Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Native name	อาณาจักรสุโขทัย
Conventional long name	Kingdom of Sukhothai
Common name	Sukhothai Kingdom
Continent	Asia
Region	South-East Asia
Country	Thailand
Era	Middle Age
Event start	Liberation from Lavo Kingdom
Year start	1238
Event end	Annexation by Naresuan
Year end	1583
Event1	Expansions under Ramkhamhaeng
Date event1	1279 - 1299
Event2	Became Ayutthayan tributary
Date event2	1378
Event3	Personal union with Ayutthaya kingdom
Date event3	1448
P1	Lavo kingdom
S1	Ayutthaya Kingdom
Flag s1	Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg
Image map caption	1300 CE Orange: Sukhothai Kingdom Light Blue: Lavo Kingdom Red: Khmer Empire Yellow: Champa Blue: Dai Viet Purple: Lanna
Capital	Lamphun
Capital	Sukhothai (1238 - 1419)Phitsanulok (1419 - 1583)
Common languages	Thai
Religion	Theravada Buddhism
Government type	Monarchy
Leader1	Sri Indraditya
Year leader1	1249- 1257
Leader2	Ramkhamhaeng the Great
Year leader2	1279 - 1299
Leader3	Trailokanat
Year leader3	1448 - 1488
Leader4	Maha Thammarachathirat
Year leader4	1534 - 1569
Leader5	Naresuan
Year leader5	1569 - 1583
Title leader	King
Legislature	}}

The Sukhothai Kingdom ( (pronunciation)) was an early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand. The Kingdom existed from 1238 till 1438. The old capital, now 12 km outside of New Sukhothai in Tambon Mueang Kao, is in ruins and has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage historical park.

History

Liberation from Lavo

Prior to the 13th century, Tai kingdoms had existed on the northern highlands including the Ngoen Yang (centered on Chiang Saen; predecessor of Lanna) kingdom and the Heokam (centered on Chiang Hung, modern Jinghong in China) kingdom of Tai Lue people. Sukhothai had been a trade center and part of Lavo, which was under the domination of the Khmer Empire. The migration of Tai people into upper Chao Phraya valley was somewhat gradual.

Modern historians stated that the secession of Sukhothai from the Khmer empire began as early as 1180 during the reign of Po Khun Sri Naw Namthom who was the ruler of Sukhothai and the peripheral city of Sri Satchanalai (now a part of Sukhothai Province as Amphoe). Sukhothai had enjoyed a substantial autonomy until it was re-conquered around 1180 by the Mons of Lavo under Khomsabad Khlonlampong.

Two brothers, Po Khun Bangklanghao and Po Khun Phameung (''Po Khun'' was a Siamese title of high nobility) took Sukhothai from Mon hands in 1239. Bangklanghao ruled Sukhothai as Sri Inthraditaya – and began the Phra Ruang Dynasty - he expanded his primordial kingdom to the bordering cities. At the end of his reign in 1257, the Sukhothai kingdom covered the entire Upper Chao Phraya valley.

Traditional Thai historians considered the foundation of the Sukhothai kingdom as the beginning of their nation because little was known about the kingdoms prior to Sukhothai. Modern historical studies demonstrate that Thai history began before Sukhothai. Yet the foundation of Sukhothai is still a celebrated event.

Expansions under Ramkamhaeng

Pho Khun Ban Muang and his brother Ram Khamhaeng expanded the Sukhothai kingdom at the expense of neighboring civilizations. For the first time a Tai state became a dominant power in Southeast Asia. To the south, Ramkamhaeng subjugated the kingdom of Supannabhum and Sri Thamnakorn (Tambralinga) and, through Tambralinga, adopted Theravada as state religion. Traditional history described the extension of Sukhothai in a great fashion and the accuracy of these claims is disputed. To the north Ramkamhaeng put Phrae, and Muang Sua (Luang Prabang) under tribute.

To the west Ramkhamhaeng helped the Mons under Wareru (who is said to have eloped with Ramkamhaeng’s daughter) to free themselves from Pagan control and established a kingdom at Martaban (they later moved to Pegu). So, Thai historians considered the Kingdom of Martaban a Sukhothai tributary. However, in practice, such Sukhothai domination may not have extended that far.

