Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Hera
god of	Queen of the Gods Goddess of Marriage, Women and Birth
abode	Mount Olympus
symbol	Pomegranate, Peacock feather, Diadem
consort	Zeus
parents	Cronus and Rhea
siblings	Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hestia, Zeus, Chiron
children	Ares, Enyo, Hebe, Eileithyia, Hephaestus and Eris
roman equivalent	Juno }}

Hera (; Greek , ''Hēra'', equivalently , ''Hērē'', in Ionic and Homer) was the wife and one of three sisters of Zeus in the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology. Her chief function was as the goddess of women and marriage. In Roman mythology, Juno was the equivalent mythical character. The cow, and later, the peacock were sacred to her. Hera's mother was Rhea and her father, Cronus.

Portrayed as majestic and solemn, often enthroned, and crowned with the ''polos'' (a high cylindrical crown worn by several of the Great Goddesses), Hera may bear a pomegranate in her hand, emblem of fertile blood and death and a substitute for the narcotic capsule of the opium poppy. A scholar of Greek mythology Walter Burkert writes in ''Greek Religion'', "Nevertheless, there are memories of an earlier aniconic representation, as a pillar in Argos and as a plank in Samos."

Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature, most notably against Zeus's lovers and offspring, but also against mortals who crossed her, such as Pelias. Paris offended her by choosing Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess, earning Hera's hatred.

Etymology

"The name of Hera, the queen of the gods, admits a variety of mutually exclusive etymologies; one possibility is to connect it with ''hōra'' (ὥρα), season, and to interpret it as ripe for marriage." So begins the section on Hera in Walter Burkert's ''Greek Religion''. In a note, he records other scholars' arguments "for the meaning Mistress as a feminine to ''Heros'', Master." John Chadwick, a decipherer of Linear B, remarks ""her name may be connected with ''hērōs'', ἥρως, 'hero', but that is no help, since it too is etymologically obscure." A.J. van Windekens, offers "young cow, heifer", which is consonant with Hera's common epithet ''βοώπις'' (''boōpis'', cow-eyed). ''E-ra'' appears in Mycenaean Linear B tablets.

The cult of Hera

Hera may have been the first to whom the Greeks dedicated an enclosed roofed temple sanctuary, at Samos about 800 BC. It was replaced later by the Heraion, one of the largest Greek temples anywhere (Greek altars were in front of the temples, under the open sky). There were many temples built on this site so evidence is somewhat confusing and archaeological dates are uncertain. We know that the temple created by the Rhoecus sculptors and architects was destroyed between 570- 60 BC. This was replaced by the Polycratean temple 540-530 BC. In one of these temples we see a forest of 155 columns. There is also no evidence of tiles on this temple suggesting either the temple was never finished or that the temple was open to the sky.

Earlier sanctuaries, whose dedication to Hera is less secure, were of the Mycenaean type called "house sanctuaries". Samos excavations have revealed votive offerings, many of them late 8th and 7th centuries BC, which show that Hera at Samos was not merely a local Greek goddess of the Aegean: the museum there contains figures of gods and suppliants and other votive offerings from Armenia, Babylon, Iran, Assyria, Egypt, testimony to the reputation which this sanctuary of Hera enjoyed and to the large influx of pilgrims. Compared to this mighty goddess, who also possessed the earliest temple at Olympia and two of the great fifth and sixth century temples of Paestum, the termagant of Homer and the myths is an "almost...comic figure" according to Burkert. Though greatest and earliest free-standing temple to Hera was the Heraion of Samos, in the Greek mainland Hera was especially worshipped as "Argive Hera" (''Hera Argeia'') at her sanctuary that stood between the former Mycenaean city-states of Argos and Mycenae, where the festivals in her honor called ''Heraia'' were celebrated. "The three cities I love best," the ox-eyed Queen of Heaven declares (''Iliad'', book iv) "are Argos, Sparta and Mycenae of the broad streets." There were also temples to Hera in Olympia, Corinth, Tiryns, Perachora and the sacred island of Delos. In Magna Graecia, two Doric temples to Hera were constructed at Paestum, about 550 BC and about 450 BC. One of them, long called the ''Temple of Poseidon'' was identified in the 1950s as a second temple there of Hera.

In Euboea the festival of the Great Daedala, sacred to Hera, was celebrated on a sixty-year cycle.

Hera's importance in the early archaic period is attested by the large building projects undertaken in her honor. The temples of Hera in the two main centers of her cult, the Heraion of Samos and the Heraion of Argos in the Argolid, were the very earliest monumental Greek temples constructed, in the 8th century BC.

Hera's early importance

Both Hera and Demeter had many characteristic attributes of the former Great Goddess. The Minoan goddess represented in seals and other remains, whom Greeks called ''Potnia Thēron'' 'Mistress of Animals', many of whose attributes were later also absorbed by Artemis, seems to have been a mother goddess type, for in some representations she suckles the animals that she holds. Sometimes this devolved role is as clear as a simple substitution can make it. According to the Homeric Hymn III to Delian Apollo, Hera detained Eileithyia to already prevent Leto from going into labor with Artemis and Apollo, since the father was Zeus. The other goddesses present at the birthing on Delos sent Iris to bring her. As she stepped upon the island, the divine birth began. In the myth of the birth of Heracles, it is Hera herself who sits at the door instead, delaying the birth of Heracles until her protégé, Eurystheus, had been born first.

The Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo makes the monster Typhaon the offspring of archaic Hera in her Minoan form, produced out of herself, like a monstrous version of Hephaestus, and whelped in a cave in Cilicia. She gave the creature to Gaia to raise.

In the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Hera's seated cult figure was older than the warrior figure of Zeus that accompanied it. Homer expressed her relationship with Zeus delicately in the Iliad, in which she declares to Zeus, "I am Cronus' eldest daughter, and am honourable not on this ground only, but also because I am your wife, and you are king of the gods." Though Zeus is often called ''Zeus Heraios'' 'Zeus, (consort) of Hera', Homer's treatment of Hera is less than respectful, and in late anecdotal versions of the myths (see below) she appeared to spend most of her time plotting revenge on the nymphs seduced by her Consort, for Hera upheld all the old right rules of Hellene society and sorority.

Matriarchy

There has been considerable scholarship, reaching back to Johann Jakob Bachofen in the mid-nineteenth century, about the possibility that Hera, whose early importance in Greek religion is firmly established, was originally the goddess of a matriarchal people, presumably inhabiting Greece before the Hellenes. In this view, her activity as goddess of marriage established the patriarchal bond of her own subordination: her resistance to the conquests of Zeus is rendered as Hera's "jealousy", the main theme of literary anecdotes that undercut her ancient cult.

It remains however a controversial claim that primitive matriarchy existed in Greece or elsewhere.

The young Hera

Hera was most known as the matron goddess, ''Hera Teleia''; but she presided over weddings as well. In myth and cult, fragmentary references and archaic practices remain of the sacred marriage of Hera and Zeus, and at Plataea, there was a sculpture of Hera seated as a bride by Callimachus, as well as the matronly standing Hera.

Hera was also worshipped as a virgin: there was a tradition in Stymphalia in Arcadia that there had been a triple shrine to Hera the Girl (Παις [Pais]), the Adult Woman (Τελεια [Teleia]), and the Separated (Χήρη [Chḗrē] 'Widowed' or 'Divorced'). In the region around Argos, the temple of Hera in Hermione near Argos was to Hera the Virgin. At the spring of Kanathos, close to Nauplia, Hera renewed her virginity annually, in rites that were not to be spoken of (''arrheton'').

Emblems of the presence of Hera

In Hellenistic imagery, Hera's chariot was pulled by peacocks, birds not known to Greeks before the conquests of Alexander. Alexander's tutor, Aristotle, refers to it as "the Persian bird." The peacock motif was revived in the Renaissance iconography that unified Hera and Juno, and which European painters focused on. A bird that had been associated with Hera on an archaic level, where most of the Aegean goddesses were associated with "their" bird, was the cuckoo, which appears in mythic fragments concerning the first wooing of a virginal Hera by Zeus.

Her archaic association was primarily with cattle, as a Cow Goddess, who was especially venerated in "cattle-rich" Euboea. On Cyprus, very early archaeological sites contain bull skulls that have been adapted for use as masks (see Bull (mythology)). Her familiar Homeric epithet ''Boôpis'', is always translated "cow-eyed", for, like the Greeks of Classical times, its other natural translation "cow-faced" or at least "of cow aspect" is rejected. A cow-headed Hera, like a Minotaur would be at odds with the maternal image of the later classical period. In this respect, Hera bears some resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian deity Hathor, a maternal goddess associated with cattle.

