth padishah. His father was sultan Abdülmecid I and mother was Gülüstü, (1831 - May 1861), originally named Henriet, a Circassian.
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Mel Brooks
Melvin "Mel" Kaminsky (born June 28, 1926), better known by his stage name Mel Brooks, is an American film director, screenwriter, composer, lyricist, comedian, actor, and producer. He is best known as a creator of broad film farces and comic parodies. Brooks is a member of the short list of entertainers with the distinction of having won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony award. Three of his films ranked in the Top 20 on the American Film Institute's list of the Top 100 comedy films of all-time: Blazing Saddles, The Producers and Young Frankenstein.
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Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault (), born Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), was a French philosopher, sociologist, and historian. He held a chair at the prestigious Collège de France with the title "History of Systems of Thought," and also taught at the University at Buffalo and the University of California, Berkeley.
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Mickey Hargitay
Miklós "Mickey" Hargitay (January 6, 1926 – September 14, 2006) was an actor and Mr. Universe 1955. He was born in Budapest, Hungary. He also is noted for his marriage to Jayne Mansfield, and as the father of actress Mariska Hargitay.
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Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer.
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Mirra Alfassa
Mirra Alfassa, later Mirra Morisset and Mirra Richard (February 21, 1878 - November 17, 1973), also known as The Mother, was the spiritual collaborator of Sri Aurobindo.
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Moira Shearer
Moira Shearer, Lady Kennedy (17 January 1926 – 31 January 2006), was an internationally famous Scottish ballet dancer and actress.
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Murray Rothbard
Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American intellectual, individualist anarchist, author, and economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern libertarianism and popularized a form of free-market anarchism he termed "anarcho-capitalism". Rothbard wrote over twenty books and is considered a centrally important figure in the American libertarian movement.
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Neal Cassady
Neal Leon Cassady (February 8, 1926 – February 4, 1968) was a major figure of the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the psychedelic movement of the 1960s, perhaps best known for being characterized as Dean Moriarty in Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road.
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Necmettin Erbakan
Necmettin Erbakan, (born October 29, 1926, Sinop, Turkey), is a Turkish engineer, academic, politician (eventually political party leader), who was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 until 1997. He was Turkey's first Islamist Prime Minister. In 1997 he was pressured by the military to step down as prime minister and later banned from politics by the constitutional court.
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Noor Jehan
musical artist
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Norm Van Brocklin
Norman Mack "Norm" Van Brocklin (March 15, 1926 – May 2, 1983), nicknamed "The Dutchman", was an American football player and coach. He was also a first rate punter in college and in the NFL. Van Brocklin was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971.
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Norman Wexler
Norman Wexler (6 August 1926–23 August 1999) was a screenwriter whose work included such films as Saturday Night Fever, Serpico and Joe, for which he received an Oscar nomination in 1971. A Detroit native and 1944 Central High School graduate, Wexler attended Harvard University before moving to New York in 1951.
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Pat Coombs
Pat Coombs (27 August 1926 – 25 May 2002) was an English actress. Coombs was considered one of Britain's great character actresses, specialising in the portrayal of the eternal downtrodden female — comically under the thumb of stronger personalities. She was known for many roles on radio, film and television sitcoms. She died aged 75 from complications arising from emphysema at Denville Hall actors' home, Northwood.
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Patricia Neal
Patricia Neal (January 20, 1926August 8, 2010) was an American actress of stage and screen. She was best known for her roles as World War II widow Helen Benson in The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), wealthy matron Emily Eustace Failenson in ''Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), and middle-aged housekeeper Alma Brown in Hud'' (1963), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress.
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Paul Baran
Paul Baran (born April 29, 1926) was one of the three inventors of packet-switched networks, along with Donald Davies and Leonard Kleinrock. He was born in Grodno (then Poland) and his family moved to Philadelphia in 1928. Baran did undergraduate work at Drexel University, obtained his Masters degree in Engineering from UCLA in 1959 and began working for the RAND Corporation in the same year.
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Paul Berg
Paul Berg (born on June 30, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.) is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1943, received his B.S. in biochemistry from Penn State University in 1948 and Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952. He is a member of the Beta Sigma Rho fraternity (now Beta Sigma Beta). In 1980 he shared half of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with the team of Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. All three were recognized for their important contributions to basic research in nucleic acids. His studies as a postgraduate involved the use of radioisotope tracers in intermediary metabolism. This resulted in the understanding of how foodstuffs are converted to cellular materials, through the use of isotopic carbons or heavy nitrogen atoms. Paul Berg's doctorate paper is now known as the conversion of formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol to fully reduced states of methyl groups in methionine. He was also one of the first to demonstrate that folic acid and B12 cofactors had roles in the processes mentioned.
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Paul Bocuse
Paul Bocuse (born 11 February 1926 in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or, Rhône) is a French chef based in Lyon who is famous for the high quality of his restaurants and his innovative approaches to cuisine. He is one of the most prominent chefs associated with the nouvelle cuisine, which is less opulent and calorific than the traditional cuisine classique, and stresses the importance of fresh ingredients of the highest quality. Paul Bocuse claimed that Henri Gault first used the term, nouvelle cuisine, to describe food prepared by Bocuse and other top chefs for the maiden flight of the Concorde airliner in 1969.
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Paul Lynde
Paul Edward Lynde (June 13, 1926January 10, 1982) was an American comedian and actor. A noted character actor, Lynde was well known for his roles as Uncle Arthur on Bewitched and Harry McAfee, the befuddled father in Bye Bye Birdie. He was also the regular "center square" guest on the game show Hollywood Squares from 1968 to 1981.
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Pauline Pirok
Pauline Pirok [pie-rock] (born October 18, 1926) is a former female infielder who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 2", 132 lb., Pirok batted and threw right-handed. She earned the nickname Pinky Pirok.
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Pavlos Kountouriotis
Pavlos Kountouriotis (, 9 April 1855 - 22 August 1935) was a Greek admiral and naval hero during the Balkan Wars and the first and third President of the Second Hellenic Republic.
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Pete Rozelle
Alvin Ray "Pete" Rozelle (March 1, 1926 – December 6, 1996) was the commissioner of the National Football League (NFL) from January 1960 to November 1989, when he retired from office. Rozelle is credited with making the NFL into one of the most successful sports leagues in the world.
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Poul Anderson
Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author who began his career during one of the Golden Ages of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century. Anderson also authored several works of fantasy, historical novels and a prodigious number of short stories. He received numerous awards for his writing, including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards.
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R. L. Burnside
Not to be confused with R. H. Burnside, stage director.
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Rainer Maria Rilke
Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926) was a Bohemian–Austrian poet and art critic. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets.
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Rawya Ateya
Rawya Ateya () (19 April 1926 – 9 May 1997) was an Egyptian woman who became in 1957 the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.
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Ray Price (musician)
Ray Price (born January 12, 1926) is an American country singer, songwriter and guitarist. His more well-known recordings include "Release Me", "Crazy Arms", "Heartaches by the Number", "City Lights", "My Shoes Keep Walking Back to You", "For the Good Times", "Night Life", "I Won't Mention It Again", "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me", and "Danny Boy". He was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1996 and—now in his mid 80s—continues to record and tour.
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Raymond Pearl
Raymond Pearl (3 June 1879– 17 November 1940) was an American biologist, regarded as one of the founders of biogerontology. He spent most of his career at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
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René Goscinny
René Goscinny (14 August 1926 – 5 November 1977) was a French author, editor and humorist, who is best known for the comic book Astérix, which he created with illustrator Albert Uderzo, and for his work on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris (considered the series' golden age).
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Richard DeVos
Richard DeVos, Sr. (born March 4, 1926, Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American businessman, co-founder of Amway (restructured as Alticor in 2000), and owner of the Orlando Magic NBA basketball team. In 2009, Forbes magazine listed him as the 61st wealthiest person in the United States with an estimate net worth of USD$ 4.2 billion. In 2010, "Forbes" ranked him as the 176th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $4.5 billion. (At one point, he was in the top 10 of wealthiest Americans).
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Richard E. Byrd
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Richard Matheson
Richard Burton Matheson (born February 20, 1926) is an American author and screenwriter, primarily in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres. He is perhaps best known as the author of What Dreams May Come, Bid Time Return, Duel, and I Am Legend, all four of which have been adapted as major motion pictures. Matheson has also written for several The Twilight Zone television show episodes such as Nightmare at 20,000 feet.
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Roald Amundsen
Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (; 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led the first Antarctic expedition to reach the South Pole between 1910 and 1912. He was the first person to reach both the North and South Poles. He is also known as the first to traverse the Northwest Passage. He disappeared in June 1928 while taking part in a rescue mission. Amundsen with Douglas Mawson, Robert Falcon Scott, and Ernest Shackleton, was a key expedition leader during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
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Robert Bly
Robert Bly (born December 23, 1926) is an American poet, author, activist and leader of the Mythopoetic Men's Movement.
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Robert Creeley
Robert Creeley (May 21, 1926 – March 30, 2005) was an American poet and author of more than sixty books. He is usually associated with the Black Mountain poets, though his verse aesthetic diverged from that school's. He was close with Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, Allen Ginsberg, John Wieners and Ed Dorn. He served as the Samuel P. Capen Professor of Poetry and the Humanities at State University of New York at Buffalo. In 1991, he joined colleagues Susan Howe, Charles Bernstein, Raymond Federman, Robert Bertholf, and Dennis Tedlock in founding the Poetics Program at Buffalo. Creeley lived in Waldoboro, Maine, Buffalo, New York, and Providence, Rhode Island where he taught at Brown University. He was a recipient of the Lannan Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award.
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Robert Fogel
Robert William Fogel (born July 1, 1926) is an American economic historian and scientist, and winner (with Douglass North) of the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He is best known as a leading advocate of New economic history or cliometrics - the use of quantitative methods in history.
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Robert H. Goddard
Robert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) was an American professor, physicist and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket, which he successfully launched on March 16, 1926. Goddard and his team launched 34 rockets between 1926 and 1941, achieving altitudes as high as 2.6 km (1.62 miles) and speeds as high as 885 km/h (550 mph).
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Robert H. Schuller
Robert Harold Schuller (born September 16, 1926), is an American televangelist, pastor, and author known around the world through the weekly Hour of Power television broadcast that he founded in 1970. He is also the founder of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where the Hour of Power program originates.
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Robert Sloman
:For the rugby league footballer of the 1920s for Great Britain, England, and Oldham, see Robert "Bob" Sloman
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Robert Symonds
Robert Symonds (December 1, 1926 – August 23, 2007) was an American actor. He was the associate director of the Repertory Theatre of Lincoln Center from 1965 through 1972.
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Robert Todd Lincoln
Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and Secretary of War, and the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of Lincoln's four sons to live past his teenage years.
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Rudolph Valentino
Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor, sex symbol, and early pop icon. Known as the "Latin Lover", he was one of the most popular international stars of the 1920s, and one of the most recognized stars of the silent film era. He is best known for his work in The Sheik and The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. His death at age 31 caused mass hysteria among his female fans, propelling him into icon status.
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Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba ( ; ; ); ; ), real name Sathyanarayana Raju, was born on 23 November 1926, is a popular South Indian guru, spiritual figure and educator. He is described by his devotees as an avatar, godman, spiritual teacher and miracle worker. The apparent materializing of vibuthi (holy ash) and small objects such as rings, necklaces and watches by Sathya Sai Baba has been a source of both fame and controversy – skeptics consider these simple conjuring tricks, while devotees consider them evidence of divinity. Sathya Sai Baba has claimed to be the reincarnation of the great spiritual guru, Sai Baba of Shirdi, whose teachings were an eclectic blend of Hindu and Muslim beliefs.
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Sean O'Casey
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Selman Waksman
Selman Abraham Waksman (22 July 1888 – 16 August 1973) was an American biochemist and microbiologist whose research into organic substances—largely into organisms that live in soil—and their decomposition promoted the discovery of Streptomycin, and several other antibiotics. A professor of biochemistry and microbiology at Rutgers University for four decades, his work led to the discovery of over twenty antibiotics (a word which he coined) and procedures that have led to the development of many others. The proceeds earned from the licensing of his patents funded a foundation for microbiological research, which established the Waksman Institute of Microbiology located on Rutgers University's Busch Campus in Piscataway, New Jersey (USA). In 1952 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition "for his discovery of "streptomycin" the first antibiotic active against tuberculosis."
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Senaida Wirth
Senaida Wirth [Shoo-Shoo] (October 4, 1926 - May 20, 1967) was a female shortstop who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 0", 114 lb., Wirth batted and threw right handed. She was born in Tampa, Florida.
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Sergeant Stubby
Sergeant Stubby (1916 or 1917 – March 16, 1926), was the most decorated war dog of World War I and the only dog to be promoted to sergeant through combat.
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Sergio Franchi
Sergio Franchi (April 6, 1926 – May 1, 1990) was an Italian tenor.
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Shigeru Kayano
(June 15, 1926 – May 6, 2006) was one of the last native speakers of the Ainu language and a leading figure in the Ainu ethnic movement in Japan.
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Siegfried Lenz
Siegfried Lenz (born 17 March 1926) is a German writer, who has written novels and produced several collections of short stories, essays, and plays for radio and the theatre. He was awarded the Goethe Prize in Frankfurt-am-Main on the 250th Anniversary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's birth. Lenz and his wife, Liselotte, also exchanged over 100 letters with Paul Celan and his wife, Gisèle Lestrange between 1952 and 1961.
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Simon Petlyura
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Smith W. Brookhart
Smith Wildman Brookhart (February 2, 1869 – November 15, 1944), was twice elected as a Republican to represent Iowa in the United States Senate. He was considered an "insurgent" within the Republican Party; his criticisms of the Harding and Coolidge Administrations and of business interests alienated others within the Republican caucus, leading to his ouster from the Senate over an election challenge. Brookhart's absence from the Senate was brief, as he took the first opportunity to return by challenging and defeating the state's senior Republican senator. He was also a strong supporter of Prohibition and its enforcement, so as public support for prohibition waned, so too did his political career.
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Soupy Sales
Soupy Sales (January 8, 1926 – October 22, 2009) was an American comedian, actor, radio-TV personality and host, and jazz aficionado. He was best known for his local and network children's television show, Lunch with Soupy Sales; a series of comedy sketches frequently ending with Sales receiving a pie in the face, which became his trademark.
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Sri Aurobindo
Sri Aurobindo (Aurobindo Ghose) ( Sri Ôrobindo) (15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950) was an Indian nationalist and freedom fighter, major Indian English poet, philosopher, and yogi. He joined the movement for India's freedom from British rule and for a duration (1905–10), became one of its most important leaders, before turning to developing his own vision and philosophy of human progress and spiritual evolution.
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Stanley Baldwin
Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 – 14 December 1947) was a British Conservative politician and statesman. He served three times as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; first from 1923–24 then 1924–29 and again from 1935–37 and was Leader of the Conservative Party from 1923–1937.
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Steve Reeves
Stephen L. Reeves (January 21, 1926 – May 1, 2000) was an American bodybuilder and actor. At the peak of his career, he was the highest-paid actor in Europe.
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Sunjong of Korea
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Svetlana Alliluyeva
Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva (sometimes Stalina, later Lana Peters) (born February 28, 1926, Moscow, Soviet Union) () is the youngest child and only daughter of Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva (Stalin's second wife). A writer and naturalized United States citizen, Alliluyeva caused an international furore by defecting to the United States in 1967.
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Sy Mah
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Theodor Svedberg
Theodor H. E. ("The") Svedberg (30 August 1884 – 25 February 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate, active at Uppsala University. His work with colloids supported the theories of Brownian motion put forward by Einstein and the Polish geophysicist Marian Smoluchowski. During this work, he developed the technique of analytical ultracentrifugation, and demonstrated its utility in distinguishing pure proteins one from another.
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Thorbjörn Fälldin
Thorbjörn Fälldin (born 24 April 1926) is a Swedish politician. He was Prime Minister of Sweden in three non-consecutive cabinets from 1976 to 1982, and leader of the Swedish Centre Party from 1971 to 1985. On his first appointment in 1976, he was the first non-Social Democrat Prime Minister for forty years and the first since the 1930s not to have worked as a professional politician since his teens.
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Tom Forman
For the English footballer of the same name see Tom Forman (footballer)
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Tony Bennett
Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto; August 3, 1926) is an American singer of popular music, standards, show tunes, and jazz.
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Tsuneo Watanabe
is a Japanese businessman. He leads Yomiuri Shimbun, and he has a great influence on Japanese sports and Japanese politics. Informally he's nicknamed as Nabetsune, although he hates it.
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Tsung-Dao Lee
Tsung-Dao Lee (T.D. Lee, ) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese-born American physicist, well known for his work on parity violation, the Lee Model, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons and soliton stars.
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Ugyen Wangchuck
Gongsa Ugyen Wangchuck(Dzongkha: , Wylie: o rgyan dbang phyug; 1862-1926) was the first King of Bhutan from 1907 to 1926. He was born in 1862 to Jigme Namgyal, penlop (governor) of Trongsa and Ashi Pema Choki. He succeeded his father as Penlop of Trongsa. From his power base in central Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck defeated his political enemies and united the country following several civil wars and rebellions in 1882–1885.
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Usui Mikao
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Uttam Kumar
Uttam Kumar (; 3 September 1926 – 24 July 1980) was one of the most famous names of Indian Bengali Cinema.
