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Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. He spent the later part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death in 1963. Best known for his novels including Brave New World and a wide-ranging output of essays, Huxley also edited the magazine Oxford Poetry, and published short stories, poetry, travel writing, and film stories and scripts.
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Alfred Mond
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Andrew Huxley
Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, OM, FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London) is an English physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve action potentials, the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Carew Eccles, who was cited for research on synapses. Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to hypothesize the existence of ion channels, which were isolated only decades later. Together with the Swiss physiologist Robert Stämpfli he evidenced the existence of saltatory conduction in myelinated nerve fibres.
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883, Predappio, Province of Forlì-Cesena - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.
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Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (1090 – August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order.
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, socialist, pacifist, and social critic. He spent most of his life in England; he was born in Wales where he also died, aged 97.
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Bud Cort
Bud Cort (born March 29, 1948) is an American film and stage actor, writer, and director. He is best known for his portrayals of Harold in Hal Ashby's 1971 film Harold and Maude and the titular "hero" in Robert Altman's 1970 film Brewster McCloud. Both films have large cult followings today.
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Charles Bradlaugh
Charles Bradlaugh (26 September 1833 – 30 January 1891) was a political activist and one of the most famous English atheists of the 19th century. He founded the National Secular Society in 1866.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime, but it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online - Biography.] darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved on 2006-12-15
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Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Eric Hitchens (born 13 April 1949) is an English-American author and journalist (or Sage writer) whose books, essays, and journalistic career span more than four decades. He has been a columnist and literary critic at The Atlantic, Vanity Fair, Slate, World Affairs, The Nation, Free Inquiry, and became the William S. Hertz media fellow at the Hoover Institution in September 2008. He is a staple of talk shows and lecture circuits and in 2005 he was voted the world's fifth top public intellectual in a Prospect/Foreign Policy poll.
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Claude Bernard
Claude Bernard (July 12, 1813 – February 10, 1878) was a French physiologist. Historian of science I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University called Bernard "one of the greatest of all men of science". Among many other accomplishments, he was one of the first to suggest the use of blind experiments to ensure the objectivity of scientific observations.. He was the first to define the term ''milieu interieur (now known as homeostasis, a term coined by Walter Bernard Cannon)
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D. H. Lawrence
David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English author, poet, playwright, essayist and literary critic. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, Lawrence confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, and instinct.
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Ekai Kawaguchi
(February 26, 1866 – February 24, 1945) was a Japanese Buddhist monk, famed for his four journeys to Nepal (in 1899, 1903, 1905 and 1913), and two to Tibet (July 4, 1900–June 15, 1902, 1913–1915), being the first recorded Japanese citizen to travel in either country.
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Fanny Brawne
Frances (Fanny) Brawne (9 August 1800 – 4 December 1865) is most known for her betrothal to 19th-Century English Romantic poet John Keats, a fact largely unknown until the publishing of Keats’s letters to her in 1878. Their engagement, lasting from December 1818 until his death in February 1821, covered some of the most poetically productive years of Keats’s life.
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Fanny Kaplan
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Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. Together they produced The Communist Manifesto in 1848. Engels also edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx's death.
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G. K. Chesterton
Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936) was an English writer. His prolific and diverse output included philosophy, ontology, poetry, play writing, journalism, public lecturing and debating, biography, Christian apologetics, fantasy and detective fiction.
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George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings deal sternly with prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy to make their stark themes more palatable. Shaw examined education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
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George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was a British author and journalist. His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense, revolutionary opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism.
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Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) ( (July 1, 1646 - November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher. He wrote primarily in Latin and French.
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Augustinian monk and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of the modern science of genetics.
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H. G. Wells
Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary. Together with Jules Verne, Wells has been referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction".
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H.G. Wells
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Habibullah Khan
Habibullah Khan (June 3, 1872 – February 20, 1919) was the Emir of Afghanistan from 1901 until 1919. He was born in Samarkhand, Uzbekistan, the eldest son of the Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, whom he succeeded by right of primogeniture in October 1901.
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Henri Deterding
Henri Wilhelm August Deterding KBE (Hon), (19 April 1866, Amsterdam - 4 February 1939, St Moritz) was one of the first executives of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and for 36 years (1900 - 1936) its chairman and the chairman of the combined Royal Dutch/Shell oil company. He came to power after the early death of the Royal Dutch's original leader, Jean Baptise August Kessler. He made it to the runner up against John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil and it is still one of the world's largest petroleum companies. He was made an honorary KBE in 1920, ostensibly for service to Anglo-Dutch relations, but mainly for his work supplying Allies with petroleum during World War I.
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Henry Ford
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism", that is, mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.
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Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover was a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted government intervention under the rubric "economic modernization". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected office experience. To date, Hoover is the last cabinet secretary to be directly elected President of the United States, as well as one of only two Presidents (along with William Howard Taft) to have been elected President without electoral experience or high military rank. The nation was prosperous and optimistic at the time, leading to a landslide victory for Hoover over Democrat Al Smith.
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Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.
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Indo-Aryan peoples
Indo-Aryan is an ethno-linguistic term referring to the wide collection of peoples united as native speakers of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian family of Indo-European languages. Today, there are over one billion native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages, most of them native to South Asia, where they form the majority. It is believed that their linguistic roots can be traced back to the ancient Indo-Iranian peoples.
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Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (; September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning.
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John B. Watson
John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. He also conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment.
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John Crowne
John Crowne (6 April 1641–1712) was a British dramatist and a native of Nova Scotia.
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John Dryden
John Dryden (9 August 1631 – 1 May 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden.
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John Keate
John Keate (1773 – 5 March 1852) was an English schoolmaster, one of the most famous headmasters in the history of Eton College.
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Julian Huxley
Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century evolutionary synthesis. He was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund.
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Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."
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Keir Dullea
Keir Dullea (; born May 30, 1936) is an American actor best known for the character of astronaut David Bowman he portrayed in the 1968 film and in 1984's 2010: The Year We Make Contact, as well as his roles in the cult films Bunny Lake is Missing and Black Christmas.
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Kristoffer Tabori
Kristoffer Tabori (born Christopher Donald Siegel, 4 August 1952 in Malibu, California) is an American actor and television director.
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Kurt Vonnegut
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., (; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century. He wrote such works as Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), ''Cat's Cradle (1963), and Breakfast of Champions'' (1973) blending satire, black comedy, and science fiction. He was known for his humanist beliefs and was honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (Russian: , (Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Lyev, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) – 21 August 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist.
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Leonard Nimoy
Leonard Simon Nimoy (, ; born March 26, 1931) is an American actor, film director, poet, musician, and photographer. Nimoy's fame rests on his playing the role of Spock in 1966-1969, as well as reprising the role in multiple film, television and video game sequels.
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Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. He has received multiple awards, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor for his performance in The Aviator (2004). In addition, he has won a Silver Bear, a Chlotrudis Award and a Satellite Award among others, and has been nominated by the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
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Leslie Libman
Leslie Libman is an American television director. She also directed commercials and music videos.
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Marcia Strassman
Marcia A. Strassman (born April 28, 1948) is an American actress best-known for her roles as Julie Kotter in the TV sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter and Diane Szalinski in the 1989 feature film Honey, I Shrunk the Kids and its first sequel.
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Mieczysław Smolarski
Mieczysław Smolarski (born April 6, 1888 in Kraków - died January 21, 1967 in Warsaw) was a Polish writer and poet, whose works included examples of the utopian novel in Polish science fiction. He was a close friend of Stefan Żeromski. His novels and short stories were inspired by the fantastic works of Antoni Lange and Stefan Grabińskiego. His poems were influenced by the experiences of both World Wars.
