Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	A.C. Grayling
alt	photograph
birth date	3 April 1949
birth place	Luanshya, Zambia
residence	London, England
nationality	British
education	BA (Sussex), BA (London), MA (Sussex), DPhil (Oxon)
alma mater	University of SussexUniversity of London external programmeMagdalen College, Oxford
occupation	Philosopher
organization	Master of New College of the HumanitiesSupernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford
spouse	Katie Hickman
Children	One son, two daughters
website	}}

Anthony Clifford Grayling (born 3 April 1949) is a British philosopher. In 2011 he founded and became the first master of New College of the Humanities, a private undergraduate college in London. Until June 2011, he was Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, where he taught from 1991. He is also a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.

Grayling is the author of around 30 books on philosophy, including ''The Refutation of Scepticism'' (1985), ''The Future of Moral Values'' (1997), ''The Meaning of Things'' (2001), and ''The Good Book'' (2011). He is a Trustee of the London Library, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. He is also a director of and contributor to ''Prospect Magazine''.

His main academic interests lie in epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophical logic. He is also associated in the UK with the new atheism movement.

Early life and education

Grayling was born and raised in Luanshya, Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia) within the British expatriate community, while his father worked for the Standard Chartered Bank. He attended several boarding schools there, including Falcon College in Zimbabwe, from which he ran away after being caned. His first exposure to philosophical writing was at the age of twelve, when he found an English translation of the ''Charmides'', one of Plato's dialogues, in a local library. At fourteen, he read G. H. Lewes's ''Biographical History of Philosophy'' (1846), which confirmed his ambition to study philosophy; he said it "superinduced order on the random reading that had preceded it, and settled my vocation."

Grayling was the third sibling. His older sister Jennifer was murdered in Johannesburg when he was nineteen, something that affected him deeply. She had been born with brain damage, and after brain surgery to alleviate it at the age of 20 had experienced personality problems that led to several inappropriate affairs and a premature marriage. She was found dead in a river shortly after the marriage; she had been stabbed. When her parents went to identify her, her mother—already ill—had a heart attack and died. Grayling said he dealt with his grief by becoming a workaholic.

After moving to England in his teens, he spent three years at the University of Sussex, but said he believed their intention was to educate generalists, rather than scholars, so in addition to his BA from Sussex, he also completed one in philosophy as a University of London external student. He went on to obtain an MA from Sussex, then attended Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was taught by P. F. Strawson and A. J. Ayer, obtaining his doctorate in 1981 for a thesis on "Epistemological Scepticism and Transcendental Arguments."

Career

He lectured in philosophy at St Anne's College, Oxford, before taking up a post in 1991 at Birkbeck, University of London, where in 1998 he became reader in philosophy, and in 2005 professor. He resigned from Birkbeck in June 2011 to found and become the first master of New College of the Humanities, a private undergraduate college in London. He is a Supernumerary Fellow of St Anne’s College, Oxford.

Interests

His principal interests in technical philosophy lie at the intersection of theory of knowledge, metaphysics, and philosophical logic, through which he attempts to define the relationship between mind and world, thereby challenging philosophical scepticism. Grayling uses philosophical logic to counter the arguments of the sceptic in order to try to shed light on the traditional ideas of the realism debate and developing associated views on truth and meaning.

He is also interested in both practical and theoretical questions of human rights and related ethical problems, and has been a contributor to philosophical pedagogy and scholarship through writing and editing.

Public advocacy

For Grayling, work on technical problems of the foregoing kind is only one aspect of philosophy. Another aspect, one which has been at the centre of philosophy's place in history, has more immediate application to daily life: the questions of ethics, which revolve upon what Grayling calls the great Socratic question, 'How should one live?'. In pursuit of what he describes as 'contributing to the conversation society has with itself about possibilities for good lives in good societies' Grayling writes widely on contemporary issues, including war crimes, the legalisation of drugs, euthanasia, secularism, and human rights. He has articulated positions on humanist ethics and on the history and nature of concepts of liberty as applied in civic life. In support of his belief that the philosopher should engage in public debate, he brings these philosophical perspectives to issues of the day in his work as a writer and as a commentator on radio and television.

Among his contributions to the discussion about religion in contemporary society he argues that there are three separable though naturally connected debates: :(a) a metaphysical debate about what the universe contains; denying that it contains supernatural agencies of any kind makes him an atheist; :(b) a debate about the basis of ethics; taking the world to be a natural realm of natural law requires that humanity thinks for itself about the right and the good, based on our best understanding of human nature and the human condition; this makes him a humanist; :(c) a debate about the place of religious movements and organisations in the public domain; as a secularist Grayling argues that these should see themselves as civil society organisations on a par with trades unions and other NGOs, with every right to exist and to have their say, but no greater right than any other self-constituted, self-selected interest group On this latter point, Grayling's view is that for historical reasons religions have a grossly inflated place in the public domain out of all proportion to the numbers of their adherents or their intrinsic merits, so that their voice and influence is amplified disproportionately: with the result that they can distort such matters as public policy (e.g. on abortion) and science research and education (e.g. stem cells, teaching of evolution). He argues that winning the metaphysical and ethical debates is already abating the problems associated with (c) in more advanced Western societies, even the US. He sees his own major contribution as being the promotion of understanding of humanist ethics deriving from the philosophical tradition.

Between 1999 and 2002 Grayling wrote a weekly column in ''The Guardian'' called "The Last Word", in which he turned his attention to a different topic every week. In these columns, which also formed the basis of a series of books for a general readership, commencing with ''The Meaning of Things'' in 2001, Grayling made the basics of philosophy available to the layman. He is a regular contributor to ''The Guardian's'' "Comment is free" group blog, and writes columns for ''Prospect'' magazine, ''The Dubliner'', ''New Scientist'', and the Barnes and Noble book review. He is accredited to the UN Council on Human Rights in Geneva by the International Humanist and Ethical Union, is a patron of the British Humanist Association, an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society, and is Patron of the British Armed Forces Humanist Association. He is involved with several educational and literacy charities. He is a Trustee of the London Library, has been a board member of the Society of Authors, and in 2003 was a Booker Prize judge.