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Victor Babeş
Victor Babeș (4 July 1854 – 19 October 1926) was a Romanian physician, biologist, and one of the earliest bacteriologists. He made early and significant contributions to the study of rabies, leprosy, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases.
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Wallace Markfield
Wallace Markfield (August 12, 1926, Brooklyn, New York, USA — May 24, 2002, Roslyn, New York) was an American comic novelist best known for his first novel, To An Early Grave (1964), about four men who spend the day driving across Brooklyn to their friend's funeral. He is also known for ''Teitlebaum's Window (1970), a comic novel about a Jewish boy growing up in Brooklyn in the 1930s and 1940s. Markfield was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1965 after the publication of To an Early Grave''.
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Walt Brown
Walter Frederick Brown (born July 28, 1926) is an American politician and was the presidential candidate of the Socialist Party USA in the 2004 elections. Brown became a socialist in 1948. He served as Democratic member of the Oregon State Senate from 1975 to 1987. Brown also served as a Socialist Party of Oregon candidate for the U.S. Congress (3rd Congressional District) in 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 and has been the Pacific Green Party candidate for two statewide offices.
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Whitney Blake
Whitney Blake (February 20, 1926 — September 28, 2002) was an American film and television actress, director and producer.
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Willard Louis
Willard Louis (19 April 1882 – 22 July 1926) was an American film actor of the silent era. He appeared in 81 films between 1911 and 1926.
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William Booth
William Booth (10 April 1829 – 20 August 1912) was a British Methodist preacher who founded the Salvation Army and became its first General (1878–1912). The Christian movement, with a quasi-military structure and government - but with no physical weaponry - founded in 1865, has spread from London, England, to many parts of the world and is known for being one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid.
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William Larned
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William Pierson
William Pierson (July 17, 1926 – August 27, 2004) was an American television, motion picture and stage actor, best known for his raspy voice and his role as Marko the Mailman in the film Stalag 17.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Éamon de Valera
Éamon de Valera () (born George De Valero; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. His political career spanned over half a century, from 1917 to 1973; he served multiple terms as head of government and head of state, and is credited with a leading role in the authorship of the present-day Constitution of Ireland.
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Émile Coué
Émile Coué de Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion.
http://wn.com/Émile_Coué
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Abbey Theater
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Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 large professional theatres with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan, New York City.Although theater is the preferred spelling in the U.S.A. (see further at American and British English Spelling Differences), the majority of venues, performers, and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Damascus
Damascus ( , commonly known as الشام ash-Shām also known as the "City of Jasmin" ) is the capital of Syria as well as one of the country's 14 governorates. The Damascus Governorate is ruled by a governor appointed by the Minister of Interior. In addition to being widely known as the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the Levant.
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Ditadura Nacional
The Ditadura Nacional (Portuguese for National Dictatorship) was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona in 1928 (following all of the turbulence derived from the 28th May 1926 coup d'état) that lasted until the adoption of the new constitution in 1933, when the régime changed its name to Estado Novo (New State). It is considered that the Ditadura Nacional, jointly with the Estado Novo forms the historical period of the Portuguese Second Republic.
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Dover, New Jersey
Dover is a Town in Morris County, New Jersey on the Rockaway River. Dover is 39 miles (63 km) west of New York City and west of Newark, New Jersey. As of the United States Census, 2000, the town's population was 18,188.
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Dublin
Dublin (; locally or ) is the primate and capital city of Ireland. It is officially known in Irish as Baile Átha Cliath or Áth Cliath . The English name is derived from the Irish Dubh Linn (meaning "black pool"). The city has an urban population of over 1 million people and is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's primary city following the Norman invasion. It is currently ranked 29th in the Global Financial Centres Index, has one of the fastest growing populations of any European capital city, and is listed by the GaWC as a global city (with a ranking of Alpha), placing Dublin among the top 30 cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary cultural centre for the country, as well as a modern centre of education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
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English Channel
The English Channel (, the "sleeve") is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about long and varies in width from at its widest, to only in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some .
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Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
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French Riviera
The '''Côte d'Azur, often known in English as the French Riviera''', is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France. There is no official boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from either Menton or the Italian border in the east to Saint Tropez,Hyères or Cassis in the west.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Grand Ole Opry
The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee that has presented the biggest stars of the genre since 1925. It is also among the longest-running broadcasts in history since its beginnings as a one-hour radio "barn dance" on WSM-AM. Dedicated to honoring country music and its history, the Opry showcases a mix of legends and contemporary chart-toppers performing country, bluegrass, folk, comedy, and gospel. Considered an American icon, it attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and Internet listeners. The Opry, today part of the American landscape, is "the show that made country music famous" and has been called the "home of American music" and "country’s most famous stage."
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Greece
Greece (; , Elláda, ; , Hellás, ), also known as Hellas and officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía, ), is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world at in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at .
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Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural, and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem was annexed to New York City in 1873.
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Harrogate
Harrogate (or Harrogate Spa) is a spa town in North Yorkshire, England. The town is a tourist destination; its spa waters, RHS Harlow Carr gardens and Bettys Tearooms are visitor attractions, and the town serves as a location from which to explore the nearby Yorkshire Dales national park. The town originated in the 17th century, with High Harrogate and Low Harrogate as two separate settlements. It lies adjacent to Knaresborough, with which it forms a single urban area, and is in the Nidd valley.
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Iowa
Iowa () is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland." It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World", however Iowa's economy, culture, and landscape are diverse. In the mid and late 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Des Moines is Iowa's capital and largest city.
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Maldives
The Maldives ( or ), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ''Dhivehi Raa'je'') or Maldive Islands, officially Republic of Maldives, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls stretching in a north-south direction off India's Lakshadweep islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about seven hundred kilometers (435 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka.
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Morocco
Morocco (, al-Maġrib; Berber: Amerruk / Murakuc; French: Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية, al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya), is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of nearly 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed Western Sahara which is mainly under Moroccan administration. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Mauritania to the south.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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San José, Costa Rica
San José ("Saint Joseph", , ) is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica. Located in the Central Valley, San José is the seat of national government, the focal point of political and economic activity, and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Stirling
Stirling (Gaelic: Sruighlea , Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland, and is at the heart of the wider Stirling council area. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old-town beside the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the boundary between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands, and its crossing of the Forth, the nearest to the river mouth.
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Stratford-upon-Avon
Stratford-upon-Avon (, from Celtic ) is a market town and civil parish in south Warwickshire, England. It lies on the River Avon, south east of Birmingham and south west of the county town, Warwick. It is the main town of the District of Stratford-on-Avon, which uses the term "on" to indicate that it covers a much larger area than the town itself. Four electoral wards make up the urban town of Stratford; Alveston, Avenue and New Town, Mount Pleasant and Guild and Hathaway. The estimated total population for those wards in 2007 was 25,505.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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USSR
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Venice, California
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Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
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Walt Brown
Walter Frederick Brown (born July 28, 1926) is an American politician and was the presidential candidate of the Socialist Party USA in the 2004 elections. Brown became a socialist in 1948. He served as Democratic member of the Oregon State Senate from 1975 to 1987. Brown also served as a Socialist Party of Oregon candidate for the U.S. Congress (3rd Congressional District) in 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 and has been the Pacific Green Party candidate for two statewide offices.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (, ) is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich (sometimes translated as German Empire, but Reich can also mean realm or federal level of government), however, and it was usually known in English simply as Germany. Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year. Germany's period of liberal democracy lapsed in the early 1930s, leading to the ascent of the NSDAP and Adolf Hitler in 1933. Although the constitution of 1919 was never officially repealed, the legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("coordination") meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution. The constitution became irrelevant; thus, 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich.
http://wn.com/Weimar_Republic
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Reykjavik, Capitol Of Iceland, 1926
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Published: 12 Nov 2008
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
- Author: travelfilmarchive
A tour of Iceland and its capital in the 1926s. For more about Burton Holmes visit www.burtonholmesarchive.com. For licensing information contact www.globalimageworks.com
http://wn.com/Reykjavik,_Capitol_Of_Iceland,_1926
Masculine Women! Feminine Men! (1926)
Sung by Irving Kaufman
http://wn.com/Masculine_Women!_Feminine_Men!_1926
Jelly Roll Morton - Dr. Jazz-1926
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 18 Jan 2009
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
- Author: preservationhall01
Dr. Jazz was recorded by Jelly Roll Morton and His Red Hot Peppers for Victor Records on December 16, 1926. The Red Hot Peppers were composed of Morton leading on the piano, Kid Ory, Andrew Hilaire, John Lindsay, Omer Simeon, Johnny St. Cyr, and George Mitchell. The music was composed by Walter Melrose and King Oliver
http://wn.com/Jelly_Roll_Morton__Dr_Jazz-1926
Thalia Zedek - 1926
Thalia playing "1926" at ABC Radio studios in Melbourne.
http://wn.com/Thalia_Zedek__1926
1926 - Reklama iz Kraljevine Jugoslavije
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Published: 30 May 2007
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
- Author: podunavljac
Natalia was selected a beach beauty queen but Milica is always alone and sad. The reason? Could it be the toothpaste "Kalodont" she is NOT using? One of the earliest (1926) examples of a commercial from Yugoslavia. Views of the old Belgrade. Pobeda Film.
http://wn.com/1926__Reklama_iz_Kraljevine_Jugoslavije
London Bridge, London (1926)
Claude Friese-Greene's 'The Open Road' is available to buy on DVD at filmstore.bfi.org.uk This extract comes from Claude Friese-Greene's 'The Open Road' - originally filmed in 1925/6 and now re-edited and digitally restored by the BFI National Archive. Britain seen in colour for the first time was heralded as a great technical advance for the cinema audience - now we can view a much improved image, but one which still stays true to the principles of the colour process. The rather haphazard journey from Land's End to John O'Groats creates a series of moving picture postcards. Look out for shots containing the component colours - red and blue-green - such as when a little girl in a red coat and hat walks among peacocks in the grounds of a castle, and three girls with red curly hair pose by the sea at Torquay. The car is a Vauxhall D-type - considered a sporty model at the time. A long-distance journey by car was a relatively new concept, with none of the amenities en route now taken for granted. The visit to a petrol station shows smoking on the forecourt: no health and safety issues back then! The travelogue ends with a series of recognisable London landmarks. Much remains the same - one major exception being the volume of traffic on the roads. (Jan Faull) For more information about 'The Open Road' see www.bfi.org.uk You can watch the whole of 'The Open Road' and over 1200 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge at the new BFI <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/London_Bridge,_London_1926
The Son of The Sheik (1926) Rudolph Valentino
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Published: 31 Dec 2006
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
- Author: crupprecht1
Controversial "rape" scene from Son of the Sheik starring Rudolph Valentino and Vilma Banky.
http://wn.com/The_Son_of_The_Sheik_1926_Rudolph_Valentino
Marcel Duchamp - Anemic Cinema
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:42
- Published: 20 Apr 2007
- Updated: 08 Mar 2012
- Author: Lottedyskolia
Marcel.Duchamp.-.Anemic.Cinema.(1926).DVDrip
http://wn.com/Marcel_Duchamp__Anemic_Cinema
BEAU GESTE (1926) 1/10
Silent version of BEAU GESTE starring Ronald Coleman. In Italian w/ English subtitles added by me. I hope the translations are decent. The print looks like crap, but it's better than nothing.
http://wn.com/BEAU_GESTE_1926_1/10
1926 Armstead Snow Motor Vehicle
This screw-propelled vehicle was designed to cope with difficult snow and ice terrain. Instead of tracks, the vehicle is moved by the rotation of two horisontal cylinders fitted with a helical flange that engages with the snow surface. The Armstead Snow Motor was developed in the early 1920's. Leading Detroit automobile makers had organized a company entitled "Snow Motors Inc" to put out a machine that would negotiate the deepest snowdrifts at six to eight miles an hour. The vehicle consisted of a tractor power-plant mounted on two revolving cylinders instead of wheels.
http://wn.com/1926_Armstead_Snow_Motor_Vehicle
The Bat (1926) 1/9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 07 Nov 2007
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
- Author: silentfilmdemocracy
Directed by: Roland West Jack Pickford - Brooks Bailey Louise Fazenda - Lizzie Allen Emily Fitzroy - Miss Cornelia Van Gorder Jewel Carmen - Miss Dale Ogden The Bat, a masked criminal, terrorises a mansion filled with guests of a mstery-writer, a mansion in which a bank robber has hidden $20000 of stolen money. The house guests, along with a Detective, search the house for clues -- of both the location of the money and the identity of the infamous Bat.
http://wn.com/The_Bat_1926_1/9
The Student of Prague (1926) 1/9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Published: 22 Jun 2007
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
- Author: silentfilmdemocracy
Directed by Henrik Galeen Conrad Veidt - Balduin, a student Werner Krauss - Scapinelli, a money lender Balduin, a poor student, makes a Faustian pact with a money lender, Scapinelli. In return for a fortune, enough to court the woman of Balduin's dreams, Scapinelli is permitted to take one thing belonging to the student... the reflection in his mirror.
http://wn.com/The_Student_of_Prague_1926_1/9
Tribute to Leslie Nielsen 1926-2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Published: 29 Nov 2010
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
- Author: mikecameronsuccess
No copyrights infringement intended. One of my all time favourite actors. Police Squad, Flying High, Naked Gun Series, I love it all. He really did make me LOL Rest in Peace funnyman and thank you for the laughs
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_Leslie_Nielsen_1926-2010
0900063-013946 1926 WORLD SERIES ST. LOUIS CARDINALS VS. NEW YORK YANKEES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 31 Dec 2009
- Updated: 22 Jan 2012
- Author: footagefile
baseball world series 1926 st louis cardinals vs new york yankees, babe ruth, lou gehrig, rogers hornsby, miller huggins, grover cleveland alexander. www.MyFootage.com
http://wn.com/0900063-013946_1926_WORLD_SERIES_ST_LOUIS_CARDINALS_VS_NEW_YORK_YANKEES
WOOD CARVING IN GERMANY 1926
www.TVDAYS.com http www.drobo.com httpIra H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 www.TVDAYS.com http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Coll... Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Collecting Generation I knew it was the right time to create a Video Network for Baby-Boomers Only. http www.YouTube.com www.YouTube.com What makes my content unique is that I have spent over 30 collecting and restoring from 16mm & 35mm Film Prints and Kinescopes some of the rarest and in many cases one of a kind FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWS REELS FILM SHORTS, FEATURES, INDUSTRIALS, TV SHOWS and especially COMMERCIALS from the birth of Film and early television. www.TVDAYS.com - 400 DVD's for Sale from my personal collection. Now my Video & Film Collection is decomposing and what you're seeing is my work digitizing my Video Elements and funding it by selling Stock Footage and now my line of over 400 DVD's http Rare TV SHOWS, FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWSREELS, FILM SHORT SUBJECTS, SILENT & SOUND FILMS, HOME MOVIES, SOUNDIES, INDUSTRIALS & especially COMMERCIALS from the 1950's/60's. ALSO GOOGLE VIDEO DOWNLOADS www.YouTube.com Links to over 3500 hours of Video's housed on both Google & YouTube www.YouTube.com Over 7,5000 Commercials to watch -- Sports-Toys-Cars-Soft Drinks-Beer-Cigarettes-Milk-Cosmetics-Ho <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/WOOD_CARVING_IN_GERMANY_1926
Mother (1926) 1/11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Published: 06 Jul 2007
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
- Author: silentfilmdemocracy
Directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin Vera Baranovskaya - Niovna-Vlasova (the Mother) Nikolai Batalov - Pavel Vlasov Aleksandr Chistyakov - Vlasov Set during the winter of 1905, Mother is the story of a woman forced to take sides during a worker's strike... conflicted between the loyalty she feels for her husband, who is corrupted by the bosses to support them, and her beloved son, a worker whose cause she grows to sympathize with. Pudovkin's film is considered a classic of Soviet cinema, standing along side whose of Eisenstein and Dovzhenko. Beautifully shot, he uses montage and metaphor to recreate Maxim Gorky's story of one woman's struggle during the 1905 Revolution.
http://wn.com/Mother_1926_1/11
Alaskan Adventures 1926
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:07
- Published: 30 May 2008
- Updated: 26 Feb 2012
- Author: travelfilmarchive
A bow hunting trip to Alaska in the 1920's. Footage from this subject is available for licensing from www.globalimageworks.com
http://wn.com/Alaskan_Adventures_1926
The Scarlet Letter - Lillian Gish - 1926
Scene from the very hard to find 1926 silent classic The Scarlet Letter. In this scene, the Puritan villagers feel it is their duty to take the illegitimate child of Hester Prynne (Lillian Gish) and have it placed in a proper household. Their plan, however, is stopped, when Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale (Lars Hanson) arrives and convinces them that this would not be a good idea.
http://wn.com/The_Scarlet_Letter__Lillian_Gish__1926
Ménilmontant 1926 Avant garde French Silent Film Classic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Published: 20 May 2009
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
- Author: GoldenSilents
A beautiful Chaplinesque scene from the avant garde French silent film classic titled Ménilmontant (a neighborhood in Paris where they filmed The Red Balloon 3 decades later). Starring Nadia Sibirskaia as a French girl whose parents are murdered before her eyes; looking for love in the wrong place she becomes pregnant out of wedlock, is homeless and starving, and suddenly finds kindness in the most unlikely of places. Directed by Dimitri Kirsanoff, who was married to the actress.