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Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - 1 July 1876) (; ) was a well-known Russian revolutionary and theorist of collectivist anarchism.
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Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte , Italian: Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
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Neil Postman
Neil Postman (March 8, 1931 - October 5, 2003) was an American author, media theorist and cultural critic, who is best known by the general public for his 1985 book about television, Amusing Ourselves to Death. For more than forty years, he was associated with New York University. Postman was a humanist, who believed that "new technology can never substitute for human values."
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Polish people
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Ridley Scott
Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November 1937) is an English film director and producer known for his stylish visuals and an obsession for detail. His films include The Duellists (1977), Alien (1979), Blade Runner (1982), Legend (1985), Thelma & Louise (1991), Gladiator (2000), Black Hawk Down (2001), Hannibal (2001), Kingdom of Heaven (2005), American Gangster (2007), Body of Lies (2008), and Robin Hood (2010).
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Ron O'Neal
'''Ron O'Neal''' (September 1, 1937 in Utica, New York – January 14, 2004 in Los Angeles, California) was an American actor, director and screenwriter. O'Neal is most remembered for his starring role as Youngblood Priest in the blaxploitation film Super Fly, although he also had recurring roles on the television show Living Single as Synclaire's father and as Whitley Gilbert's father on A Different World.
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Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (; March 18, 1858 – last seen alive September 29, 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the diesel engine.
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Rudyard Kipling
Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was a British author and poet. Born in Bombay, in British India, he is best known for his works of fiction The Jungle Book (1894) (a collection of stories which includes Rikki-Tikki-Tavi), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including The Man Who Would Be King (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), and If— (1910). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".
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Rya Kihlstedt
Rya Kihlstedt (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress.
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Sally Kirkland
Sally Kirkland (born October 31, 1941) is an American film and television actress.
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Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu (born as Sarojini Chattopadhyaya) (February 13, 1879, Hyderabad – March 2, 1949, Lucknow), also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India was a child prodigy, freedom fighter, and poet. Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh.She was famously known as Bharatiya Kokila(The Nightingale of India).
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Shakespeare
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Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient, technically referred to as an "analysand", and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as for his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, and a prolific essayist, drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the history, interpretation and critique of culture.
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Thomas Huxley
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Tim Guinee
Timothy S. Guinee (born November 18, 1962) is an American stage, television, and feature film actor.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.
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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire (), was a French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade. Voltaire was a prolific writer and produced works in almost every literary form including plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day.
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William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Yevgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin (, ) (February 20, 1884 – March 10, 1937) was a Russian author, most famous for his 1921 novel We, a story of dystopian future which influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Ayn Rand's Anthem, Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed and, indirectly, Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano.
http://wn.com/Yevgeny_Zamyatin
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Billingham
Billingham is a civil parish and town in the Borough of Stockton on Tees in North East England with a population of 35,765 (2006). It was founded circa 650 by a group of Saxons known as Billa's people, which is where the name Billingham is thought to have originated. In modern history, the chemical industry and in particular the company ICI played an important role in the growth of Billingham. Today ICI no longer operates in Billingham, although other chemical companies are working in the area.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
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Miller, Missouri
Miller is a city in Lawrence County, Missouri, United States. The population was 754 at the 2000 census.
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Mycenae
Mycenae (Greek Mykēnai or Mykēnē), is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 11 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north. From the hill on which the palace was located one can see across the Argolid to the Saronic Gulf.
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Poznań
Poznań (; ; Poyzn) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral.
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soma
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Ur
Ur (Sumerian:
http://wn.com/Ur
- 1932 in literature
- Aldous Huxley
- Alfred Mond
- Americanization
- Andrew Huxley
- Andrew Mellon
- Antic Hay
- antidepressant
- arrested development
- artificial selection
- assembly line
- Benito Mussolini
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Bertrand Russell
- Billingham
- Bokanovsky process
- Bud Cort
- California
- Candide
- caste
- Casual sex
- CBS Radio
- Charles Bradlaugh
- Charles Darwin
- Chatto & Windus
- Chatto and Windus
- chewing gum
- Christopher Hitchens
- Claude Bernard
- Command Economy
- condom
- Crome Yellow
- D. H. Lawrence
- Das Kapital
- DNA
- dystopia
- dystopian fiction
- Ekai Kawaguchi
- Eucharist
- eugenics
- Falkland Islands
- Fanny Brawne
- Fanny Kaplan
- fetus
- First French Empire
- Ford Model T
- Friedrich Engels
- futurology
- G. K. Chesterton
- genetic engineering
- George Bernard Shaw
- George Orwell
- Gottfried Leibniz
- Gregor Mendel
- Gregorian Calendar
- H. G. Wells
- H.G. Wells
- Habibullah Khan
- hallucinogen
- hallucinogenic drug
- Hamlet
- Hardcover
- Harper & Row
- Harper's Magazine
- hedonism
- Henri Deterding
- Henry Ford
- Herbert Hoover
- Herbert Spencer
- Huxley family
- in situ
- Indo-Aryan peoples
- indoctrination
- Island (novel)
- Ivan Pavlov
- J. P. Morgan
- John B. Watson
- John Crowne
- John Dryden
- John Keate
- Julian Huxley
- Julie Cobb
- Karl Marx
- Keir Dullea
- King Lear
- Kristoffer Tabori
- Kurt Vonnegut
- Leon Trotsky
- Leonard Nimoy
- Leonardo DiCaprio
- Leslie Libman
- Macbeth
- Malthusian
- Marcia Strassman
- Mass production
- Measure for Measure
- Men Like Gods
- Mezcal
- Mieczysław Smolarski
- Mikhail Bakunin
- Miller, Missouri
- Modern Library
- modernization
- Mycenae
- Napoleon I
- Neil Postman
- nihilism
- Nineteen Eighty-Four
- Nobel Laureate
- noble savage
- novel
- orgy
- Othello
- overpopulation
- Paperback
- Peter Gallagher
- plagiarism
- Playboy
- Player Piano (novel)
- Podsnap's Technique
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Brave Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 16 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: DisneyPixar
Brave opens in US theatres June 22, 2012. Like Brave on Facebook: facebook.com Official Brave Website: disney.com Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor. Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin, surly Lord Macintosh and cantankerous Lord Dingwall. Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Witch for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late.
http://wn.com/Brave_Trailer
Brave Teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Published: 27 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: DisneyPixar
Become a fan of Brave on Facebook: facebook.com Official Brave Website: disney.com Brave coming to US theaters June 22, 2012.
http://wn.com/Brave_Teaser
Brave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 86:46
- Published: 24 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: MetrodomeVOD
A martial artist is forced by a Thai mafia gang to steal client information from a bank in exchange for his brother, who has been kidnapped by the gang. When the gang kicks it up by strapping explosives to the man's brother, the man decides it is time to strike back.
http://wn.com/Brave
Kelis - Brave
Music video by Kelis performing Brave. (C) 2010 will.i.am Music Group / Interscope Records
http://wn.com/Kelis__Brave
Brave Trailer HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 16 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: FilmsActuTrailers
Final Brave Trailer HD 1080p, the new anticipated scottish fairytale Pixar Movie. Discover the previous teaser trailer of Brave here : cinema.jeuxactu.com Will the Princess Merida defeat the mystical an beastly curse ? Brave "Change Your Fate" In theaters June 22 2012. ©FilmsActu.com.