The pomegranate, an ancient emblem of the Great Goddess, remained an emblem of Hera: many of the votive pomegranates and poppy capsules recovered at Samos are made of ivory, which survived burial better than the wooden ones that must have been more common. Like all goddesses, images of Hera might show her wearing a diadem and a veil.

Epithets

Hera bore several epithets in the mythological tradition, including: Αἰγοφάγος (''Aigophágos'') 'Goat-Eater' (among the Lacedaemonians) Ἀκραῖα (''Akráia'') '(She) of the Heights' (''Ammonia'')

Ἀργεία (''Argéia'') '(She) of Argos'

Βασίλεια (''Basíleia'') 'Queen'

Βουναία (''Bounáia'') '(She) of the Mound' (in Corinth) Βοῶπις (''Boṓpis'') 'Cow-Eyed' or 'Cow-Faced' Λευκώλενος (''Leukṓlenos'') 'White-Armed'

Παῖς (''Pais'') 'Child' (in her role as virgin)

Παρθένος (''Parthénos'') 'Virgin'

Τελεία (''Teléia'') (as goddess of marriage)

Χήρη (''Chḗrē'') 'Widowed'

Hera, her children and the affairs of Zeus

Hera presides over the right arrangements of the marriage and is the archetype of the union in the marriage bed, but she is not notable as a mother. The legitimate offspring of her union with Zeus are Ares (the god of war), Hebe (the goddess of youth), Eris (the goddess of discord) and Eileithyia (goddess of childbirth). Enyo, a war goddess responsible with the destruction of cities and attendant of Ares, is also mentioned as a daughter of Zeus and Hera, though Homer equates her with Eris. Hera was jealous of Zeus' giving birth to Athena without recourse to her (actually with Metis), so she gave birth to Hephaestus without him. Hera was then disgusted with Hephaestus' ugliness and threw him from Mount Olympus. In an alternate version, Hera alone produced all of the children usually accredited to her union with Zeus by beating her hand on the Earth, a solemnizing action for the Greeks.

Hephaestus gained revenge against Hera for rejecting him by making her a magical throne which, when she sat on, did not allow her to leave. The other gods begged Hephaestus to return to Olympus to let her go, but he repeatedly refused. Dionysus got him drunk and took him back to Olympus on the back of a mule. Hephaestus released Hera after being given Aphrodite as his wife.

Hera, the enemy of Heracles

Hera was the stepmother and enemy of Heracles, who was named "Hera-famous" in her honor; Heracles is the hero who, more than even Perseus, Cadmus or Theseus, introduced the Olympian ways in Greece. When Alcmene was pregnant with Heracles, Hera tried to prevent the birth from occurring by tying Alcmene's legs in knots. She was foiled by Galanthis, her servant, who told Hera that she had already delivered the baby. Hera punished Galanthis by turning her into an animal.

While Heracles was still an infant, Hera sent two serpents to kill him as he lay in his cot. Heracles throttled a single snake in each hand and was found by his nurse playing with their limp bodies as if they were a child's toys. The anecdote is built upon a representation of the hero gripping a serpent in each hand, precisely as the familiar Minoan snake-handling goddesses had once done. "The picture of a divine child between two serpents may have been long familiar to the Thebans, who worshiped the Cabeiri, although not represented as a first exploit of a hero".

Later she stirred up the Amazons against him when he was on one of his quests.

One account of the origin of the Milky Way is that Zeus had tricked Hera into nursing the infant Heracles: discovering who he was, she pulled him from her breast, and a spurt of her milk formed the smear across the sky that can be seen to this day. Unlike any Greeks, the Etruscans instead pictured a full-grown bearded Heracles at Hera's breast: this may refer to his adoption by her when he became an Immortal. He had previously wounded her severely in the breast.

Hera assigned Heracles to labor for King Eurystheus at Mycenae. She attempted to make almost each of Heracles' twelve labors more difficult.

When he fought the Lernaean Hydra, she sent a crab to bite at his feet in the hopes of distracting him. When Heracles took the cattle of Geryon, he shot Hera in the right breast with a triple-barbed arrow: the wound was incurable and left her in constant pain, as Dione tells Aphrodite in the ''Iliad'', Book V. Afterwards, Hera sent a gadfly to bite the cattle, irritate them and scatter them. Hera then sent a flood which raised the water level of a river so much that Heracles could not ford the river with the cattle. He piled stones into the river to make the water shallower. When he finally reached the court of Eurystheus, the cattle were sacrificed to Hera.

Eurystheus also wanted to sacrifice the Cretan Bull to Hera. She refused the sacrifice because it reflected glory on Heracles. The bull was released and wandered to Marathon, becoming known as the Marathonian Bull.

Some myths state that in the end, Hera befriended Heracles for saving her from Porphyrion, a giant who tried to rape her during the Gigantomachy, and that she even gave her daughter Hebe as his bride. Whatever myth-making served to account for an archaic representation of Heracles as "Hera's man" it was thought suitable for the builders of the Heraion at Paestum to depict the exploits of Heracles in bas-reliefs.

Echo

According to the urbane retelling of myth in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'', for a long time, a nymph named Echo had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus' affairs by leading her away and flattering her. When Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to only repeat the words of others (hence our modern word "echo").

Leto and Artemis/Apollo

When Hera discovered that Leto was pregnant and that Zeus was the father, she banned Leto from giving birth on "terra-firma", or the mainland, or any island at sea. Poseidon gave pity to Leto and guided her to the floating island of Delos, which was neither mainland nor a real island, and Leto was able to give birth to her children on the island. As a gesture of gratitude, Delos was secured with four pillars. The island later became sacred to Apollo. Alternatively, Hera kidnapped Eileithyia, the Goddess of Childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods bribed Hera with a beautiful necklace nobody could resist and then finally gave in. Either way, Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo. Some versions say Artemis helped her mother give birth to Apollo for nine days. Another variation states that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo.

Semele and Dionysus

When Hera learned that Semele, daughter of Cadmus King of Thebes, was pregnant by Zeus, she disguised herself as Semele's nurse and persuaded the princess to insist that Zeus show himself to her in his true form. When he was compelled to do so, his thunder and lightning blasted her. Zeus took the child and completed its gestation sewn into his own thigh. Another variation is when Hera persuades Semele to force Zeus to show himself in his real form. Unfortunately, he must do what the princess wants, having sworn by Styx. In another version, Dionysus was originally the son of Zeus by either Demeter or Persephone. Hera sent her Titans to rip the baby apart, from which he was called Zagreus ("Torn in Pieces"). Zeus rescued the heart and gave it to Semele to impregnate her; or, the heart was saved, variously, by Athena, Rhea, or Demeter. Zeus used the heart to recreate Dionysus and implant him in the womb of Semele—hence Dionysus became known as "the twice-born". Certain versions imply that Zeus gave Semele the heart to eat to impregnate her. Hera tricked Semele into asking Zeus to show his true form, which killed her. But Dionysus managed to rescue her from the underworld and have her live on Mount Olympus.

See also Dionysus' birth for other variations.

Io

Hera almost caught Zeus with a mistress named Io, a fate avoided by Zeus turning Io into a beautiful white heifer. However, Hera was not completely fooled and demanded that Zeus give her the heifer as a present.

Once Io was given to Hera, she placed her in the charge of Argus to keep her separated from Zeus. Zeus then commanded Hermes to kill Argus, which he did by lulling all one hundred eyes to sleep. In Ovid's interpolation, when Hera learned of Argus' death, she took his eyes and placed them in the plumage of the peacock, accounting for the eye pattern in its tail. Hera then sent a gadfly (Greek ''oistros'', compare oestrus)) to sting Io as she wandered the earth. Eventually Io settled in Egypt, where according to Ovid she became the Egyptian goddess Isis.

Lamia

Lamia was a queen of Libya, whom Zeus loved. Hera turned her into a monster and murdered their children. Or, alternatively, she killed Lamia's children and the grief turned her into a monster. Lamia was cursed with the inability to close her eyes so that she would always obsess over the image of her dead children. Zeus gave her the gift to be able to take her eyes out to rest, and then put them back in. Lamia was envious of other mothers and ate their children.

Other stories involving Hera

Gerana

Gerana was a queen of the Pygmies who boasted she was more beautiful than Hera. The wrathful goddess turned her into a crane and proclaimed that her bird descendants should wage eternal war on the Pygmy folk.