http://wn.com/Ménilmontant_1926_Avant_garde_French_Silent_Film_Classic
Man Ray - Emak-Bakia (1926) part 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Published: 26 Jul 2010
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
- Author: VegetativeHorse
In Emak Bakia, the mischievous dadaist and surrealist Man Ray pioneered the technique of cameraless filmmaking, exposing lengths of film to light after sprinkling them with pins, grains of salt and other common objects. In its playful use of disparate materials -- animation, non-objective shapes, rayograms, unfocused and optically fragmented images -- Emak Bakia remains fresh and inspiring nearly 80 years after it was made. Man Ray said he made this one in strict conformity with Surrealist principles. It opens with a series of apparently unrelated shots: grain on film; flowers moving; drawing pins in negative: points of light - out of focus -which order themselves into lines; a signwriter spelling out incomplete sentences; a prism. reflecting bars of light, rotating at different speeds; car headlights, with a huge single eye superimposed over the radiator between them; it blinks; and so on. As the film progresses the car theme becomes dominant: the driver wearing goggles (which mimic the car's headlights). There follow a series of conventional shots of the car driving down an avenue, intercut with close-ups of sheep (in complete tonal contrast). The car stops -a woman's legs are seen getting out -the shot is repeated three times, the fourth time it fades and is replaced by a stepped superimposition of all four shots, one following closely on the other. Individual images are striking for their humour and originality, but Ray still apparently felt it necessary to impose a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Man_Ray__Emak-Bakia_1926_part_1/2
Gertrude Lawrence sings Gershwin "DO-DO-DO" (1926)
DO-DO-DO sung by Gertrude Lawrence From the Broadway Musical "Oh Kay" Music by George Gershwin Words by Ira Gershwin Piano accompaniment by Tom Waring Recorded October 29, 1926 Gertrude Lawrence was born July 4, 1898 in London, England. She died September 6, 1952 in New York, NY. Singing star of Broadway musicals after performing in English music halls and theatres. Talented singer, dancer and actress; glamorous, vital, extravagant personality. As youngster entertained in English pubs and music halls, eventually worked as a chorus girl and understudy to Beatrice Lillie in London show. Broadway debut in Andre Charlot "Revue of 1924" and "Revue of 1925". Both shows from England with English casts. Starred in important musical "Oh, Kay!" (1926). Top New York spots 1927 including Paramount Theatre. Starred in "Treasure Girl" (1928), in play, "Candlelight" (1929) and musical "International Revue" (1930). Co-starred with playwright, Noel Coward in important play, "Private Lives" (1931), later in "Tonight at 8:30" (1936);. Later plays included "Susan and God" (1937), "Skylark" (1939), "Pygmalion" revival (1945), "Tonight at 8:30" revival (1948). Biggest roles in Broadway musicals"Lady in the Dark" (1941) and "The King and I" (1951). In movies "Battle of Paris" (1929), "No Funny Business" (1933), "Rembrandt and Mimi" (1936), "Men Are Not Gods" (1937), "The Glass Menagerie" (1950). During World War II entertained troops in US and abroad. 1968 movie "Star!" based on Lawrence life <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Gertrude_Lawrence_sings_Gershwin_DO-DO-DO_1926
Faust 1926 - The Evocation of Mephisto
Faust has found a book of dark arts which contains a ritual for the evocation of Mephistopheles the demon. In the middle of a crossroad, under the moonlight, Faust performs the ritual in hope of curing his beloved village of a terrible disease.
http://wn.com/Faust_1926__The_Evocation_of_Mephisto
Faust (Murnau, 1926) The Light
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Published: 15 Dec 2007
- Updated: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: adamjames86
part II: sections of FW Murnau's Faust (1926) set to 'In Paradisum' from Faure's Requiem
http://wn.com/Faust_Murnau,_1926_The_Light
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Creative Commons![The University of Auckland clock tower building is a 'Category I' historic place, completed in 1926.[46]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120314201908im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/c5/13/cf9170880ccd23fd62b8d05431bb_small.jpg "The University of Auckland clock tower building is a 'Category I' historic place, completed in 1926.[46]")
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![The University of Auckland clock tower building is a 'Category I' historic place, completed in 1926.[46]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120314201908/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/c5/13/cf9170880ccd23fd62b8d05431bb_medium.jpg "The University of Auckland clock tower building is a 'Category I' historic place, completed in 1926.[46]")
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14 Feb 2012
Chicago Tribune
William Wingstedt lived and ran a business for many years in Lombard, where he was active in variety of village activities, including the local Liquor Commission and the Rotary Club. "If anybody asked him to do anything, he found the time to do it," said Lombard Village President William Mueller....(size: 2.5Kb)
August Bonow: 1926-2012
14 Feb 2012
Chicago Tribune
On June 4,1944, August "Gus" Bonow was not all that much older than many school-age children who visit the captured World War II German submarine on display at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry. That day, the 18-year-old seaman first class fought in the naval battle that led to the capture of...(size: 2.8Kb)
John A. Gration, 1926-2012
03 Feb 2012
Chicago Tribune
John Alexander Gration spent 15 years as a Christian missionary in Africa before starting his academic career and founding the missions and intercultural studies graduate department at Wheaton College. "My strongest sense of John is of a wise and gracious elder statesman in his field of missions and...(size: 3.8Kb)
__NOTOC__
Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
January 1
* Flooding in the Rhine River strikes Cologne.
* Ireland's first regular radio service, 2RN (later ''Radio Éireann''), begins broadcasting.
* Turkey switches to the Gregorian calendar after reforms set by Kemal Atatürk.
January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.
January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz.
January 12 – Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll premiere their radio program ''Sam 'n' Henry'', in which the two white performers portrayed two black characters from Harlem looking to strike it rich in the big city. It is a precursor to Gosden and Correll's more popular later program, ''Amos 'n' Andy''.
January 16 – A ''BBC'' radio play about a worker's revolution causes a panic in London.
January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepts the Locarno treaties.
January 26 – John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system.
January 29 – Eugene O'Neill's ''The Great God Brown'' opens at the Greenwich Theatre.
January 31 – British and Belgian troops leave Cologne.
February 1 – Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City is sold at a record $7 per sq inch.
February 8 – Sean O'Casey's ''Plough and Stars'' opens at Abbey Theater in Dublin.
February 9 – Flooding hits London suburbs.
February 12 – The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, appoints the Committee on Evil Literature.
February 25 – Francisco Franco becomes General of Spain.
March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire.
March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts.
March 23 – Éamon de Valera organizes Fianna Fáil in Ireland.
April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos is elected president.
April 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails.
April 12 – By a vote of 45–41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, after Brookhart had already served for over one year.
April 16 – A train crash in San José, Costa Rica kills 178 people.
April 24 – Treaty of Berlin: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five years.
April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran under the name "Pahlevi".
April 30 – African-American pilot Bessie Coleman is killed after falling from an airplane.
May 1 – A coal miners' strike begins in Britain.
May 3 – The British General Strike begins in support of the coal strike.
May 9
* Martial law is declared in Britain because of the general strike.
* The French navy bombards Damascus because of the Druze riots.
* Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claim to have flown over the North Pole (later discovery of his diary seems to indicate that this did not happen).
May 10
* Talks between the government and strikers begin in the U.K.
* Planes piloted by Major Harold Geiger and Horace Meek Hickam, students at the Air Corps Tactical School, collide in mid-air at Langley Field, Virginia. Hickam parachutes to safety.
May 12
* Roald Amundsen flies over the North Pole.
* UK General Strike 1926: In the United Kingdom, a general strike by trade unions ends (the strike began on May 3).
May 12–May 14 – May Coup: Józef Piłsudski takes over in Poland.
May 18 – Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears while visiting a Venice, California beach.
May 20 – The United States Congress passes the Air Commerce Act, licensing pilots and planes.
May 23 – The first Lebanese constitution is established.
May 26 – The Rifkabyl rebels surrender in Morocco.
May 28 – The 1926 coup d'état commanded by Manuel Gomes da Costa in Portugal installs the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), followed by António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo.
June 4 – Ignacy Moscicki becomes president of Poland.
June 19 – DeFord Bailey is the first African-American to perform on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry.
June 29 – Arthur Meighen returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
July 1 – The Kuomingtang begins a military unification campaign in northern China.
July 3 – A Caudron C-61 aircraft operated by Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne crashes in Czechoslovakia.
July 9 – General Antonio Carmona takes power in a military coup in Portugal.
July 12 – A lightning strike destroys an ammunition depot in Dover, New Jersey.
July 15 – BEST buses make their début in Bombay.
July 23 – ''Fox Film'' buys the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film.
July 26 – The National Bar Association incorporates in the United States.
August 6
* Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel from France to England.
* In New York, the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system premieres with the movie ''Don Juan'' starring John Barrymore.
August 18
* The British miners' union begins negotiations with the government
* A weather map is televised for the first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the Weather Bureau Office in Washington, D.C.
August 22 – In Greece, Georgios Kondylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos.
August 23 – The sudden death of popular Hollywood actor and sex symbol Rudolph Valentino at the age of only 31 years old causes mass grief and hysteria around the world.
August 25 – Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship is finished in Greece and becomes the president.
September 1 – Lebanon under the French Mandate gets its first constitution, thereby becoming a republic. Charles Debbas is elected president.
September 8 – Weimar Republic joins the League of Nations.
September 11
* Spain leaves the League of Nations.
* Aloha Tower is officially dedicated at Honolulu Harbor in the Territory of Hawai'i.
September 16 – Philip Dunning and George Abbott's play ''Broadway'' premieres in New York City.
September 18 – Great Miami Hurricane: A strong hurricane devastates Miami, Florida, leaving over 100 dead and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100 billion dollars today).
September 20 – Twelve blue cars full of gangsters open fire at the Hawthorne Inn, Al Capone's Chicago headquarters. Only one of Capone's men is wounded.
September 25
* The League of Nations Slavery Convention abolishes all types of slavery.
* William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
September 26 – Gene Tunney defeats Jack Dempsey and becomes heavyweight champion of the world.
October 2 – Józef Piłsudski becomes prime minister of Poland.
October 12 – British miners agree to end their strike.
October 14 – Alan Alexander Milne's book ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' is released.
October 19 – The 1926 Imperial Conference opens in London, the United Kingdom.
October 20 – A hurricane kills 650 in Cuba.
October 23
* A decree in Italy bans women from holding public office.
* Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev are removed from the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
* The Fazal Mosque (one of the first in London) is completed.
October 31 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that developed after his appendix ruptured.
November 10 – In San Francisco, California, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson (dubbed "Gorilla Man") kills and then rapes his 9th victim, a boardinghouse landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.
November 11 – ''U.S. Route 66'' is established.
November 15
* The ''NBC'' radio network opens with 24 stations (formed by Westinghouse, General Electric and RCA).
* The Balfour Declaration is approved by the 1926 Imperial Conference, making the Commonwealth dominions equal and independent.
November 24
* The village of Rocquebillier in the French Riviera is almost destroyed in a massive hailstorm.
* Sri Aurobindo retires, leaving ''The Mother'' to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry, India.
November 25 – The death penalty is re-established in Italy.
November 26 – All Italian Communist deputies are arrested.
November 27
* Mount Vesuvius erupts.
* In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins.
December 2 – British prime minister Stanley Baldwin ends the martial law that had been declared due to general strike.
December 3 – Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey; on December 14 she is found at the Harrogate Hotel.
December 17 – A democratically elected government is overthrown during the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état; Antanas Smetona assumes power in Lithuania.
December 18 – Turkey converts to the Gregorian calendar, making 'tomorrow' January 1 1927
December 26 – In Japanese History, the Shōwa era begins from this day due to the demise of Emperor Taishō on the day before.
Phencyclidine ''(PCP, angel dust)'' is first synthesized.
Widows' pensions are introduced in New South Wales, Australia.
Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo's first high-cut rodeo chaps at Stirling, Alberta Canada.
The short-lived Western Australian Secession League is founded.
The International African Institute is founded in London.
Raymond Pearl publishes his landmark book, ''Alcohol and Longevity''.
American microbiologist Selman Waksman publishes ''Enzymes''.
The Pike School of Andover, Massachusetts is founded.
U.S. Marines intervene in Nicaragua to bolster the conservative government.
Industrial output surpasses the level of 1913 in the USSR.