http://wn.com/Brave_Trailer_HD
New Brave Trailer | Official Disney Pixar 2012 Trailer | HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Published: 16 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 15 Dec 2011
- Author: WaltDisneyStudiosUK
Brave is a grand adventure full of heart, memorable characters and signature Pixar humour. It uncovers a new tale in the mysterious Highlands of Scotland where the impetuous Merida defies an age-old custom and inadvertently unleashes chaos, forcing her to discover the meaning of true bravery before it's too late. Visit the official site: www.disney.co.uk Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In Brave, a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald) confronts tradition, destiny and the fiercest of beasts. Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane). Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Wise Woman (voice of Julie Walters) for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late. Directed by Mark Andrews (The Incredibles, Ratatouille, John Carter <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/New_Brave_Trailer_|_Official_Disney_Pixar_2012_Trailer_|_HD
![Brave Trailer 2 Official 2012 [HD] - Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly](http://web.archive.org./web/20120105184013im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1_GeQmhxc6g/0.jpg "Brave Trailer 2 Official 2012 [HD] - Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly")
Brave Trailer 2 Official 2012 [HD] - Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 17 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Dec 2011
- Author: ClevverMovies
bit.ly - Click to Subscribe! Facebook.com - Become a Fan! Twitter.com - Follow Us! Brave hits theaters on June 22nd, 2012. Cast: Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly, Craig Ferguson, Emma Thompson, Julie Walters, Kevin McKidd, Robbie Coltrane Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In "Brave," a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald) confronts tradition, destiny and the fiercest of beasts. Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane). Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Witch (voice of Julie Walters) for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late. Brave trailer courtesy Walt Disney Pictures.
http://wn.com/Brave_Trailer_2_Official_2012_ HD __Kelly_Macdonald,_Billy_Connolly
![Brave - Official Trailer 2 [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120105184013im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/J8GDJHR8iO0/0.jpg "Brave - Official Trailer 2 [HD]")
Brave - Official Trailer 2 [HD]
Subscribe ow.ly | Facebook ow.ly | Twitter ow.ly Release Date: 22 June 2012 Genre: Animation | Action | Adventure Cast: Kelly Macdonald, Emma Thompson, Billy Connolly, Julie Walters, Kevin McKidd, Craig Ferguson, Robbie Coltrane Directors: Mark Andrews Writer: Brenda Chapman, Irene Mecchi Studio: Disney Pixar Plot: Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In "Brave," a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald) confronts tradition, destiny and the fiercest of beasts. Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane). Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Wise Woman (voice of Julie Walters) for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late.
http://wn.com/Brave__Official_Trailer_2_ HD
![Brave - Official Trailer [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120105184013im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OMGFCmy352M/0.jpg "Brave - Official Trailer [HD]")
Brave - Official Trailer [HD]
Subscribe ow.ly | Facebook ow.ly | Twitter ow.ly Release Date: 22 June 2012 Genre: Animation | Action | Adventure Cast: Kelly Macdonald, Emma Thompson, Billy Connolly, Julie Walters, Kevin McKidd, Craig Ferguson, Robbie Coltrane Directors: Mark Andrews Writer: Brenda Chapman, Irene Mecchi Studio: Disney Pixar Plot: Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In "Brave," a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald) confronts tradition, destiny and the fiercest of beasts. Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane). Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Wise Woman (voice of Julie Walters) for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late.
http://wn.com/Brave__Official_Trailer_ HD
BRAVE trailer teaser Disney Pixar - Only at the Movies JUNE, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Published: 28 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 15 Dec 2011
- Author: WaltDisneyStudiosAU
Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In Brave, a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald) confronts tradition, destiny and the fiercest of beasts. Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane). Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Wise Woman (voice of Julie Walters) for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late. Directed by Mark Andrews (The Incredibles, Ratatouille, John Carter of Mars) and Brenda Chapman (The Lion King, Prince of Egypt), and produced by Katherine Sarafian (Lifted, The Incredibles), Brave is a grand adventure full of heart, memorable characters and the signature Pixar humour enjoyed by audiences of all ages. Disney•Pixar's Brave takes aim at cinemas JUNE, 2012 Classification: CTC
http://wn.com/BRAVE_trailer_teaser_Disney_Pixar__Only_at_the_Movies_JUNE,_2012
Brave Official Trailer #1 - New Pixar Movie (2012) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 16 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: MovieclipsCOMINGSOON
Brave Official Trailer #1 - New Pixar Movie (2012) HD Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In "Brave," a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald) confronts tradition, destiny and the fiercest of beasts. Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane). Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Wise Woman (voice of Julie Walters) for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late. "Brave movie trailer" "Brave trailer HD" "Brave pixar" "new pixar movie" "brave HD" movieclips movieclips.com movieclipsDOTcom movie clips "Kelly MacDonald" "Emma Thompson" "Billy Connolly" "Julie Walters" "Kevin McKidd" "Craig Ferguson" "Robbie Coltrane"
http://wn.com/Brave_Official_Trailer_#1__New_Pixar_Movie_2012_HD
BRAVE Brand New Official Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Published: 16 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Dec 2011
- Author: WaltDisneyStudiosIE
Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In "Brave," a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald) confronts tradition, destiny and the fiercest of beasts. Merida is a skilled archer and impetuous daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to carve her own path in life, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane). Merida's actions inadvertently unleash chaos and fury in the kingdom, and when she turns to an eccentric old Wise Woman (voice of Julie Walters) for help, she is granted an ill-fated wish. The ensuing peril forces Merida to discover the meaning of true bravery in order to undo a beastly curse before it's too late. Directed by Mark Andrews ("The Incredibles," "Ratatouille," "John Carter of Mars") and Brenda Chapman ("The Lion King," "Prince of Egypt"), and produced by Katherine Sarafian ("Lifted," "The Incredibles"), "Brave" is a grand adventure full of heart, memorable characters and the signature Pixar humor enjoyed by audiences of all ages. The film takes aim at Irish cinemas on August 17, 2012, and will be presented in Disney Digital 3D™ in select cinemas.
http://wn.com/BRAVE_Brand_New_Official_Trailer
Disney's Pixar 'Brave' Teaser Trailer 2012 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Published: 27 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Dec 2011
- Author: PlayTraiIers
Disney's Pixar 'Brave' Teaser Trailer 2012 HD Genre: Animation | Action | Adventure Release Date: 22 June 2012 (wide) Director:Mark Andrews Writers:Brenda Chapman, Irene Mecchi Stars:Emma Thompson, Kelly Macdonald and Kevin McKidd Storyline: Scottish princess, Merida, defies her parents by persuing an interest in archery, but inadvertently jeopardizes her father's kingdom in the process. "Brave Trailer 2012" "disneys pixar brave trailer"
http://wn.com/Disney's_Pixar_'Brave'_Teaser_Trailer_2012_HD
Katatonia - Brave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:20
- Published: 03 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: linkhoochoon3
If you didn't know All the moments When I lose myself I would tell the world I'm catching flies by now Speaking to someone Breaking the windows This house is dead The sound of falling When the pictures are moving Between the memories The sound of falling When the pictures are moving Dead in time Brave, try the meaning of loss I know your smile is deadly at this point Wherever you are I am not If you didn't know All the moments When I lose myself I would tell the world I guess I should know The limits of the world There are moments I find myself Not breathing at all Katatonia - Brave taken from the Album "Brave Murder Day".
http://wn.com/Katatonia__Brave
Jennifer Lopez Brave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Published: 30 Sep 2007
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: thabronx88
a new song from the upcoming album btave called...Brave!