Cydippe

Cydippe, a priestess of Hera, was on her way to a festival in the goddess' honor. The oxen which were to pull her cart were overdue and her sons, Biton and Cleobis, pulled the cart the entire way (45 stadia, 8 kilometers). Cydippe was impressed with their devotion to her and her goddess and asked Hera to give her children the best gift a god could give a person. Hera ordained that the brothers would die in their sleep.

This honor bestowed upon the children was later used by Solon, as a proof while trying to convince Croesus that it is impossible to judge a person's happiness until they have died a fruitful death after a joyous life.

Tiresias

Tiresias was a priest of Zeus, and as a young man he encountered two snakes mating and hit them with a stick. He was then transformed into a woman. As a woman, Tiresias became a priestess of Hera, married and had children, including Manto. After seven years as a woman, Tiresias again found mating snakes, struck them with her staff, and became a man once more. As a result of his experiences, Zeus and Hera asked him to settle the question of which sex, male or female, experienced more pleasure during intercourse. Zeus claimed it was women; Hera claimed it was men. When Tiresias sided with Zeus, Hera struck him blind. Since Zeus could not undo what she had done, he gave him the gift of prophecy. An alternative and less commonly told story has it that Tiresias was blinded by Athena after he stumbled onto her bathing naked. His mother, Chariclo, begged her to undo her curse, but Athena could not; she gave him prophecy instead.

Chelone

At the marriage of Zeus and Hera, a nymph named Chelone was disrespectful or refused to attend. Zeus condemned her by turning her into a turtle.

The Iliad

According to the Iliad, during the Trojan War, Diomedes fought Hector and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly. Hera, Ares' mother, saw Ares' interference and asked Zeus, Ares' father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield. Hera encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares and he threw his spear at the god. Athena drove the spear into Ares' body, and he bellowed in pain and fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back.

The Golden Fleece

Hera hated Pelias because he had killed Sidero, his step-grandmother, in one of the goddess's temples. She later convinced Jason and Medea to kill Pelias. Golden Fleece was the item that Jason needed to get his mother freed.

The Metamorphoses

In Thrace, Hera and Zeus turned King Haemus and Queen Rhodope into mountains, the Balkan (Haemus Mons) and Rhodope mountain chains respectively, for their hubris in comparing themselves to the gods.

The Judgment of Paris

All the gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (the eventual parents of Achilles). Only Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited. She was annoyed at this, so she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the word καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, "for the fairest one"), which she threw among the goddesses. Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest, and thus the rightful owner of the apple.

The goddesses chose to place the matter before Zeus, who, not wanting to favor one of the goddesses, put the choice into the hands of Paris, a Trojan prince. After bathing in the spring of Mount Ida (where Troy was situated), the goddesses appeared to Paris naked, but Paris couldn't decide, so they resorted to bribes. Hera tried to bribe Paris with control over all Asia and Europe, while Athena offered wisdom, fame and glory in battle, but Aphrodite came forth and whispered to Paris that if he were to choose her as the fairest he would have the most beautiful mortal woman in the world as a wife, and he accordingly chose her. This woman was Helen, who was, unfortunately for Paris, already married to King Menelaus of Sparta. The other two goddesses were enraged by this and through Helen's abduction by Paris they brought about the Trojan War.

See also

Deception of Zeus

Barberini Hera

Hera Borghese

Hera Farnese

Heraea Games

Notes

Sources

Burkert, Walter, ''Greek Religion'' 1985.

Burkert, Walter, ''The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age'', 1998

Farnell, Lewis Richard, ''The cults of the Greek states'' I: ''Zeus, Hera Athena'' Oxford, 1896.

Graves, Robert, ''The Greek Myths'' 1955. Use with caution.

Kerenyi, Carl, ''The Gods of the Greeks'' 1951 (paperback 1980)

Kerenyi, Karl, 1959. ''The Heroes of the Greeks'' Especially Heracles.

Ruck, Carl A.P., and Danny Staples, ''The World of Classical Myth'' 1994

Seyffert, Oskar. ''Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' 1894. (On-line text)

Seznec, Jean, ''The Survival of the Pagan Gods : Mythological Tradition in Renaissance Humanism and Art,'' 1953

Slater, Philip E. ''The Glory of Hera : Greek Mythology and the Greek Family'' (Boston: Beacon Press) 1968 (Princeton University 1992 ISBN 0-691-00222-3 ) Concentrating on family structure in 5th-century Athens; some of the crude usage of myth and drama for psychological interpreting of "neuroses" is dated.

Smith, William; ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', London (1873). "Gali'nthias"

External links

Theoi Project, Hera Hera in classical literature and Greek art

The Samos Museum: cult objects recovered from the Heraion at Samos

Category:Greek goddesses Category:Twelve Olympians Category:Deities in the Iliad Category:Queens in Greek mythology

af:Hera ar:هيرا az:Hera bn:হেরা be:Гера bar:Hera bs:Hera br:Hera bg:Хера ca:Hera cs:Héra cy:Hera da:Hera de:Hera et:Hera el:Ήρα (μυθολογία) es:Hera eo:Hera eu:Hera fa:هرا fr:Héra gl:Hera ko:헤라 hy:Հերա hi:हीरा (देवी) hr:Hera id:Hera is:Hera (gyðja) it:Era (mitologia) he:הרה jv:Hera ka:ჰერა sw:Hera la:Hera lv:Hēra lb:Hera lt:Hera hu:Héra mk:Хера ml:ഹീര mt:Era (mitoloġija) mr:हिअरा ms:Hera nl:Hera ja:ヘーラー no:Hera nn:Hera pa:ਹੇਅਰਾ nds:Hera (Mythologie) pl:Hera pt:Hera ro:Hera ru:Гера sq:Hera simple:Hera sk:Héra sl:Hera sr:Хера sh:Hera fi:Hera (mytologia) sv:Hera tl:Hera ta:ஹீரா th:ฮีรา tg:Гера tr:Hera uk:Гера ur:ہیرہ vi:Hera zh:赫拉

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Name	Hera Björk
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	March 29, 1972
Origin	Reykjavík, Iceland
Genre	Pop, Soul
Occupation	Singer
Years active	2000–present
Website	}}

Hera Björk Þórhallsdóttir (born 29 March 1972 in Reykjavík) is an Icelandic singer. She participated in Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2009 with the song ''"Someday"'', placing second, and won the OGAE Second Chance Contest 2009. She represented Iceland at Eurovision Song Contest 2010 with the song "Je ne sais quoi". Hera was a member of the backing choir for Eurobandið in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 and for Yohanna in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow. She has toured with Björk and Sigur Rós.

Discography

Albums

1999: "Litla Hryllingsbúðin (Little shop of Horror)", "Alltaf í Boltanum - Áfram Ísland", "Principium -Schola Cantorum"

2000: "Ilmur af Jólum / The Scent of Christmas", " Disneylögin"

2001: "Landslag Bylgjunnar - Engum nema þér" , "Audi Creator Coeli"

2002: "Svarta Platan" , "Á Jólunum"

2003: "Í faðmi þínum"

2004: "Við gefum von"

2006: ''Hera Björk'' solo album

2007: "Montagne Azzurre - Leone Tinganelli"

2008: ''The Frostroses - Live in Concert",

2009: "The Frostroses - Heyr himnasmiður" , "Ást og Tregi - Heimir Sindrason" , "Húm (söngvar um ástina og lífið) -Stefán Hilmarsson"

2010: ''Je Ne Sais Quoi''

Singles

Year	Single	Peak chart positions				Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
2009		—	—	—	—
2010	style="text-align:left;"	1	27	8	49	''Je ne sais quoi''

References

External links

Hera Björk homepage

Interview with Hera Björk

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2010 Category:Icelandic female singers Category:People from Reykjavík

be:Хера Б'ёрк be-x-old:Хера Б'ёрк bg:Хера Бьорк cy:Hera Björk da:Hera Björk de:Hera Björk es:Hera Björk fr:Hera Björk is:Hera Björk Þórhallsdóttir it:Hera Björk ka:ჰერა ბიორკი lv:Hēra Bjerka hu:Hera Björk nl:Hera Björk no:Hera Björk pl:Hera Björk pt:Hera Björk ro:Hera Björk ru:Бьёрк, Гера sq:Hera Björk simple:Hera Björk fi:Hera Björk sv:Hera Björk Þórhallsdóttir tr:Hera Björk uk:Гера Бйорк

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Kishore Kumar| image Gangulybros01.jpg
background	solo_singer
spouse	Rama Devi, Madhubala, Yogeeta Bali, Leena Chandawarkar
birth name	Abhas Kumar Ganguly
born	August 04, 1929Khandwa, Central Provinces and Berar
died	October 13, 1987Mumbai, Maharashtra
genre	Playback, Rabindra Sangeet, rock and roll
occupation	Singer, actor, director, musician, producer
years active	1946–1987 }}

Kishore Kumar (, , ; born Abhas Kumar Ganguly 4 August 1929 – 13 October 1987) was an Indian film playback singer and an actor who also worked as lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenwriter and scriptwriter. Kishore Kumar sang in many Indian languages including Bengali, Hindi, Marathi, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Bhojpuri, Malayalam and Oriya. He was the winner of 8 Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer and holds the record for most number of Filmfare Awards won for that category.