January 2 – Harold Bradley, American session guitarist on country music records
January 3 – George Martin, English producer of ''The Beatles''
January 5 – William De Witt Snodgrass, American poet (d. 2009)
January 6
* Kim Daejung, President of South Korea, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)
* Mickey Hargitay, Hungarian actor and bodybuilder (d. 2006)
January 8
* Evelyn Lear, American soprano
* Hanae Mori, Japanese fashion designer
* Soupy Sales, American comedian (d. 2009)
* Chester Feldman, American television game show producer (d. 1997)
January 11 – Lev Demin, cosmonaut (d. 1998)
January 12 – Ray Price, American singer
January 14
* Maria Schell, Austrian actress (d. 2005)
* Tom Tryon, American actor and novelist (d. 1991)
January 17 – Moira Shearer, Scottish actress and dancer (d. 2006)
January 19 – Fritz Weaver, American actor
January 20
* Patricia Neal, American actress (''The Day The Earth Stood Still'') (d. 2010)
* David Tudor, American pianist and composer (d. 1996)
January 21 – Steve Reeves, American actor (d. 2000)
January 26 – Franco Evangelisti, Italian composer (d. 1980)
January 27
* Fritz Spiegl, Austrian journalist (d. 2003)
* Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (d. 2004)
January 29 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
February 2
* Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France
* Elaine Stritch, Broadway/film actress
February 4 – Dave Sands, Australian boxer (d. 1952)
February 6 – Haskell Wexler, American cinematographer
February 7 – Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2009)
February 8
* Neal Cassady, American writer (d. 1968)
* Audrey Meadows, American actress (d. 1996)
February 10 – Danny Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer and football manager (d. 1993)
February 11
* Paul Bocuse, French chef
* Alexander Gibson, British conductor and founder of the Scottish Opera
* Leslie Nielsen, Canadian actor (''Airplane!'') (d. 2010)
February 14 – Al Brodax, American film and television producer
February 16
* Margot Frank, sister of Anne Frank (d. 1945)
* John Schlesinger, British film director (d. 2003)
February 17 – John Meyendorff, Orthodox scholar, protopresbiter, and teacher (d. 1992)
February 20
* Whitney Blake, American actress (d. 2002)
* Richard Matheson, American author
* Bob Richards, American track and field athlete
February 22 – Kenneth Williams, English actor (d. 1988)
February 27 – David H. Hubel, Canadian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
February 28 – Svetlana Alliluyeva, Russian author, daughter of Joseph Stalin
March 1 – Pete Rozelle, American commissioner of the National Football League (d. 1996)
March 2 – Murray Rothbard, American economist (d. 1995)
March 3 – James Merrill, American poet (d. 1995)
March 4
* Richard DeVos, American billionaire, co-founder of ''Amway''
* James J. Eagan, former Mayor of Florissant, Missouri (d. 2000)
* Fran Warren, American popular singer
March 6
* Alan Greenspan, American economist and former Chairman of the Federal Reserve
* Andrzej Wajda, Polish film director
March 8 – Sultan Salahuddin of Malaysia (d. 2001)
March 11 – Derek Benfield, English playwright and actor (d. 2009)
March 13 – Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (d. 2003)
March 15 – Norm Van Brocklin, American football player (d. 1983)
March 16
* Charles Goodell, American politician (d. 1987)
* Jerry Lewis, American comedian and humanitarian (''Muscular Dystrophy Telethon'')
March 17
* Jaynne Bittner, American female baseball player
* Siegfried Lenz, German writer
March 18 – Peter Graves, American actor (''Mission: Impossible'') (d. 2010)
March 24 – Dario Fo, Italian author, Nobel Prize laureate
March 26 – László Papp, Hungarian boxer (d. 2003)
March 30
* Ingvar Kamprad, Swedish businessman
* Peter Marshall, American game-show host (''Hollywood Squares'')
March 31 – John Fowles, English writer (d. 2005)
April 1
* Charles Bressler, American tenor
* Anne McCaffrey, American author
April 2 – Jack Brabham, Australian race car driver
April 3 – Gus Grissom, American astronaut (d. 1967)
April 6
* Sergio Franchi, Italian tenor and actor (d. 1990)
* Gil Kane, Latvian-born cartoonist (d. 2000)
* Ian Paisley, Northern Irish politician
April 9 – Hugh Hefner, American magazine editor (''Playboy'')
April 12 – Khozh-Akhmed Bersanov, Chechen ethnographer
April 14
* Frank Daniel, Czech-born writer, producer, director, teacher (d. 1996)
* George Robledo, Chilean soccer player (d. 1989)
April 17 – Gerry McNeil, Canadian hockey player (d. 2004)
April 19 – Rawya Ateya, Egyptian politician and first female parliamentarian in the Arab world (d. 1997)
April 21
* Elizabeth II
* Arthur Rowley, English footballer (d. 2002)
April 22
* James Stirling, Scottish architect (d. 1992)
* Charlotte Rae, American actress and singer (''The Facts of Life'')
April 24 – Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime Minister of Sweden
April 25 – Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner, Austrian politician (d. 2008)
April 26
* David Coleman, British TV sports broadcaster
* Michael Mathias Prechtl, German illustrator (d. 2003)
April 28 – Harper Lee, American author
April 29 – Paul Baran, American internet pioneer (d. 2011)
April 30
* Edmund Cooper, British author & poet (d. 1982)
* Cloris Leachman, American actress
May 5
* Ann B. Davis, American actress (''The Brady Bunch'')
* Bing Russell, American actor (d. 2003)
May 8
* David Attenborough, British broadcaster, naturalist and producer
* Don Rickles, American comedian and actor
May 10 – Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, American film personality and publisher of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' (d. 2004)
May 14 – Eric Morecambe, English comedian and author. (d. 1984)
May 15
* Anthony Shaffer, English novelist and playwright (d. 2001), twin brother of:
* Peter Shaffer, English playwright
May 17 – Franz Sondheimer, German-born British chemist (d. 1981)
May 18 – Dirch Passer, Danish actor (d. 1980)
May 20 – John Lucarotti, TV writer (d. 1994)*
May 21 – Robert Creeley, American Poet (d. 2005)
May 25 – Bill Sharman, American basketball player and coach
May 26 – Miles Davis, American musician (d. 1991)
May 27 – Kees Rijvers, Dutch football player and manager
May 29 – Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal
May 30 – Tsuneo Watanabe, Japanese businessman
June 1
* Andy Griffith, American actor (''The Andy Griffith Show'')
* Marilyn Monroe, American actress (d. 1962)
June 3
* Roscoe Gardner Bartlett, Republican member of the United States House of Representatives
* Allen Ginsberg, American poet (''Howl'') (d. 1997)
June 6 – Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (d. 1998)
June 10 – Lionel Jeffries, British film director and actor (d. 2010)
June 11 – Frank Plicka, Czech-born photographer
June 12 – Gaspare di Mercurio, Italian doctor and author
June 13 – Paul Lynde, American comedian (''Hollywood Squares'') (d. 1982)
June 15 – Shigeru Kayano, Japanese Ainu activist (d. 2006)
June 16 – William F. Roemer, Jr., United States FBI agent (d. 1996)
June 21
* Conrad Hall, Tahitian-born cinematographer (d. 2003)
June 25 – Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian writer (d. 1973)
June 28 – Mel Brooks, American entertainer (''The Producers'')
June 29 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (d. 2006)
June 30 – Paul Berg, American chemist, Noble Prize laureate
July 1
* Robert Fogel, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
* Carl Hahn, German automotive executive, chairman of Volkswagen from 1982 to 1993
* Hans Werner Henze, German composer
July 4
* Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-born footballer
* Amos Elon, Israeli writer (d. 2009)
* Mary Stuart, American soap actress (d. 2002)
July 8 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-born psychiatrist (d. 2004)
July 9 – Ben Roy Mottelson, American-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
July 10 – Fred Gwynne, American actor and author (''The Munsters'') (d. 1993)
July 13 – Andrew Maher, American actor
July 14 – Harry Dean Stanton, American actor
July 15 – Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (d. 2003)
July 16
* Stanley Clements, American actor (d. 1981)
* Irwin Rose, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
July 17 – William Pierson, American television, motion picture and stage actor (d. 2004)
July 18 – Robert Sloman, English writer (d. 2005)
July 26
* James Best, American actor (''The Dukes of Hazzard'')
* Lennox Sebe, President of Ciskei bantustan (d. 1994)
July 27 – Doris Satterfield, American professional baseball player (d. 1993)
July 28 – Walt Brown, American presidential candidate
July 30 – Sir Patrick Russell QC, PC, British High Court Judge (d. 2002)
August 1 – Hannah Hauxwell, English TV personality
August 2 – Sy Mah, Canadian marathoner (d. 1988)
August 3
* Tony Bennett, American singer (''I Left My Heart In San Francisco'')
* Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (d. 2004)
August 6 – Norman Wexler, Academy Award nominated Screen writer
August 11
* Aaron Klug, Lithuanian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
* Claus von Buelow, British socialite
August 12
*John Derek, American actor and director (d. 1998)
* Wallace Markfield, American writer (d. 2002)
* Hiroshi Koizumi, Japanese actor
August 13 – Fidel Castro, Cuban revolutionary and politician
August 14 – René Goscinny, French comic book writer (d. 1977)
August 15 – Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, former President of Greece
August 17 – Jiang Zemin, former President of the People's Republic of China
August 19 – Arthur Rock, American venture capitalist
August 27 – Pat Coombs, British actress (d. 2002)
August 29 – Betty Lynn, American actress
September 2 – Ibrahim Nasir Rannabanderyi Kilegefan, Maldivian president (d. 2008)
September 3 – Uttam Kumar (Arun Kumar Chatterjee), legendary Bengali Actor (d. 1980)
September 6
* Claus van Amsberg, German born Prince Consort of the Netherlands (d. 2002)
* Maurice Cowling, British historian (d. 2005)
* Maurice Prather, American photographer (d. 2001)
September 7 – Don Messick, American voice actor (d. 1997)
September 14 – Dick Dale, American singer and musician
September 15 – Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician
September 16
* John Knowles, American author (d. 2001)
* Robert H. Schuller, American televangelist
September 19 – James Lipton, American television personality and writer
September 21
* Donald A. Glaser, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
* Noor Jehan, Pakistani singer and actress (d. 2000)
September 23 – John Coltrane, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1967)
September 24 – Aubrey Burl, British archaeologist
September 26
* Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
* Julie London, American singer and actress (''Emergency!'') (d. 2000)
September 28 – Jerry Clower, American country comedian (d. 1998)
September 30 – Robin Roberts, American baseball player (d. 2010)
October 4 – Senaida Wirth, American female professional baseball player (d. 1967)
October 7 – Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski, Polish mathematician
October 9 – Ruth Ellis, British murderess (d. 1955)
October 13 – Kazuo Nakamura, Japanese-Canadian Painter, part of the Painters Eleven (d. 2002)
October 15
* Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984)
* Karl Richter, German conductor (d. 1981)
October 17
* Beverly Garland, American actress and hotel founder (d. 2008)
* Julie Adams, American actress
October 18
* Chuck Berry, American musician (''Johnny B. Goode'')
* Pauline Pirok, American female professional baseball player
October 21 – Bob Rosburg, American golfer (d. 2009)
October 22 – Gloria Carter Spann, sister of former President Jimmy Carter (d. 1990)
October 25 – Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian soprano
October 28 – Bowie Kuhn, American Commissioner of Baseball (d. 2007)
October 29 –
* Necmettin Erbakan, 25th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2011)
* Jon Vickers, Canadian tenor
October 30 – Lois Wyse, American advertising executive, author and columnist (d.2007)
October 31 – Jimmy Savile, English DJ and television presenter
November 1 – Betsy Palmer, American actress and game show panelist (''Friday The 13th'' and ''I Got A Secret'')
November 2 – Tsung-Dao Lee, Chinese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
November 3 – Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania
November 6 – Frank Carson, Northern Irish comedian
November 7 – Dame Joan Sutherland, Australian soprano (d. 2010)
November 16 – Amy Irene Applegren, American professional baseball player
November 19 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, American ambassador (d. 2006)
November 20
* John Gardner, English spy novelist (d. 2007)
* Andrzej W. Schally, Polish-born endocrinologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
November 23
* Sathya Sai Baba, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2011)
* R. L. Burnside, American musician (d. 2005)
November 25 – Poul Anderson, American author (d. 2001)
November 22 – Geraldine Page, American author (d. 1987)
November 26 – Peter van Pels, German-Dutch love interest of Anne Frank (d. 1945)
November 30 – Richard Crenna, American actor (d. 2003)
December 1 – Robert Symonds, American actor (d. 2007)
December 9 – Henry Way Kendall, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
December 13 – George Rhoden, Jamaican athlete
December 16 – James McCracken, American tenor (d. 1988)
December 17
* Allan V. Cox, American geologist (d. 1987)
* Bill Keightley (''Mr. Wildcat''), equipment manager for the University of Kentucky men's basketball team from 1962 to 2008 (d. 2008)
December 20
* Sir Geoffrey Howe, British politician
* David Levine, U.S. caricaturist
December 21 – Joe Paterno, American football coach and philanthropist
December 23 – Robert Bly, American poet
December 26 – Gina Pellón, Cuban painter
December 31 – Billy Snedden, Australian politician (d. 1987)
December 31 – Lord Voldemort, Greatest dark wizard of all time (d. 1998)
January 4 – Margherita of Savoy, queen consort of Italy (b. 1851)
January 15 – Louis Majorelle, French furniture designer (b. 1859)
January 21 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1843)
January 28 – Kato Takaaki, 24th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1860)
January 30 – Barbara La Marr, American film actress (b. 1896)
February 6 – Carrie Clark Ward, stage & film character actress (b. 1862)
February 21 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
February 24 – John Jacob Bausch, German-American optician who co-founded Bausch & Lomb (b. 1830)
March 11 – Usui Mikao, Japanese founder of Reiki (b. 1865)
March 12 – E.W. Scripps, American newspaper publisher (b. 1854)
March 16 – Sergeant Stubby, World War IAmerican hero, most decorated war dog. First dog promoted to Sergeant. (b. 1916 or 1917)
March 17 – Aleksei Brusilov, Russian general (b. 1853)
March 24 – Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg (b. 1860)
March 26 – Konstantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1852)
April 1 – Jacob Pavlovich Adler, Russian actor (b. 1855)
April 9 – Henry Miller, stage actor & producer (b. 1859)
April 20 – Billy Quirk, American actor (b. 1873)
April 24 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea (b. 1874)
April 30 – Bessie Coleman, African-American pilot (b. 1892)
May 9 – J. M. Dent, British publisher (b. 1849)
May 16 – Mehmed VI, last Ottoman Sultan (b. 1861)
May 26 – Simon Petlyura, Ukrainian independence fighter (b. 1879)
June 8 – Emily Hobhouse, British welfare campaigner (b. 1860)
June 10 – Antoni Gaudí, Catalan architect (b. 1852)
June 14 – Mary Cassatt, American artist (b. 1844)
July 2 – Émile Coué, French psychologist (b. 1857)
July 12
* Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator known as the "Uncrowned Queen of Iraq" (b. 1868)
* John W. Weeks, American politician in the Republican Party (b. 1860)
July 22 – Willard Louis, American actor (b. 1882)
July 26 – Robert Todd Lincoln, American statesman and businessman, son of 16th President Abraham Lincoln (b. 1843)
August 14 – John H. Moffitt, American politician (b. 1843)
August 21 – Ugyen Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (b. 1861)
August 22 – Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (b. 1834)
August 23 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
August 30 – Eddie Lyons, American actor (b. 1886)
September 15 – Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)
September 21 – Leon Charles Thevenin, French telegraph engineer (b. 1857)
September 25 – Herbert Booth, third son of William and Catherine Booth (b. 1862)
October 7 – Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist (b. 1856)
October 16 – Princess Frederica of Hanover (b. 1848)
October 19 – Victor Babeş, Romanian bacteriologist (b. 1854)
October 20 – Eugene V. Debs, American labor and political leader (b. 1855)
October 31
* Harry Houdini, Hungarian-born escapologist (b. 1874)
* Charles Vance Millar, Canadian businessman (b. 1853)
November 3 – Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter and entertainer (b. 1860)
November 7 – Tom Forman, American actor & director (b. 1893)
December 4 – Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (b. 1861)
December 5 – Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840)
December 16 – William Larned, American tennis champion (b. 1872)
December 17 – Lars Magnus Ericsson, Swedish inventor and founder of Ericsson (b. 1846)
December 24 – Johan Castberg, Norwegian Radical politician (b. 1862)
December 25 – Emperor Taishō, 123rd Emperor of Japan (b. 1879)
December 29 – Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet (b. 1875)
Physics – Jean Baptiste Perrin
Chemistry – Theodor Svedberg
Physiology or Medicine – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
Literature – Grazia Deledda
Peace – Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January–February
March–April
May–June
July–August
September–October
November–December
Deaths
January–June
July–December
Nobel Prizes
References
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| name | Jelly Roll Morton |
|---|---|
| background | non_vocal_instrumentalist |
| birth name | Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe (possibly spelled Lemott, LaMotte or LaMenthe) |
| alias | Jelly Roll Morton |
| birth date | September 20, 1885 |
| death date | July 10, 1941 |
| origin | New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| instrument | Piano |
| genre | RagtimeJazzJazz bluesDixielandSwing |
| occupation | Vaudeville comedianBandleaderComposerArranger |
| years active | ca. 1900–1941 |
| associated acts | Red Hot PeppersNew Orleans Rhythm Kings}} |
Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe (September 20, 1885July 10, 1941), known professionally as Jelly Roll Morton, was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer.
Widely recognized as a pivotal figure in early jazz, Morton is perhaps most notable as jazz's first arranger, proving that a genre rooted in improvisation could retain its essential spirit and characteristics when notated. His composition "Jelly Roll Blues" was the first published jazz composition, in 1915. Morton is also notable for naming and popularizing the "Spanish tinge" of exotic rhythms, and for penning such standards as "Wolverine Blues," "Black Bottom Stomp," and "I Thought I Heard Buddy Bolden Say", the latter a tribute to turn-of-the-century New Orleans personalities.
Reputed for his arrogance and self-promotion as often as recognized in his day for his musical talents, Morton claimed to have invented jazz outright in 1902 — much to the derision of later musicians and critics. However, jazz historian Gunther Schuller writes about Morton's "hyperbolic assertions" that there is "no proof to the contrary" and that Morton's "considerable accomplishments in themselves provide reasonable substantiation."
Biography
Birth
Morton was born into a Creole community in the Faubourg Marigny neighborhood of downtown New Orleans, Louisiana. A baptismal certificate issued in 1894 lists his date of birth as October 20, 1890; however Morton himself and his half-sisters claimed the September 20, 1885, date is correct. His World War I draft registration card showed September 13, 1884 but his California death certificate listed his birth as September 20, 1889. He was born to F.P. Lamothe and Louise Monette (written as Lemott and Monett on his baptismal certificate). Eulaley Haco (Eulalie Hécaud) was the godparent. Eulalie helped him to be christened with the name Ferdinand. Ferdinand’s parents were in a common-law marriage and not legally married. No birth certificate has been found to date. He took the name "Morton" by Anglicizing the name of his stepfather, Mouton.
New Orleans
Morton was, along with Tony Jackson, one of the best regarded pianists in the Storyville District early in the 20th century. At the age of fourteen, he began working as a piano player in a brothel (or as it was referred to then, a sporting house.) While working there, he was living with his religious church-going great-grandmother and had her convinced that he worked as a night watchman in a barrel factory.In that atmosphere he often sang smutty lyrics and it was at this time that he took the nickname ''"Jelly Roll"'' which at the time was black slang for the female genitalia.
Morton's grandmother eventually found out that he was playing jazz in a local brothel, and subsequently kicked him out of her house. "When my grandmother found out that I was playing jazz in one of the sporting houses in the District, she told me that I had disgraced the family and forbade me to live at the house... She told me that devil music would surely bring about my downfall, but I just couldn't put it behind me." Tony Jackson, also a pianist at brothels and an accomplished guitar player, was a major influence on his music; according to Morton, Jackson was the only pianist better than himself.
Touring
Around 1904, Morton started wandering the American South, working with minstrel shows, gambling and composing. His works "Jelly Roll Blues," "New Orleans Blues," "Frog-I-More Rag," "Animule Dance," and "King Porter Stomp" were composed during this period. He got to Chicago in 1910 and New York City in 1911, where future stride greats James P. Johnson and Willie "The Lion" Smith caught his act, years before the blues were widely played in the North.In 1912–1914 he toured with girlfriend Rosa Brown as a vaudeville act before settling in Chicago for three years. By 1914 he had started writing down his compositions, and in 1915 his "Jelly Roll Blues" was arguably the first jazz composition ever published, recording as sheet music the New Orleans traditions that had been jealously guarded by the musicians. In 1917 he followed bandleader William Manuel Johnson and Johnson's sister Anita Gonzalez to California, where Morton's tango "The Crave" made a sensation in Hollywood.
Vancouver
Morton was invited to play a new Vancouver nightclub called The Patricia, on East Hastings Street. Jazz historian Mark Miller described his arrival as "an extended period of itinerancy as a pianist, vaudeville performer, gambler, hustler, and, as legend would have it, pimp."
Chicago
Morton moved back to Chicago in 1923 to claim authorship of his recently-published rag "The Wolverines," which had become a hit as "Wolverine Blues" in the Windy City. There he released the first of his commercial recordings, first as piano rolls, then on record, both as a piano soloist and with various jazz bands.In 1926, Morton succeeded in getting a contract to make recordings for the US's largest and most prestigious company, Victor. This gave him a chance to bring a well-rehearsed band to play his arrangements in Victor's Chicago recording studios. These recordings by Jelly Roll Morton & His Red Hot Peppers are regarded as classics of 1920s jazz. The Red Hot Peppers featured such other New Orleans jazz luminaries as Kid Ory, Omer Simeon, George Mitchell, Johnny St. Cyr, Barney Bigard, Johnny Dodds, and Baby Dodds. Jelly Roll Morton & His Red Hot Peppers were one of the first acts booked on tours by MCA.