Grayling's book on the allied strategic air offensive in World War II, ''Among the Dead Cities: Was the Allied Bombing of Civilians in WWII a Necessity or a Crime?'' (2006) was well-received as a contribution to the debate on the ethics of war. His books on civil liberties and Enlightenment values have been politically influential, being read in (among other places) 10 Downing Street.

In September 2010, Grayling was one of 55 public figures who sent a letter to ''The Guardian'' expressing their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.

Positions held

Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature

Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts

Fellow of the World Economic Forum (2000–2004)

Member of the editorial boards of ''Reason in Practice'' and ''Prospect''

British Academy visitor to the Institute of Philosophy at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1986)

Director of the Sino-British Summer School in Philosophy in Beijing (1988, 1993)

Jan Hus Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Philosophy at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (1994 and 1996)

Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship (1998)

Honorary Secretary of the Aristotelian Society (1993–2001)

Gifford Lecturer at the University of Glasgow (2005)

Past chairman of June Fourth, a human rights group concerned with China

Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society

Patron of the British Armed Forces Humanist Association UK Armed Forces Humanist Association (UKAFHA)

Representative to the UN Human Rights Council for the International Humanist and Ethical Union

Vice-president, British Humanist Association. In June 2011, it was announced that he had decided not to take up the position of President of the BHA.

Member of the C1 Group on relations between Islam and the West

Publications

''An Introduction to Philosophical Logic'' (1982). ISBN 0-389-20299-1

''The Refutation of Scepticism'' (1985). ISBN 0-7156-1922-5

''Berkeley: The Central Arguments'' (1986). ISBN 0-7156-2065-7

''Wittgenstein'' (1988). ISBN 0-19-287676-7

with Susan Whitfield. ''China: A Literary Companion'' (1994). ISBN 0-7195-5353-9

(ed). ''Philosophy: A Guide Through the Subject'' (1995). ISBN 0-19-875156-7

''Russell'' (1996). ISBN 0-19-287683-X

''The Future of Moral Values'' (1997), ISBN 0-297-81973-9

''Philosophy 2: Further Through the Subject'' (1998). ISBN 0-19-875179-6, ed.

''The Quarrel of the Age: The Life and Times of William Hazlitt'' (2000). ISBN 0-297-64322-3

''The Meaning of Things: Applying Philosophy to Life'' (2001). ISBN 0-297-60758-8

:* published in the U.S. as ''Meditations for the Humanist: Ethics for a Secular Age''.

''The Reason of Things: Living with Philosophy'' (2002). ISBN 0-297-82935-1

:* published in the U.S. as ''Life, Sex, and Ideas: The Good Life Without God''.

''What Is Good?: The Search for the Best Way to Live'' (2003). ISBN 0-297-84132-7

''The Mystery of Things'' (2004). ISBN 0-297-64559-5

''The Art of Always Being Right'' (2004). ISBN 1-903933-61-7 [Edited T. Bailey Saunders' translation of Schopenhauer's essay ''The Art of Being Right'']

''Descartes: The Life of René Descartes and Its Place in His Times'' (2005). ISBN 0-7432-3147-3

''The Heart of Things: Applying Philosophy to the 21st Century'' (2005). ISBN 0-297-84819-4

''The Form of Things: Essays on Life, Ideas and Liberty in the 21st Century'' (2006). ISBN 0-297-85167-5

with Andrew Pyle and Naomi Goulder (eds). ''The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy'' (2006), ISBN 1-84371-141-9

''Among the Dead Cities: Was the Allied Bombing of Civilians in WWII a Necessity or a Crime?'' (2006). ISBN 0-7475-7671-8

with Mick Gordon. ''On Religion'' (2007).

''Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness'' (2007). ISBN 978-1-84002-728-0

''Truth, Meaning and Realism: Essays in the Philosophy of Thought'' (2007). ISBN 978-0-8264-9748-2

''Towards The Light'' (2007). ISBN 978-0-8027-1636-1

* published in the U.S. as ''Towards the Light of Liberty''.

''The Choice of Hercules'' (2007).

''Scepticism and the Possibility of Knowledge'' (2008).

''Ideas That Matter: A Personal Guide for the 21st Century'' (2009). ISBN 978-0-297-85676-4

''Liberty in the Age of Terror : A Defence of Civil Society and Enlightenment Values'' (2009).

''To Set Prometheus Free: Essays on Religion, Reason and Humanity'' (2009). ISBN 978-1-84002-962-8

''Thinking of Answers: Questions in the Philosophy of Everyday Life'' (2010). ISBN 978-1-4088-0598-5

''The Good Book'' (2011). ISBN 9780802717375

References

Further reading

A. C. Grayling website

Blog in the Guardian

Schwarz, Benjamin. "Fire From the Sky: What not to read this month", ''Atlantic Monthly'', 30 May 2006. review of Grayling's ''Among the Dead Cities''.

Smoler, Fredric. "Was the American Bombing Campaign in World War II a War Crime?", ''American Heritage'', 6 April 2006; review of ''Among the Dead Cities''.

Gambotto-Burke, Antonella "The Compulsive Votary"; review of Grayling's ''The Form of Things''.

"Five Minutes with AC Grayling", BBC.

A.C. Grayling at Perth Writers' Festival 2010, ABC Big Ideas.

"Interview with Grayling", ''The Science Network''.

"Interview with Grayling", ABC Radio National, 20 February 2008.

TDF Interview about ''Grace'' as co-dramatist

"Mindfields by A. C. Grayling", ''New Scientist''.

Columnist - The Thinking Read, Barnes & Noble

Intelligence Squared Debate - Atheism is the new fundamentalism

"Grayling in conversation", BBC World Service (audio).

"Grayling speaking on human flourishing", The Science Network (video).