On culture, Ramkhamhaeng requested the monks from Sri Thamnakorn to propagate the Theravada religion in Sukhothai. In 1283, the Thai script was invented by Ramkamhaeng, formulating into controversial Ramkamhaeng Stele discovered by Mongkut 600 years later. From the Stele is almost what we know about Sukhothai.

Ramkhamhaeng’s government characterized the governance of Sukhothai kingdom – the ''patrocracy'' – in which the king is considered “father” and people “children”. He also encouraged the free trade, stating ''those who wish to trade elephants, trade them then. Those who wish to trade horses, trade them then.''

It was also his time that the first relation with Yuan Dynasty was formulated and Sukhothai began sending trade missions to China. The well-known exported good of Sukhothai was the ''Sangkalok'' (i.e. Song Dynasty pottery) – the only period that Siam produced Chinese-styled ceramics and fell out of use by the 14th century.

Decline and domination of Ayutthaya

The Sukhothai domination was, however, short. After the death of Ramkhamhaeng, the Sukhothai tributaries broke away. Ramkhamhaeng was succeeded by his son Loethai. The vassal kingdoms, first Uttaradit in the north, then soon after the Laotian kingdoms of Luang Prabang and Vientiane (Wiangchan), liberated themselves from their overlord. In 1319 the Mon state to the west broke away, and in 1321 Lanna placed Tak, one of the oldest towns under the control of Sukhothai, under its control. To the south the powerful city of Suphanburi also broke free early in the reign of Loethai. Thus the kingdom was quickly reduced to its former local importance only. Meanwhile, Ayutthaya rose in strength, and finally in 1378 King Thammaracha II had to submit to this new power.

In 1378, the armies from Ayutthaya kingdom invaded and put Sukhothai under her tributary. Suffering the urban decline, Luethai moved the capital to Pitsanulok.

In 1424, after the death of Sailuethai, Paya Ram and Paya Banmeung the two brothers fought for the throne. Nagarindrathirat of Ayutthaya intervened and further divided the kingdom between the two. Their sister had married to Borommaracha II of Ayutthaya and produced a son, Prince Ramesuan. When Borommapan died in 1446 without any heirs, the throne passed to Ramesuan or Trailokanat. Ramesuan was also crowned as the King of Ayutthaya in 1448, thus began the personal union between the Kingdom of Sukhothai and Ayutthaya.

The Silajaruek Sukhothai are hundreds of stone inscriptions that form a historical record of the period. Among the most important inscriptions are Silajaruek Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng (Stone Inscription of King Ramkhamhaeng), Silajaruek Wat Srichum (an account on history of the region itself and of Srilanka), and Silajaruek Wat Pamamuang (a Politico-Religious record of King Loethai).

The kings of Sukhothai

Phra Ruang Dynasty (1238-1368-1438)

{| width=100% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=30%| Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9%| Birth ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9%| Reign From ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=8%| Reign Until ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=8%| Death ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25%| Relationship with Predecessor(s) |- |align="center"|Pho Khun Sri Indraditya(Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao) |align="center"|? |align="center"|1239 |align="center" colspan=2|1279 (30 years) | First King of Sukhothai |- |align="center"|Pho Khun Ban Muang |align="center"|? |align="center" colspan=3|1279 (1 year) | Son of ''Sri Indraditya'' |- |align="center"|Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng ''the Great''(Pho Khun Ram Racha) |align="center"|circa 1237-1247 |align="center"|1279 |align="center" colspan=2|1298 (19 years) | Younger brother of ''Ban Muang'' Son of ''Sri Indraditya'' |- |align="center"|Phaya Lerthai |align="center"|? |align="center"|1298 |align="center" colspan=2|1323 (25 years) | Son of ''Ram Khamhaeng'' |- |align="center"|Phaya Nguanamthom |align="center"|? |align="center"|1323 |align="center" colspan=2|1347 (24 years) | Cousin of ''Lerthai'' Son of ''Ban Muang'' |- |align="center"|Phaya Lithai(Phra Maha Thammaracha I) |align="center"|? |align="center"|1347 |align="center" colspan=2|1368 (21 years) | Cousin of ''Nguanamthom'' Son of ''Lerthai'' |- |align="center" colspan=6 style="background-color:#D8BFD8"|''Under the suzerain of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya'' |- |align="center"|Phaya Leuthai(Phra Maha Thammaracha II) |align="center"|? |align="center"|1368 |align="center" colspan=2|1399 (31 years) | Son of ''Lithai'' |- |align="center"|Phaya Saileuthai(Phra Maha Thammaracha III) |align="center"|? |align="center"|1400 |align="center" colspan=2|1419 (19 years) | Son of ''Leuthai'' |- |align="center"|Phaya Borommapan(Phra Maha Thammaracha IV) |align="center"|? |align="center"|1419 |align="center" colspan=2|1438 (19 years) | Son of ''Saileuthai'' |- |}