New York City
In November 1928, Morton married showgirl Mabel Bertrand in Gary, Indiana and moved to New York City, where he continued to record for Victor. His piano solos and trio recordings are well regarded, but his band recordings suffer in comparison with the Chicago sides where Morton could draw on many great New Orleans musicians for sidemen. Although he did record with such great musicians as clarinetists Omer Simeon, George Baquet, Albert Nicholas, Wilton Crawley, Barney Bigard, Lorenzo Tio and Artie Shaw, trumpeters Bubber Miley, Johnny Dunn and Henry "Red" Allen, saxophonists Sidney Bechet, Paul Barnes and Bud Freeman, bassist Pops Foster, and drummers Paul Barbarin, Cozy Cole and Zutty Singleton, Morton generally had trouble finding musicians who wanted to play his style of jazz, and his New York sessions failed to produce a hit.With the Great Depression and the near collapse of the phonograph record industry, Morton's recording contract was not renewed by Victor for 1931. Morton continued playing less prosperously in New York, briefly had a radio show in 1934, then was reduced to touring in the band of a traveling burlesque act while his compositions were recorded by Fletcher Henderson, Benny Goodman and others, though he received no royalties from these recordings.
Washington, D.C.
In 1935, Morton moved to Washington, D.C. to become the manager/piano player of a bar called, at various times, the "Music Box," "Blue Moon Inn," and "Jungle Inn" in the African American neighborhood of Shaw. (The building that hosted the nightclub still stands, at 1211 U Street NW.) Morton was also the master of ceremonies, bouncer, and bartender of the club. He was only in Washington for a few years; the club owner allowed all her friends free admission and drinks, which prevented Morton from making the business a success. Morton was stabbed by one of the owner's friends in 1938, suffering wounds to the head and chest. After this incident his wife Mabel demanded that they leave Washington.During Morton's brief residency at the Music Box, folklorist Alan Lomax heard Morton playing piano in the bar. In May 1938, Lomax invited Morton to record music and interviews for the Library of Congress. The sessions, originally intended as a short interview with musical examples for use by music researchers in the Library of Congress, soon expanded to record more than eight hours of Morton talking and playing piano, in addition to longer interviews during which Lomax took notes but did not record. Despite the low fidelity of these non-commercial recordings, their musical and historical importance attracted jazz fans, and they have helped to ensure Morton's place in jazz history.
Lomax was very interested in Morton's Storyville days and some of the off-color songs played in Storyville. Morton was reluctant to recount and record these, but eventually obliged Lomax. Morton's "Jelly Roll" nickname is a sexual reference and many of his lyrics from his Storyville days were vulgar. Some of the Library of Congress recordings were unreleased until near the end of the 20th century due to their nature.
Morton was aware that if he had been born in 1890, he would have been slightly too young to make a good case for himself as the actual inventor of jazz, and so may have presented himself as being five years older than he actually was, and his statement that Buddy Bolden played ragtime but not jazz is not accepted by consensus of Bolden's other New Orleans contemporaries. It is possible, however, that the contradictions stem from different definitions for the terms ''ragtime'' and ''jazz''. These interviews, released in different forms over the years, were released on an eight-CD boxed set in 2005, ''The Complete Library of Congress Recordings''. This collection won two Grammy Awards. The same year, Morton was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Later years
During the period when he was recording his interviews, Morton was seriously injured by knife wounds when a fight broke out at the Washington, D.C. establishment where he was playing. A nearby whites-only hospital refused to treat him, and he had to be transported to a lower-quality hospital further away. When he was in the hospital the doctors left ice on his wounds for several hours before attending to his eventually fatal injury. His recovery from his wounds was incomplete, and thereafter he was often ill and easily became short of breath. Morton made a new series of commercial recordings in New York, several recounting tunes from his early years that he had been talking about in his Library of Congress interviews.A worsening asthma affliction sent him to a New York hospital for three months at one point and when visiting Los Angeles with a series of manuscripts of new tunes and arrangements, planning to form a new band and restart his career, the ailment took its toll. Morton died on July 10, 1941 after an eleven-day stay in Los Angeles County General Hospital.
Piano style
Morton's piano style was formed from early secondary ragtime and "shout," which also evolved separately into the New York school of stride piano. Morton's playing, however, was also close to barrelhouse, which produced boogie woogie.Morton often played the melody of a tune with his right thumb, while sounding a harmony above these notes with other fingers of the right hand. This added a rustic or "out-of-tune" sound (due to the playing of a diminished 5th above the melody). This may still be recognized as belonging to New Orleans. Morton also walked in major and minor sixths in the bass, instead of tenths or octaves. He played basic swing rhythms in both the left and right hand.
Compositions
Some of Morton's songs (listed alphabetically):Several of Morton's compositions were musical tributes to himself, including "Winin' Boy," "The Jelly Roll Blues," subtitled "The Original Jelly-Roll," and "Mr. Jelly Lord." In the Big Band era, his "King Porter Stomp," which Morton had written decades earlier, was a big hit for Fletcher Henderson and Benny Goodman, and became a standard covered by most other swing bands of that time. Morton also claimed to have written some tunes that were copyrighted by others, including "Alabama Bound" and "Tiger Rag."
Legacy and fictional portrayals
Two Broadway shows have featured his music, ''Jelly Roll'' and ''Jelly's Last Jam''. The first draws heavily on Morton's own words and stories from the Library of Congress interviews.Jelly Roll Morton appears as the piano 'professor' in Louis Malle's ''Pretty Baby'', where he is portrayed by actor Antonio Fargas, with piano and vocals played by James Booker.
Jelly Roll Morton's Imaginary Memoirs was written by ethnomusicologist and folklorist Samuel Charters in 1984, embellishing Morton's early stories about his life.
Jelly Roll Morton is featured in Alessandro Baricco's book, ''Novecento''. He is the "inventor of jazz" and the protagonist's rival throughout the book. This book was later turned into a movie: Giuseppe Tornatore's ''The Legend of 1900''. His character is played by actor Clarence Williams III. In this movie, he is depicted as an arrogant master in a piano competition against the film's main protagonist. He performed "Big Foot Ham," "The Crave," and "Fingerbreaker," in that order, against the protagonist.
Jelly Roll Morton is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and is a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame. In 2008, Jelly Roll Morton was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.
The play, ''Don't You Leave Me Here'', by Clare Brown, which premiered at West Yorkshire Playhouse on 27 September 2008, deals with Morton's relationship with Tony Jackson. Morton and his godmother, Eulalie, appear as characters in David Fulmer's mystery novel, ''Chasing the Devil's Tail''. His influence continues to this day in the work of Dick Hyman and Reginald Robinson.
Footnotes
Sources
Further reading
External links
Category:1885 births Category:1941 deaths Category:American jazz pianists Category:Dixieland jazz musicians Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Jazz bandleaders Category:Jazz composers Category:Louisiana Creole people Category:Musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Gennett recording artists Category:Vocalion Records artists Category:Victor Records artists Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana
de:Jelly Roll Morton es:Jelly Roll Morton eo:Jelly Roll Morton fr:Jelly Roll Morton it:Jelly Roll Morton he:ג'לי רול מורטון la:Ferdinandus Morton nl:Jelly Roll Morton ja:ジェリー・ロール・モートン no:Jelly Roll Morton pl:Jelly Roll Morton pt:Jelly Roll Morton ru:Мортон, Джелли Ролл sc:Jelly Roll Morton sr:Џели Рол Мортон sh:Jelly Roll Morton fi:Jelly Roll Morton sv:Jelly Roll Morton zh:杰利·罗尔·莫顿This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Thalia Zedek |
|---|---|
| born | 1961, Washington, D.C., United States |
| background | solo_singer |
| genre | Indie rock |
| years active | 1980–present |
| label | Kimchee Records, Matador Records, Thrill Jockey |
| associated acts | Dangerous Birds, Uzi, Live Skull, Come |
| website | }} |
Thalia Zedek (born 1961) is an American singer and guitarist. Active since the early 1980s, she has been a member of several notable alternative rock groups, including Live Skull and Come. Critic Heather Phares writes that Zedek's music can be defined by "the permanent, aching rasp in her voice, her guitar's bluesy bite, the startlingly clear-eyed lyrics about life and loss."
Biography
Zedek grew up in the metropolitan area of Washington, D.C. She attended Springbrook High School in Maryland, where she played clarinet in the marching band under band director Charles Sickafus. The early punk era of the late 1970s in which she came of age, and in particular Patti Smith, contributed deeply to the formation of her musical aesthetic. While still at high school, she would travel to New York with her brother, Dan Zedek (currently the editorial design director at the Boston Globe), to see Smith perform.Zedek moved to Boston in 1979, attending Boston University for one semester before deciding to pursue a musical career instead. Her first band, the all-female White Women, broke up after a couple of years, and she formed the Dangerous Birds. This group had somewhat more success, including a single, "Smile on Your Face/Alpha Romeo", which achieved airplay on college and alternative-commercial radio; but Zedek wanted a more "violent" sound in contrast to the somewhat "girlie pop" tendencies of her Dangerous Birds bandmates. Her next project, Uzi, worked towards this aim, producing an EP, "Sleep Asylum". The EP was characterized by elusive yet subtly menacing lyrics superimposed upon lugubrious but driving instrumental tracks, featuring layers of dense, murky yet muscular guitar arrangements, blended with heady synthesizer and tape effects. However, despite the promise of "Sleep Asylum", Uzi dissolved, owing to tension between Zedek and the band's drummer, Danny Lee.
She next took the role of primary vocalist for New York City's Live Skull, a band already well established. While the album "Dusted," the first product of this collaboration, reflected an intense synergy between Zedek's vocal style and the complexly histrionic instrumental work of Live Skull, the follow-up "Positraction" floundered, and Live Skull also disbanded, due to conflicts, in 1990. By that time, Zedek had also run into problems regarding heroin addiction. Motivated to quit, she returned to Boston and the support of her friends. She soon co-founded Come, with former Codeine drummer Chris Brokaw. It was with them that she had her biggest successes, releasing four albums before the group disbanded in 2001. In that same year, she also released ''Been Here And Gone'', her first solo project. Since then she has released two other full-length albums and several EPs.
Zedek was also a participant in the 1998 Suffragette Sessions tour, organized by the Indigo Girls. In 2006, she performed at North East Sticks Together.
In spite of limited commercial success, Zedek has been highly acclaimed by music critics throughout her career, and has arguably been deeply influential within the indie-rock realm, particularly through her influence within the prolific Boston indie scene, which has spawned many noteworthy artists. She is an "out-and-proud lesbian".
Discography
Albums
EPs
Live
External links
References
Category:1961 births Category:American rock guitarists Category:American female singers Category:American female guitarists Category:Lesbian musicians Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts Category:Living people Category:Jewish entertainers Category:LGBT musicians from the United States
it:Thalia Zedek pt:Thalia ZedekThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Rudolph Valentino |
|---|---|
| birth name | Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Piero Filiberto Guglielmi di Valentina d'Antonguolla |
| birth date | May 06, 1895 |
| birth place | Castellaneta, Italy |
| death date | August 23, 1926 |
| death place | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| years active | 1914–1926 |
| occupation | Actor |
| spouse | }} |
Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor, and early pop icon. A sex symbol of the 1920s, Valentino was known as the "Latin Lover". He starred in several well known silent films including ''The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse'', ''The Sheik'', ''Blood and Sand'', ''The Eagle'' and ''Son of the Sheik''.
His sudden death at age 31 caused mass hysteria among his female fans, propelling him into icon status. Though his films are not as well known today, his name is still widely known.
Early life
Childhood
Valentino was born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Pierre Filibert Guglielmi di Valentina D'Antonguolla in Castellaneta, Puglia, Kingdom of Italy, to a French mother, Marie Berthe Gabrielle Barbin (1856–1919), and Giovanni Antonio Giuseppe Fedele Guglielmi, a veterinarian who died of malaria when Valentino was 11. He had an older brother, Alberto (1892–1981), a younger sister, Maria, and an older sister Beatrice who died in infancy.As a child, Valentino was reportedly spoiled and troublesome. His mother coddled him while his father disapproved of his behavior. He did poorly in school, and was eventually enrolled in agricultural school where he received a degree.
After living in Paris in 1912, he soon returned to Italy. Unable to secure employment, he departed for the United States in 1913. He was processed at Ellis Island at age 18 on December 23, 1913.
New York
Arriving in New York City, Valentino soon ran out of money and spent a period of time on the streets. He eventually supported himself with odd jobs such as busing tables in restaurants and gardening. Eventually, he found work as a taxi dancer at Maxim's. Among the other dancers at Maxim's were several displaced members of European nobility and there was a premium in demand for them.Valentino eventually befriended Chilean heiress Blanca de Saulles who was unhappily married to prominent businessman John de Saulles, with whom she had a son. Whether Blanca and Valentino actually had a romantic relationship is unknown, but when the de Saulles couple divorced, Valentino took the stand to support Blanca de Saulles' claims of infidelity on her husband's part. Following the divorce, John de Saulles reportedly used his political connections to have Valentino arrested, along with a Mrs. Thyme, a known madam, on some unspecified vice charges. The evidence was flimsy at best and after a few days in jail, Valentino's bail was lowered from $10,000 to $1,500.
The trial and subsequent scandal was well publicized, following which Valentino could not find employment. Shortly after the trial, Blanca de Saulles fatally shot her ex-husband during a custody dispute over their son. Fearful of being called in as a witness in another sensational trial, Valentino left town, joining a traveling musical that led him to the West Coast.
Film career
Early bit parts
In 1917, Rudolph Valentino joined an operetta company that traveled to Utah where it disbanded. He then joined an Al Jolson production of ''Robinson Crusoe Jr.'', travelling to Los Angeles. By fall, he was in San Francisco with a bit part in a theatrical production of ''Nobody Home''. While in town, Valentino met actor Norman Kerry, who convinced him to try a career in cinema, still in the silent film era.Valentino, with Kerry as a roommate, moved back to Los Angeles and took up residence at the Alexandria Hotel. He continued dancing, teaching dance and building up a following which included older female clientele who would let him borrow their luxury cars.
With his dancing success, Valentino found a room of his own on Sunset Boulevard and began actively seeking screen roles. His first part was as an extra in the film ''Alimony'', moving on to small parts in several films. Despite his best efforts he was typically cast as a "heavy" (villain) or gangster. At the time, the major male star was Wallace Reid, with a fair complexion, light eyes, and an All American look, with Valentino the opposite, eventually supplanting Sessue Hayakawa as Hollywood's most popular "exotic" male lead.
By 1919, he had carved out a career in bit parts. It was a bit part as a "cabaret parasite" in the drama ''Eyes of Youth'' that caught the attention of screenwriter June Mathis, who thought he would be perfect for her next movie. He also appeared as second lead in ''The Delicious Little Devil'' (1919) with star Mae Murray.
Acting
Displeased with playing "heavies", Valentino briefly entertained the idea of returning to New York permanently. He returned for a visit in 1917, staying with friends in Greenwich Village, eventually settling in Bayside, Queens. It was here he met Paul Ivano, who would help his career greatly.While traveling to Palm Springs, Florida to film ''Stolen Moments'', Valentino read the novel ''The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse'' by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. Seeking out a trade paper, he discovered that Metro had bought the film rights to the story. In New York, he sought out Metro's Office, only to find June Mathis had been trying to find him. She cast him in the role of Julio Desnoyers. For director, Mathis had chosen Rex Ingram, with whom Valentino did not get along, leading Mathis to play the role of peacekeeper between the two.
''The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse'' was released in 1921, becoming a commercial and critical success. It was one of the first films to make $1,000,000 at the box office, as well as the sixth highest grossing silent film ever.
Metro Pictures seemed unwilling to acknowledge it had made a star. Most likely due to Rex Ingram's lack of faith in him, the studio refused to give him a raise beyond the $350 a week he had made for ''Four Horsemen''. For his follow up film, they forced him into a bit part in a B film called ''Uncharted Seas''. It was on this film that Valentino met his second wife, Natacha Rambova.
Rambova, Mathis, Ivano, and Valentino began work on the Alla Nazimova film ''Camille''. Valentino was cast in the role of Armand, Nazimova's love interest. The film, mostly under the control of Rambova and Nazimova, was considered too avant garde by critics and the public.
Valentino's final film for Metro was the Mathis-penned ''The Conquering Power''. The film received critical acclaim and did well at the box office. After the film's release, Valentino made a trip to New York where he met with several French producers. Yearning for Europe, better pay, and more respect, Valentino returned and promptly quit Metro.
''The Sheik''
After quitting Metro, Valentino took up with Famous Players-Lasky, a studio known for films that were more commercially focused. Mathis soon joined him, angering both Ivano and Rambova.Jesse Lasky intended to capitalize on the star power of Valentino, and cast him in a role that would solidify his reputation as the "Latin Lover". In ''The Sheik'', Valentino played the starring role as Sheik Ahmed Ben Hassan. The film was a major success and would go on to define not only his career but his image and legacy. Valentino tried to distance the character from a stereotypical portrayal of an Arab man. Asked if Lady Diana (his love interest) would have fallen for a 'savage' in real life Valentino replied, "People are not savages because they have dark skins. The Arabian civilization is one of the oldest in the world...the Arabs are dignified and keen brained."