http://wn.com/Jennifer_Lopez_Brave
Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Published: 12 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 18 Dec 2011
- Author: nogoodflix
Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie HD The acclaimed animation studio behind the likes of Up, WALL•E and the Toy Story trilogy have gathered together a host of national treasures for next year's Scotland-based summer blockbuster Brave, including Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly, Robbie Coltrane, Kevin McKidd and Craig Ferguson. Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie Brief: Scottish princess, Merida, defies her parents by persuing an interest in archery, but inadvertently jeopardizes her father's kingdom in the process. One of summer 2012's biggest movies, the first trailer showcases the beautiful animated Scottish scenery of the latest Disney Pixar movie Brave, which features a cast crammed full of Scottish stars. Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 ispresented in full HD 1080p high resolution. Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie HD Genre: Animation, Action & Adventure Release Date: June 22, 2012 Director: Mark Andrews Writers: Brenda Chapman, Irene Mecchi Stars: Emma Thompson, Kelly Macdonald and Kevin McKidd Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie HD, courtesy Pixar Animation and Disney Pictures. NO GOOD FLIX is your daily dose of everything movies ... brought to you by our passionate team of producers and affiliates. As part of NO GOOD WORLD network we bring to you the best of movie and celebrity programming, officially licensed movie trailers, clips, interviews and movie featurettes. Carrie Keagan continues to guide you <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Brave_Trailer_Pixar_2012_Official_Disney-Pixar_Movie_HD
The Strange Boys - Be Brave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 04 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: RoughTradeRecordsUK
Video for Be Brave, the new single by Texan garage rockers The Strange Boys. Their second album, Be Brave, is out on 22nd of February
http://wn.com/The_Strange_Boys__Be_Brave
My Brightest Diamond - ALL THINGS WILL UNWIND: Be Brave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 16 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Dec 2011
- Author: AsthmaticKitty
available on Asthmatic Kitty Records - October 18th asthmatickitty.com/all-things-will-unwind Directed by Murat Eyuboglu Edited by David Sarno Filmed by Alex Craig Aaron Craig, and Murat Eyuboglu Vocals, Shara Worden Brian Wolfe, Drums Zac Rae, Guitar Brad Albetta, Bass Brian Snow, Cello Background vocals, DM Stith Featuring the chamber ensemble yMusic Rob Moose, violin Nadia Sirota, viola Alex Sopp, piccolo Hideaki Aomori, bass clarinet CJ Camerieri, trumpet and French horn Pat Dillett, engineer Jessica Dessner, dancer Emilliner, hats Lake Simons, mask Noelle Marinelli, makeup Recorded and filmed in New York, NY.
http://wn.com/My_Brightest_Diamond__ALL_THINGS_WILL_UNWIND_Be_Brave
My Brightest Diamond "Be Brave" - OFFICIAL VIDEO
My Brightest Diamond "All Things Will Unwind" Be Brave
http://wn.com/My_Brightest_Diamond_Be_Brave__OFFICIAL_VIDEO
The Brave One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 122:17
- Published: 30 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 25 Oct 2011
- Author: warnervoduk
"Why don't they stop me?" Erica Bain wonders. Bain, a popular radio host, watched her fiancé die and nearly lost her own life in a vicious, random attack. Now she is a stranger to herself, an armed wanderer in the urban night, ridding New York of the thugs she sees at every turn. And no one, it seems, can stop her. Two-time Academy Award® winner Jodie Foster as Erica and Academy Award® nominee Terrence Howard as a dogged cop with his own psychic wounds to heal join director Neil Jordan (The Crying Game) and producers Joel Silver (The Matrix trilogy) for this jolting, high-tension thriller that has a lot on its mind. And a gun in its hand. MPAA Rating: R
http://wn.com/The_Brave_One
O Brave New World
To cap off Bungie's 20th Anniversary festivities, the team has assembled a near hour long documentary covering the studio's past, present, and future. Featuring insight from the team -- including their ever illusive Creative Director, Jason Jones -- and interviews from key industry veterans and luminaries, "O Brave New World" is both a celebration of Bungie's legacy and a love letter to the community of gamers who have embraced Bungie's games for two incredible decades.
http://wn.com/O_Brave_New_World
![Brave-Nichole Nordeman [LYRICS]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120105184013im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/SqSs39C3LN8/0.jpg "Brave-Nichole Nordeman [LYRICS]")
Brave-Nichole Nordeman [LYRICS]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Published: 21 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 16 Dec 2011
- Author: xxSweetSacrificex
Brave-Nichole Nordeman [I am not claming to have written this song, all credit goes to Nichole Nordeman]
http://wn.com/Brave-Nichole_Nordeman_ LYRICS
Brave Vancouverite Stands up for his City during 2011 Riot Vancouver Stanley Cup
Skip to 2:00 to see guy stand up During the 2011 Vancouver Riot, people were smashing a high-tec mini car with solar panels and etc. A man stops them saying "This is our city, what are you doing?" He gives a good message. They almost fight after I stopped recording them beating the car, but started again when the guy intervened later on i saw the same guy dancing in front on a car fire on TV Aparently he is not the hero he seems ( sent by ryanofborg) bit.ly i will be uploading more videos of the riot soon Edit: after many views, people have decided to copy my video and post it as their own. Please flag these videos as they have stolen my footage without asking. Thank you #95 - Most Discussed (This Month) - News & Politics - Canada #30 - Most Discussed (This Week) - News & Politics - Canada #13 - Top Favorited (This Month) - News & Politics - Canada #3 - Top Favorited (This Week) - News & Politics - Canada #67 - Top Favorited (This Week) - News & Politics #8 - Top Rated (This Month) - News & Politics - Canada
http://wn.com/Brave_Vancouverite_Stands_up_for_his_City_during_2011_Riot_Vancouver_Stanley_Cup
photo: Creative Commons / Rita Molnár
04 Jan 2012
share Wesley Mann The filmmaker is to pick up the highest plaudit available from the British Academy for his contribution to movies. LONDON – Oscar winner Martin Scorsese is to be honored with a...
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photo: Public Domain / Martin H.
04 Jan 2012
TV presenter Nick Cannon has been rushed to hospital after suffering from kidney failure. And despite wife Mariah Carey urging their fans to 'pray for Nick', the singer doesn't look too fearful about...
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photo: Creative Commons / rawmustard
04 Jan 2012
share Win McNamee/Getty Images Race was the closest in Iowa history, officials said late Tuesday. Throughout Tuesday evening, as the votes were counted in the Iowa Caucuses, Senator Rick Santorum and...
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Thanks to the brave who served in Iraq
05 Jan 2012
Denver Post
Seth Smith. (The Denver Post) While outfielder Seth Smith remains a coveted commodity, the Atlanta Braves' interest has cooled, according to a major league source with the direct knowledge of the talks. The Braves are unwilling to move infielder Martin Prado, the Rockies' desired target, without an...
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Katy Perry prepares to brave first public appearance since 'devastating' split from Russell Brand
05 Jan 2012
The Daily Mail
It's been less than a week since her husband filed for divorce, but Katy Perry still plans on putting on a brave face and facing the music, as it were. The 27-year-old singer is slated to make her first public appearance since Russell Brand announced the couple's marriage was over last Friday. The...
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Brave new world of weaponry
05 Jan 2012
The Washington Post
Despite the ongoing, muffled debate over the use of armed U.S. drones in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen and elsewhere, technological advances allow better-integrated intelligence to go to those who pick targets, guaranteeing a continuation of these types of attacks from afar. Those same intelligence...
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Brave deed
04 Jan 2012
Canberra Times
BRAVE DEED The death of paramedic Michael Wilson while on a life-saving mission represents the highest level of sacrifice (''Paramedics mourn mate lost in line of duty'', January 4, p6). I hope his death will be recognised by those who recommend awards for service to the community. Although the...