Comments: Sukhothai in Thai historiography

Sukhothai story was narrated into Thailand's "national history" in late nineteenth century by King Mongkut, Rama IV, as a historical work presented to the British diplomatic mission. King Mongkut is considered as the champion of Sukhothai narrative history, based on his found of the Number One Stone Inscription, the 'first evidence' telling the history of Sukhothai.

From then on, as a part of modern nation building process, modern national Siamese or Thai history comprises the history of Sukhothai. Sukhothai was said to be the 'first national capital', followed by Ayutthaya, Thonburi until Rattanakosin or today Bangkok. Sukhothai history was crucial among Siam/ Thailand's 'modernists', both 'conservative' and 'revolutionary'. Rama IV or King Mongkut, was said he found 'the first Stone Inscription' in Sukhothai, telling story of Sukhothai's origin, heroic kings such as Ramkhamhaeng, administrative system and other developments, considered as the 'prosperous time' of the kingdom.

Sukhothai history became important even after the Revolution of 1932. Researches and writings on Sukhothai history were abundant. Details derived from the inscription were studied and 'theorized'. One of the most well-known topics was Sukhothai's 'democracy' rule. Story of the close relationship between king and his people, vividly described as 'father-son' relationship, the 'seed' of ''Thai Democracy''. However the change in ruling style took place when later society embraced 'foreign' tradition, Khmer's Angkor tradition, influenced by Hinduism and 'mystic' Mahayana Buddhism. The story of Sukhothai became the model of 'freedom'. Jit Bhumisak, a 'revolutionary' scholar, also saw Sukhothai period as the beginning of Thai people's liberation movement from foreign ruler, Angkor.

During military rule, from 1950s, Sukhothai was placed in Thai national curriculum. Sukhothai became model of 'father-son' rule, described as 'Thai Democracy', free from 'foreign ideology'; Angkorian tradition compared to communism. Other Sukhothai aspects were investigated seriously, such as commoner and slave status, and economic situation. These topics, said, were on stage of ideological thoughts fighting during the Cold war and civil insurgency times in 1960-1970s.

Category:States and territories established in 1238 Category:History of Thailand Category:Indianized kingdoms Category:1438 disestablishments Category:Tai history

de:Sukhothai (Königreich) es:Reino de Sukhothai fr:Royaume de Sukhothaï ko:수코타이 왕조 id:Kerajaan Sukhothai nl:Koninkrijk Sukhothai ja:スコータイ王朝 pl:Sukhothai ru:Сукхотаи (царство) fi:Sukhothain kuningaskunta sv:Sukhothai th:อาณาจักรสุโขทัย tr:Siam İmparatorluğu vi:Vương quốc Sukhothai zh:素可泰王国

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Ram Khamhaeng the Great
Title	King of Sukhothai
Imgw	200
Succession	King of Siam
Reign	1279 – 1298
Predecessor	Ban Muang
Successor	Lerthai
House	Phra Ruang Dynasty
Father	Pho Khun Sri Indraditya
Mother	Queen Sueang
Birth date	around 1237-1247
Death date	1298
Death place	}}

Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng (; birth: around 1237-1247; death: 1298) was the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (a forerunner of the modern kingdom of Thailand) from 1279-1298, during its most prosperous era. He is credited with the creation of the Thai alphabet and the firm establishment of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion of the kingdom. Recent scholarship has cast doubt on his role, however, noting that much of the information relating to his rule may have been fabricated in the 19th century in order to legitimize the Siamese state in the face of colonial threats.