Famous Players produced four more feature length films over the next 15 months. His leading role in ''Moran of the Lady Letty'' was of a typical Douglas Fairbanks nature, however to capitalize on Valentino's bankability, his character was given a Spanish name and ancestry. The film received mixed reviews but was still a hit with audiences.
In November 1921, Valentino starred alongside Gloria Swanson in ''Beyond the Rocks''. The film contained lavish sets and extravagant costumes, though ''Photoplay'' magazine said the film was "a little unreal and hectic". Released in 1922, the film was a critical disappointment. Years after its release, ''Beyond the Rocks'' was thought to be lost, save for a one minute portion. In 2002, the film was discovered by the Netherlands Film Museum. The restored version was released on DVD in 2006.
In 1922, Valentino began work on another Mathis-penned film, ''Blood and Sand''. Co-starring Lila Lee and Nita Naldi, Valentino played the lead, bullfighter Juan Gallardo. Initially believing the film would be shot in Spain, Valentino was upset to learn that the studio planned on shooting on a Hollywood back lot. He was further irritated by changes in production, including a director of whom he did not approve.
After finishing the film, Valentino married Rambova, which led to a bigamy trial. The trial was a sensation and the pair was forced to have their marriage annulled and separated for a year. Despite the trial, the film was still a success, with critics calling it a masterpiece on par with ''Broken Blossoms'' and ''Four Horsemen''. ''Blood and Sand'' went on to become one of the top four grossing movies of 1922, breaking attendance records, and grossing $37,400 at the Rivoli Theatre alone. Valentino would consider this one of his best films.
During his forced break from Rambova, the pair began working (separately) on the Mathis-penned ''The Young Rajah''. Only fragments of this film, recovered in 2005, still remain. The film did not live up to expectations and underperformed at the box office. Valentino felt he had underperformed in the film, being upset over his separation with Rambova. Missing Rambova, Valentino returned to New York after the release of ''The Young Rajah''. They were spotted and followed by reporters constantly. During this time Valentino began to contemplate not returning to Famous Players, although Jesse Lasky already had his next picture, ''The Spanish Cavalier'', in preparation. After speaking with Rambova and his lawyer Arthur Butler Graham, Valentino declared a 'One man Strike' against Famous Players.
Strike against Famous Players
Valentino's reasons for striking were financially based. At the time of his lawsuit against the studio, Valentino was earning $1,250 per week, with an increase to $3,000 after three years. This was $7,000 per week less than what Mary Pickford made in 1916. He was also upset over the broken promise of filming ''Blood and Sand'' in Spain, and the failure to shoot the next proposed film in either Spain or at least New York. Valentino had hoped while filming in Europe he could see his family, whom he hadn’t seen in ten years.In September 1922, he refused to accept paychecks from Famous Players until the dispute was solved, although he owed them money he had spent to pay off Jean Acker. Angered, Famous Players in turn filed suit against him.
Valentino did not back down, and Famous Players realized how much they stood to lose. In trouble after shelving Fatty Arbuckle pictures, the studio tried to settle by upping his salary from $1,250 to $7,000 a week. Variety, erroneously, announced the salary increase as a 'new contract' before news of the lawsuit was released. Valentino refused the offer.
Valentino went on to claim that artistic control was more of an issue than the money. He wrote an open letter to Photoplay magazine, entitled "Open Letter to the American Public", where he argued his case, although the average American had trouble sympathizing, as most made $2,000 a year. Famous Players made their own public statements deeming him more trouble than he was worth (the divorce, bigamy trials, debts) and that he was temperamental, almost diva-like. They claimed to have done all they could and that they had made him a real star.
Other studios began courting him. Joseph Schenck was interested in casting his wife, Norma Talmadge, opposite Valentino in a version of ''Romeo and Juliet''. June Mathis had moved to Goldwyn Pictures where she was in charge of the ''Ben-Hur'' project, and interested in casting Valentino in the film. However, Famous Players exercised their option to extend his contract, preventing him from accepting any employment other than with the studio. By this point Valentino was around $80,000 in debt. Valentino filed an appeal, a portion of which was granted. Although he was still not allowed to work as an actor, he could accept other types of employment.
Mineralava Dance Tour
In late 1922, Valentino met George Ullman, who would soon become Valentino's manager. Ullman previously had worked with Mineralava Beauty Clay Company, and convinced them that Valentino would be perfect as a spokesman with his legions of female fans.The tour was a tremendous success with Valentino and Rambova performing in 88 cities in the United States and Canada. In addition to the tour, Valentino also sponsored Mineralava beauty products and judged Mineralava sponsored beauty contests. One beauty contest was filmed by a young David O. Selznick entitled ''Rudolph Valentino and His 88 Beauties''.
Return to films
When Valentino returned to the United States, it was to an offer from Ritz-Carlton Pictures (working through Famous Players), which included $7,500 a week, creative control, and filming in New York. Rambova negotiated a two picture deal with Famous Players and four pictures for Ritz Carlton. He accepted, turning down an offer to film an Italian production of ''Quo Vadis'' in Italy.The first film under the new contract was ''Monsieur Beaucaire'', wherein Valentino played the lead, Duke of Chartres. The film did poorly and American audiences found it 'effeminate'. The failure of the film, under Rambova's control, is often seen as proof of her controlling nature and would later cause her to be barred from Valentino sets. Valentino made one final movie for Famous Players. In 1924 he starred in ''The Sainted Devil'', now one of his lost films. It had lavish costumes but apparently a weak story. It opened to strong sales but soon dropped off in attendance and ended up as another disappointment.
With his contract fulfilled, Valentino was released from Famous Players but still obligated to Ritz-Carlton for four films. Valentino's next film was a pet project entitled ''The Hooded Falcon''. The production was beset with problems from the start, beginning with the script written by June Mathis. The Valentinos were dissatisfied with Mathis' version and requested that it be rewritten. Mathis took it as a great insult and did not speak to Valentino for almost two years. While Rambova worked designing costumes and rewriting the script for ''Falcon'', Valentino was persuaded to film ''Cobra'' with Nita Naldi. Valentino agreed only on condition that it not be released until after ''The Hooded Falcon'' debuted.
After filming ''Cobra'', the cast of ''The Hooded Falcon'' sailed for France to be fitted for costumes. After three months, they headed back to the United States, where Valentino's new beard, which he had grown for the film, caused a sensation. The crew and cast headed for Hollywood to begin preparations for the film, but much of the budget was taken up during pre-production. Due to the Valentinos' lavish spending on costumes and sets, Ritz-Carlton terminated the deal with the couple, effectively ending Valentino's contract with Ritz-Carlton.
United Artists
During the filming of ''Monsieur Beaucaire'', both Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks approached Valentino privately, due to his contract with Ritz Carlton, about joining with United Artists. Valentino's contract with United Artists provided $10,000 a week for only three pictures a year, plus a percentage of his films. The contract excluded Rambova from production of his films and the film set. Valentino's acceptance of the terms caused a major rift in his marriage to Rambova. George Ullman, who had negotiated the contract with United Artists, offered Rambova $30,000 to finance a film of her own. It became her one and only film, titled ''What Price Beauty?'' and starred Myrna Loy.Valentino chose his first UA project, ''The Eagle''. With the marriage under strain, Valentino began shooting and Rambova announced that she needed a "marital vacation". During the filming of ''The Eagle'', rumors of an affair with co-star Vilma Bánky were reported and ultimately denied by both Bánky and Valentino. The film opened to positive reviews, but a moderate box office.
For the film's release, Valentino travelled to London, staying there and in France, spending money with abandon while his divorce took place. It would be some time before he made another film, ''The Son of the Sheik'', despite his hatred of the sheik image. The film began shooting in February 1926, with Valentino given his choice of director, and pairing him again with Vilma Banky. The film used the authentic costumes he bought abroad and allowed him to play a dual role. Valentino was ill during production, but needed the money to pay his many debts. The film opened on July 8, 1926 to great fanfare. During the premiere, Valentino was reconciled with Mathis; the two had not spoken in almost two years.
Image
Dating back to the de Saulle trial in New York, during which his masculinity had been questioned in print, Valentino had been very sensitive with his public perception. Women loved him and thought him the epitome of romance. However, American men were less impressed, walking out of his movies in disgust. With the Fairbanks type being the epitome of manhood, Valentino was seen as a threat to the All American man. One man asked in a street interview what he thought of Valentino in 1922 replied, "Many men desire to be another Douglas Fairbanks. But Valentino? I wonder..." Women in the same interview found Valentino, "triumphantly seductive. Puts the love-making of the average husband or sweetheart into discard as tame, flat, and unimpassioned." Men may have wanted to act like Fairbanks, but they copied Valentino's look. A man with perfectly greased-back hair was called a "Vaselino".Some journalists were still calling his masculinity into question, going on at length about his pomaded hair, his dandyish clothing, his treatment of women, his views on women, and whether he was effeminate or not. Valentino hated these stories and was known to carry the clippings of the newspaper articles around with him and criticize them.
In July 1926, The ''Chicago Tribune'' reported that a vending machine dispensing pink talcum powder had appeared in an upscale hotel washroom. An editorial that followed used the story to protest the feminization of American men, and blamed the talcum powder on Valentino and his films. The piece infuriated Valentino and he challenged the writer to a duel and then a boxing match. Neither challenge was answered. Shortly afterward, Valentino met with journalist H.L. Mencken for advice on how best to deal with the incident. Mencken advised Valentino to "let the dreadful farce roll along to exhaustion", but Valentino insisted the editorial was "infamous." Mencken found Valentino to be likable and gentlemanly and wrote sympathetically of him in an article published in the ''Baltimore Sun'' a week after Valentino's death:
After Valentino challenged the ''Tribune'''s anonymous writer to a boxing match, the ''New York Evening Journal'' boxing writer, Frank O'Neill, volunteered to fight in his place. Valentino won the bout which took place on the roof of New York's Ambassador Hotel.
Boxing heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey, who trained Valentino and other Hollywood notables of the era in the art of boxing, said of him "He was the most virile and masculine of men. The women were like flies to a honeypot. He could never shake them off, anywhere he went. What a lovely, lucky guy."
Other ventures
In 1923, Valentino published a book of poetry which entitled ''Day Dreams'', He would later serialize events in various magazines. With ''Liberty'' magazine, he wrote a series entitled, "How You Can Keep Fit" in 1923. "My Life Story" was serialized in ''Photoplay'' during his dance tour. The March issue was one of the best selling ever for the magazine. He followed that with ''My Private Diary'', serialized in ''Movie Weekly'' magazine. Most of the serials were later published as books after his death.Valentino was fascinated with every part of movie-making. During production on a Mae Murray film he spent time studying the director's plans. He craved authenticity and wished to shoot on location, finally forming his own production company, ''Rudolph Valentino Productions'', in 1925. Valentino, George Ullman, and Beatrice Ullman were the incorporators.
On May 14, 1923, while in New York City, Valentino made his only two vocal recordings for Brunswick Records; "Kashmiri Song" (''The Sheik'') and "El Relicario" (''Blood and Sand''). The recordings were not released until after Valentino's death by the Celebrity Recording Company; Brunswick did not release them because Valentino's English/Spanish pronunciation was subpar.
Valentino was one of the first in Hollywood to offer an award for artist accomplishments in films. The Academy Awards would later follow suit. In 1925, he gave out his one and only medal, to John Barrymore, for his performance in ''Beau Brummel''. The award, named ''The Rudolph Valentino Medal'', required the agreement of Valentino, two judges and the votes of 75 critics. Everyone other than Valentino himself was eligible.
Personal life
In 1919, just before the rise of his career, Valentino impulsively married actress Jean Acker who was involved with actress Grace Darmond and Alla Nazimova. Acker got involved with Valentino in part to remove herself from the lesbian love triangle, quickly regretted the marriage, and locked Valentino out of their room on their wedding night. The couple separated soon after, the marriage never consummated. The couple remained legally married until 1921, when Acker sued Valentino for divorce, citing desertion. The divorce was granted with Acker receiving alimony. Despite her antics and use of the name "Mrs. Valentino" (a name to which she had no legal right), she and Valentino eventually renewed their friendship. The two remained friends until his death.Valentino first met Natacha Rambova, a costume designer and art director and protégée of Nazimova, on the set of ''Uncharted Seas'' in 1921. The two worked together on the Nazimova production of ''Camille'', by which time they were romantically involved. They married on May 13, 1922, in Mexicali, Mexico, which resulted in Valentino's arrest for bigamy since he had not been divorced for a full year, as required by California law at the time. Days passed and his studio at the time, Famous Players-Lasky, refused to post bail. Eventually, a few friends were able to post the cash bail.
Having to wait the year or face the possibility of being arrested again, Rambova and Valentino lived in separate apartments in New York City, each with their own roommates. On March 14, 1923, they legally remarried.
Many of Valentino's friends disliked Rambova and found her controlling. During his relationship with her, he lost many friends and business associates, including June Mathis. Toward the end of their marriage, Rambova was banned from his sets by contract. Valentino and Rambova divorced in 1925. The end of the marriage was bitter, with Valentino bequeathing Rambova one dollar in his will.
From the time he died until the 1960s, Valentino's sexuality was not generally questioned. At least four books, particularly ''Hollywood Babylon'', began to perpetuate that he may have been homosexual despite his marriage with Rambova. In fact, the marriages to Acker and Rambova, as well as the relationship with Pola Negri only serves to add to the suspicion that Valentino was homosexual and that these were "lavender marriages", as all have documented lesbian relationships. Such books gave rise to claims that Valentino had a relationship with Ramón Novarro, despite even Novarro stating they barely knew each other. ''Hollywood Babylon'' in particular spread the rumor that Valentino had given Novarro an art deco dildo as a gift, which was found stuffed in his throat at the time of his murder. No such gift ever existed. These books also gave rise to claims that he may have had relationships with both roommates Paul Ivano and Douglas Gerrad, as well as Norman Kerry, openly gay French actor Jacques Herbertot and André Daven. However, Ivano maintained that it was completely untrue and both he and Valentino were heterosexual. Biographers Emily Leider and Allan Ellenberger generally agree that he was most likely straight.
Further evidence that Valentino was gay are documents in the estate of the late author Samuel Steward indicating that Valentino was a sexual partner of his. However, evidence found in Steward's claim was subsequently refuted. In 1924, Valentino recorded an explicit account of a one night stand with another man in his journal.
Shortly before his death, Valentino was dating actress Pola Negri. Upon his death, Negri made a scene at his funeral, claiming they had been engaged. Valentino had never confirmed the engagement claim.
Death and funeral
On August 15, 1926, Valentino collapsed at the Hotel Ambassador in New York City, New York. He was hospitalized at the Polyclinic in New York and an examination showed him to be suffering from appendicitis and gastric ulcers which required an immediate operation. Despite surgery Valentino developed peritonitis. On August 18 his doctors gave an optimistic prognosis for Valentino and told the media that unless Valentino's condition changed for the worse there was no need for updates. However, on August 21 he was stricken with a severe pleuritis relapse that developed rapidly in his left lung due to the actor's weakened condition. The doctors realized that he was going to die, but, as was common at the time with terminal patients, decided to withhold the prognosis from the actor who believed that his condition would pass. During the early hours of August 23, Valentino was briefly conscious and chatted with his doctors about his future. He fell back into a coma and died a few hours later, at the age of 31.An estimated 100,000 people lined the streets of New York City to pay their respects at his funeral, handled by the Frank Campbell Funeral Home. The event was a drama itself: Suicides of despondent fans were reported. Windows were smashed as fans tried to get in and an all day riot erupted on August 24. Over 100 Mounted officers and NYPD's Police Reserve was deployed to restore order. A phalanx of officers would line the streets for the remainder of the viewing. The drama inside would not be outdone. Polish Actress Pola Negri, claiming to be Valentino's fiancee, collapsed in hysterics while standing over the coffin, and Campbell's hired four actors to impersonate a Fascist Blackshirt honor guard, which claimed to have been sent by Benito Mussolini. It was later revealed as a planned publicity stunt. Media reports that the body on display in the main salon was not Valentino but a decoy were continually denied by Campbell.
Valentino's funeral mass in New York was held at Saint Malachy's Roman Catholic Church, often called "The Actor's Chapel", as it is located on West 49th Street in the Broadway theater district, and has a long association with show business figures.
After the body was taken by train across the country, a second funeral was held on the West Coast, at the Catholic Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. Valentino had no final burial arrangements and his friend June Mathis offered her crypt for him in what she thought would be a temporary solution. However, she died the following year and Valentino was placed in the adjoining crypt. The two are still interred side by side in adjoining crypts at the Hollywood Memorial Park Cemetery (now the Hollywood Forever Cemetery) in Hollywood, California.
Estate
Valentino left his estate to his brother, sister, and Rambova's aunt Teresa Werner, who was left the share originally bequeathed to Rambova. His Beverly Hills mansion, Falcon Lair, was later owned by heiress Doris Duke. Duke died there in 1993. The home was later sold and underwent major renovations. The estate was bulldozed in 2006 and put back on the market.Also in 2010, Rudolph Valentino's historic Bayside, Queens, house was restored. John Joseph Fasano, a New York artist, restored all the original mahagony in the famous "Valentino Room". Fasano also painted two traditional murals in oil paint at the estate, and created decorative wall finishes inside the "Valentino Room".