Category:20th-century philosophers Category:21st-century philosophers Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex Category:Atheism activists Category:Atheist philosophers Category:Fellows of St Anne's College, Oxford Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Category:Founders of English schools and colleges Category:New College of the Humanities Category:British humanists Category:English atheists Category:1949 births Category:Living people

de:A. C. Grayling fr:Anthony Grayling is:Anthony C. Grayling ckb:ئانتنی گرەیلینگ

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
clubname	Milan
fullname	Associazione Calcio Milan S.p.A.
nickname	''i Rossoneri'' (The Red and Blacks)''il Diavolo'' (The Devil)''Casciavit'' (Lombard for: Screwdrivers)
founded
ground	San Siro, Milan
capacity	80,074
owner	Silvio Berlusconi
chrtitle	President
chairman	''Vacant''
mgrtitle	Head coach
manager	Massimiliano Allegri
league	Serie A
season	2010–11
position	Serie A, 1st
current	2011–12 A.C. Milan season
website	http://www.acmilan.com/
pattern la1	_acm1112h
pattern b1	_acm1112h_nologos
pattern ra1	_acm1112h
pattern sh1	_acm1112h
pattern so1	_acm1011h
leftarm1	000000
body1	000000
rightarm1	000000
shorts1	FFFFFF
socks1	000000
pattern la2	_acm1112a
pattern b2	_acm1112a_nologos
pattern ra2	_acm1112a
pattern sh2	_acm1112h
pattern so2	_acm1011a
leftarm2	FFFFFF
body2	FFFFFF
rightarm2	FFFFFF
shorts2	FFFFFF
socks2	FFFFFF
pattern la3	_acm1112t
pattern b3	_acm1112t_nologos
pattern ra3	_acm1112t
pattern sh3	_acm1112t
pattern so3	_acm1011h
leftarm3	000000
body3	000000
rightarm3	000000
shorts3	000000
socks3	000000 }}

Associazione Calcio Milan, commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan (), is a professional Italian football club based in Milan, Lombardy. It was founded in 1899 by English lace-maker Herbert Kilpin and businessman Alfred Edwards among others. The club has spent most of its history in Serie A, the top-flight of Italian football, having played only two seasons in Serie B in the early 1980s.

Milan has won 18 officially recognized UEFA and FIFA international titles, and remains tied with Boca Juniors as having won the most in the world. Milan has won four world titles, more than any other club in the world, having won the Intercontinental Cup three times and the FIFA Club World Cup once. Milan has won the European Cup/Champions League on seven occasions; only Real Madrid has exceeded this total. The club has also won the UEFA Super Cup a record five times and the Cup Winners' Cup twice.

Domestically, Milan has won 18 league titles, making the club the second most successful in Serie A with their local rivals Internazionale and record-holder Juventus (27 titles). The club has also won the Coppa Italia five times, in addition to a record number of six Supercoppa Italiana triumphs. The Europa League remains the only major competition for which the team are eligible to compete that they have never won: in this competition they have lost two semifinals, in 1972 and in 2002. Milan was a founding member of the G-14 group and the European Club Association that was formed following the first organization's dissolution.

Milan's home games are played at San Siro, also known as the ''Stadio Giuseppe Meazza''. The stadium, which is shared with Inter, is the largest in Italian football, with a total capacity of 80,074. The owner of the club is Italian Prime Minister, Silvio Berlusconi while the vice-president is Adriano Galliani. Milan is one of the wealthiest clubs in Italian and world football.

History

The club was founded as a cricket club in 1899 by British expatriates Alfred Edwards and Herbert Kilpin, who came from the British city of Nottingham. In honor of its origins, the club has retained the English spelling of its city's name, instead of changing it to the Italian ''Milano'', although it was forced to do so during the fascist regime. Milan won its first Italian championship in 1901 and a further two in succession in 1906 and 1907.

In 1908, the club experienced a split caused by internal disagreements over the signing of foreign players, which led to the forming of another Milan-based team, Internazionale. Following these events, Milan did not manage to win a single domestic title until 1950–51. In 1963, the club ensured its first continental title by beating Benfica in the final of the European Cup. This success was repeated in 1969, and followed by an Intercontinental Cup title the same year. After the retirement of Gianni Rivera, Milan went into a period of decline, during which the club was involved in the 1980 Totonero scandal and relegated to Serie B as punishment, for the first time in its history. The scandal was centered around a betting syndicate paying players and officials to fix the outcome of matches. Milan quickly returned to Serie A but was relegated to Serie B one year later as the team ended its 1981–82 campaign in third last place.

In 1986, entrepreneur Silvio Berlusconi acquired the club and immediately invested a lot of money in the team, appointing rising manager Arrigo Sacchi at the helm of the ''Rossoneri'' and signing a Dutch trio of Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten and Frank Rijkaard. This was the beginning of the most successful time in the club's history, as Milan won seven domestic titles, one Coppa Italia, five Supercoppa Italiana, five Champions League trophies, five UEFA Super Cups, two Intercontinental Cups and one Fifa Club World Cup.

More recently, the club was involved in the 2006 Serie A scandal where five teams were accused of fixing matches by selecting favorable referees. A police inquiry excluded any involvement of Milan managers, but FIGC unilaterally decided that it had sufficient evidence to charge Milan vice-president, Adriano Galliani. As a result, Milan was initially punished with a 15 point deduction and consequently did not qualify for the Champions League. An appeal saw that penalty reduced to eight points, which allowed the club to retain its 2006–07 Champions League participation. Milan subsequently won the competition, lifting the European Cup for the seventh time.

Following the aftermath of Calciopoli, Milan's city neighbours, Internazionale dominated Serie A, winning four Scudetti. However, with the help a strong squad boasting players such as Zlatan Ibrahimović, Robinho and Alexandre Pato joining many of the old-guard, Milan recaptured the Scudetto of the 2010-11 Serie A season, their first since the 2003-04 season, and 18th overall.