Life and rule

Birth

His parents were Prince Bang Klang Hao, who ruled as King Sri Indraditya, and Queen Sueang, although a legend describes his parents as an ogress named Kangli and a fisherman. He had four siblings, including two older brothers and two sisters. The eldest brother died while still young. The second, Ban Muang, became king following their father's death, and was succeeded by Ram Khamhaeng following his own death.

Name

At the age of 19, he participated in his father's successful invasion of the city of Sukhothai, formerly a vassal of the Khmer and essentially establishing the independent Sukhothai kingdom. Because of his conduct at war, he was given the title "Phra Ram Khamhaeng", or Rama the Bold. After his father's death his elder brother Ban Muang ruled the kingdom and gave Prince Ramkhamhaeng control of the city of Si Sat Chanalai.

The Royal Institute of Thailand speculates that Prince Ram Khamhaeng's birth name was "Ram" (derived from the name of the Hindu epic Ramayana's hero Rama), for the name of him following his coronation was "Pho Khun Ramarat" (). Furthermore, at that time there existed a tradition to give the name of grandfather to grandson; according to the 11th Stone Inscription and Luang Prasoet Aksoranit's Ayutthaya Chronicles, Ram Khamhaeng had a grandson named "Phraya Ram", and two grandsons of Phraya Ram were named "Phraya Ban Mueang" and "Phraya Ram".

Accession to the Throne

Historian Tri Amattayakun () suggested that Ram Khamhaeng should have accessed to the throne in 1279, the year he grew a sugar palm tree in Sukhothai City. Prof Prasoet Na Nakhon of the Royal Institute speculates that this event was one in a tradition of Thai-Ahom's monarchs of planting banyan or sugar palm tree on the coronation day in the belief that their reign would achieve the same stature as the tree.

Rule

Ramkhamhaeng formed an alliance with the Yuan Dynasty of Mongol Empire, from whom he imported the techniques for making ceramics now known as Sangkhalok ware. Additionally, he had close relationships with the neighboring rulers of nearby city-states, namely Ngam Muang, the ruler of neighboring Phayao (whose wife he, according to legend, seduced) and King Mangrai of Chiang Mai. According to Thai national history, Ramkhamhaeng expanded his kingdom as far as Lampang, Phrae and Nan in the north, and Phitsanulok and Vientiane in the east, the Mon states of Burma in the west, as far as the Gulf of Bengal in the northwest and Nakhon Si Thammarat in the south. Yet, as historian Thongchai Winichakul notes, kingdoms such as Sukhothai lacked distinct borders, instead being centered on the strength of the capital itself. Claims of Ramkhamhaeng's large kingdom were, according to Thongchai, intended to assert Siamese/Thai dominance over mainland Southeast Asia.

According to Thai history, Ramkhamhaeng is traditionally credited with developing the Thai alphabet (''Lai Sue Thai'') from Sanskrit, Pali and Grantha script. His rule is often cited by apologists for the Thai monarchy as evidence of a "benevolent monarchy" still existing today. As such, the topic is a sensitive one under Thai lèse majesté laws.

Death

According to a Chinese chronicle, Ram Khamhaeng died in 1298 and was succeeded by his son, Loethai or some Chronicle Ram Khamhaeng died in 1317.

Ramkhamhaeng University, the first open university in Thailand with campuses throughout the country and in some certain countries, has been named after King Ramkhamhaeng the Great.

Legacy

The Ramkhamhaeng stele

Much of the above biographical information comes from a stone inscription in the Ramkhamhaeng stele, now in the National Museum in Bangkok.

This stone was allegedly discovered in 1833 by King Mongkut (then still a monk) in the Wat Mahathat. The authenticity of the stone or at least portions of it has been brought into question. Piriya Krairiksh, an academic at the Thai Khadi Research institute, notes that the stele's treatment of vowels suggests that its creators had been influenced by European alphabet systems; thus, he concludes that the stele was fabricated by someone during the reign of Rama IV himself, or shortly before. The matter is very controversial, since if the stone is in fact a fabrication, the entire history of the period will have to be re-written.