Legacy
After his death many of his films were reissued to help pay his estate expenses. Many were reissued well into the 1930s, long after the demise of silent film. Several books were written including one by Rambova. Several songs, including "There's a New Star in Heaven Tonight" and one by his first wife Jean Acker, entitled "We will meet at the end of the trail", became best sellers. A photomontage print showed Valentino arriving in Heaven and being greeted by Enrico Caruso.Over the years, a "woman in black" carrying a red rose has come to mourn at Valentino's grave, usually on the anniversary of his death. Several myths surround the woman, though it seems the first woman in black was actually a publicity stunt cooked up by press agent Russel Birdwell in 1928. Several copycats have followed over the years.
Valentino has been depicted frequently in literature, most notably in Mitzi Szereto's ''Wicked: Sexy Tales of Legendary Lovers'' and Jacob Appel's ''After Valentino''.
Valentino's hometown of Castellaneta, Italy has created several services in his honor. A Museo Rodolfo Valentino was opened in his childhood home. A Fondazione Rodolfo Valentino was created to promote his life and his work. In 2009 a film school was also opened in his hometown, "Centro Studi Cine Club Rodolfo Valentino Castellaneta." At the centennial of his birth several events were held in his honor. From 1972 to 2006 an Italian acting award, "The Rudolph Valentino Award", was handed out every year. Several actors from all over the world received this award including Leonardo DiCaprio and Elizabeth Taylor.
In 2006, the Italians planned a one-off film festival to celebrate the opening of the Museo Rodolfo Valentino. In May 2010, the American Society held The Rudolph Valentino Film Festival in Los Angeles, California.
Films about Valentino
The life of Rudolph Valentino has been filmed a number of times for television and the big screen. One of these biopics is Ken Russell's 1977 film, ''Valentino'', in which Valentino is portrayed by Rudolf Nureyev. The film itself is only loosely based on his life.An earlier feature film about Valentino's life, also called ''Valentino'', was released in 1951, starring Anthony Dexter as Valentino.
In 2003, Edoardo Ballerini premiered the short film ''Good Night Valentino'' at the Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim. It is based on the transcripts of the conversation between Rudolph Valentino and H.L. Mencken.
In 2010, Italian film director Giuseppe Sansonna shot the documentary film, ''The Sheik from Castellaneta'', on the cult of Valentino in Castellaneta, where he is still considered a demigod. The film shows the curious, sometimes even grotesque, forms that Valentino's myth has taken in local popular culture.
In 2011 American full length silent film "Death of the Sheik" (Silent Life), directed by Vlad Kozlov, is produced and will be premiered in late 2011 in Hollywood.
The original Royal Hawaiian resort was fashioned in a Spanish-Moorish style which was popular during the time period and influenced by screen star Rudolph Valentino.
Filmography
| ! Year | ! Title | ! Role | Notes |
| 1914 | ''My Official Wife'' | Extra | Uncredited |
| 1914 | Dance Extra | Uncredited | |
| 1916 | ''The Quest of Life'' | Uncredited | |
| 1916 | ''The Foolish Virgin'' | Uncredited | |
| 1916 | ''Seventeen'' | Extra | Uncredited |
| 1917 | ''Alimony'' | Dancer | Uncredited |
| 1917 | ''Patria'' | ||
| 1918 | ''A Society Sensation'' | Dick Bradley | as Rudolpho De Valentina |
| 1918 | ''All Night'' | Richard Thayer | as Rudolpho di Valentina |
| 1918 | ''The Married Virgin'' | Count Roberto di San Fraccini | as Rodolfo di Valentini |
| 1919 | ''The Delicious Little Devil'' | Jimmy Calhoun | as Rudolpho De Valintine |
| 1919 | ''The Big Little Person'' | Arthur Endicott | as M. Rodolpho De Valentina |
| 1919 | ''A Rogue's Romance'' | Apache Dancer | as Rudolph Volantino |
| 1919 | ''The Homebreaker'' | Dance Extra | Uncredited |
| 1919 | ''Out of Luck'' | ||
| 1919 | ''Virtuous Sinners'' | Bit Part | |
| 1919 | ''The Fog'' | ||
| 1919 | ''Nobody Home'' | Maurice Rennard | as Rodolph Valentine |
| 1919 | ''Eyes of Youth'' | Clarence Morgan | as Rudolfo Valentino |
| 1920 | Jose Dalmarez | as Rudolph Valentine | |
| 1920 | Jacques Rudanyi | as Rodolph Valentino | |
| 1920 | ''The Cheater'' | Extra | Uncredited |
| 1920 | ''Passion's Playground'' | Prince Angelo Della Robbia | as Rudolph Valentine |
| 1920 | ''The Wonderful Chance'' | Joe Klingsby | |
| 1921 | Julio Desnoyers | ||
| 1921 | ''Uncharted Seas'' | Frank Underwood | |
| 1921 | ''The Conquering Power'' | Charles Grandet | |
| 1921 | Sheik Ahmed Ben Hassan | ||
| 1921 | Armand Duval / Manon's Lover in Daydream | ||
| 1922 | ''Moran of the Lady Letty '' | Ramon Laredo | |
| 1922 | Lord Hector Bracondale | ||
| 1922 | Juan Gallardo | as Rodolph Valentino | |
| 1922 | ''The Young Rajah'' | Amos Judd, also known as the Maharajah Sirdir Singh | as Rodolph Valentino |
| 1924 | Duke de Chartres/Beaucaire | ||
| 1924 | ''A Sainted Devil'' | Don Alonzo Castro | |
| 1925 | Count Rodrigo Torriani | ||
| 1925 | Lt. Vladimir Dubrovsky, aka The Black Eagle and Marcel Le Blanc | ||
| 1926 | ''The Son of the Sheik'' | Ahmed, the Sheik's Son / Sheik Ahmed Ben Hassan | Final film |
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:American actors Category:Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery Category:Deaths from surgical complications Category:Deaths from peritonitis Category:American people of Italian descent Category:Italian expatriates in the United States Category:Italian actors Category:Italian film actors Category:American film actors Category:Italian emigrants to the United States Category:Italian silent film actors Category:People from the Province of Taranto Category:20th-century actors Category:1895 births Category:1926 deaths
ar:رودلف فالنتينو az:Rudolf Valentino bg:Рудолфо Валентино ca:Rodolfo Valentino da:Rudolph Valentino de:Rudolph Valentino et:Rudolph Valentino es:Rodolfo Valentino eo:Rudolph Valentino eu:Rodolfo Valentino fr:Rudolph Valentino gl:Rodolfo Valentino hr:Rudolph Valentino io:Rodolfo Valentino id:Rudolph Valentino it:Rodolfo Valentino he:רודולף ולנטינו la:Rudolphus Valentino hu:Rudolph Valentino nl:Rudolph Valentino ja:ルドルフ・ヴァレンティノ no:Rudolph Valentino oc:Rodolfo Valentino pl:Rudolf Valentino pt:Rodolfo Valentino ru:Валентино, Рудольф scn:Rudolfu Valintinu simple:Rudolph Valentino sr:Рудолф Валентино sh:Rudolph Valentino fi:Rudolph Valentino sv:Rudolph Valentino roa-tara:Rodolfo Valentino th:รูดอล์ฟ วาเลนติโน tr:Rudolph Valentino uk:Рудольф Валентіно zh:魯道夫·瓦倫蒂諾This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Marcel Duchamp |
|---|---|
| birth name | Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp |
| birth date | July 28, 1887 |
| birth place | Blainville-Crevon, France |
| death date | October 02, 1968 |
| death place | Neuilly-sur-Seine, France |
| nationality | French, became a U.S. citizen in 1955 |
| field | Painting, sculpture, film |
| movement | Dada, Surrealism |
| works | ''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2'' (1912)''Fountain'' (1917)''The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even'' (1915–23)''Etant donnés'' (1946–66) |
| awards | }} |
Duchamp challenged conventional thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much by writing, but through subversive actions such as dubbing a urinal art and naming it ''Fountain''. He produced relatively few artworks, while moving quickly through the avant-garde circles of his time.
The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act.
Life
Marcel Duchamp was born in Blainville-Crevon Seine-Maritime in the Haute-Normandie region of France, and grew up in a family that enjoyed cultural activities. The art of painter and engraver Emile Nicolle, his maternal grandfather, filled the house, and the family liked to play chess, read books, paint, and make music together.Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamp's seven children, one died as an infant and four became successful artists. Marcel Duchamp was the brother of:
As a child, with his two older brothers already away from home at school in Rouen, Duchamp was close to his sister Suzanne, who was a willing accomplice in games and activities conjured by his fertile imagination. At 10 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers' footsteps when he left home and began schooling at the Lycée Corneille in Rouen. For the next 7 years, he was locked into an educational regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not an outstanding student, his best subject was mathematics and he won two mathematics prizes at the school. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize, validating his recent decision to become an artist.
He learned academic drawing from a teacher who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and other avant-garde influences. However, Duchamp's true artistic mentor at the time was his brother Jacques Villon, whose fluid and incisive style he sought to imitate. At 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting his sister Suzanne in various poses and activities. That summer he also painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils.
Early work
Duchamp's early art works align with Post-Impressionist styles. He experimented with classical techniques and subjects, as well as with Cubism and Fauvism. When he was later asked about what had influenced him at the time, Duchamp cited the work of Symbolist painter Odilon Redon, whose approach to art was not outwardly anti-academic, but quietly individual.He studied art at the Académie Julian from 1904 to 1905, but preferred playing billiards to attending classes. During this time Duchamp drew and sold cartoons which reflected his ribald humor. Many of the drawings use visual and/or verbal puns. Such play with words and symbols engaged his imagination for the rest of his life.
In 1905, he began his compulsory military service, working for a printer in Rouen. There he learned typography and printing processes – skills he would use in his later work.
Due to his eldest brother Jacques' membership in the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Duchamp's work was exhibited in the 1908 Salon d'Automne. The following year his work was featured in the Salon des Indépendants. Of Duchamp's pieces in the show, critic Guillaume Apollinaire--who was to become a friend—criticized what he called "Duchamp's very ugly nudes." Duchamp also became lifelong friends with exuberant artist Francis Picabia after meeting him at the 1911 Salon d' Automne, and Picabia proceeded to introduce him to a lifestyle of fast cars and 'high' living.
In 1911, at Jacques' home in Puteaux, the brothers hosted a regular discussion group with other artists and writers including Picabia, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger, Roger de la Fresnaye, Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Juan Gris, and Alexander Archipenko. The group came to be known as the Puteaux Group, and the artists' work was dubbed Orphic cubism. Uninterested in the Cubists' seriousness or in their focus on visual matters, Duchamp did not join in discussions of Cubist theory, and gained a reputation of being shy. However, that same year he painted in a Cubist style, and added an impression of motion by using repetitive imagery.
During this period Duchamp's fascination with transition, change, movement and distance became manifest, and like many artists of the time, he was intrigued with the concept of depicting a "Fourth dimension" in art.
Works from this period included his first "machine" painting, ''Coffee Mill (Moulin à café)'' (1911), which he gave to his brother Raymond Duchamp-Villon. The ''Coffee Mill'' shows similarity to the "grinder" mechanism of the ''Large Glass'' he was to paint years later.
In his 1911,''Portrait of Chess Players'' (''Portrait de joueurs d'echecs'') there is the Cubist overlapping frames and multiple perspectives of his two brothers playing chess, but to that Duchamp added elements conveying the unseen mental activity of the players. (Notably, "échec" is French for "failure".)
Nude Descending a Staircase No.2
Duchamp's first work to provoke significant controversy was ''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2'' ''(Nu descendant un escalier n° 2)'' (1912). The painting depicts the mechanistic motion of a nude, with superimposed facets, similar to motion pictures. It shows elements of both the fragmentation and synthesis of the Cubists, and the movement and dynamism of the Futurists.He first submitted the piece to appear at the Cubist Salon des Indépendants, but jurist Albert Gleizes asked Duchamp's brothers to have him voluntarily withdraw the painting, or to paint over the title that he had painted on the work and rename it something else. Duchamp's brothers did approach him with Gleizes' request, but Duchamp quietly refused. Of the incident Duchamp later recalled, "I said nothing to my brothers. But I went immediately to the show and took my painting home in a taxi. It was really a turning point in my life, I can assure you. I saw that I would not be very much interested in groups after that."
He later submitted the painting to the 1913 "Armory Show" in New York City. The exhibition was officially named the International Exhibition of Modern Art, displayed works of American artists, and was also the first major exhibition of modern trends coming out of Paris. American show-goers, accustomed to realistic art, were scandalized, and the ''Nude'' was at the center of much of the controversy.
Leaving "retinal art" behind
At about this time, Duchamp read Max Stirner's philosophical tract, ''The Ego and Its Own'', the study of which he considered another turning point in his artistic and intellectual development. He called it "...a remarkable book ... which advances no formal theories, but just keeps saying that the ego is always there in everything."While in Germany in 1912, he painted the last of his Cubist-like paintings and he started "Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors" image, and began making plans for ''The Large Glass'' – scribbling short notes to himself, sometimes with hurried sketches. It would be over 10 years before this piece was completed. Little else is known about the two-month stay in Germany except that the friend he visited was intent on showing him the sights and the nightlife.
The same year, Duchamp also attended a performance of a stage adaptation of Raymond Roussel's 1910 novel, ''Impressions d'Afrique'' which featured plots that turned in on themselves, word play, surrealistic sets and humanoid machines. He credited the drama with having radically changed his approach to art, and having inspired him to begin the creation of his ''The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even'', also known as ''The Large Glass''. Work on ''The Large Glass'' continued into 1913, with his invention of inventing a repertoire of forms. He made notes, sketches and painted studies, and even drew some of his ideas on the wall of his apartment.
Towards the end of 1912, he traveled with Picabia, Apollinaire and Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia through the Jura mountains, an adventure that Buffet-Picabia described as one of their "forays of demoralization, which were also forays of witticism and clownery ... the disintegration of the concept of art.". Duchamp's notes from the trip avoid logic and sense, and have a surrealistic, mythical connotation.
Duchamp painted few canvases after 1912, and in those he did, he attempted to remove "painterly" effects, and instead to use a technical drawing approach.
His broad interests led him to an exhibition of aviation technology during this period, after which Duchamp said to his friend Constantin Brâncuşi, "Painting is washed up. Who will ever do anything better than that propeller? Tell me, can you do that?". Reflecting the influence of Poincaré's writings, Duchamp tolerated any interpretation of his art by regarding it as the creation of the person who formulated it, not as truth.
Duchamp's own art-science experiments began during his tenure at the library. To make one of his favorite pieces, ''3 Standard Stoppages'' (''3 stoppages étalon''), he dropped three 1-meter lengths of thread onto prepared canvases, one at a time, from a height of 1 meter. The threads landed in three random undulating positions. He varnished them into place on the blue-black canvas strips and attached them to glass. He then cut three wood slats into the shapes of the curved strings, and put all the pieces into a croquet box. Three small leather signs with the title printed in gold were glued to each of the "stoppage" backgrounds. The piece appears to literally follow Poincaré's ''School of the Thread'', part of a book on classical mechanics.
In his studio he mounted a bicycle wheel upside down onto a stool, spinning it occasionally just to watch it. It is often assumed that the ''Bicycle Wheel'' represents Duchamp's first of his "Readymades", this particular installation was never submitted for any art exhibition, and was eventually lost. However, initially, the wheel was simply placed in the studio to create atmosphere: "I enjoyed looking at it just as I enjoy looking at the flames dancing in a fireplace."
After World War I was declared in 1914, with his brothers and many friends in military service and himself exempted, Duchamp felt uncomfortable in Paris. Meanwhile, ''Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2'' had scandalized Americans at the Armory Show, and helped secure the sale of all four of his paintings in the show. Thus, being able to finance the trip, Duchamp decided to emigrate to the United States in 1915.To his surprise, he found he was a celebrity when he arrived in New York in 1915, where he quickly befriended art patron Katherine Dreier and artist Man Ray. Duchamp's circle included art patrons Louise and Walter Conrad Arensberg, actress and artist Beatrice Wood and Francis Picabia, as well as other avant-garde figures. Though he spoke little English, in the course of supporting himself by giving French lessons and through some library work, he quickly learned the language.
For two years the Arensbergs, who would remain his friends and patrons for 42 years, were the landlords of his studio. In lieu of rent, they agreed that his payment would be ''The Large Glass''. An art gallery offered Duchamp $10,000 per year in exchange for all of his yearly production, but Duchamp declined the offer, preferring to continue his work on ''The Large Glass''.
Société Anonyme
Duchamp created the Société Anonyme in 1920, along with Katherine Dreier and Man Ray. This was the beginning of his life-long involvement in art dealing and collecting. The group collected modern art works, and arranged modern art exhibitions and lectures throughout the 1930s.By this time Walter Pach, one of the coordinators of the 1913 Armory Show, sought Duchamp's advice on modern art. Beginning with Société Anonyme, Dreier also depended on Duchamp's counsel in gathering her collection, as did Arensberg. Later Peggy Guggenheim, Museum of Modern Art directors Alfred Barr and James Johnson Sweeney consulted with Duchamp on their modern art collections and shows.