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Central Floridians Brave Frigid Temps
04 Jan 2012
MSNBC
ORLANDO, Fla. — WESH.com Central Florida felt frigid temperatures as far as locals were concerned Tuesday night. David Lewis and his bandmates started playing outdoors at 1:30 p.m. They were hired to sing a few tunes to lure people into a downtown Orlando flower shop on Central...
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Year One pupils brave first day of school
04 Jan 2012
Downton Abbey Season 2 Promo: A Brave New World
03 Jan 2012
IMDb
Downton Abbey is about to embark on a brave new world, at least for American viewers of this British hit. So says Mr. Carson in the...
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The Examiner
The funeral arrangements have been made for the wife of Jeff Porter, the Atlanta Braves' lead trainer who was recently involved in a fatal automobile accident with a Georgia State Patrol trooper. There will be a private visitation observed on Tues., Jan. 3 in an undisclosed location, with the...
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| name | Brave New World |
|---|---|
| author | Aldous Huxley |
| cover artist | Leslie Holland |
| country | United Kingdom |
| language | English |
| genre | Science fiction, dystopian fiction |
| publisher | Chatto and Windus (London) |
| release date | 1932 |
| media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| pages | 288 pp (Paperback edition) |
| words | 64106 |
| isbn | ISBN 0-06-080983-3 (Paperback edition) |
| oclc | 20156268 |
| followed by | }} |
Brave New World is Aldous Huxley's fifth novel, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Set in London of AD 2540 (632 A.F. in the book), the novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleep-learning that combine to change society. The future society is an embodiment of the ideals that form the basis of futurology. Huxley answered this book with a reassessment in an essay, Brave New World Revisited (1958), summarized below, and with his final work, a novel titled Island (1962).
In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World fifth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.
Title
Brave New World's ironic title derives from Miranda's speech in Shakespeare's The Tempest, Act V, Scene I:This line itself is ironic; Miranda was raised for most of her life on an isolated island, and the only people she ever knew were her father and his servants, an enslaved savage and a spirit. When she sees other people for the first time, she is understandably overcome with excitement, and utters, among other praise, the famous line above. However, what she is actually observing is not men acting in a refined or civilized manner, but rather drunken sailors staggering off the wreckage of their ship. Huxley employs the same irony when the "savage" John refers to what he sees as a "brave new world." Another possible source for or reference in the title is from Rudyard Kipling's 1919 poem The Gods of the Copybook Headings:
Translations of the title often allude to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature in an attempt to capture the same irony: the French edition of the work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes ("The Best of All Worlds"), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz and satirized in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme by Voltaire (1759). The German title of the book is Schöne Neue Welt ("Beautiful New World"), though originally the word "brave" was translated literally as tapfer, "valiant", with the Dutch title as Heerlijke Nieuwe Wereld ("Glorious New World"). In Serbian the title is Vrli novi svet ("Virtuous New World"), in Italian Il mondo nuovo, simply "The New World", while in Spanish it is Un mundo feliz ("A Happy World") and in Portuguese its Admirável Mundo Novo ("Admirable New World").
The quotation is also used by Edwin A. Abbott on the first page of Part II of Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions. This begins the section in which A. Square, an inhabitant of a two-dimensional universe, receives visions of Lineland and Pointland, and eventually is visited by a Sphere from Spaceland. Whereas the irony is maintained in the first two examples, obviously it is lost in the third.
Background
Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1931 while he was living in Italy (he moved to Amber Rock, California in 1937). By this time, Huxley had already established himself as a writer and social satirist. He was a contributor to Vanity Fair and Vogue magazines, had published a collection of his poetry (The Burning Wheel, 1916) and four successful satirical novels: Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925) and Point Counter Point (1928). Brave New World was Huxley's fifth novel and first dystopian work.Brave New World was inspired by H. G. Wells' utopian novel Men Like Gods. Wells' optimistic vision of the future gave Huxley the idea to begin writing a parody of the novel, which became Brave New World. Contrary to the most popular optimist utopian novels of the time, Huxley sought to provide a frightening vision of the future. Huxley referred to Brave New World as a "negative utopia" (see dystopia), somewhat influenced by Wells' own The Sleeper Awakes (who was dealing with subjects like corporate tyranny and behavioral conditioning) and the works of D. H. Lawrence.
George Orwell believed that Brave New World must be partly derived from the novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. However, in a 1962 letter, Huxley says that he wrote Brave New World long before he had heard of We. According to We translator Natasha Randall, Orwell believed that Huxley was lying.
Huxley visited the newly opened and technologically advanced Brunner and Mond plant, part of Imperial Chemical Industries, or ICI, Billingham, and gives a fine and detailed account of the processes he saw. The introduction to the most recent print of Brave New World states that Huxley was inspired to write the classic novel by this Billingham visit.
Although the novel is set in the future, it contains contemporary issues of the early 20th century. The Industrial Revolution had transformed the world. Mass production had made cars, telephones, and radios relatively cheap and widely available throughout the developed world. The political, cultural, economic and sociological upheavals of the then-recent Russian Revolution of 1917 and the First World War (1914–1918) were resonating throughout the world as a whole and the individual lives of most people. Accordingly, many of the novel's characters are named after widely recognized, influential and in many cases contemporary people, for example, Polly Trotsky (Leon Trotsky), Benito Hoover (Benito Mussolini; Herbert Hoover), Lenina Crowne (Vladimir Lenin; John Crowne), Fanny Crowne (Fanny Brawne; John Crowne), Mustapha Mond (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; Alfred Mond), Helmholtz Watson (Hermann von Helmholtz; John B. Watson), and Bernard Marx (George Bernard Shaw; Karl Marx).
Huxley was able to use the setting and characters from his science fiction novel to express widely held opinions, particularly the fear of losing individual identity in the fast-paced world of the future. An early trip to the United States gave Brave New World much of its character. Not only was Huxley outraged by the culture of youth, commercial cheeriness, sexual promiscuity and the inward-looking nature of many Americans, he had also found a book by Henry Ford on the boat to America. There was a fear of Americanization in Europe, so to see America firsthand, as well as read the ideas and plans of one of its foremost citizens, spurred Huxley to write Brave New World with America in mind. The "feelies" are his response to the "talkie" motion pictures, and the sex-hormone chewing gum is a parody of the ubiquitous chewing gum, which was something of a symbol of America at that time. In an article in the 4 May 1935 issue of the Illustrated London News, G. K. Chesterton explained that Huxley was revolting against the "Age of Utopias" — a time, mostly before the First World War, inspired by what H. G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw were writing about socialism and a World State.
After the Age of Utopias came what we may call the American Age, lasting as long as the Boom. Men like Ford or Mond seemed to many to have solved the social riddle and made capitalism the common good. But it was not native to us; it went with a buoyant, not to say blatant optimism, which is not our negligent or negative optimism. Much more than Victorian righteousness, or even Victorian self-righteousness, that optimism has driven people into pessimism. For the Slump brought even more disillusionment than the War. A new bitterness, and a new bewilderment, ran through all social life, and was reflected in all literature and art. It was contemptuous, not only of the old Capitalism, but of the old Socialism. Brave New World is more of a revolt against Utopia than against Victoria.
For Brave New World, Huxley unsurprisingly received nearly universal criticism from contemporary critics, although his work was later embraced. Even the few sympathetic critics tended to temper their praises with disparaging remarks.