Early life

Kishore Kumar was born into the Bengali Brahmin Ganguly family in Khandwa, Central Provinces and Berar (now in Madhya Pradesh) as Abhas Kumar Ganguly. His father Kunjalal Ganguly (Gangopadhya) was a lawyer. His mother Gouri Devi came from a wealthy Bengali family. Kishore was the youngest of four siblings, the other three being Ashok Kumar (the eldest), Sati Devi, and Anoop Kumar.

While Kishore was still a child, Ashok Kumar became a Bollywood actor. (Later, Anoop Kumar also ventured into cinema with the help of Ashok Kumar). Spending time with his brothers, Kishore also started to take a keen interest in movies and music. He became a fan of singer-actor Kundan Lal Saigal, whom he considered his guru, and tried to follow Saigal's singing style.

Career

After Ashok Kumar became a Bollywood star, the Ganguly family used to visit Bombay regularly. Abhas Kumar changed his name to Kishore Kumar and started his cinema career as a chorus singer at Bombay Talkies, where his brother worked. His first film as an actor was ''Shikari'' (1946), in which Ashok Kumar played the lead role. Music director Khemchand Prakash gave him a chance to sing the song ''Marne ki duayen kyon mangu'' for the film ''Ziddi'' (1948). After this, Kishore Kumar got many other assignments, but he was not very serious about a film career. In 1949, he decided to settle in Mumbai.

Kishore Kumar played hero in the Bombay Talkies film ''Andolan'' (1951), directed by Phani Majumdar. Although Kishore Kumar got some assignments as an actor with help of his brother, he was more interested in becoming a singer. He was not interested in acting, but his elder brother Ashok Kumar wanted him to be an actor like himself.

He starred in Bimal Roy's ''Naukri'' (1954) and Hrishikesh Mukherjee's directorial debut ''Musafir'' (1957). Salil Chowdhury, the music director for ''Naukri'' was initially dismissive of him as a singer, when he came to know that Kishore Kumar didn't have any formal training in music. However, after hearing his voice, he gave him the song ''Chhota sa ghar hoga'', which was supposed to be sung by Hemant Kumar.

Kishore Kumar starred in films ''New Delhi'''' (1957), ''Aasha'' (1957), ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958), ''Half Ticket'' (1962), and ''Padosan'' (1968). ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'', his home production, starred the three Ganguly brothers, and Madhubala. The film is about romance between a city girl (Madhubala) and a car mechanic (Kishore Kumar), with a subplot involving brothers.

Music director S. D. Burman is credited with spotting Kishore Kumar's talent as a singer, and advancing his singing career. During the making of ''Mashaal'' (1950), Burman visited Ashok Kumar's house, where he heard Kishore imitating K. L. Saigal. He complimented Kishore, but also told him that he should develop a style of his own, instead of copying Saigal. Kishore Kumar did not have a formal training in music. He kept Burman's advice in mind, and eventually developed his own style of singing, which featured the yodeling that he had heard on some records of Jimmie Rodgers bought by his brother Anoop Kumar.

S. D. Burman recorded with Kishore for Dev Anand's ''Munimji'' (1954), ''Taxi Driver'' (1954), ''House No. 44'' (1955), ''Funtoosh'' (1956), ''Nau Do Gyarah'' (1957), ''Paying Guest'' (1957), ''Guide'' (1965), ''Jewel Thief'' (1967), ''Prem Pujari'' (1970), and ''Tere Mere Sapne'' (1971). He also composed music for Kishore Kumar's home production ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958). Some of their initial films included the songs ''Maana Janaab Ne Pukara Nahin'' from ''Paying Guest'', ''Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke'' from ''Nau Do Gyarah'' (1957), ''Ai Meri Topi Palat Ke Aa'' from ''Funtoosh'', and ''Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si'' and ''Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka'' from ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958). Asha Bhosle and Kishore Kumar performed duets composed by S. D. Burman including ''Chhod Do Aanchal'' from ''Paying Guest'' (1957), ''Ankhon Mein Kya Ji'' from ''Nau Do Gyarah'' (1957), ''Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka'' and ''Paanch Rupaiya Baara Aana'' from ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958), ''Chhedo Na Meri Zulfein'' from ''Ganga Ki Lahren'' (1964), and ''Arre Yaar Meri Tum Bhi Ho Gajab'' from ''[Teen Devian|Teen Deviyan]'' (1965).

C. Ramchandra was another music director who recognized Kishore Kumar's talent as a singer. and their collaborations include ''Eena Meena Deeka'' from ''Aasha'' (1957). Kishore Kumar's work includes, ''Nakhrewaali'' from ''New Delhi'' (1956) by Shankar Jaikishan, and ''C.A.T. Cat Maane Billi'' and ''Hum To Mohabbat Karega'' from ''Dilli Ka Thug'' (1958) by Ravi.

Kishore Kumar produced, directed, and acted in the film ''Jhumroo'' (1961). He wrote the lyrics for the title song, ''Main Hoon Jhumroo'', and composed music for all the songs in the film. Later, he produced and directed the film ''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein'' (1964). He also wrote the script and composed music for the film. The film is based on the relationship between a father (Kishore Kumar), and his deaf and mute son (played by his real-life son, Amit Kumar). He made another two films called ''Door Ka Rahi'' (1971) and ''Door Waadiyon Mein Kahin'' (1980).

In the 1960s, as an actor, Kishore Kumar built up a notoriety for coming late for the shootings, or bunking them altogether. His films flopped frequently, and he also landed in income tax trouble. As a singer, his work in this period includes ''Zaroorat Hai Zaroorat Hai'' from ''Manmauji'' (1961), ''Gaata Rahe Mera Dil'' from ''Guide'' (1965), and ''Yeh Dil Na Hota Bechara'' from ''Jewel Thief'' (1967).

In the late 1960s, Rahul Dev Burman worked together on the soundtrack of the film ''Padosan'' (1968), in which Kishore Kumar sang the songs ''Mere Saamne Wali Khidki Mein'' and ''Kehna Hai''. ''Padosan'' was a comedy film starring Kishore Kumar as a dramatist-musician, Mehmood as a Carnatic music and dance teacher, and Sunil Dutt as a simpleton named Bhola. Kishore Kumar's character in the film was inspired by the personality of Kishore's own uncle, Dhananjay Bannerjee (a classical singer). The highlight of the film was a musical, comical duel between Kishore Kumar-Sunil Dutt and Mehmood, ''Ek Chatur Nar Karke Singaar''.

1970's and 1980's

In 1969, Shakti Samanta produced and directed the film ''Aradhana'', for which the music was composed by S. D. Burman. S. D. Burman fell ill after recording some duet songs with Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle, Lata Mangeshkar and Kishore Kumar. Afterwards, his son and assistant Rahul Dev Burman took over the recording. R. D. Burman got Kishore Kumar to solo sing the songs ''Mere Sapno Ki Rani'' and ''Roop Tera Mastana''. Kishore Kumar won his first Filmfare award for the song "Roop Tera Mastana".

In 1970s & 1980s Kishore Kumar sang for Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachchan, Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Sanjeev Kumar, Dev Anand, Shashi Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Mithun Chakraborty, Sanjay Dutt, Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor and Jackie Shroff.

S. D. Burman and Kishore Kumar continued to work together, including ''Phoolon Ke Rang Se'' and ''Shokhiyon Mein Ghola Jaaye'' from ''Prem Pujari'' (1969), ''Aaj Madhosh Hua Jaaye Re'', ''Khilte Hain Gul Yahan'' and ''O Meri Sharmilee'' from ''Sharmilee'' (1971), ''Meet na mila'' from ''Abhimaan'' (1973), ''Pyaar Ke Is Khel Mein'' from ''Jugnu''. In 1975, S. D. Burman composed his last song for Kishore Kumar. S. D. Burman went into a coma for the second time, soon after Kishore recorded the song ''Badi Sooni Sooni Hai Zindagi'' for the film ''Mili''.