Dada
New York Dada had a less serious tone than that of European Dadaism, and was not a particularly organized venture. Duchamp's friend Picabia connected with the Dada group in Zürich, bringing to New York the Dadaist ideas of absurdity and "anti-art." A group met almost nightly at the Arensberg home, or caroused in Greenwich Village. Together with Man Ray, Duchamp contributed his ideas and humor to the New York activities, many of which ran concurrent with the development of his Readymades and ''The Large Glass.''The most prominent example of Duchamp's association with Dada was his submission of ''Fountain'', a urinal, to the Society of Independent Artists exhibit in 1917. Artworks in the Independent Artists shows were not selected by jury, and all pieces submitted were displayed. However, the show committee insisted that ''Fountain'' was not art, and rejected it from the show. This caused an uproar amongst the Dadaists, and led Duchamp to resign from the board of the Independent Artists.
Along with Henri-Pierre Roché and Beatrice Wood, Duchamp published a Dada magazine in New York, titled ''The Blind Man'', which included art, literature, humor and commentary.
When he returned to Paris after World War I, Duchamp did not participate in the Dada group.
Readymades
"Readymades" were found objects which Duchamp chose and presented as art. In 1913, Duchamp installed a ''Bicycle Wheel'' in his studio. However, the idea of ''Readymades'' did not fully develop until 1915. The idea was to question the very notion of Art, and the adoration of art, which Duchamp found "unneccessary"
''Bottle Rack'' (1914), a bottle drying rack signed by Duchamp, is considered to be the first "pure" readymade. ''Prelude to a Broken Arm'' (1915), a snow shovel, also called ''In Advance of the Broken Arm'', followed soon after. His ''Fountain'', a urinal signed with the pseudonym "R. Mutt", shocked the art world in 1917. ''Fountain'' was selected in 2004 as "the most influential artwork of the 20th century" by 500 renowned artists and historians.
In 1919, Duchamp made a parody of the ''Mona Lisa'' by adorning a cheap reproduction of the painting with a mustache and goatee. To this he added the inscription ''L.H.O.O.Q.'', a phonetic game which, when read out loud in French quickly sounds like ''"Elle a chaud au cul"''. This can be translated as "She has a hot ass", implying that the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and availability. It may also have been intended as a Freudian joke, referring to Leonardo da Vinci's alleged homosexuality. Duchamp gave a "loose" translation of L.H.O.O.Q. as "there is fire down below" in a late interview with Arturo Schwarz.
According to Rhonda Roland Shearer, the apparent ''Mona Lisa'' reproduction is in fact a copy modeled partly on Duchamp's own face. Research published by Shearer also speculates that Duchamp himself may have created some of the objects which he claimed to have been "found."
''The Large Glass''
Duchamp worked on his complex Futurism inspired piece ''The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)'' from 1915 to 1923, with the exception of periods in Buenos Aires and Paris in 1918–1920. He executed the work on two panes of glass with materials such as lead foil, fuse wire, and dust. It combines chance procedures, plotted perspective studies, and laborious craftsmanship. He published notes for the piece, ''The Green Box'', intended to complement the visual experience. They reflect the creation of unique rules of physics, and a mythology which describes the work. He stated that his "hilarious picture" is intended to depict the erotic encounter between a bride and her nine bachelors.The piece was inspired by a performance of the stage adaptation of Roussel's novel ''Impressions d'Afrique'' which Duchamp attended in 1912. Notes, sketches and plans for the work were drawn on Duchamp's studio walls as early as 1913. In order to concentrate on the work free from material obligations, Duchamp found work as a librarian while living in France. After emigrating to the United States in 1915, he commenced his work on the piece financed by the support of the Arensbergs.
The piece is partially constructed as a retrospective of Duchamp's works, including a three dimensional reproduction of his earlier paintings ''Bride'' (1912), ''Chocolate Grinder'' (1914) and ''Glider containing a water mill in neighboring metals'' (1913–1915), which has opened for numerous interpretations. The work was formally declared "Unfinished" in 1923. Going home from its first public exhibition, the glass broke in its shipping crate and received a large crack in the glass. Duchamp repaired it, but left the cracks in the glass intact, accepting the chance element as a part of the piece.
Until 1969 when the Philadelphia Museum of Art revealed Duchamp's ''Etant donnés'' tableau, ''The Large Glass'' was thought to have been his last major work.
Kinetic works
Duchamp's interest in kinetic works can be discerned as early as the notes for ''The Large Glass'' and the ''Bicycle Wheel'' readymade, and despite losing interest in "retinal art", he retained interest in visual phenomena.In 1920, with help from Man Ray, Duchamp built a motorized sculpture, ''Rotative plaques verre, optique de précision'' ("Rotary Glass Plates, Precision Optics"). The piece, which he did not consider to be art, involved a motor to spin pieces of rectangular glass on which were painted segments of a circle. When the apparatus spins, an optical illusion occurs, in which the segments appear to be closed concentric circles.
Man Ray set up equipment to photograph the initial experiment, but when they turned the machine on for the second time, a belt broke, and caught a piece of the glass, which after glancing off Man Ray's head, shattered into bits.
After moving back to Paris in 1923, at André Breton's urging and through the financing of Jacques Doucet, Duchamp built another optical device based on the first one, ''Rotative Demisphère, optique de précision'' (Rotary Demisphere, Precision Optics). This time the optical element was a globe cut in half, with black concentric circles painted on it. When it spins, the circles appear to move backwards and forwards in space. Duchamp asked that Doucet not exhibit the apparatus as art.
''Rotoreliefs'' were the next phase of Duchamp's spinning works. To make the optical "play toys", he painted designs on flat cardboard circles and spun them on a phonographic turntable. When spinning, the flat disks appeared three-dimensional. He had a printer produce 500 sets of six of the designs, and set up a booth at a 1935 Paris inventors' show to sell them. The venture was a financial disaster, but some optical scientists thought they might be of use in restoring three-dimensional stereoscopic sight to people who have lost vision one eye.
In collaboration with Man Ray and Marc Allégret, Duchamp filmed early versions of the ''Rotoreliefs'' and they named the film ''Anémic Cinéma'' (1926).
Later, in Alexander Calder's studio in 1931, while looking at the sculptor's kinetic works, Duchamp suggested that these should be called "mobiles". Calder agreed to use this novel term in his upcoming show. To this day, sculptures of this type are called "mobiles."
Musical Ideas
Between 1912 and 1915, Duchamp worked with various musical ideas. At least three pieces have survived: two compositions and a note for a musical happening. The two compositions are based on chance operations. ''Erratum Musical'', written for three voices, was published in 1934. ''La Mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même. Erratum Musical'' is unfinished and was never published or exhibited during Duchamp's lifetime. According to the manuscript, the piece was intended for a mechanical instrument "in which the virtuoso intermediary is suppressed". The manuscript also contains a description for "An apparatus automatically recording fragmented musical periods", consisting of a funnel, several open-end carss and a set of numbered balls. These pieces predate John Cage's Music of Changes (1951), which is often considered the first modern piece to be conceived largely through random procedures.In 1968, Duchamp and John Cage appeared together at a concert entitled "Reunion", playing a game of chess and composing Aleatoric music by triggering a series of photoelectric cells underneath the chessboard.
Rrose Sélavy
"Rrose Sélavy", also spelled Rose Sélavy, was one of Duchamp's pseudonyms. The name, a pun, sounds like the French phrase "Eros, c'est la vie", which may be translated as "Eros, such is life." It has also been read as "arroser la vie" ("to make a toast to life").Sélavy emerged in 1921 in a series of photographs by Man Ray showing Duchamp dressed as a woman. Through the 1920s Man Ray and Duchamp collaborated on more photos of Sélavy. Duchamp later used the name as the byline on written material and signed several creations with it. These included at least one sculpture, ''Why Not Sneeze Rrose Sélavy?''. The sculpture, a type of readymade called an assemblage, consists of an oral thermometer, and several dozen small cubes of marble resembling sugar cubes inside a birdcage.
The inspiration for the name "Rrose Sélavy" may have been Belle da Costa Greene, J.P. Morgan's librarian of the Pierpont Morgan Library. Following the death of J.P. Morgan, Sr., Greene became the Library's director, working there for a total of forty-three years. Empowered by the Morgans, she built the library collection, buying and selling rare manuscripts, books and art.
Transition from art to chess
In 1918, Duchamp took leave of the New York art scene, interrupting his work on the ''Large Glass'', and went to Buenos Aires, where he remained for nine months and often played chess. He even carved from wood his own chess set, with the assistance of a local craftsman who made the knights. He moved to Paris in 1919, and then back to the United States in 1920. Upon his return to Paris in 1923, Duchamp was, in essence, no longer a practicing artist although he did work on several projects towards his death. Instead, his main interest was now chess, which he studied for the rest of his life to the exclusion of most other activities.Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film ''Entr'acte'' (1924) by René Clair. He designed the 1925 Poster for the Third French Chess Championship, and as a competitor in the event, finished at fifty percent (3–3, with two draws). Thus he earned the title of chess master. During this period his fascination with chess so distressed his first wife that she glued his pieces to the board. Duchamp continued to play in the French Championships and also in the Chess Olympiads from 1928–1933, favoring hypermodern openings such as the Nimzo-Indian.
Sometime in the early 1930s, Duchamp reached the height of his ability, but realized that he had little chance of winning recognition in top-level chess. In following years, his participation in chess tournaments declined, but he discovered correspondence chess and became a chess journalist, writing weekly newspaper columns. While his contemporaries were achieving spectacular success in the art world by selling their works to high-society collectors, Duchamp observed, "I am still a victim of chess. It has all the beauty of art—and much more. It cannot be commercialized. Chess is much purer than art in its social position." On another occasion, Duchamp elaborated, "The chess pieces are the block alphabet which shapes thoughts; and these thoughts, although making a visual design on the chess-board, express their beauty abstractly, like a poem. ... I have come to the personal conclusion that while all artists are not chess players, all chess players are artists."
In 1932, Duchamp teamed with chess theorist Vitaly Halberstadt to publish ''L'opposition et cases conjuguées sont réconciliées'' (Opposition and Sister Squares are Reconciled), known as corresponding squares. This treatise describes the Lasker-Reichhelm position, an extremely rare type of position that can arise in the endgame. Using enneagram-like charts that fold upon themselves, the authors demonstrated that in this position, the most Black can hope for is a draw.
The theme of the "endgame" is important to an understanding of Duchamp's complex attitude towards his artistic career. Irish playwright Samuel Beckett was an associate of Duchamp, and used the theme as the narrative device for the 1957 play of the same name, ''Endgame'' In 1968, Duchamp played an artistically important chess match with avant-garde composer John Cage, at a concert entitled "Reunion." Music was produced by a series of photoelectric cells underneath the chessboard, triggered sporadically by normal game play.
On choosing a career in chess, Duchamp said, "If Bobby Fischer came to me for advice, I certainly would not discourage him—as if anyone could—but I would try to make it positively clear that he will never have any money from chess, live a monk-like existence and know more rejection than any artist ever has, struggling to be known and accepted." Duchamp left a legacy to chess in the form of an enigmatic endgame problem he composed in 1943. The problem was included in the announcement for Julian Lev's gallery exhibition "Through the Big End of the Opera Glass", printed on translucent paper with the faint inscription: "White to play and win." Grandmasters and endgame specialists have since grappled with the problem, with most concluding that there is no solution.
Artistic involvement and marriages
Although Duchamp was no longer considered to be an active artist, he continued to consult with artists, art dealers and collectors. From 1925 he often traveled between France and the United States, and made New York's Greenwich Village his home in 1942. He also occasionally worked on artistical projects such as the 1926 ''Anemic Cinema'', ''Box in a Valise'' (1935–41), ''Self Portrait in Profile'' (1958) and the larger work ''Etant Donnés'' (1946–66).In June 1927, Duchamp married Lydie Sarazin-Lavassor; however, they divorced six months later. It was rumored that Duchamp had chosen a marriage of convenience, because Sarazin-Lavassor was the daughter of a wealthy automobile manufacturer. Early in January 1928, Duchamp said that he could no longer bear the responsibility and confinement of marriage, and soon thereafter they were divorced.
From the mid-1930s onwards, he collaborated with the Surrealists, however, he did not join the movement despite the coaxing of André Breton. From then until 1944, together with Max Ernst, Eugenio Granell and Breton, Duchamp edited the Surrealist periodical ''VVV'', and also served as an advisory editor for the magazine ''View'', which featured him in its March 1945 edition, thus introducing him to a broader American audience.
In 1954, he and Alexina "Teeny" Sattler married, and they remained together until his death. Duchamp became a United States citizen in 1955.
His influence on the art world remained behind the scenes until the late 1950s, when he was "discovered" by young artists such as Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns, who were eager to escape the dominance of Abstract Expressionism. He was a co-founder of the international literary group Oulipo in 1960.
Interest in Duchamp was reignited in the 1960s, and he gained international public recognition. 1963 saw his first retrospective exhibition at the Pasadena Art Museum, and in 1966 the Tate Gallery hosted a large exhibit of his work. Other major institutions, including the Philadelphia Art Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, followed, with large showings of Duchamp's work. He was invited to lecture on art and to participate in formal discussions, as well as sitting for interviews with major publications.
As the last surviving member of the Duchamp family of artists, in 1967 Duchamp helped to organize an exhibition in Rouen, France, called "Les Duchamp: Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Marcel Duchamp, Suzanne Duchamp." Parts of this family exhibition were later shown again at the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris.
Exhibition design
Duchamp was the designer of the 1938 International Surrealist Exhibition, which was held at the Gallerie des Beaux-arts, Paris. The show featured more than 60 artists from different countries, including approximately 300 paintings, objects, collages, photographs and installations.The surrealists wanted to create an exhibition which in itself would be a creative act, and called on Duchamp to do so. At the exhibition's entrance he placed Salvador Dalí's Rainy Taxi This work consisted of a taxicab rigged to produce a drizzle of water down the inside of the windows, a shark-headed creature in the driver's seat, and a blond mannequin crawling with live snails in the back. In this way Duchamp greeted entering patrons, who were in full evening dress.
''Surrealist Street'' filled one side of the lobby with mannequins dressed by various surrealists. The main hall was a simulation of a dark subterranean cave with 1,200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling. Illumination was provided only by a single light bulb, so patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art.
An installation by Wolfgang Paalen was composed of oak leaves and a water-filled pond with water lilies and reeds, while the aroma of roasting coffee filled the air. Around midnight, the visitors witnessed the dancing shimmer of a sparsely dressed girl who suddenly arose from the reeds, jumped on a bed, shrieked hysterically, then disappeared just as quickly. Much to the surrealists' satisfaction the exhibition scandalized the viewers.
In 1942, for the ''First Papers of Surrealism'' show in New York, surrealists again called on Duchamp to design the exhibition. This time he wove a three-dimensional web of string throughout the rooms of the space, in some cases making it almost impossible to see the works. Duchamp made a secret arrangement with an associate's son to bring young friends to the opening of the show. When the finely dressed patrons arrived, they found a dozen children in athletic clothes kicking and passing balls, and skipping rope. When questioned, the children were told to say "Mr. Duchamp told us we could play here." Duchamp's design of the catalog for the show included "found", rather than posed, photographs of the artists.
''Etant donnés''
Duchamp's final major art work surprised the art world that believed he had given up art for chess 25 years earlier. Entitled ''Etant donnés: 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage'' ("Given: 1. The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas"), it is a tableau, visible only through a peep hole in a wooden door. A nude woman can be seen lying on her back with her face hidden, legs spread, and one hand holding a gas lamp in the air against a landscape backdrop. Duchamp had worked secretly on the piece from 1946 to 1966 in his Greenwich Village studio while even his closest friends thought he had abandoned art.
Death and burial
Marcel Duchamp died on 2 October 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, and is buried in the Rouen Cemetery, in Rouen, France. His grave bears the epitaph, ''"D'ailleurs, c'est toujours les autres qui meurent;"'' or "Besides, it's always other people who die."
Legacy
A quotation erroneously attributed to Duchamp suggests a negative attitude toward later trends in 20th-century art:
However, this was actually written in 1961 by fellow Dadaist Hans Richter, in the second person, i.e. "You threw the bottle-rack...". Although a marginal note in the letter suggests that Duchamp generally approved of the statement, Richter did not make the distinction clear until many years later.
Duchamp's attitude was actually more favorable, as evidenced by another statement made in 1964:
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The Prix Marcel Duchamp (Marcel Duchamp Prize), established in 2000, is an annual award given to a young artist by the Centre Georges Pompidou. In 2004, as a testimony to the legacy of Duchamp's work to the art world, his ''Fountain'' was voted "most influential artwork of the 20th century" by a panel of prominent artists and art historians.
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
;Duchamp works;Essays by Duchamp
;General resources
;Essays about Duchamp
;Audio and video
Category:1887 births Category:1968 deaths Category:People from Seine-Maritime Category:20th-century French writers Category:Artists from New York Category:Chess Olympiad competitors Category:Conceptual artists Category:Dada Category:OuLiPo members Category:French chess players Category:French chess writers Category:French experimental filmmakers Category:French emigrants to the United States Category:French mixed-media artists Category:French painters Category:French sculptors Category:Surrealist artists Category:Modern artists Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:'Pataphysicians Category:People from Greenwich Village, New York Category:Archives of American Art related
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