Plot
The Introduction (Chapters 1–6)
The novel opens in London in 632 (AD 2540 in the Gregorian Calendar). The vast majority of the population is unified under The World State, an eternally peaceful, stable global society in which goods and resources are plentiful (because the population is permanently limited to no more than two billion people) and everyone is happy. Natural reproduction has been done away with and children are created, 'decanted' and raised in Hatcheries and Conditioning Centres, where they are divided into five castes (which are further split into 'Plus' and 'Minus' members) and designed to fulfill predetermined positions within the social and economic strata of the World State. Fetuses chosen to become members of the highest caste, 'Alpha', are allowed to develop naturally while maturing to term in "decanting bottles", while fetuses chosen to become members of the lower castes ('Beta', 'Gamma', 'Delta', 'Epsilon') are subjected to in situ chemical interference to cause arrested development in intelligence or physical growth. Each 'Alpha' or 'Beta' is the product of one unique fertilized egg developing into one unique fetus. Members of lower castes are not unique but are instead created using the Bokanovsky process which enables a single egg to spawn (at the point of the story being told) up to 96 children and one ovary to produce thousands of children. To further increase the birthrate of Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, Podsnap's Technique causes all the eggs in the ovary to mature simultaneously, allowing the hatchery to get full use of the ovary in two years' time. People of these castes make up the majority of human society, and the production of such specialized children bolsters the efficiency and harmony of society, since these people are deliberately limited in their cognitive and physical abilities, as well as the scope of their ambitions and the complexity of their desires, thus rendering them easier to control. All children are educated via the hypnopaedic process, which provides each child with caste-appropriate subconscious messages to mold the child's life-long self-image and social outlook to that chosen by the leaders and their predetermined plans for producing future adult generations.To maintain the World State's Command Economy for the indefinite future, all citizens are conditioned from birth to value consumption with such platitudes as "spending is better than mending," i.e., buy a new one instead of fixing the old one, because constant consumption, and near-universal employment to meet society's material demands, is the bedrock of economic and social stability for the World State. Beyond providing social engagement and distraction in the material realm of work or play, the need for transcendence, solitude and spiritual communion is addressed with the ubiquitous availability and universally endorsed consumption of the drug soma. Soma is an allusion to a mythical drink of the same name consumed by ancient Indo-Aryans. In the book, soma is a hallucinogen that takes users on enjoyable, hangover-free "holidays", developed by the World State to provide such inner-directed personal experiences within the socially managed context of State-run 'religious' organizations, social clubs, and the hypnopaedically inculcated affinity to the State-produced drug as a self-medicating comfort mechanism in the face of stress or discomfort, thereby eliminating the need for religion or other personal allegiances outside or beyond the World State.
Recreational sex is an integral part of society. According to The World State, sex is a social activity, rather than a means of reproduction (sex is encouraged from early childhood). The few women who can reproduce are conditioned to use birth control (a "Malthusian belt", resembling a cartridge belt holding "the regulation supply of contraceptives", is a popular fashion accessory). The maxim "everyone belongs to everyone else" is repeated often, and the idea of a "family" is considered pornographic; sexual competition and emotional, romantic relationships are rendered obsolete because they are no longer needed. Marriage, natural birth, parenthood, and pregnancy are considered too obscene to be mentioned in casual conversation. Thus, society has developed a new idea of reproductive comprehension.
Spending time alone is considered an outrageous waste of time and money. Wanting to be an individual is horrifying. This is why John, a character in the book, is later afforded celebrity-like status. Conditioning trains people to consume and never to enjoy being alone, so by spending an afternoon not playing "Obstacle Golf," or not in bed with a friend, one is forfeiting acceptance.
In The World State, people typically die at age 60 having maintained good health and youthfulness their whole life. Death isn't feared; anyone reflecting upon it is reassured by the knowledge that everyone is happy, and that society goes on. Since no one has family, they have no ties to mourn.
The conditioning system eliminates the need for professional competitiveness; people are literally bred to do their jobs and cannot desire another. There is no competition within castes; each caste member receives the same food, housing, and soma rationing as every other member of that caste. There is no desire to change one's caste, largely because a person's sleep-conditioning teaches that his or her caste is superior to the other four. To grow closer with members of the same class, citizens participate in mock religious services called Solidarity Services, in which twelve people consume large quantities of soma and sing hymns. The ritual progresses through group hypnosis and climaxes in an orgy.
In geographic areas nonconducive to easy living and consumption, securely contained groups of "savages" are left to their own devices.
In its first chapters, the novel describes life in The World State as wonderful and introduces Lenina and Bernard. Lenina is a socially accepted woman, normal for her society, while Bernard, a psychologist, is an outcast. Although an Alpha Plus, Bernard is shorter in stature than the average of his caste—a quality shared by the lower castes, which gives him an inferiority complex. His work with sleep-teaching has led him to realize that what others believe to be their own deeply held beliefs are merely phrases repeated to children while they are asleep. Still, he recognizes the necessity of such programming as the reason why his society meets the emotional needs of its citizens. Courting disaster, he is vocal about being different, once stating he dislikes soma because he'd "rather be himself." Bernard's differences fuel rumors that he was accidentally administered alcohol while incubated, a method used to keep Epsilons short.
Lenina, a woman who seldom questions her own motivations, is reprimanded by her friends because she is not promiscuous enough. However, she is still highly content in her role as a woman. Both fascinated and disturbed by Bernard, she responds to Bernard's advances to dispel her reputation for being too selective.
Bernard's only friend is Helmholtz Watson, an Alpha Plus lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering (Department of Writing). The friendship is based on their similar experiences as misfits, but unlike Bernard, Watson's sense of loneliness stems from being too gifted, too handsome, and too physically strong. Helmholtz is drawn to Bernard as a confidant: he can talk to Bernard about his desire to write poetry.
The Reservation and the Savage (Chapters 7–9)
Bernard, desperately wanting Lenina's attention, tries to impress her by taking her on holiday to a Savage Reservation. The reservation, located in New Mexico, consists of a community named Malpais. From afar, Lenina thinks it will be exciting. In person, she finds the aged, toothless natives who mend their clothes rather than throw them away repugnant, and the situation is made worse when she discovers that she has left her soma tablets at the resort hotel. Bernard is fascinated, although he realizes his seduction plans have failed.In typical tourist fashion, Bernard and Lenina watch what at first appears to be a quaint native ceremony. The village folk, whose culture resemble the contemporary Indian groups of the region, descendants of the Anasazi, including the Puebloan peoples of Acoma, Laguna, and Zuni, and the Ramah Navajo, begin by singing, but the ritual quickly becomes a passion play where a village boy is whipped to unconsciousness.
Soon after, the couple encounters Linda, a woman formerly of The World State who has been living in Malpais since she came on a trip and became separated from her group and her date, to whom she refers as "Tomakin" but who is revealed to be Bernard's boss, the Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning, Thomas. She became pregnant because she mistimed her "Malthusian Drill" and there were no facilities for an abortion. Linda gave birth to a son, John (later referred to as John the Savage) who is now eighteen.
Conversations with Linda and John reveal that their life has been hard. For eighteen years, they have been treated as outsiders: the natives hate Linda for sleeping with all the men of the village, as she was conditioned to do, and John was mistreated and excluded for his mother's actions, not to mention the role of racism. John's one joy was that his mother had taught him to read, although he only had two books: a scientific manual from his mother's job, which he called a "beastly, beastly book," and a collection of the works of Shakespeare (a work banned in The World State). John has been denied the religious rituals of the village, although he has watched them and even has had some of his own religious experiences in the desert.
Old, weathered and tired, Linda wants to return to her familiar world in London; she is tired of a life without soma. John wants to see the "brave new world" his mother has told him so much about. Bernard wants to take them back as revenge against Thomas, who had just threatened to reassign Bernard to Iceland as punishment for his antisocial beliefs. Bernard arranges permission for Linda and John to leave the reservation.