R. D. Burman frequently used Kishore Kumar as the male singer, and recorded several songs with him in the 1970s. Some Kishore Kumar-R. D. Burman songs include ''O Maajhi Re'' from ''Khushboo'', ''Yeh Shaam Mastaani'' and ''Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai'' from ''Kati Patang'' (1971), ''Kuchh To Log Kahenge'' from ''Amar Prem'' (1972), "Raat Kali Ek Khwab Mein Aayi" from ''Buddha Mil Gaya ''(1971), ''Musafir Hoon Yaaron'' from ''Parichay'' (1972), ''Diye Jalte Hain'' from ''Namak Haraam'' (1973), ''Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si'' from ''Anamika'' (1973), ''Zindagi Ke Safar Mein'' from ''Aap Ki Kasam'' (1974), ''Agar Tum Na Hote'', ''Humein Tum Se Pyaar Kitna'' from ''Kudrat'', "Mere Naina Saawan Bhadon" from ''Mehbooba'', and ''Chingari Koi Bhadke'' (''Amar Prem''), ''Jab Bhi Koi Kangana'' from ''Shaukeen'' (1986). R. D. Burman also recorded several duets pairing Kishore Kumar with Asha Bhosle and with Lata Mangeshkar. Some of these duets include ''Panna Ki Tamanna'' from ''Heera Panna'' (1973), ''Neend Chura Ke Raaton Mein'' from the film ''Shareef Budmaash'', ''Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai'' from Sanjay Dutt's debut film ''Rocky'' (1981), ''Sagar Kinare'' from ''Sagar'' in [1985], ''Aap Ki Aankhon Mein Kuchh'' from ''Ghar'', ''Jaane Ja Dhoondta'' and ''Nahi Nahi'' from ''Jawani Diwani'', "Kharoshoo" from ''Harjai'' (1982).

Apart from the Burmans, Kishore Kumar worked with other music directors as well. The composer duo Laxmikant-Pyarelal (L-P) also composed many songs sung by Kishore Kumar. Some of their songs include ''Mere Mehboob Qayamat Hogi'' from ''Mr. X In Bombay'', ''Mere Naseeb Mein Aye Dost'' from ''Do Raaste'', ''Yeh Jeevan Hai'' from ''Piya Ka Ghar'', ''Mere Dil Mein Aaj Kya Hai'' from ''Daag: A Poem of Love'', ''Nahi Mai Nahi Dekh Sakta'' from ''Majboor'', ''Mere diwanepan ki bhi'' from ''Mehboob Ki Mehndi'', ''Naach Meri Bulbul'' from ''Roti'', ''Chal Chal Mere Haathi'' from ''Haathi Mere Saathi'', ''Gaadi Bula Rahi Hai'' from ''Dost'', ''Ruk Jaana Nahi'' from ''Imtihaan'', ''Ek Ritu Aaye'' from ''Gautam Govinda'', ''My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves'' from ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' ''Bahut Khoobsurat Jawan Ek Ladki'' from ''Dostana'' and ''Om Shanti Om'' as well as ''Paisa Yeh Paisa'' from ''Karz''. Laxmikant-Pyarelal also composed several Kishore-Lata duets, including ''Achchha To Hum Chalte Hain'' from ''Aan Milo Sajna'', ''Gore Rang Pe Na Itna'' from ''Roti'', ''Main Solah Baras Ki'' from ''Karz'', and ''Din Mahine Saal'' from ''Avtaar'', ''Tu Kitne Baras Ki'' from ''Karz''. L-P also got Kishore Kumar and Mohammed Rafi to sing duets for the films ''Dostana'', ''Ram Balram'' and ''Deedaar-E-Yaar''. L-P composed a duet with Kishore Kumar and Alisha Chinoy, ''I love you (Kaate Nahin Katate Yeh Din Yeh Raat)'' from ''Mr. India'' in (1987). Salil Chowdhury recorded songs like ''Koi Hota Jisko Apna'' from ''Mere Apne'' and ''Gujar Gaye Din Din'' from ''Annadata''. Ravindra Jain recorded ''Ghungroo Ki Tarah'', and the duet ''Tota Maina Ki Kahani'' from ''Fakira''. Khaiyyaam recorded beautiful duets with Lata Mangeshkar such as ''Hazar Rahein'' from ''Thodisi Bewafai'', ''Aankhon Mein Humne Aapke Sapne Sajaye Hain'', ''Chandani Raat Mein Ek Bar''. Hridaynath Mangeshkar recorded ''Zindagi Aa Raha Hoon Main'' from ''Mashaal''. Kalyanji-Anandji recorded several songs with Kishore Kumar including ''Zindagi Ka Safar'' and ''Jeevan Se Bhari Teri Aankhein'', from ''Safar'', ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' from ''Black Mail'', ''Apne Jeevan Ki Uljhan'' from ''Uljhan'', ''Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz'' from ''Kora Kagaz'', ''O Saathi Re'' from ''Muqaddar Ka Sikandar'', ''Khaike Paan Banaraswala'' from ''Don'', ''Neele Neele Ambar Par'' from ''Kalakar'' and ''Pal Bhar Ke Liye'' from ''Johny Mera Naam''.

Other composers including Rajesh Roshan, Sapan Chakravarty, Jaidev, Chitragupta (composer), Usha Khanna, Sohnik Omi, Prem Dhawan, Vanraj Bhatia and Bappi Lahiri also worked with Kishore Kumar. Rajesh Roshan's film ''Julie'' featured songs sung by Kishore Kumar, ''Bhool Gaya Saab Kuchh'' (duet with Lata Mangeshkar) and ''Dil Kya Kare Jab Kisise''. Their other songs include ''Chhookar mere man ko'' from ''Yaarana'', ''Tune Abhi Dekha Nahin'' from ''Do Aur Do Paanch'' and ''Kahan Tak Ye Man Ko Andhere Chhalenge'' from ''Baaton Baaton Mein''. Bappi Lahiri also recorded many songs with Kishore Kumar, including ''Pag Ghunghroo Bandh'' from ''Namak Halal'' (1982), ''Manzilen Apni Jagah Hai'' from ''Sharaabi'' (1984) and ''Chalte Chalte Mere Ye Geet'' from ''Chalte Chalte'' (1976), ''Saason Se Nahi Kadmose Nahi'' from ''Mohabbat'' in (1987) and duets with (Lata Mangeshkar)) like ''Taa thaiya'' from ''Himmatwala'' in (1984), ''Albela Mausam'' from ''Tohfa'' in (1985) and another duet ''Pyar Ka Tohfa'' from the same film.

During the Indian Emergency (1975–1977), Sanjay Gandhi asked Kishore Kumar to sing for an Indian National Congress rally in Mumbai, but Kishore Kumar refused. As a result, the government put an unofficial ban on playing Kishore Kumar songs on the All India Radio or television.

Later years

Kishore Kumar produced and directed some movies in the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as ''Badhti Ka Naam Daadhi'' (1978), ''Zindagi'' (1981) and ''Door Wadiyon Mein Kahin'' (1980). His last appearance as an actor was in ''Door Wadiyon Mein Kahin''.

With patronage from R. D. Burman and Rajesh Roshan, Kishore Kumar's son Amit Kumar also became a Bollywood singer in the 1980s. Kishore Kumar also continued singing for several actors. He also did some stage shows, apparently to earn money to pay his income tax arrears.

Kishore Kumar stopped singing for Amitabh Bachchan in the mid-1980s, after Bachchan did not do a guest appearance in a film produced by him but called a truce with him by singing for him in ''Toofan''. He also temporarily stopped singing for Mithun Chakraborty, after Yogeeta Bali divorced him and married Chakraborty. However, later Kumar sang for him in many films like ''Disco Dancer'', ''Muddat'', and ''Pyar Ka Mandir''.

In the mid-1980s, Kishore Kumar sang for Anil Kapoor in Kapoor's debut film as a leading man, ''Woh Saat Din'' and also recorded ''Mr. India''. He sang a duet with Alka Yagnik, ''Tumse Badhkar Duniya Mein Na Dekha'' for ''Kaamchor'' in (1986). He also recorded some songs for the film ''Saagar'' with R. D. Burman. By this time, he had decided to retire and was planning to go back to his birthplace, Khandwa.

On 13 October 1987, he died of a heart attack in Mumbai at 4:45 pm. His body was taken to Khandwa for cremation. He had recorded his last song a day before he died. The song was ''Guru Guru'', a duet with Asha Bhosle, for the film ''Waqt Ki Aawaz'' (1988) composed by Bappi Lahiri for Mithun Chakraborty and Sridevi.