Scholars are still divided over the issue about the stele's authenticity. It remains an anomaly amongst contemporary writings, and in fact no other source refers to King Ramkhamhaeng by name. Some authors claim the inscription was completely a 19th-century fabrication, some claim that the first 17 lines are genuine, some that the inscription was fabricated by King Lithai (a later Sukhothai king), and some scholars still hold to the idea of the inscription's authenticity. The inscription and its image of a Sukhothai utopia remains central to Thai nationalism, and the suggestion that it may have been faked in the 1800s caused Michael Wright, a British scholar, to be threatened with deportation under Thailand's lèse majesté laws .

Others

King Ramkhamhaeng is a playable ruler for the Siamese in Civilization 5. His national ability is "Father Governs Children": any food and Culture from friendly City-States increase by 50%.

References

ตรี อมาตยกุล. (2523, 2524, 2525 และ 2527). "ประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัย." ''แถลงงานประวัติศาสตร์ เอกสารโบราณคดี,'' (ปีที่ 14 เล่ม 1, ปีที่ 15 เล่ม 1, ปีที่ 16 เล่ม 1 และปีที่ 18 เล่ม 1).

''ประชุมศิลาจารึก ภาคที่ 1.'' (2521). คณะกรรมการพิจารณาและจัดพิมพ์เอกสารทางประวัติศาสตร์. กรุงเทพฯ : โรงพิมพ์สำนักเลขาธิการคณะรัฐมนตรี.

ประเสริฐ ณ นคร. (2534). "ประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัยจากจารึก." ''งานจารึกและประวัติศาสตร์ของประเสริฐ ณ นคร.'' มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ กำแพงแสน.

ประเสริฐ ณ นคร. (2544). "รามคำแหงมหาราช, พ่อขุน". ''สารานุกรมไทยฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน,'' (เล่ม 25 : ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน-โลกธรรม). กรุงเทพฯ : สหมิตรพริ้นติ้ง. หน้า 15887-15892.

ประเสริฐ ณ นคร. (2534). "ลายสือไทย". ''งานจารึกและประวัติศาสตร์ของประเสริฐ ณ นคร.'' มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ กำแพงแสน.

เจ้าพระยาพระคลัง (หน). (2515). ''ราชาธิราช.'' พระนคร : บรรณาการ.

External links

RAM KHAMHAENG INSCRIPTION (1292) English translation accessed 15:34 UTC 4/8/2008

Overview of Ramkhamhaeng Orthography

Ramkhamhaeng Consonant and Vowel flashcards

Category:1298 deaths Category:13th-century births Category:Inventors of writing systems Category:Tai history Category:Thai monarchs

cy:Ramkhamhaeng Fawr de:Ramkhamhaeng fr:Ramkhamhaeng ko:랑캄행 id:Ram Khamhaeng yang Agung it:Ramkhamhaeng lt:Ramkhamhaengas nl:Ramkhamhaeng ja:ラームカムヘーン no:Ramkhamhaeng ru:Рамакхамхаенг Великий fi:Ramkhamhaeng sv:Ramk'amheng th:พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช vi:Ramkhamhaeng yo:Ram Khamhaeng the Great zh:兰甘亨大帝

This is a list of people whose names in English are commonly appended with the phrase "''the Great''", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as ''e Bozorg'' and ''e azam'' in Persian and Urdu respectively.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.

The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus) assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "''the Great''".

The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).

Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.

As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.

Rulers

Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran

Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India

Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia

Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia

Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias

Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex

Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire

Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty

Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),

Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire

Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand

Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)

Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)

Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden

Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland

Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia

Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India

Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans

Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)

Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks

Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen

Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor

Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire

Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire

Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent

Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse

Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile

Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia

Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader

Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea

Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC

Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)

Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre

Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea

Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris

Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France

Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)

Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat

Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia

John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve

John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre

Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor

Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i

Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India

Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia

Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty

Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales

Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland

Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand

Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan

Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)

Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)

Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom

Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus

Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)

Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya

Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)

K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque

Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka

Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia

Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia

Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily

Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar

Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar

Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.

Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India

Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties

Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)

Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev

Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders

Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent

Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre

Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire

Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king

Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia

Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire

Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)

Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks

Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)

Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty

Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie

Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire

Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor

Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia

Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia

Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire

Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark

Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor

Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus

Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy

William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon

William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou

Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)

Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China

Religious figures

Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East

Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia

Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian

Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt

Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader

Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)

Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint

Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint

Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)

Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine

Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)

Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)

Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit

Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)

Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople

William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites

Other

Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies

Emmy the Great, folk singer

Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III

Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia

See also

Epithet

List of monarchs by nickname

List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I

James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus

Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater

Notes

Category:Monarchs Great, List of people known as The Category:Greatest Nationals Category:Epithets

bs:Spisak osoba znanih kao Veliki id:Daftar tokoh dengan gelar yang Agung jv:Daftar pamimpin ingkang dipun paringi julukan Ingkang Agung la:Magnus lt:Sąrašas:Žmonės, vadinami Didžiaisiais ja:称号に大が付く人物の一覧 ru:Великий (прозвище) sl:Seznam ljudi z vzdevkom Veliki sv:Lista över personer kallade den store th:รายพระนามกษัตริย์ที่ได้รับสมัญญานามมหาราช vi:Đại đế

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
{{infobox boxer|name	Alfonso Zamora
Realname	Alfonso Zamora
Nickname	El Toro
Weight	FeatherweightSuper BantamweightBantamweight
Height	5 ft 7 in (168 cm)
Reach	70 in (180 cm)
Nationality	Mexican
Birth date	February 09, 1954
Birth place	Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
Home town	Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
Style	Orthodox
Total	38
Wins	33
Ko	32
Losses	5
Draws	0
No contests	0 }}

}} Alfonso Zamora Quiroz (born 9 February 1954 in Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico) is a former Mexican boxer who fought from 1973 to 1980. Zamora was the silver medalist at the 1972 Munich Olympics. He enjoyed a meteoric rise in his professional career. He was the WBA Bantamweight Championship and make ten title defences.

Amateur career

Bantamweight silver medalist at the 1972 Olympics in Munich. Results were:

Defeated Ricardo Fortaleza (Philippines) KO 2

Defeated Stefan Forster (West Germany) points

Defeated Juan Francisco Rodriguez (Spain) KO 3

Defeated Ricardo Carreras (United States) points

Lost to Orlando Martinez (Cuba) points

Pro career

WBA Bantamweight Championship

He won the WBA Bantamweight Championship on 14 March 1975 when he knocked out Soo-Hwan Hong in four rounds, two years after turning pro. Zamora defended his title twice that year via knockout, against Thanomchit Sukhothai and Socrates Batoto. On April 3, 1976, he knocked out future hall-of-famer Eusebio Pedroza in the second round. Later that year, he successfully defended his title via knockout against Gilberto Illueca and a rematch with Soo-Hwan Hong.

Zamora vs. Zarate

Fighting contemporaneously, and holding the WBC crown, was the fellow-Mexican legend, Carlos Zarate. A showdown between the two was inevitable and they met in a non-title match on 23 April 1977. Zamora went into the bout sporting a record of 29 wins in 29 fights, all by knockout. Zarate's record was an equally impressive 45 fights, 45 wins, with 44 KOs. In an eargely anticipated fight Zarate scored a technical knockout over Zamora in the fourth round.

Zamora never seemed to recover from this loss. In his next fight he lost his WBA Bantamweight title to Jorge Luján by knockout in the tenth round. His record thereafter was spotty, and he even was stopped on 16 November 1979 by Eddie Logan, who sported a record of 5 wins and 7 losses. He retired after losing, again by knockout, to Rigoberto Estrada on 19 September 1980. In 1983, Zamora was to fight Wilfredo Gomez, the fight ultimately was canceled.

Zamora was a knockout seeker, but he seemed to lose confidence after his devastating loss to Zarate. Nevertheless, he was selected at Number 47 on the ''The Ring'''s list of 100 greatest punchers of all time. His final career record included 33 wins, with 32 KOs, and 5 losses.

Retirement

Zamora was inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame (2005).

See also

List of WBA world champions

References

External links

Category:Mexican boxers Category:Olympic boxers of Mexico Category:Olympic silver medalists for Mexico Category:World boxing champions Category:World bantamweight boxing champions Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:Super-bantamweight boxers Category:Bantamweight boxers Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Olympic medalists in boxing

de:Alfonso Zamora fr:Alfonso Zamora ja:アルフォンソ・サモラ pl:Alfonso Zamora th:อัลฟองโซ่ ซาโมร่า