Colors and badge

Throughout the entire history of the club, it has been represented by the colors red and black. The colors were chosen to represent the players' fiery ardor (red) and the opponents' fear to challenge the team (black). Due to Milan's striped red and black shirts, the club has gained the nickname ''rossoneri''. White shorts and black socks are worn as part of the home strip.

Milan's away strip has always been completely white. It is considered by both the fans and the club to be a lucky strip in Champions League finals, due to the fact that Milan has won six finals out of eight in an all white strip (losing only to Ajax in 1995 and Liverpool in 2005), while winning only one out of three in the home strip. The third strip changes yearly and is black with red trim for the current season, but it is rarely used.

For many years, Milan's badge was simply the Flag of Milan, which was originally the flag of Saint Ambrose. Another nickname derived from the club's colors is ''the Devil''. An image of a red devil was used as Milan's logo at one point with a ''Golden Star for Sport Excellence'' located next to it. The star was awarded to the club when it won 10 league titles. Currently, the badge represents the club colors and the flag of the ''Comune di Milano'', with the acronym ''ACM'' at the top and the foundation year (1899) at the bottom.

Stadium

The team's current stadium is the 80,018 seat San Siro, officially known as ''Stadio Giuseppe Meazza'' after the former player who represented both Milan and Internazionale. The name ''San Siro'' is taken from the district where it's located. San Siro has been the home of Milan since 1926, when it was privately built by the club. The stadium has been shared with Internazionale since 1946, when the other major Milanese club was accepted as joint tenant. The stadium is renowned for its fantastic atmosphere due to the closeness of the stands to the pitch. The frequent use of flares by supporters contributes to the atmosphere but the practice has occasionally caused problems.

On 19 December 2005, Milan vice-president and executive director Adriano Galliani announced that the club is seriously working towards a relocation. He said that Milan's new stadium will be largely based on the Veltins-Arena and will follow the standards of football stadiums in the United States, Germany and Spain. It will likely be a stadium for football purposes only (with no athletics track). The new stadium is supposed to be named after a sponsor. It remains to be seen if this plan will proceed or if this is just a ploy to force the owners (Comune di Milano) to sell the stadium to Milan for a nominal fee so as to proceed with extensive renovations. The possibility of Internazionale vacating San Siro may affect proceedings.

Supporters and rivalries

Milan is one of the most supported football clubs in Italy, according to research conducted by Italian newspaper ''La Repubblica''. Historically, Milan was supported by the city's working-class and trade unionists, a section of whom were migrants from Southern Italy. On the other hand, crosstown rivals Internazionale were mainly supported by the more prosperous and typically Milanese middle-class. One of the oldest ultras groups in all of Italian football, ''Fossa dei Leoni,'' originated in Milan. Currently, the main ultras group within the support base is ''Brigate Rossonere''. Politically, Milan ultras have never had any particular preference, but the media traditionally associated them with the left-wing, until recently, when Berlusconi's presidency somewhat altered that view.

Genoa fans consider Milan a hated rival after Genoa fan, Vincenzo Spagnolo was tragically stabbed to death by a Milan supporter in January 1995. However, Milan's main rivalry is with neighbor club, Internazionale; both clubs meet in the widely anticipated ''Derby della Madonnina'' twice every Serie A season. The name of the derby refers to the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose statue atop the Milan Cathedral is one of the city's main attractions. The match usually creates a lively atmosphere, with numerous (often humorous or offensive) banners unfolded before the start of the game. Flares are commonly present and contribute to the spectacle but they have occasionally led to problems, including the abandonment of the second leg of the 2004–05 Champions League quarterfinal match between Milan and Inter on 12 April 2005, after a flare thrown from the crowd by an Inter supporter struck Milan keeper Dida on the shoulder.

Players

First team squad

.

Out on loan

Co-ownership

Youth team squad

Notable players

Retired numbers

No.	Player	Nationality	Position	Milan debut	Last match	Ref
3*
! Position	! Name
Head coach	[[Massimiliano Allegri">Defender (association football)#Centre back
6

* Might be restored for one of his two sons, should either of them play professionally for the club.

Current coaching staff

.

! Position	! Name
Head coach	[[Massimiliano Allegri
Assistant coach	Mauro Tassotti
	Marco Landucci
Valerio Fiori
Technical assistant	Andrea Maldera
Medical director	Rodolfo Tavana
	Armando Gozzini
Stefano Mazzoni
Athletic Trainer Manager	Daniele Tognaccini
	Simone Folletti
Fabio Allevi
Bruno Dominici
Sergio Mascheroni
Andrea Primitivi
Agostino Tibaudi
Chiropractor	Kristian Baekkel
	Dario Lorenzo Fort
Stefano Grani
Roberto Morosi
Marco Paesanti
	Roberto Boerci
Endo Tomoroni

Presidents and managers

Presidential history

Milan has had numerous presidents over the course of its history, some of which have been owners of the club while others have been honorary presidents. Here is a complete list of them.

Managerial history

Below is a list of Milan coaches from 1900 until the present day.

Honors

Milan is one of the most successful clubs in Italy, having won a total of 30 trophies. Together with Boca Juniors, the club is the most successful in the world in terms of international competitions won, with a record of 14 European trophies and four World titles. Milan has earned the right to place a star on its club shirt in recognition of the fact that the club has won at least ten ''scudetti''. In addition, the club is permanently allowed to display a multiple-winner badge on its shirt as it has won more than five European Cups.