Kishore Kumar's song ''Pal Bhar Ke Liye'' from the film ''Johny Mera Naam'' (1970) was used in an episode of ''The Simpsons'' titled "Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore". His songs have also been featured in several films, including ''Such a Long Journey'' (1998) and ''Side Streets'' (1998). Sony TV organised the television singing contest ''K for Kishore'' to search for a singer like Kishore Kumar.

Personal life

Kishore Kumar married four times. His first wife was Ruma Guha Thakurta aka Ruma Ghosh. Their marriage lasted from 1950 to 1958.

Kishore's second wife was actress Madhubala, who had worked with him on many films including his home production ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958). When Kishore Kumar proposed to her, Madhubala was sick and was planning to go to London for treatment. At this time, she didn't know that she had a ventricular septal defect, and her father wanted her to wait and consult the London doctors first. Nevertheless, Madhubala married Kishore in 1960. Madhubala was a Muslim, and the two had a civil marriage. Kishore converted to Islam and took the name Karim Abdul. The doctors in London told Madhubala that she would not live for long. The marriage lasted for nine years, and ended with Madhubala's death on 23 February 1969.

Kishore Kumar's third marriage was to Yogeeta Bali, and lasted from 1976 to 4 August 1978. Kishore was married to Leena Chandavarkar from 1980 until his death. Kishore Kumar sired two sons, Amit Kumar (playback singer) with Ruma, and Sumit Kumar with Leena Chandavarkar.

Kumar is said to have been paranoid about not being paid. During recordings, he would sing only after his secretary confirmed that the producer had made the payment. Once, when he discovered that his dues hadn't been fully paid, he landed up for shooting with make-up on only one side of his face. When the director questioned him, he replied "Aadha paisa to aadha make-up." (Half make-up for half payment). On the sets of ''Bhai Bhai'', Kishore Kumar refused to act because the director M V Raman owed him five thousand rupees. Ashok Kumar persuaded him to do the scene. But, when the shooting started, he walked across the floor and, each time he walked a few places, he said, ''Paanch Hazzar Rupaiya'' (five thousand rupees) and did a somersault. After he reached the end of the floor, he went out of the studio, jumped into his car, and ordered his driver Abdul to drive away. On another occasion, when producer R. C. Talwar did not pay his dues in spite of repeated reminders, Kishore turned up at Talwar's residence one morning and started shouting "''Hey Talwar, de de mere aath hazaar''" ("Hey Talwar, give me my eight thousand"). He did this every morning until Talwar paid him.

The film ''Anand'' (1971) was originally supposed to star Kishore Kumar and Mehmood Ali in the lead. Hrishikesh Mukherjee, the director of the film, was asked to meet Kishore Kumar to discuss the project. However, when he went to Kishore Kumar's house, he was driven away by the gatekeeper due to a misunderstanding. Kishore Kumar (himself a Bengali) hadn't been paid for a stage show organized by another Bengali man, and had instructed his gatekeeper to drive away this "Bengali", if he ever visited the house. When Hrishikesh Mukherjee (also a Bengali) went to Kishore Kumar's house, the gatekeeper drove him away, mistaking him for the "Bengali" that Kishore Kumar had asked him to drive away. Consequently, Mehmood had to leave the film as well, and new actors (Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan) were signed up for the film.

In spite of his "no money, no work" principle, sometimes Kishore Kumar recorded for free even when the producers were willing to pay. Such films include those produced by Rajesh Khanna and Danny Denzongpa. On one occasion, Kishore Kumar helped actor-turned-producer Bipin Gupta, by giving him Rs. 20,000 for the film ''Dal Mein Kala'' (1964). When actor Arun Kumar Mukherjee died, Kishore Kumar regularly sent money to his family in Bhagalpur. Mukherjee was one of the first persons to appreciate Kishore's singing talent.

Many journalists and writers have written about Kishore Kumar's seemingly eccentric behavior. Kishore Kumar had put a "''Beware of Kishore''" sign at the door of his Warden Road flat, where he stayed for some time while his bungalow was being done up. Once, producer-director H. S. Rawail, who owed him some money, visited his flat to pay the dues. Kishore Kumar took the money, and when Rawail offered to shake hands with him, he reportedly put Rawail's hand in his mouth, bit it, and asked "Didn’t you see the sign?". Rawail laughed off the incident and left quickly. Kishore Kumar was a loner, and in an interview with Pritish Nandy (1985), he said that he had no friends – he preferred talking to his trees instead. Once, when a reporter made a comment about how lonely he must be, Kishore Kumar took her to his garden. He then named some of the trees in his garden, and introduced them to the reporter as his closest friends.

According to another reported incident, once Kishore Kumar was to record a song for producer-director G. P. Sippy. As Sippy approached his bungalow, he saw Kishore going out in his car. Sippy pleaded him to stop his car, but Kishore only increased the speed of his car. Sippy chased him to Madh Island, where Kishore Kumar finally stopped his car near the ruined Madh Fort. When Sippy questioned his strange behavior, Kishore Kumar refused to recognize or talk to him and threatened to call police. Sippy had to return. Next morning, Kishore Kumar reported for the recording. An angry Sippy questioned him about his behavior on the previous day. However, Kishore Kumar insisted that Sippy must have seen a dream, and claimed that he was in Khandwa on the previous day.

Once, a producer went to court to get a decree that Kishore Kumar must follow the director's orders. As a consequence, Kishore Kumar obeyed the director to the letter. He refused to alight from his car until the director ordered him to do so. Once, after a car scene in Mumbai, he drove on till Khandala because the director forgot to say "Cut". In the 1960s, a financier named Kalidas Batvabbal, patently disgusted with Kishore Kumar's alleged lack of cooperation during the shooting of ''Half Ticket'', gave him away to the income tax authorities. Kishore had to face a raid at his house. Later, Kishore invited Batvabbal home, tricked him by asking him to enter a cupboard for a "chat" and locked him inside. He unlocked Batvabbal after two hours and told him "Don’t ever come to my house again."

Awards

; Filmfare Awards

Winner:

! Year	! Song	! Film	! Music director	! Lyricist
1969	''Roop tera mastaana''		Sachin Dev Burman	Anand Bakshi
1975	''Dil aisa kisi ne Mera''	''Amanush''	Shyamal Mitra	Indeevar
1978	''Khaike Pan Banaras Wala''		Kalyanji-Anandji	Anjaan
1980	''Hazaar raahen mudke dekheen''	''Thodisi Bewafaii''	Khayyam	Gulzar
1982	''Pag ghungroo baandh ke meera nachi''	''Namak Halaal''	Bappi Lahiri	Anjaan
1983	''Hamen aur jeene ki''	''Agar Tum Na Hote''	Rahul Dev Burman	Gulshan Bawra
1984	''Manzilen apni jagah''	''Sharaabi''	Bappi Lahiri	Anjaan
1985	''Saagar Kinaare''	''Saagar''	Rahul Dev Burman	Javed Akhtar

Nominated:

! Year	! Song	! Film	! Music Director	! Lyricist
1971	''Zindagi Ek Safar''		Shankar-Jaikishan	Hasrat Jaipuri
1971	''Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai''	Kati Patang	Rahul Dev Burman	Anand Bakshi
1972	''Chingari Koi Bhadke''	Amar Prem	Rahul Dev Burman	Anand Bakshi
1973	''Mere Dil Mein Aaj''	''Daag: A Poem of Love''	Laxmikant-Pyarelal	Sahir Ludhianvi
1974	''Gaadi Bula Rahi Hai''	''Dost''	Laxmikant-Pyarelal	Anand Bakshi
1974	''Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz''	''Kora Kagaz''	Kalyanji Anandji	M.G.Hashmat
1975	''Main Pyaasa Tum''	''Faraar''	Kalyanji Anandji	Rajendra Krishan
1975	''O Manjhi Re''		Rahul Dev Burman
1977	''Aap Ke Anurodh''	''Anurodh''	Laxmikant-Pyarelal	Anand Bakshi
1978	''O Saathi Re''	Muqaddar Ka Sikander	Kalyanji-Anandji	Anjaan
1978	''Hum Bewafa Harghiz''		Rahul Dev Burman	Anand Bakshi
1979	''Ek Rasta Hai Zindagi''	''Kaala Patthar''	Rajesh Roshan	Sahir Ludhianvi
1980	''Om Shanthi Om''		Laxmikant-Pyarelal	Anand Bakshi
1981	''Hameh Tumse Pyar''	''Kudrat''	Rahul Dev Burman	Majrooh Sultanpuri
1981	''Chhookar Mere Mann Ko''		Rajesh Roshan	Anjaan
1983	''Shayad Meri Shaadi''	''Souten''	Usha Khanna	Sawan Kumar
1984	''De De Pyar De''	Sharaabi	Bappi Lahiri	Anjaan
1984	''Inteha Ho Gayi''	Sharaabi	Bappi Lahiri	Anjaan
1984	''Log Kehete Hai Main''	Sharaabi	Bappi Lahiri	Anjaan

; Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards

Winner: 1971 - Best Male Playback Singer for ''Aradhana'' 1972 - Best Male Playback Singer for ''Andaz'' 1973 - Best Male Playback Singer for ''Hare Rama Hare Krishna'' 1975 - Best Male Playback Singer for ''Kora Kagaz''

See also

Kishore Kumar filmography

List of Indian playback singers

Hindi songs

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1929 births Category:1987 deaths Category:Bengali people Category:People from Khandwa Category:Indian male singers Category:Indian actors Category:Indian film actors Category:Indian film singers Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in India Category:Indian comedians Category:Bollywood playback singers Category:Yodelers Category:Bengali musicians Category:Bengali actors Category:Assamese playback singers Category:Indian former Muslims Category:People from Mumbai Category:Hindi film actors Category:Hindi-language film directors Category:Indian film directors Category:Indian film producers

bn:কিশোর কুমার de:Kishore Kumar es:Kishore Kumar fr:Kishore Kumar hi:किशोर कुमार ml:കിഷോർ കുമാർ mr:किशोर कुमार ne:किशोर कुमार sd:ڪشور ڪمار Kishore Kumar sv:Kishore Kumar te:కిషోర్ కుమార్ ur:کشور کمار

Musa Juma Mumbo (December 6, 1968 – March 15, 2011), was a rumba and Benga musician from Kenya. He was the bandleader, guitarist and composer for Orchestra Limpopo International. Most of his music were sang in Dholuo language.

He was from Usonga, Siaya District. He started his music career performing with his younger brother Omondi Tony (real name Anthony Omondi Mumbo) plying rumba in small clubs in Nairobi and Kisumu. Together they formed Orchestra Limpopo International which gradually rose into national fame. Omondi Tony, who had turned into a solo career, died on June 6, 2008 of complication caused by a traffic accident.

Some of most popular songs by Musa Juma were "Hera Mudho", "Ufisadi", "Mercelina", and "Freddy". He released eight albums, the last of them being titled ''Lake Victoria''.

During his career he toured in various countries. Only weeks before his death in 2011, he and his band had a tour in the United States.

He died of pneumonia on March 15, 2011 at Mombasa Hospital. He was being survived by wife Winnie Juma.

References

External links

Musa Juma

Category:Kenyan musicians Category:1968 births Category:2011 deaths Category:Deaths from pneumonia

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Paresh Rawal
birth date	May 30, 1950
birth place	Ahmedabad, India
yearsactive	1984 - Present
spouse	Swaroop Sampat
occupation	Actor, Television producer }}

Paresh Rawal (, ) (born 30 May 1950) is an Indian actor of Gujarati background.

Making his film debut in 1984, he mainly played supporting and villain roles throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Since 2000 he has mostly played comic roles.

Family and early life

Paresh was born in Mumbai India. He is married to Swaroop Sampat, an actress and winner of the Miss India contest in 1979. Paresh and Swaroop have two sons: Aditya and Aniruddh. Paresh Rawal is an alumnus from Narsee Monjee Institute of Management and Higher Studies, Vile Parle, Mumbai.

Career

Rawal made his debut with the 1984 film ''Holi''. He then appeared in over 100 films throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Paresh Rawal's biggest hit was ''Hera Pheri''.

Before he attained national recognition, in 1991 Rawal achieved recognition and adulation for his role of a bank robber in ''Kshana Kshanam''. His quirky accent and mannerisms made him an instant hit. He acted in quite a few Telugu films by the RGV school of direction like ''Money'' and ''Govinda Govinda''.

In 1994, he won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in the films ''Woh Chokri'' and ''Sir''. For the latter, he also received his first Filmfare Award for Best Comedian. This was followed by Ketan Mehta's ''Sardar'', which saw him playing the lead role of freedom fighter Vallabhbhai Patel, a role that got him not only national but international acclaim. He followed it with the film ''Tamanna'' (1996), in which he played the role of a Hijra (person of "third" gender, typically male transgender) who raises a young, orphaned girl, played by Pooja Bhatt.

In 2000, Rawal played a dim-witted and boisterous, but kind-hearted Marathi landlord Baburao Ganpatrao Apte in the film ''Hera Pheri'', who takes in Raju (Akshay Kumar) and Shyam (Sunil Shetty) as paying guests in his house. Rawal's acting was a key reason for the major nationwide success the film received. For his performance, he won the Filmfare Best Comedian Award. He reprised his role as Baburao in the sequel to the film, ''Phir Hera Pheri'' (2006), which was also successful.

In 2002, Rawal portrayed one of three blind bank robbers in the hit film ''Aankhen''. Rawal has since played many comedy roles in successful films including ''Awara Paagal Deewana'' (2002), ''Garam Masala'' (2005), ''Deewane Huye Pagal'' (2005), ''Malamaal Weekly'' (2006), ''Golmaal'' (2006), ''Chup Chup Ke'' (2006), ''Bhagam Bhag'' (2006), Shankar Dada MBBS, ''Bhool Bhulaiya'' and ''Welcome'' and ''De Dana Dan'' (2009). In 2010, Paresh Rawal acted in Movie ''Aakrosh'' based on honour killing.

Paresh Rawal has produced several Hindi soaps including Zee TV's ''Teen Bahuraaniyaan'', Sahara One's ''Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon'' and " Colors' " Laagi Tujhse Lagan.

Awards

;National Film Awards

1994: Won: National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for ''Woh Chokri'' & ''Sir''

;Filmfare Awards

1993: Won: Filmfare Best Villain Award for ''Sir''

1995: Nominated: Filmfare Best Villain Award

1996: Nominated: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award- ''Raja''

2001: Won: Filmfare Best Comedian Award for ''Hera Pheri''

2003: Won: Filmfare Best Comedian Award for ''Awara Paagal Deewana''

;Star Screen Awards

1996: Won: Star Screen Award Best Supporting Actor for ''Raja''

2001: Won: Star Screen Award for Best Comedian for ''Hera Pheri''

2003: Won: Star Screen Award for Best Comedian for ''Awara Paagal Deewana''

;IIFA Awards

2001: Won: IIFA Best Comedian Award for ''Hera Pheri''

;Zee Cine Awards

2003: Won: Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role for ''Awara Paagal Deewana''