The Savage visits the World State (Chapters 10–18)
Upon his return to London, Bernard is confronted by Thomas Tomakin, the Director of the Hatchery and Conditioning Centre who, in front of an audience of higher-caste Centre workers, denounces Bernard for his antisocial behaviour. Bernard, thinking that for the first time in his life he has the upper hand, defends himself by presenting the Director with his long lost lover and unknown son, Linda and John. John falls to his knees and calls Thomas his father, which causes an uproar of laughter. The humiliated Director resigns in shame.Spared from reassignment, Bernard makes John the toast of London. Pursued by the highest members of society, able to bed any woman he fancies, Bernard revels in attention he once scorned. The victory, however, is short lived. Linda, decrepit, toothless, friendless, goes on a permanent soma holiday while John, appalled by what he perceives to be an empty society, refuses to attend Bernard's parties. Society drops Bernard as swiftly as it had taken him. Bernard turns to the person he'd believed to be his one true friend, only to see Helmholtz fall into a quick, easy camaraderie with John. Bernard is left an outcast yet again as he watches the only two men with whom he ever connected find more of interest in each other than they ever did in him.
John and Helmholtz's island of peace is brief. John grows frustrated by a society he finds wicked and debased. He is moved by Lenina, but also loathes her sexual advances, which revolt and shame him. He is heartbroken when his mother succumbs to soma and dies in a hospital. John's grief bewilders and revolts the hospital workers, and their lack of reaction to Linda's death prompts John to try to force humanity from the workers by throwing their soma rations out a window. The ensuing riot brings the police, who soma-gas the crowd. Bernard and Helmholtz arrive to help John, but only Helmholtz helps him, while Bernard stands to the side, torn between risking involvement by helping or escaping the scene.
Following the riot, Bernard, Helmholtz and John are brought before Mustapha Mond, the Resident World Controller for Western Europe. Bernard and Helmholtz are told they will be exiled to islands of their choice. Mond explains that this exile is not so much a threat to force freethinkers to reform and rejoin society, as it is a chance for them to act as they please because they will not be able to influence the population. He also divulges that he too once risked banishment to an island because of some scientific experiments that were deemed controversial by the state, giving insight into his sympathetic tone. Helmholtz chooses the Falkland Islands, believing that their terrible weather will inspire his writing, but Bernard simply does not want to leave London; he struggles with Mond and is thrown out of the office. After Bernard and Helmholtz have left, Mustapha and John engage in a philosophical argument on the morals behind the godless society and then John is told the "experiment" will continue and he will not be sent to an island.
In the final chapter, John isolates himself from society in a lighthouse outside London where he finds his hermit life interrupted from mourning his mother by the more bitter memories of civilization. To atone, John brutally whips himself in the open, a ritual the Indians in his own village had denied him. His self-flagellation, caught on film and shown publicly, destroys his hermit life. Hundreds of gawking sightseers, intrigued by John's violent behavior, fly out to watch the savage in person. Even Lenina comes to watch, crying a tear John does not see. The sight of the woman whom he both adores and blames is too much for him; John attacks and whips her. This sight of genuine, unbridled emotion drives the crowd wild with excitement, and—handling it as they are conditioned to—they turn on each other, in a frenzy of beating and chanting that devolves into a mass orgy of soma and sex. In the morning, John, hopeless, alone, horrified by his drug use and the orgy in which he participated that countered his beliefs, makes one last attempt to escape civilization and atone. When thousands of gawking sightseers arrive that morning, frenzied at the prospect of seeing the savage perform again, they find that John has hanged himself.
Characters
John - The son of the Director and Linda, John is the only major character to have grown up outside of the World State. The consummate outsider, he has spent his life alienated from his village on the New Mexico Savage Reservation, and he finds himself similarly unable to fit in to World State society. His entire worldview is based on his knowledge of Shakespeare’s plays, which he can quote with great facility.Bernard Marx - An Alpha male who fails to fit in because of his inferior physical stature. He holds unorthodox beliefs about sexual relationships, sports, and community events. His insecurity about his size and status makes him discontented with the World State. Bernard’s surname recalls Karl Marx, the nineteenth-century German author best known for writing Das Kapital, a monumental critique of capitalist society. Unlike his famous namesake, Bernard’s discontent stems from his frustrated desire to fit into his own society, rather than from a systematic or philosophical criticism of it. When threatened, Bernard can be petty and cruel.
Helmholtz Watson - An Alpha lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering, Helmholtz is a prime example of his caste, but feels that his work is empty and meaningless and would like to use his writing abilities for something more meaningful. He and Bernard are friends because they find common ground in their discontent with the World State, but Helmholtz’s criticisms of the World State are more philosophical and intellectual than Bernard’s more petty complaints. As a result, Helmholtz often finds Bernard’s boastfulness and cowardice tedious.
Lenina Crowne - A vaccination worker at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. She is an object of desire for a number of major and minor characters, including Bernard Marx and John. Her behavior is sometimes intriguingly unorthodox, which makes her attractive to the reader. For example, she defies her culture’s conventions by dating one man exclusively for several months, she is attracted to Bernard—the misfit—and she develops a violent passion for John the Savage. Ultimately, her values are those of a conventional World State citizen: her primary means of relating to other people is through sex, and she is unable to share Bernard’s disaffection or to comprehend John’s alternate system of values.
Mustapha Mond - The Resident World Controller of Western Europe, one of only ten World Controllers. He was once an ambitious, young physicist performing illicit research. When his work was discovered, he was given the choice of going into exile or training to become a World Controller. He chose to give up science, and now he censors scientific discoveries and exiles people for unorthodox beliefs. He also keeps a collection of forbidden literature in his safe, including Shakespeare and religious writings. The name "Mond" is similar to the French word "monde", which means “world”, and Mond is indeed the most powerful character in the world of this novel.
Fanny Crowne - Lenina Crowne’s friend (they have the same last name because only about ten thousand last names are in use in the World State). Fanny’s role is mainly to voice the conventional values of her caste and society. Specifically, she warns Lenina that she should have more men in her life because it looks bad to concentrate on one man for too long.
Henry Foster - One of Lenina’s many lovers, he is a perfectly conventional Alpha male, casually discussing Lenina’s body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his casual attitude about it, infuriate the jealous Bernard.
Linda - John’s mother, and a Beta. While visiting the New Mexico Savage Reservation, she became pregnant with the Director’s son. During a storm, she got lost, suffered a head injury and was left behind. A group of Indians found her and brought her to their village. Linda could not get an abortion on the Reservation, and she was too ashamed to return to the World State with a baby. Her World State–conditioned promiscuity makes her a social outcast. She is desperate to return to the World State and to soma. When she returned she was treated to a series of soma baths and a pleasant death.
The Director - The Director administrates the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. He is a threatening figure, with the power to exile Bernard to Iceland. But he is secretly vulnerable because he fathered a child (John), a scandalous and obscene act in the World State.
The Arch-Community-Songster - The Arch-Community-Songster is the secular, shallow equivalent of an archbishop in the World State society.
Popé - Popé was Linda’s lover on the New Mexico Savage Reservation. He gave Linda a copy of The Complete Works of Shakespeare.
The Warden - The Warden is the talkative chief administrator for the New Mexico Savage Reservation. He is an Alpha.