Domestic

League

Italian Football Championship / Serie A (level 1)

Winners (18): 1901, 1906, 1907, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2010–11

Runners-up (16): 1902, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1947–48, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1960–61, 1964–65, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1989–90, 1990–91, 2004–05

Serie B (level 2)

Winners (2): 1980–81, 1982–83

Cups

Coppa Italia

Winners (5): 1966–67, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1976–77, 2002–03

Runners-up (7): 1941–42, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1974–75, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1997–98

Supercoppa Italiana

Winners (6): 1988, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2004, 2011

Runners-up (3): 1996, 1999, 2003

European

UEFA Champions League

Winners (7): 1962–63, 1968–69, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1993–94, 2002–03, 2006–07

Runners-up (4): 1957–58, 1992–93, 1994–95, 2004–05

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

Winners (2): 1967–68, 1972–73

Runners-up (1): 1973–74

UEFA Super Cup

Winners (5): 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007

Runners-up (2): 1973, 1993

Worldwide

Intercontinental Cup

Winners (3): 1969, 1989, 1990

Runners-up (4): 1963, 1993, 1994, 2003

FIFA Club World Cup

Winners (1): 2007

Club statistics and records

Paolo Maldini presently holds both records for number of total and Serie A appearances for Milan with 1000 games played in total and 600 in Serie A (as of 14 May 2007, not including playoff matches), the latter being an all time Serie A record.

Milan's all time top goalscorer is a Swede, Gunnar Nordahl, who scored 221 goals for the club in 268 games. Andriy Shevchenko is in second place with 173 goals in 298 games for the club followed by Filippo Inzaghi, who has scored 101 goals in 220 games.

The club holds the unique record of having gone a whole season without losing a game, during the 1991–92 season. In total, that unbeaten streak lasted 58 games, starting with a 0–0 draw with Parma on 26 May 1991 and ironically ending with a 1–0 loss at home to Parma on 21 March 1993. This unbeaten streak is a Serie A record and is the third longest unbeaten run in top flight European football. It comes in behind Steaua Bucureşti's record of 104 unbeaten games and Celtic's 68 game unbeaten run.

Milan, along with Boca Juniors, has won the most FIFA recognized international club titles in the world. Milan is also ranked as the fifth best team in Europe in line with the UEFA Co-Efficient ranking system. This allows Milan to be in the number one spot for all European draws, meaning the team avoids other highly rated European teams in UEFA competitions.

A.C. Milan as a company

According to ''The Football Money League'' published by consultants Deloitte, in the 2005–06 season, Milan was the fifth highest earning football club in the world with an estimated revenue of €233.7 million. Currently, the club is also ranked as the seventh richest football club in the world by ''Forbes'' magazine, making it the richest in Italian football.

Fly Emirates is the current main sponsor for Milan's shirt starting for the 2010–11 season and lasting 5 years, after 4 years with Austrian online betting company bwin.com as the sponsor.

Previous to Bwin deal, the German car manufacturer Opel had sponsored Milan for 12 seasons. For most of them, ''Opel'' was displayed on the front of the shirt, but in the 2003–04 and the 2005–06 seasons respectively, ''Meriva'' and ''Zafira'' (two cars from their range) were displayed.

The current shirts are supplied by German sportswear manufacturer Adidas, whose deal runs to the end of the 2017–18 season. The deal makes Adidas the official manufacturer of all kits, training equipment and replica outfits. Prior to Adidas, the Italian sports company Lotto produced Milan's sportswear.

On 14 January 2008, Milan and Adidas renewed the sponsorship contract until 30 June 2018. According to the new contract, Adidas will be responsible for 3 separate areas of sponsorship; the sponsorship on the shirt, the merchandising and the distribution of all non-football related Milan products.

AC Milan Spa. made an aggregate net loss in recent year, was one of the largest among the Italian clubs, which: 2005, net loss of €4,582,000; 2006, a net income of €2,477,791 (contributed by the sales of Shevchenko); 2007, a net loss of €31,978,699; 2008, a net loss of €76,990,913; 2009, a net loss of €18,948,018 (contributed by the sales of Kaká) and most recently a net loss of €64,803,893.

AC Milan had re-capitalization €25 million in 2007 financial year; €50 million in 2008; a loan of €2.34 million from Fininvest was converted to shares capital in 2009 and €45,068,018 in 2010 (€20.894 million of the capital increase was converted from shareholder loan)

Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors

!Period	!Kit manufacturer	!Shirt sponsor
1981–82	Linea Milan	Pooh Jeans
1982–83		Hitachi
1983–84	Cuore
1984–85	Rolly Go	Oscar Mondadori
1985–86	Gianni Rivera
1986–87	rowspan=2
1987–90
1990–92
1992–93
1993–94	rowspan=2
1994–98
1998–06
2006–10
2010–15

Superleague Formula

Milan has a team in the new Superleague Formula race car series where teams are sponsored by football clubs. Robert Doornbos, formerly driving for Minardi and Red Bull Racing in the Formula One World Championship, drove for Milan in 2008. Doornbos won his first race for the team at Nürburgring, Germany. Giorgio Pantano is driving for Milan in the 2009 season and he has also won races for the team.

See also

Fossa dei Leoni

Football in Italy

European Cup and Champions League records and statistics

UEFA Champions League finals

References

External links

Category:A.C. Milan Category:Italian football clubs Category:Football clubs in Lombardy Category:Association football clubs established in 1899 Category:Italian football (soccer) First Division clubs Category:Serie A clubs Category:Serie B clubs Category:Scudetto winners Category:Coppa Italia winners Category:Superleague Formula clubs Category:G-14 clubs Category:1899 establishments in Italy