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Character !! Notes |- | |Hifazat-Life in Danger |Major Khatib Sheikh |- |rowspan="2"|1984 |Dushmanon Ka Dushman | |- |Holi | |- |rowspan="2"|1985 |Lorie |Prosecuting Attorney |- |Arjun |Annu Bhai |- |rowspan="3"|1986 |Bhagwan Dada |Inspector Vijay |- |Naam |Rana |- |Samundar |Hansukh |- |rowspan="4"|1987 |Mirch Masala |Villager |- |Dacait |Vishnu Pandey (Thanedar) |- |Marte Dam Tak |Inspector Khanna |- |Uttar Dakshin | |- |rowspan="6"|1988 |Kharidaar | |- |Kabzaa |Veljibhai Soda |- |Falak |Narang |- |Khatron Ke Khiladi |Truck Company Owner |- |Aakhri Adalat |Girja Shankar |- |Sone Pe Suhaga |Tejaa |- |rowspan="4"|1989 |Vardi |Rudra |- |Ram Lakhan |Bhanu Nath |- |Hathyaar |Tamil Gangster |- |Taaqatwar |Ganguram Tulsiram (Gangiya) |- |rowspan="8"|1990 |Kafila | |- |Awaargi |Bhau |- |Krodh |Avasthi |- |Swarg |Dhanraj |- |Gunahon Ka Devta |Advocate Khanna |- |Zakhmi Zameen |Malhotra |- |Nyay Anyay | |- |Shiva | |Hindi version |- |rowspan="13"|1991 |Kshana Kshanam | |Telugu Film |- |Saathi | |- |Haque | |- |Baharon Ki Manzil | |- |Do Pal | |- |Gunhegar Kaun | |- |Yodha |Chagganlal |- |Fateh | |- |Ayee Milan Ki Raat | |- |Prem Qaidi | |- |Izzat | |- |Pratikaar |Sajhan Srivastav |- |Shankara |Diwanji |- |rowspan="11"|1992 |Tilak | |- |Lambu Dada | |- |Daulat Ki Jung |Haribhai |- |Karm Yoddha |Inspector Deshmukh |- |Adharm |Raghunath Verma |- |Virodhi |Badrinath Pandey |- |Police Officer | |- |Zulm Ki Hukumat | |- |Jeena Marna Tere Sang | |- |Dushman Zamana | |- |Jigar |Lal Behari |- |rowspan="16"|1993 |Maya Memsaab |Lalaji |- |Yugandhar | |- |Pehla Nasha |Inspector Mazumdar |- |King Uncle |Pratap |- |Phool Aur Angaar | |- |Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja |Girdharilal |- |Platform |Shetty Mudaliar,Shani Avatar |- |Damini |Mr. Bajaj |- |Dil Ki Baazi |Santosh Kumar,Bhogilal |- |Muqabla |Minister Jaganath Mishra |- |Kayda Kanoon |Kalika Prasad |- |Krishan Avtar | |- |Sir |Veljibhai |- |Aadmi | |- |Parwane | |- |Shatranj | |- |rowspan="13"|1994 |Aag Aur Chingari | |- |Sardar |Sardar Patel |- |Dilwale |Mama Thakur |- |Milan |Inspector Kotak |- |Laadla | |- |Andaaz Apna Apna |Ram Gopal Bajaj,Shyam Gopal Bajaj (Teja) |- |Aa Gale Lag Jaa | |- |Anth |Dabla, The Don |- |Ekka Raja Rani |Nageshwar Rao |- |Mohra |Kashinath Sahu |- |Juaari | |- |Krantiveer |Laxmidas Dayal (Slum Landlord) |- |The Gentleman | |- |rowspan="9"|1995 |Nishana | |- |Vartman | |- |Rikshavodu | |Telugu Film |- |Ab To Jeene Do | |- |Baazi |Deputy CM Chaturvedi alias Chaubey |- |Janam Kundli |Wong-Li |- |Raja |Brijnath Patangwala (Birju) |- |Sanjay |Ranvir Singh |- |Akele Hum Akele Tum |Advocate Bhujbal |Friendly Appearance |- |rowspan="5"|1996 |Vijeta |Vidhya Sagar |- |Bandish | |- |Nirbhay | |- |Hahakar | |- |Rangbaaz | |- |rowspan="15"|1997 |Aar Ya Paar |Inspector Khan |- |Hero No. 1 |Dinanath |- |Auzaar |Mr. Thakur (Yash's Dad) |- |Judaai |Hasmukhlal |- |Tamanna |Tiku |- |Mrityudaata |T.T. |- |Zameer |Raja Gajraj Singh |- |Mahaanta |Nanu Bhai Chatewala |- |Insaaf |Chiman Bhai |- |Gupt |Ishwar Diwan |- |Daud |Pinky |- |Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi |Pratap (Shalu's Uncle) |- |Ghulam-E-Mustafa |Shanta Prasad/Abba |- |Qahar |Velji Patel |- |Chachi 420 |Hariharan/Haribhai |- |rowspan="11"|1998 |Badmaash |Lalu Seth |- |Kabhi Na Kabhi |Kachra Seth |- |Dandnayak |Bankhelal Chaurasia |- |Achanak |Saagar Srivastav |- |Satya |Com. Amod Shukla |- |Angaarey |Jaggu Lokhande |- |Barood | |- |Bade Miyan Chhote Miyan |Zorawar Bhai |- |Hero Hindustani |Dadaji/Purshotam Harnam Agarwal |- |China Gate |Inspector Barot |- |Kudrat |Sukhiram |- |rowspan="8"|1999 |Aa Ab Laut Chalen |PC Jack Patel |- |Bade Dilwala |Manubhai/Harshadbhai Shroff| |- |Aarzoo |Kailashnath |- |Haseena Maan Jaayegi |Bhootnath |- |Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain |Shiv Kumar |- |Vaastav |Suleiman Bhai |- |Gair |Jagat Mama |- |Khoobsurat |Jogia Seth (Gangster) |Special Appearance |- |rowspan="9"|2000 |Hadh Kar Di Aapne |Kailash Patel |- |Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa |Gaffoor Bhai |- |Bulandi |Gora Thakur |- |Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge |Prabhu Nath |- |Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani |Mohan Joshi |- |Hera Pheri |Baburao Ganpatrao Apte |- |Har Dil Jo Pyaar Karega |Govardhan (Jahnvi's Father) |- |Deewane |Lekhraj (Vishal's Uncle) |- |Shikari | |Guest Appearance |- |rowspan="4"|2001 |Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega | |Narrator |- |Nayak |Bansal |- |Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar |Inspector O.P. Yadav |- |Moksha |Uncle Sharan "Mamaji" |- |rowspan="6"|2002 |American Chai |Sureel's Dad |- |Aankhen |Iliyaas |- |Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin |Commissioner |- |Awara Paagal Deewana |Manilal |- |Chor Machaaye Shor |ACP Ranvir Singh/Raghuswami |- |Kehta Hai Dil Baar Baar |Roger Patel |- |rowspan="7"|2003 |Dil Ka Rishta |Jai's Father |- |Pyasa Jism | |- |Hungama |Radheysham Tiwari |- |Baghban |Hemant Patel |- |Jodi Kya Banayi Wah Wah Ramji |Ramprasad |- |Aanch |Jawahar Pandit |- |Fun2shh... Dudes in the 10th Century |John D'Souza |- |rowspan="4"|2004 |Aan: Men at Work |Khaled Ansari (Constable) |- |Shankar Dada MBBS |Dr. Rama Lingeswara Rao"Lingam Mama" |Telugu Film |- |Aitraaz |Advocate Patel |- |Hulchul |Kishen "Murari" |- |rowspan="3"|2005 |Bachke Rehna Re Baba |Monty Bagga |- |Garam Masala |Mambo |- |Deewane Huye Paagal |Tommy |- |rowspan="8"|2006 |Malamaal Weekly |Lilaram |- |36 China Town |Natwarlal |- |Phir Hera Pheri |Baburao Ganpatrao Apte |- |Chup Chup Ke |Gundya |- |Jaane Hoga Kya |Dr. Krishnan |- |Golmaal |Somnath |- |Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota |Rajubhai Patel |- |Bhagam Bhag |Champak Chaturvedi |- |rowspan="7"|2007 |Hat Trick |Hemu Patel |- |Fool and Final |Choubey |- |Cheeni Kum |Omprakash Verma |- |Good Boy, Bad Boy |Principal Diwan Chand Awasthi |- |Bhool Bhulaiya |Batuk Shankar |- |No Smoking |Baba Bengali Sealdahwale |- |Welcome |Dr. Ghungroo |- |rowspan="7"|2008 |One Two Three |Laxmi Narayan |- |Mere Baap Pehle Aap |Janardhan Vishvambhar Rane |- |Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na |Inspector Waghmare |- |Mumbai Meri Jaan |Tukaram Patil |- |Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam |Uday Shankar Mazumdar |- |Maharathi |Subhash |- |Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! |Lucky's Father/Gogi Arora/Dr. B. D. Handa |- |rowspan="7"|2009 |Classmates | |- |De Dana Dan |Harbans Chadda |- |Dhoondte Reh Jaoge |Raj Chopra |- |Radio |Jhandu Lal Tyagi |- |Paa |Mr. Aatre |- |Road to Sangam |Hasmat Ullah |- |Firaaq |Sanjay |- |rowspan="5"|2010 |Rann |Mohan Pandey |- |Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge |Lambodar Chacha |- |Aakrosh |Ajatshatru Singh |- |No Problem |Zandulal |- |Rang Rasiya |Govardhan Das |Colors Of Passion,in English |- |2011 |Theenmaar |Senapathi |Telugu Film |}

''Exchange Offer (2010) (Under Production)...

''Malamaal Weekly 2 (2010) (released) ...

''Happy Birthday (2010) (Released) ...

''Kusar Prasad Ka Bhoot (2010)

''Ready(June 2011) - Released

''Familywala (2008) (Post-Production)

''Fantastic (2009) (Under Production)...

''Tum Mere Ho (2010) (Under production) ...

References

External links

An interview with Paresh Rawal

Rawal,Paresh Rawal,Paresh Rawal,Paresh Category:Indian comedians Category:Indian actors Category:Indian Hindus Category:Hindi film actors Category:Indian television producers Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:National Film Award winners

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