Of Malpais
Background figures
These are fictional and factual characters who lived before the events in this book, but are of note in the novel:
Sources of names and references
The limited number of names that the World State assigned to its bottle-grown citizens can be traced to political and cultural figures who contributed to the bureaucratic, economic, and technological systems of Huxley's age, and presumably those systems in Brave New World:
Fordism and society
The World State is built upon the principles of Henry Ford's assembly line—mass production, homogeneity, predictability, and consumption of disposable consumer goods. At the same time as the World State lacks any supernatural-based religions, Ford himself is revered as a deity, and characters celebrate Ford Day and swear oaths by his name (e.g., "By Ford!"). In this sense, some fragments of traditional religion are present, such as Christian crosses, which had their tops cut off in order to be changed to a "T". The World State calendar numbers years in the "AF" era—"After Ford"—with year 1 AF being equivalent to 1908 AD, the year in which Ford's first Model T rolled off his assembly line. The novel's Gregorian calendar year is AD 2540, but it is referred to in the book as AF 632.From birth, members of every class are indoctrinated by recorded voices repeating slogans while they sleep (called "hypnopædia" in the book) to believe their own class is superior, but that the other classes perform needed functions. Any residual unhappiness is resolved by an antidepressant and hallucinogenic drug called soma (named for an intoxicating drink in ancient India) distributed by the Arch-Community Songster of Canterbury, a secularised version of the Christian sacrament of Communion ("The Body of Christ").
The biological techniques used to control the populace in Brave New World do not include genetic engineering; Huxley wrote the book before the structure of DNA was known. However, Gregor Mendel's work with inheritance patterns in peas had been re-discovered in 1900 and the eugenics movement, based on artificial selection, was well established. Huxley's family included a number of prominent biologists including Thomas Huxley, half-brother and Nobel Laureate Andrew Huxley, and brother Julian Huxley who was a biologist and involved in the eugenics movement. Nonetheless, Huxley emphasizes conditioning over breeding (see nature versus nurture); human embryos and fetuses are conditioned via a carefully designed regimen of chemical (such as exposure to hormones and toxins), thermal (exposure to intense heat or cold, as one's future career would dictate), and other environmental stimuli, although there is an element of selective breeding as well.
Ban, accusation of plagiarism
Brave New World has been banned and challenged at various times. In 1932, the book was banned in Ireland for its language, and for supposedly being anti-family and anti-religion. The American Library Association ranks Brave New World as #52 on their list of most challenged books. In 1980, it was removed from classrooms in Miller, Missouri among other challenges. In 1993, an unsuccessful attempt was made to remove the novel from a California school's required reading list because it "centered around negative activity".In 1982, Polish author Antoni Smuszkiewicz in his book Zaczarowana gra presented accusations of plagiarism against Huxley. Smuszkiewicz presented similarities between Brave New World and two science fiction novels written by Polish author Mieczysław Smolarski, namely Miasto światłości (The City of the Sun, 1924) and Podróż poślubna pana Hamiltona (The Honeymoon Trip of Mr. Hamilton, 1928).
Comparisons with George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
Social critic Neil Postman contrasts the worlds of Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World in the foreword of his 1985 book Amusing Ourselves to Death. He writes:Journalist Christopher Hitchens, who has himself published several articles on Huxley and a book on Orwell, notes the difference between the two texts in the introduction to his 1999 article "Why Americans Are Not Taught History":
==Brave New World Revisited== Brave New World Revisited (Harper & Row, US, 1958; Chatto & Windus, UK, 1959), written by Huxley almost thirty years after Brave New World, was a non-fiction work in which Huxley considered whether the world had moved toward or away from his vision of the future from the 1930s. He believed when he wrote the original novel that it was a reasonable guess as to where the world might go in the future. In Brave New World Revisited, he concluded that the world was becoming like Brave New World much faster than he originally thought.
Huxley analysed the causes of this, such as overpopulation as well as all the means by which populations can be controlled. He was particularly interested in the effects of drugs and subliminal suggestion. Brave New World Revisited is different in tone because of Huxley's evolving thought, as well as his conversion to Hindu Vedanta in the interim between the two books.
The last chapter of the book aims to propose action which could be taken in order to prevent a democracy from turning into the totalitarian world described in Brave New World. In Huxley's last novel, Island, he again expounds similar ideas to describe a utopian nation, which is generally known as a counterpart to his most famous work.
Related works
The Scientific Outlook by philosopher Bertrand Russell. When Brave New World was released, Russell thought that Huxley's book was based on his book The Scientific Outlook that had been released the previous year. Russell contacted his own publisher and asked whether or not he should do something about this "apparent plagiarism". His publisher advised him not to, and Russell followed this advice.
Adaptations
Radio
Movies
Brave New World (1980)Brave New World (film) (1980). Directed by Burt Brinckerhoff
Brave New World (1998)
Brave New World (1998). Directed by Leslie Libman and Larry Williams
Brave New World (2011)
Brave New World (film) (scheduled 2011) Ridley Scott, Leonardo DiCaprio collaborating
Publications
:
Notes
References
External links
Category:1932 novels Category:British science fiction novels Category:Dystopian novels Category:Futurology books Category:Genetic engineering in fiction Category:Novels by Aldous Huxley Category:Satirical novels Category:Titles derived from the works of William Shakespeare Category:Novels set in London
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Brave - Official Trailer [HD]
1:06
Subscribe ow.ly | Facebook ow.ly | Twitter ow.ly Release Date: 22 June 2012 Genre: Animation | Action | Adventure Cast: Kelly Macdonald, Emma Thompson, Billy Connolly, Julie Walters, Kevin McKidd, Craig Ferguson, Robbie Coltrane Directors: ...
BRAVE trailer teaser Disney Pixar - Only at the Movies JUNE, 2012
BRAVE trailer teaser Disney Pixar - Only at the Movies JUNE, 2012
1:06
Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In Brave, a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (voice of Kell...
Brave Official Trailer #1 - New Pixar Movie (2012) HD
Brave Official Trailer #1 - New Pixar Movie (2012) HD
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Brave Official Trailer #1 - New Pixar Movie (2012) HD Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In "Brave," a...
BRAVE Brand New Official Trailer
BRAVE Brand New Official Trailer
1:34
Since ancient times, stories of epic battles and mystical legends have been passed through the generations across the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland. In "Brave," a new tale joins the lore when the courageous Merida (v...
Disney's Pixar 'Brave' Teaser Trailer 2012 HD
Disney's Pixar 'Brave' Teaser Trailer 2012 HD
1:06
Disney's Pixar 'Brave' Teaser Trailer 2012 HD Genre: Animation | Action | Adventure Release Date: 22 June 2012 (wide) Director:Mark Andrews Writers:Brenda Chapman, Irene Mecchi Stars:Emma Thompson, Kelly Macdonald and Kevin McKi...
Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie HD
Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie HD
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Brave Trailer Pixar 2012 Official Disney-Pixar Movie HD The acclaimed animation studio behind the likes of Up, WALL•E and the Toy Story trilogy have gathered together a host of national treasures for next year's Scotland-based summ...
My Brightest Diamond - ALL THINGS WILL UNWIND: Be Brave
My Brightest Diamond - ALL THINGS WILL UNWIND: Be Brave
5:00
available on Asthmatic Kitty Records - October 18th asthmatickitty.com/all-things-will-unwind Directed by Murat Eyuboglu Edited by David Sarno Filmed by Alex Craig Aaron Craig, and Murat Eyuboglu Vocals, Shara Worden Brian Wolfe, Dru...
Brave Vancouverite Stands up for his City during 2011 Riot Vancouver Stanley Cup
Brave Vancouverite Stands up for his City during 2011 Riot Vancouver Stanley Cup
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Skip to 2:00 to see guy stand up During the 2011 Vancouver Riot, people were smashing a high-tec mini car with solar panels and etc. A man stops them saying "This is our city, what are you doing?" He gives a good message. They alm...
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