ar:إيه سي ميلان ast:Associazione Calcio Milan az:Milan (futbol klubu) bn:এসি মিলান be:ФК Мілан be-x-old:Мілян (футбольны клюб) bar:AC Mailand bs:Associazione Calcio Milan br:Associazione Calcio Milan bg:АК Милан ca:Associazione Calcio Milan cs:AC Milan cy:A.C. Milan da:AC Milan de:AC Mailand et:AC Milan el:Μίλαν es:Associazione Calcio Milan eo:A.C. Milan eu:AC Milan fa:باشگاه فوتبال آ.ث. میلان fr:Associazione Calcio Milan fur:Associazione Calcio Milan ga:Associazione Calcio Milan gl:AC Milan ko:AC 밀란 hy:Միլան ՖԱ hi:AC मिलान hr:A.C. Milan id:A.C. Milan is:AC Milan it:Associazione Calcio Milan he:מילאן (כדורגל) jv:A.C. Milan kn:AC(ಏಸಿ) ಮಿಲನ್ ka:მილანი (საფეხბურთო კლუბი) ku:A.C. Milan la:AC Milan lv:AC Milan lb:Associazione Calcio Milan lt:AC Milan lmo:A.C. Milan hu:AC Milan mk:ФК Милан mt:AC Milan ms:A.C. Milan my:အေစီ မီလန် nl:AC Milan ja:ACミラン nap:Associazione Calcio Milan no:AC Milan oc:Associazione Calcio Milan uz:Milan (futbol klubi) pl:A.C. Milan pt:Associazione Calcio Milan ro:AC Milan ru:Милан (футбольный клуб) sq:A.C. Milan scn:Associazione Calcio Milan simple:A.C. Milan sk:AC Miláno sl:A.C. Milan sr:ФК Милан sh:A.C. Milan fi:AC Milan sv:AC Milan th:เอซี มิลาน tr:AC Milan uk:Мілан (футбольний клуб) ug:AC مىلان vec:Associazione Calcio Milan vi:A.C. Milan zh-yue:AC米蘭 zh:AC米兰

David J. Wolpe (born 1958) is an author, public speaker and rabbi of Sinai Temple (Los Angeles, California). Named the ''"#1 Pulpit Rabbi in America"'' by Newsweek magazine (2008), he is considered a leader of the Conservative Jewish movement. Wolpe was named one of ''The Forward's'' Forward 50, and one of the hundred most influential people in Los Angeles by Los Angeles magazine. Author of six books and a regular weekly column in ''The Jewish Week'', Wolpe became the focus of international controversy when he gave a Passover sermon that discussed the historic validity of the Exodus from Egypt.

Career

Wolpe has taught at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York, and served as assistant to the Chancellor of that institution; at the University of Judaism (now the American Jewish University) in Los Angeles; and at Hunter College in New York. At UCLA he teaches modern Jewish religious thought. Wolpe is a regular contributor to several publications such as ''The Jewish Week'', ''The Jerusalem Post'', ''Los Angeles Times''. He frequently is featured on documentaries on Biblical topics produced by A&E; Networks (A&E;, The Biography Channel, History Channel and History Channel International). He has also appeared as a commentator on CNN and CBS ''This Morning''. Wolpe's most recent book, ''Why Faith Matters'', is both an answer to books about atheism and a recounting of his battle with illness (he has undergone surgery for a brain tumor and chemotherapy for lymphoma). In 2008 and 2009, he had public debates with Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris, Steven Pinker, Roger Cohen, and Indian yogi and mystic Sadhguru, among others.

Wolpe is the head rabbi of Sinai Temple (Los Angeles, California).

Missions to Israel

Wolpe has led three missions to Israel since 2002. The first, in June 2002, was a solidarity mission at the height of the Second Intifada that broke out after the Camp David peace talks. The second, in May 2005, was a mission of gratitude to pick up the Torah commissioned in honor of his recovery from brain surgery. The third, in July 2006, at the height of the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War, was another solidarity mission that covered Jerusalem, Haifa, and Sderot. Wolpe also led the largest American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) delegation ever assembled from one synagogue (230 people) to the AIPAC conference in Washington in 2008.

Historicity of the Exodus

On Passover 2001, Wolpe told his congregation that "the way the Bible describes the Exodus is not the way it happened, if it happened at all." Casting doubt on the historicity of the Exodus during the holiday that commemorates it brought condemnation from congregants and several rabbis (especially Orthodox Rabbis). The ensuing theological debate included whole issues of Jewish newspapers such as the ''Jewish Journal'' in Los Angeles and editorials in ''The Jerusalem Post'', as well as an article in the ''Los Angeles Times''. Critics asserted that Wolpe was attacking Jewish oral history, the significance of Passover and even the First Commandment. Wolpe asserted that he was arguing that the historicity of the events should not matter, since he believes faith is not determined by the same criteria as empirical truth. Wolpe argues that his views are based on the fact that no archeological digs have produced evidence of the Jews wandering the Sinai Desert for forty years, and that excavations in Israel consistently show settlement patterns at variance with the Biblical account of a sudden influx of Jews from Egypt.

In March 2010, Wolpe expounded on his views saying that it was possible that a small group of people left Egypt, came to Canaan, and influenced the native Canaanites with their traditions. He added that the controversy of 2001 stemmed from the fact that Conservative Jewish congregations have been slow to accept and embrace biblical criticism. Conservative rabbis, on the other hand, are taught biblical criticism in rabbinical school.

Covenantal Judaism

On November 10, 2005, Rabbi Wolpe addressed the Jewish Theological Seminary and proposed that the name of Conservative Judaism be changed to "Covenantal Judaism," to better encompass the view that rabbinic law is both binding and evolving.

Bibliography

The Healer of Shattered Hearts: A Jewish View of God (1991) ISBN 0-14-014795-0

In Speech and In Silence: The Jewish Quest for God (1992) ISBN 0-8050-2816-1

''Teaching your Children About God: A Modern Jewish Approach'' (1995) ISBN 0-06-097647-0. Wolpe believes that nurturing children spiritually leads to greater intellectual and emotional enlightenment.

Why be Jewish? (1995) ISBN 0-8050-3927-9

Making Loss Matter: Creating Meaning in Difficult Times (1999) ISBN 1-57322-820-6. Wolpe recognizes the ultimate human potential to find strength from loss. He tells stories from his own life in addition to relaying lessons from ancient stories, rabbis, poets, philosophers, and scholars.

Floating Takes Faith: Ancient Wisdom for a Modern World (2004) ISBN 0-87441-733-3. This collection of essays, explores some of the most challenging questions for the modern Jew. It considers how Jews live today and how ancient Jewish values shape the contemporary Jew’s understanding of his place in the modern world.

''Why Faith Matters: God and the New Atheism'', Wolpe's latest book asserts religion’s place in the modern world.

References

External links

Covenental Judaism Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles (2005)

CNN Interview November 1, 2001

PBS Interview on the Afterlife

Sinai Temple webpage

Exodus Controversy

Orthodox critique

David Wolpe: Gems of Compressed Wisdom, ''Jewish Current Issues''

Wolpe's author profile

Sam Harris vs Rabbi David Wolpe - Does God Exist?

Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Philosophers of Judaism Category:American Conservative rabbis Category:American rabbis Category:Jewish Theological Seminary of America semikhah recipients Category:Jewish American writers Category:Akiba Hebrew Academy (Merion, Pennsylvania) alumni Category:20th-century rabbis Category:21st-century rabbis

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Region	Western Philosophy
Era	21st-century philosophy
Color	#B0C4DE
Name	William Lane Craig
Birth date	August 23, 1949
Birth place	Peoria, Illinois
School tradition	Analytic Philosophy
Main interests	Philosophy of religion, Natural theology, Philosophy of time, Christian Apologetics
Notable ideas	Kalam cosmological argument
Influences	Alvin Plantinga, Francis Schaeffer, Edward John Carnell, Stuart Hackett, John Hick, Wolfhart Pannenberg
Influenced	J. P. Moreland, Francis Beckwith }}

William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American Evangelical Christian apologist in the evidentialist tradition. Craig is a prolific debater, philosophical theologian, and analytic philosopher known for his work on the existence of God, defense of Christian theism, philosophy of religion, historicity of Jesus and the philosophy of time. In 1979, he authored ''The Kalam Cosmological Argument'', a defense of the argument of the same name. He is currently a Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, Biola University.

Biography

Craig received a BA in Communications from Wheaton College, Illinois in 1971 and two MA degrees from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois, in 1975, in philosophy of religion and church history. He earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University of Birmingham, England in 1977 and Th.D. under Wolfhart Pannenberg at the University of Munich in 1984.

From 1980 to 1986 he was an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. He briefly held the position of associate professor of Religious Studies at Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California in 1986-1987. Between 1987 and 1994 Craig pursued further research at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Since 1996 he has been a Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, La Mirada, California.

Career

He is a fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, which is the hub of the intelligent design movement, and a fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design(ISCID).

Craig is a Molinist who embraces a Reformed epistemology and in regard to biological origins is inclined towards progressive creationism, although he concedes the possibility of theistic evolution. He has published on the historicity of the resurrection accounts of Jesus and the philosophy of time for which he advocates a tensed or A-theory of time and a Neo-Lorentzian interpretation of the theory of relativity. He argues for a finely tuned theistic universe, a personal cause of the universe and a theistic objective morality. His work in Christian apologetics includes advocacy of intelligent design, and critiques of "New Atheism," liberal theology, metaphysical naturalism, logical positivism and scientism, postmodernism, anti-realism, moral relativism and subjectivism, Mormonism, Islam, and the methodology and conclusions of the Jesus Seminar.

Bibliography

''The Kalam Cosmological Argument''. London: MacMillan. 1979. ISBN 157910438X / ISBN 978-1579104382

''The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz''. London: MacMillan. 1980. ISBN 1579107877 / ISBN 978-1579107871

''The Son Rises: Historical evidence for the resurrection of Jesus''. Chicago: Moody Press. 1981. ISBN 9781579104641 / ISBN 978-1579104641

''Apologetics: An Introduction''. Chicago: Moody Press. 1984. ISBN 0802404057

''The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus during the Deist Controversy''. Toronto: Edwin Mellen. 1985. ISBN 0-88946-811-7

''The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom''. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. 1987. ISBN 1579103162 / ISBN 978-1579103163

''The Problem of Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents from Aristotle to Suarez''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1988. ISBN 9004085165 / ISBN 978-9004085169

''Knowing the Truth About the Resurrection''. Ann Arbor: Servant. 1988. ISBN 089283384X / ISBN 978-0892833849

''Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus''. Toronto: Edwin Mellen Press. 1989. ISBN 0889466165/ ISBN 978-0889466166

''Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom: The Coherence of Theism I: Omniscience''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1990. ISBN 9004092501 / ISBN 978-9004092501

''No Easy Answers''. Chicago: Moody Press. 1990. ISBN 0802422837 / ISBN 978-0802422835

''Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology'' (with Quentin Smith). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0198263838

''The Tensed Theory of Time: A Critical Examination''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0792366344 / ISBN 978-0792366348

''Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up? A Debate Between William Lane Craig and John Dominic Crossan''. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. 1998.

''God, Are You There?''. Atlanta: RZIM. 1999. ISBN 1930107005 / ISBN 978-1930107007

''The Tenseless Theory of Time: A Critical Examination''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2000. ISBN 9780792366355 / ISBN 978-0792366355

''God, Time and Eternity''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. ISBN 9781581342413 / ISBN 978-1581342413

''Time and The Metaphysics of Relativity''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. ISBN 0 7923 6668 9

''Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time''. Wheaton: Crossway. 2001. ISBN 9781581342413 / ISBN 978-1581342413

''What Does God Know?'' Atlanta: RZIM. 2002. ISBN 9781930107052

''Hard Questions, Real Answers''. Wheaton: Crossway Books. 2003. ISBN 9781581344875 / ISBN 978-1581344875

''God?: A Debate Between a Christian and an Atheist''(with Walter Sinnot-Armstrong). New York: Oxford University Press. 2003.

''Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview'' (with J.P. Moreland). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 2003.

''Creation out of Nothing: Its Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration'' (with Paul Copan). Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. 2004. ISBN 0801027330

''Reasonable Faith''. Wheaton: Crossway. 1994. rev. 3rd ed. 2008. ISBN 0891077642 / ISBN 978-0891077640

''On Guard: Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision''. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook. 2010. ISBN 1434764885 / ISBN 978-1434764881

See also

List of American philosophers

References

External links

Faculty webpage

Comprehensive Debate list

Interviews from the program Closer to Truth

Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni Category:American philosophers Category:American religion academics Category:American theologians Category:Analytic philosophers Category:Biblical scholars Category:Biola University faculty Category:Intelligent design advocates Category:Christian philosophers Category:Christian apologists Category:Christian writers Category:Christian scholars Category:Discovery Institute fellows and advisors Category:Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design Category:Philosophers of religion Category:People from Keokuk, Iowa Category:American Christians Category:Trinity Evangelical Divinity School alumni Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni

de:William Lane Craig es:William Lane Craig fr:William Lane Craig no:William Lane Craig pl:William Lane Craig pt:William Lane Craig fi:William Lane Craig sv:William Lane Craig

William Lane (6 September 1861 – 26 August 1917) was a journalist, advocate of Australian labour politics and a utopian.

Early life

Lane was born in Bristol, England, eldest son of James Lane, a Protestant Irishman and landscape gardener, and his English wife Caroline, ''née'' Hall. When Lane was born his father was earning a miserable wage, but later his circumstances improved and he became an employer. The boy was educated at Bristol Grammar School and showed ability, but he was sent early to work as an office boy. Lane's mother died when he was 14 years of age, and at age 16 he migrated to Canada, then to the United States, where he worked first as a printer, then as a reporter for the Detroit Free Press (1881), there meeting his future wife Ann MacGuire. In 1885 they migrated to Brisbane, Australia, where Lane immediately got work as a feature writer for the weekly newspaper ''Queensland Figaro'', then as a columnist for the newspapers Brisbane Courier and Evening Telegraph, using a number of pseudonyms ("Lucinda Sharpe", which some consider to be the work of Annie Lane, "John Miller" and "Sketcher").

A life-long abstainer from alcohol, in 1886 he created an Australia-wide sensation by spending a night in the Brisbane lock-up disguised as a drunk, and subsequently reporting the conditions of the cells as "Henry Harris". Lane's father was a drunk who impoverished the family.

With the growth of the Australian labour movement, "Sketcher"'s columns, especially his "Labour Notes" in the ''Evening Telegraph'', increasingly promoted labourist philosophy, and Lane himself attended meetings supporting all manner of popular causes, speaking with his "American twang" against repressive laws and practices and Chinese immigrants.

After becoming the de facto editor of the Courier, Lane departed during November 1887 to found the weekly ''The Boomerang'', "a live newspaper, racy, of the soil", in which pro-worker themes and lurid racism were brought to a fever-pitch by both "Sketcher" and "Lucinda Sharpe". He became a powerful supporter of Emma Miller and Women's suffrage. A strong proponent of Henry George's Single Tax Movement, Lane became increasingly committed to a radically alternative society, and ended his relationship with the ''Boomerang'' due to its private ownership.

In May 1890 he began the community-funded Brisbane weekly ''The Worker'', the rhetoric of which became increasingly threatening towards the employers, the government, and the British Empire itself. The defeat of the 1891 Australian shearers' strike convinced Lane that there would be no real social change without a completely new society, and ''The Worker'' became increasingly devoted to his New Australia utopian idea.

''The Workingman's Paradise'', an allegorical novel written in sympathy with the shearers involved in the 1891 Shearer's Strike, was published under his pseudonym ''John Miller'' in early 1892. In the novel Lane articulated the belief that anarchism is the noblest social philosophy of all. Through the novel's philosopher and main protagonist he relates his belief that society may have to experience a period of State socialism to achieve the ideal of Communist anarchism. Mary Gilmore, later a celebrated Australian writer, said in one of her letters ''"the whole book is true and of historical value as Lane transcribed our conversations as well as those of others"''.

New Australia Colony

Contriving a division among Australian labour activists between the permanently disaffected and those who later formed the Australian Labor Party, Lane refused the Queensland Government's offer of a grant of land on which to create a utopian settlement, and began an Australia-wide campaign for the creation of a new society elsewhere on the globe, peopled by rugged and sober Australian bushmen and their proud wives.

Eventually Paraguay was decided upon, and Lane and his family and several hundred acolytes from New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia departed Mort Bay in Sydney in the ship ''Royal Tar'' on 1 July 1893.

New Australia soon had its crisis, brought on by the issues of inter-racial relationships (Lane singled out the Guarani as racially taboo) and alcohol. Lane's dictatorial manner soon alienated many in the community, and by the time the second boat-load of utopians arrived from Adelaide a year later, Lane had left with a core of devotees to form a new colony nearby named Cosme.

Eventually Lane became disillusioned with the process, and returned to Australia in 1899.

Later life

Lane then went with his family to New Zealand. After initial melancholia, he soon refound his old verve as a pseudonymous feature-writer from 1900 for the newspaper ''New Zealand Herald'' ("Tohunga"), only this time as ultra-conservative and pro-Empire. He had strong racial antipathy toward East Asians, and during World War I he developed extreme anti-German sentiments. He died on 26 August 1917 in Auckland, New Zealand, having been editor of the ''Herald'' from 1913 to 1917, much admired, having lost one son Charles at a cricket match in Cosme in Paraguay, and another Donald on the first day of the ANZAC landings (25 April 1915) on the beaches of Gallipoli.

References

Gavin Souter's account of Lane and New Australia in his ''A Peculiar People''

Peter Bruce's thesis (Univ Sydney) ''The Journalistic Career of William Lane''.

''Larry Petrie (1859-1901) - Australian Revolutionist?'' by Bob James

Whitehead, Anne (1997) ''Paradise Mislaid — in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay'' University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia

External links

''Workingman's Paradise'', Pdf at University of Sydney

Category:1861 births Category:1917 deaths Category:Australian anarchists Category:Australian trade unionists Category:Australian journalists Category:New Zealand journalists Category:Old Bristolians Category:People from Bristol Category:Georgists

de:William Lane (Utopist) it:William Lane pl:William Lane